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<article xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" dtd-version="3.0" article-type="research-article" xml:lang="pt">
  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">ZmmDmbHxMSTGfKcDRJJrJDv</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2014000300005</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">00005</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="previous-pid">S0066-782X2014005000004</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5935/abc.20140010</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigos Originais</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title xml:lang="pt">O &#205;ndice de Perfus&#227;o da Oximetria de Pulso na Avalia&#231;&#227;o da
               Fun&#231;&#227;o Endotelial na Aterosclerose</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Menezes</surname>
            <given-names>Igor Alexandre C&#244;rtes de</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Santos</surname>
            <given-names>M&#225;rcio Roberto Viana</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Cunha</surname>
            <given-names>Cl&#225;udio Leinig Pereira da</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01">1</xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff01">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal do Paran&#225;</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Hospital de Cl&#237;nicas</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Curitiba</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">PR</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country>Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Hospital de Cl&#237;nicas - Universidade Federal do
               Paran&#225;, Curitiba, PR - Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff02">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal de Sergipe</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Departamento de Fisiologia</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Crist&#243;v&#227;o</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">SE</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country>Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Departamento de Fisiologia - Universidade Federal
               de Sergipe, S&#227;o Crist&#243;v&#227;o, SE - Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01"><bold>Correspond&#234;ncia:</bold> Igor Alexandre C&#244;rtes de Menezes. Rua Jovino do
               Ros&#225;rio, 1790, apto 403, Boa Vista. CEP 82560-435, Curitiba, PR - Brasil. E-mail:
                  <email>menezes_igor@ig.com.br</email>
				</corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Contribui&#231;&#227;o dos autores</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa: Menezes IAC, Cunha CLP; Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados e
                  An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica: Menezes IAC; An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados, Reda&#231;&#227;o do
                  manuscrito e Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual: Menezes
                  IAC, Santos MRV, Cunha CLP.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potencial Conflito de Interesses</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Declaro n&#227;o haver conflito de interesses pertinentes</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>
            <bold>Vincula&#231;&#227;o Acad&#234;mica</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Este artigo &#233; parte de disserta&#231;&#227;o de Mestrado de Igor Alexandre C&#244;rtes de Menezes
                  pela Universidade Federal do Paran&#225;.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date pub-type="epub">
        <day>10</day>
        <month>02</month>
        <year>2014</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date pub-type="collection">
        <month>04</month>
        <year>2014</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>102</volume>
      <issue>3</issue>
      <fpage>237</fpage>
      <lpage>244</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>18</day>
          <month>06</month>
          <year>2013</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>15</day>
          <month>09</month>
          <year>2013</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>09</day>
          <month>10</month>
          <year>2013</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/">
          <license-p>This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative
                  Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License which permits unrestricted
                  non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the
                  original work is properly cited. </license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract xml:lang="pt">
        <sec>
          <title>Fundamento:</title>
          <p> A disfun&#231;&#227;o endotelial se caracteriza por um fen&#244;meno vascular, com import&#226;ncia
                  evidente em todos os processos da aterog&#234;nese. Interessa, assim, a busca por
                  m&#233;todos de avalia&#231;&#227;o da disfun&#231;&#227;o endotelial mais acurados, pr&#225;ticos e menos
                  dispendiosos, objetivando melhoria na preven&#231;&#227;o e tratamento das doen&#231;as
                  ateroscler&#243;ticas. </p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objetivo:</title>
          <p> Verificar o potencial do &#237;ndice de perfus&#227;o derivado da oximetria de pulso (IPP)
                  como m&#233;todo de avalia&#231;&#227;o da disfun&#231;&#227;o endotelial em pacientes portadores de
                  aterosclerose </p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>M&#233;todos:</title>
          <p> Foram selecionados 18 pacientes controles e 24 pacientes portadores de doen&#231;as
                  ateroscler&#243;ticas, em tratamento otimizado, selecionados em Unidades B&#225;sicas de
                  Sa&#250;de. Foram avaliados os valores do IPP antes a ap&#243;s a aplica&#231;&#227;o de um est&#237;mulo
                  vasodilatador dependente do endot&#233;lio - a hiperemia reativa. Tamb&#233;m foram
                  analisados os valores do IPP especificamente no per&#237;odo que possui a maior
                  contribui&#231;&#227;o do &#243;xido n&#237;trico para a vasodilata&#231;&#227;o (IPP<sub>90-120</sub>). Os
                  resultados do IPP foram discutidos, por meio da literatura, estimando o seu
                  potencial diagn&#243;stico e progn&#243;stico. </p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Resultados:</title>
          <p> A resposta vasodilatadora dependente do endot&#233;lio mensurada pelo IPP foi
                  significantemente menor em indiv&#237;duos com aterosclerose em compara&#231;&#227;o aos
                  controles a partir de 45 segundos ap&#243;s a hiperemia reativa. Foram observados, do
                  mesmo modo, valores menores do IPP<sub>90-120</sub> em pacientes com aterosclerose
                  [35% (4% - 53%) <italic>vs</italic>. 73% (55% - 169%); p &lt; 0,001]. Tais valores
                  se mantiveram menores tanto em indiv&#237;duos masculinos quanto femininos. </p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclus&#245;es:</title>
          <p> Os resultados do IPP, demonstrados na avalia&#231;&#227;o de pacientes ateroscler&#243;ticos,
                  associados ao baixo custo da aparelhagem, tornam esse m&#233;todo atraente para futuros
                  ensaios e poss&#237;vel contribui&#231;&#227;o na preven&#231;&#227;o e tratamento das doen&#231;as
                  ateroscler&#243;ticas.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <kwd>Fluxo Puls&#225;til</kwd>
        <kwd>Aterosclerose</kwd>
        <kwd>Endot&#233;lio / fisiopatologia</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <counts>
        <fig-count count="2"/>
        <table-count count="2"/>
        <equation-count count="0"/>
        <ref-count count="23"/>
        <page-count count="8"/>
      </counts>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
      <p>A influ&#234;ncia das doen&#231;as circulat&#243;rias na morbimortalidade do Ocidente &#233; indiscut&#237;vel.
            No Brasil, as doen&#231;as derivadas da aterosclerose causam igualmente impacto
            significativo, tendo, somente em 2007, gerado 1.157.509 interna&#231;&#245;es e causado 308.466
               &#243;bitos<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B01">1</xref>.</p>
      <p>Para modificar esse panorama, s&#227;o prementes melhores formas de avalia&#231;&#227;o do risco
            cardiovascular e interven&#231;&#245;es terap&#234;uticas em doen&#231;as ateroscler&#243;ticas. Um m&#233;todo vi&#225;vel
            proposto nos &#250;ltimos anos para tal &#233; o estudo da fun&#231;&#227;o endotelial<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B02">2</xref>
				<sup>-</sup>
				<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B04">4</xref>.</p>
      <p>Fortes evid&#234;ncias sugerem que a disfun&#231;&#227;o endotelial ocorre precocemente no processo
            aterog&#234;nico, contribuindo para forma&#231;&#227;o, progress&#227;o e complica&#231;&#245;es da placa
               ateroscler&#243;tica<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B05">5</xref>. Outros estudos demonstraram
            que pacientes com fatores de risco cardiovascular, sem aterosclerose diagnosticada,
            apresentam disfun&#231;&#227;o endotelial, indicada pela responsividade endot&#233;lio-vascular
            diminu&#237;da &#224; acetilcolina e bradicinina<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B06">6</xref>. Tomados
            em conjunto, esses achados sugerem que a disfun&#231;&#227;o possa ser um mecanismo que interliga
            os fatores de risco cardiovascular e o desenvolvimento da aterosclerose<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B03">3</xref>.</p>
      <p>Conhecendo a natureza sist&#234;mica da disfun&#231;&#227;o endot&#233;lio vascular, &#233; poss&#237;vel realizar uma
            estimativa em grandes e m&#233;dias art&#233;rias atrav&#233;s da avalia&#231;&#227;o das art&#233;rias
               perif&#233;ricas<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B02">2</xref>. Entre as t&#233;cnicas de avalia&#231;&#227;o,
            ganham destaque as que se utilizam da hiperemia reativa como est&#237;mulo vasodilatador, a
            exemplo, a dilata&#231;&#227;o da art&#233;ria braquial fluxomediada<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B07">7</xref> e, mais recentemente, a tonometria de amplitude de pulso digital<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B08">8</xref>. Ambas mostraram expressivos resultados
            diagn&#243;sticos, terap&#234;uticos e progn&#243;sticos em pacientes com fatores de risco ou
            ateroscler&#243;tica estabelecida<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B02">2</xref>
				<sup>,</sup>
				<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B08">8</xref>.</p>
      <p>Alguns fatores, todavia, dificultam a dissemina&#231;&#227;o desses m&#233;todos na pr&#225;tica cl&#237;nica: em
            rela&#231;&#227;o ao primeiro m&#233;todo, cita-se a experi&#234;ncia ultrassonogr&#225;fica ap&#243;s treinamento
            longo e pouco dispon&#237;vel. Em rela&#231;&#227;o a ambos, ressalta-se o alto custo dos
            equipamentos.</p>
      <p>Os modernos ox&#237;metros de pulso disp&#245;em do c&#225;lculo do &#205;ndice de Perfus&#227;o Perif&#233;rica
            (IPP). Esse dado &#233; capaz de mensurar indiretamente a perfus&#227;o perif&#233;rica microvascular.
            O IPP j&#225; se mostrou adequado no estudo da reatividade vascular arterial, ap&#243;s uma
            hiperemia reativa, em pacientes criticamente enfermos<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B09">9</xref>. Contudo, nenhum estudo utilizando esse m&#233;todo na avalia&#231;&#227;o da fun&#231;&#227;o
            endotelial de pacientes com aterosclerose foi encontrado na literatura at&#233; o
            momento.</p>
      <p>Assim, esse estudo visou avaliar a fun&#231;&#227;o endotelial em indiv&#237;duos portadores de
            aterosclerose e n&#227;o portadores utilizando o IPP e discutir, por meio da literatura, seu
            potencial na estimativa da disfun&#231;&#227;o endotelial.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="methods">
      <title>M&#233;todos</title>
      <p>Todos os participantes do estudo assinaram um termo de consentimento livre e esclarecido
            e a investiga&#231;&#227;o foi aprovada pelo Comit&#234; de &#201;tica em Pesquisa da Universidade Federal
            do Paran&#225; (registro: 362ext039/2010-11), estando assim consonantes com as normas &#233;ticas
            internacionais e nacionais de pesquisas com seres humanos.</p>
      <p>Os pacientes foram selecionados em Unidades B&#225;sicas de Sa&#250;de dos munic&#237;pios de Pinhais,
            Colombo e Quatro Barras, situados na Regi&#227;o Metropolitana de Curitiba, Estado do Paran&#225;.
            A estimativa pr&#233;via de sele&#231;&#227;o, segundo a literatura, para esse tipo de estudo, era de
            14 a 30 pacientes por grupo<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B09">9</xref>
				<sup>-</sup>
				<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref>.</p>
      <p>Ao final, foram selecionados para o estudo 18 pacientes controles (sem fatores de risco
            cardiovascular conhecidos) e 24 pacientes com fatores de risco cardiovascular e doen&#231;as
            ateroscler&#243;ticas diagnosticadas.</p>
      <p>Consideraram-se, nesse estudo, fatores de risco cardiovascular:</p>
      <p>1) Tabagismo: h&#225;bito de fumar ao menos 1 cigarro ao dia por no m&#237;nimo 1 ano.</p>
      <p>2) Hipertens&#227;o Arterial Sist&#234;mica: PA &gt; 140 X 90 mmHg ou em tratamento
            anti-hipertensivo medicamentoso</p>
      <p>3) Diabete Melito: 2 glicemias de jejum igual ou acima de 126 mg/dL; ou glicemia ao
            acaso acima de 200 mg/dL com sintomas da doen&#231;a; ou TTGO acima de 200 mg/dL. Ainda foram
            considerados os pacientes com glicemias normais, por&#233;m em tratamento medicamentoso para
            diabete melito</p>
      <p>4) Dislipidemia: Triglicer&#237;deos &gt; 150 mg/dL e/ou Colesterol total &gt; 200 mg/dL e/ou
            LDL-colesterol &gt; 160 mg/dL e/ou HDL-colesterol &lt; 40 mg/dL e/ou pacientes em
            tratamento hipolipemiante medicamentoso.</p>
      <p>5) Obesidade: Indiv&#237;duos com IMC &gt; 30 kg/m<sup>2</sup>
			</p>
      <p>Considerou-se, nesse estudo, doen&#231;a ateroscler&#243;tica estabelecida: angina est&#225;vel,
            infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio pr&#233;vio, doen&#231;a ateroscler&#243;tica carot&#237;dea, a&#243;rtica ou
            perif&#233;rica e doen&#231;a cerebrovascular isqu&#234;mica pr&#233;via.</p>
      <p>Foram exclu&#237;dos do estudo pacientes com doen&#231;a renal dial&#237;tica, neoplasias, doen&#231;as
            inflamat&#243;rias agudas e cr&#244;nicas outras que n&#227;o aterosclerose.</p>
      <sec>
        <title>Avalia&#231;&#227;o Cl&#237;nica e Laboratorial</title>
        <p>Todos os pacientes tiveram uma avalia&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica abrangente, com &#234;nfase no sistema
               cardiovascular. Foram mensurados peso corporal e altura para c&#225;lculo do &#205;ndice de
               Massa Corporal (IMC), al&#233;m da circunfer&#234;ncia abdominal e press&#227;o arterial sist&#234;mica
               dos pacientes.</p>
        <p>Foram coletadas, na semana do experimento, amostra sangu&#237;nea para avalia&#231;&#227;o de exames
               laboratoriais, a saber: glicemia de jejum, colesterol total, HDL, LDL e
               triglicer&#237;deos. Para indiv&#237;duos tabagistas foi mensurada a carga tab&#225;gica.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>O &#205;ndice de Perfus&#227;o Perif&#233;rica (IPP) e a Avalia&#231;&#227;o da Fun&#231;&#227;o Endotelial</title>
        <p>Para an&#225;lise do IPP, foi utilizado um ox&#237;metro de pulso port&#225;til (ox&#237;metro de dedo
               PM100C, New Tech, U.S.A). Todos os testes foram realizados pelo mesmo
               investigador.</p>
        <p>Desde que in&#250;meros fatores poderiam afetar a reatividade vascular, os indiv&#237;duos da
               pesquisa se submeteram a um per&#237;odo de jejum entre 8 e 12 horas antes dos testes e
               foram avaliados numa sala silenciosa com temperatura controlada. Foram avisados para
               n&#227;o se exercitarem, n&#227;o ingerirem subst&#226;ncias como cafe&#237;na, alimentos ricos em
               gordura e vitamina C ou fumarem ao menos 4 a 6 horas antes do estudo. Al&#233;m disso, as
               mulheres informaram a fase menstrual, desde que altera&#231;&#245;es hormonais podem alterar a
               reatividade vascular<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B07">7</xref>. As medica&#231;&#245;es com
               efeitos vasoativos (anti-hipertensivos) foram retiradas, quando poss&#237;vel, de 12 a 24
               horas antes do estudo, tempo de retirada compat&#237;vel com achados pr&#233;vios da
                  literatura<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>.</p>
        <p>Nessa avalia&#231;&#227;o os pacientes foram acomodados, sentados, por aproximadamente 30
               minutos. O ox&#237;metro de pulso foi colocado no &#237;ndex da m&#227;o direita, que estava
               posicionada &#224; altura do cora&#231;&#227;o, e o IPP foi mensurado ap&#243;s estabiliza&#231;&#227;o do sinal,
               por um per&#237;odo de 3 minutos (valor basal). Posteriormente, o manguito de um
               esfigmoman&#244;metro foi insuflado ao redor do bra&#231;o homolateral, de 30 a 50 mmHg acima
               da press&#227;o sist&#243;lica, de forma a ocluir o fluxo arterial, por um per&#237;odo de 5
                  minutos<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B07">7</xref>
					<sup>, </sup>
					<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B09">9</xref>
					<sup>-</sup>
					<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref>.</p>
        <p>A partir da desinsufla&#231;&#227;o do manguito, desenvolveram se a hiperemia reativa, o
               est&#237;mulo hemodin&#226;mico para a avalia&#231;&#227;o endotelial, e assim, o valor do IPP foi
               avaliado a cada 15 segundos por um per&#237;odo de 5 minutos para constru&#231;&#227;o de uma curva
               de varia&#231;&#227;o do IPP (&#916; IPP) em fun&#231;&#227;o do tempo. A varia&#231;&#227;o do IPP foi calculada, em
               cada tempo aferido, atrav&#233;s da seguinte f&#243;rmula:</p>
        <p>&#916; IPP: IPP tempo - IPP basal / IPP basal (x 100)</p>
        <p>Posteriormente as curvas tempo-resposta do IPP foram comparadas entre os grupos
               estudados.</p>
        <p>Na sequ&#234;ncia, foi aferida a m&#233;dia de varia&#231;&#227;o do IPP entre 90 e 120 segundos ap&#243;s a
               desinsufla&#231;&#227;o do manguito (&#916; IPP<sub>90 120</sub>). Esse intervalo de tempo foi
               escolhido devido a achados recentes que mostram que esse per&#237;odo parece possuir a
               maior correla&#231;&#227;o entre fatores de risco cardiovascular e disfun&#231;&#227;o endotelial<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref>. Acrescenta-se ainda o fato de esse intervalo
               fazer parte do per&#237;odo onde ocorre a maior contribui&#231;&#227;o do &#243;xido n&#237;trico no efeito
               vasodilatador da hiperemia reativa<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref>. Os &#916;
                  IPP<sub>90-120</sub> foram comparados entre os grupos.</p>
        <p>A frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca tamb&#233;m foi aferida antes e ap&#243;s a hiperemia reativa de modo a
               avaliar uma poss&#237;vel contribui&#231;&#227;o desse par&#226;metro sobre a perfus&#227;o perif&#233;rica.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>An&#225;lise Estat&#237;stica</title>
        <p>Para avalia&#231;&#227;o da normalidade da amostra foi utilizado o teste de Shapiro-Wilk. Os
               valores foram expressos como a m&#233;dia &#177; desvio padr&#227;o para amostras param&#233;tricas,
               enquanto para amostras n&#227;o param&#233;tricas foi utilizada a mediana e amplitude
               interquartil. A vari&#225;vel categ&#243;rica (g&#234;nero) foi expressa utilizando propor&#231;&#245;es.</p>
        <p>Para avaliar a signific&#226;ncia das diferen&#231;as entre os grupos foi utilizado o teste
                  <italic>t</italic> de Student para amostras param&#233;tricas, enquanto o teste U de
               Mann-Whitney foi utilizado em amostras n&#227;o param&#233;tricas. Na vari&#225;vel categ&#243;rica foi
               utilizado o teste do Qui-quadrado. O n&#237;vel de signific&#226;ncia utilizado em todas as
               an&#225;lises foi de p &lt; 0,05. Em todos esses procedimentos foi utilizado o programa
               estat&#237;stico GraphPad Prism vers&#227;o 3.02.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="results">
      <title>Resultados</title>
      <p>A <xref ref-type="table" rid="t01">tabela 1</xref> mostra as principais caracter&#237;sticas
            demogr&#225;ficas, laboratoriais e cl&#237;nicas dos pacientes estudados. Como pode ser observado,
            n&#227;o ocorreram diferen&#231;as estatisticamente significativas em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; idade e press&#227;o
            arterial diast&#243;lica. Contudo, ocorreram maiores valores de press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica,
            menores frequ&#234;ncias card&#237;acas e maiores par&#226;metros de obesidade no grupo
            aterosclerose.</p>
      <table-wrap id="t01">
        <label>Tabela 1</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Caracter&#237;sticas demogr&#225;ficas, metab&#243;licas, hemodin&#226;micas e valores do &#205;ndice
                  de Perfus&#227;o Perif&#233;rica (IPP) de pacientes controles e com aterosclerose. Os dados
                  est&#227;o expressos em m&#233;dia &#177; desvio padr&#227;o para dados param&#233;tricos e para dados n&#227;o
                  param&#233;tricos (IPP basal), em mediana e amplitude interquartil (par&#234;nteses)</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="rows">
          <thead style="border-top:solid;border-bottom:solid">
            <tr>
              <th align="left">&#160;</th>
              <th align="center">
                <bold>Controle</bold>
              </th>
              <th align="center">
                <bold>Aterosclerose</bold>
              </th>
              <th align="center">
                <bold>p</bold>
              </th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody>
            <tr>
              <td>n</td>
              <td align="center">18</td>
              <td align="center">24</td>
              <td align="center">----</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Idade (anos)</td>
              <td align="center">59 &#177; 10</td>
              <td align="center">61 &#177; 8</td>
              <td align="center">0,48</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>G&#234;nero (M/F)</td>
              <td align="center">8/10</td>
              <td align="center">14/10</td>
              <td align="center">0,37</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>IMC</td>
              <td align="center">24 &#177; 3</td>
              <td align="center">28 &#177; 4</td>
              <td align="center">0,007</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Circunfer&#234;ncia abdominal (cm)</td>
              <td align="center">87 &#177; 7</td>
              <td align="center">97 &#177; 12</td>
              <td align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Dislipidemia (%)</td>
              <td align="center">0</td>
              <td align="center">20/24 <xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="t01-fn01">*</xref>
							</td>
              <td align="center">----</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Colesterol Total (mg/dL)</td>
              <td align="center">171 &#177; 27</td>
              <td align="center">163 &#177; 41</td>
              <td align="center">0,47</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Colesterol LDL (mg/dL)</td>
              <td align="center">103 &#177; 28</td>
              <td align="center">84 &#177; 35</td>
              <td align="center">0,07</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Colesterol HDL (mg/dL)</td>
              <td align="center">49 &#177; 8</td>
              <td align="center">44 &#177; 11</td>
              <td align="center">0,10</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Triglicer&#237;deos (mg/dL)</td>
              <td align="center">99 &#177; 39</td>
              <td align="center">161 &#177; 87</td>
              <td align="center">0,006</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Diabete Melito</td>
              <td align="center">0</td>
              <td align="center">6/24 <xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="t01-fn01">*</xref>
							</td>
              <td align="center">----</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Glicemia jejum (mg/dL)</td>
              <td align="center">86 &#177; 7</td>
              <td align="center">101 &#177; 34</td>
              <td align="center">0,08</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Hipertens&#227;o Arterial</td>
              <td align="center">0</td>
              <td align="center">20/24 <xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="t01-fn01">*</xref>
							</td>
              <td align="center">----</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>PAS (mmHg)</td>
              <td align="center">112 &#177; 11</td>
              <td align="center">125 &#177; 18</td>
              <td align="center">0,012</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>PAD (mmHg)</td>
              <td align="center">72 &#177; 09</td>
              <td align="center">75 &#177; 13</td>
              <td align="center">0,42</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>FC antes da insufla&#231;&#227;o (bpm)</td>
              <td align="center">71 &#177; 8</td>
              <td align="center">63 &#177; 2</td>
              <td align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>FC ap&#243;s desinsufla&#231;&#227;o (bpm)</td>
              <td align="center">70 &#177; 8</td>
              <td align="center">62 &#177; 2</td>
              <td align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Tabagismo</td>
              <td align="center">0</td>
              <td align="center">9/24</td>
              <td align="center">----</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Carga tab&#225;gica (ma&#231;os-ano)</td>
              <td align="center">0</td>
              <td align="center">28</td>
              <td align="center">----</td>
            </tr>
            <tr style="border-bottom:solid">
              <td>IPP basal (%)</td>
              <td align="center">2,6 (2,4 - 8,6)</td>
              <td align="center">7,2 (3,6 - 9,8)</td>
              <td align="center">0,11</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
        <table-wrap-foot>
          <fn>
            <p>IMC: &#237;ndice de massa corporal; PAS: press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica; PAD: press&#227;o
                     arterial diast&#243;lica; FC: frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca. </p>
          </fn>
          <fn id="t01-fn01">
            <label>*</label>
            <p> Pacientes tratados.</p>
          </fn>
        </table-wrap-foot>
      </table-wrap>
      <p>Ocorreu tamb&#233;m maior propor&#231;&#227;o de mulheres no grupo controle em compara&#231;&#227;o ao grupo
            aterosclerose; por&#233;m tal propor&#231;&#227;o n&#227;o alcan&#231;ou diferen&#231;a estatisticamente
            significativa. Todas as mulheres que participaram do estudo se encontravam no
            climat&#233;rio.</p>
      <p>Em rela&#231;&#227;o aos par&#226;metros metab&#243;licos, ocorreram maiores valores para os triglicer&#237;deos
            e n&#227;o ocorreram diferen&#231;as em rela&#231;&#227;o ao colesterol total. Embora tenham sido observadas
            tend&#234;ncias para diferen&#231;as para o HDL, LDL e glicemia de jejum, essas n&#227;o foram
            estatisticamente significativas. Todos os pacientes estavam sob terap&#234;utica
            hipolipemiante e, quando diab&#233;ticos, com terap&#234;utica hipoglicemiante, otimizadas.</p>
      <p>Embora os valores basais do IPP demonstrassem uma tend&#234;ncia para a eleva&#231;&#227;o no grupo
            aterosclerose, n&#227;o houve signific&#226;ncia estat&#237;stica entre eles. Ressalta-se ainda que n&#227;o
            houve diferen&#231;a significativa na frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca antes e ap&#243;s o teste com o IPP,
            tanto no grupo controle quanto no grupo aterosclerose.</p>
      <p>No grupo aterosclerose, 13 pacientes possu&#237;am coronariopatia isqu&#234;mica (54%); 7, doen&#231;a
            cerebrovascular (29%); 5, Ateromatose de Aorta (21%); 4, Ateromatose Carot&#237;dea (16%); e
            1 possu&#237;a doen&#231;a Arterial Perif&#233;rica de membros inferiores (4%).</p>
      <p>Em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224;s principais medica&#231;&#245;es, todos os pacientes com aterosclerose se encontravam
            em uso de antiagregantes plaquet&#225;rios (AAS, clopidogrel) e estatinas, 11 pacientes em
            uso de inibidores da enzima conversora de angiotensina, 7 em uso de bloqueadores do
            receptor de angiotensina II, 13 pacientes em uso de betabloqueadores, 10 em uso de
            bloqueadores de canais de c&#225;lcio, 12 em uso de diur&#233;ticos, 6 em uso de nitratos.</p>
      <sec>
        <title>Estudos com o &#205;ndice de Perfus&#227;o perif&#233;rica</title>
        <p>A <xref ref-type="table" rid="t02">tabela 2</xref> ilustra a varia&#231;&#227;o do &#205;ndice de
               Perfus&#227;o Perif&#233;rica (&#916; IPP) ap&#243;s a desinsufla&#231;&#227;o do manguito do esfigmoman&#244;metro.
               Como pode ser observado, ocorreu evidente diferen&#231;a no aumento do IPP nos indiv&#237;duos
               portadores de aterosclerose em compara&#231;&#227;o aos indiv&#237;duos do grupo controle. Tais
               diferen&#231;as se mostraram estatisticamente significativas a partir de 45 segundos ap&#243;s
               a desinsufla&#231;&#227;o do manguito.</p>
        <table-wrap id="t02">
          <label>Tabela 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Varia&#231;&#227;o do &#205;ndice de Perfus&#227;o Perif&#233;rica (&#916; IPP) ap&#243;s a desinsufla&#231;&#227;o do
                     manguito, no grupo controle e aterosclerose; os valores est&#227;o expressos em
                     mediana e amplitude interquartil (par&#234;nteses); * p &lt; 0,05 vs. controle; ** p
                     &lt; 0,01 vs. controle; *** p &lt; 0,001 vs. controle</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="rows">
            <thead style="border-top:solid;border-bottom:solid">
              <tr>
                <th align="left" rowspan="2">
                  <bold>Tempo ap&#243;s desinsufla&#231;&#227;o (segundos)</bold>
                </th>
                <th style="border-bottom:solid" colspan="2" align="center">
                  <bold>&#916; IPP (%)</bold>
                </th>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <th align="center">
                  <bold>Controle (n = 18)</bold>
                </th>
                <th align="center">
                  <bold>Aterosclerose (n = 24)</bold>
                </th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td>0</td>
                <td align="center">0</td>
                <td align="center">0</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>15</td>
                <td align="center">04 (-35 -56)</td>
                <td align="center">-12 (-42 - 25)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>30</td>
                <td align="center">37 (5 - 93)</td>
                <td align="center">05 (-19 - 42)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>45</td>
                <td align="center">51 (21 - 120)</td>
                <td align="center">14 (-6 - 54) <sup>*</sup>
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>60</td>
                <td align="center">73 (29 - 158)</td>
                <td align="center">25 (6 - 45) <sup>*</sup>
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>75</td>
                <td align="center">84 (36 - 156)</td>
                <td align="center">26 (-8 - 50) <sup>**</sup>
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>90</td>
                <td align="center">74 (47 - 163)</td>
                <td align="center">33 (9 - 59) <sup>**</sup>
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>105</td>
                <td align="center">105 (47 - 199)</td>
                <td align="center">36 (-3 - 54) <sup>***</sup>
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>120</td>
                <td align="center">70 (46 - 157)</td>
                <td align="center">36 (14 - 49)<sup> ***</sup>
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>150</td>
                <td align="center">87 (36 - 205)</td>
                <td align="center">23 (13 - 54) <sup>**</sup>
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>180</td>
                <td align="center">67 (29 - 178)</td>
                <td align="center">30 (-8 - 61) <sup>**</sup>
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>210</td>
                <td align="center">81 (51 - 210)</td>
                <td align="center">21 (-07 - 43) <sup>***</sup>
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>240</td>
                <td align="center">56 (37 - 200)</td>
                <td align="center">11 (01 - 51) <sup>***</sup>
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>270</td>
                <td align="center">55 (43 - 172)</td>
                <td align="center">12 (-13 - 45) <sup>***</sup>
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr style="border-bottom:solid">
                <td>300</td>
                <td align="center">52 (34 - 140)</td>
                <td align="center">11 (-13 - 56) <sup>**</sup>
								</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
        </table-wrap>
        <p>As <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01">figuras 1</xref> e <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02">2</xref> demonstram, al&#233;m disso, que os valores m&#233;dios mensurados no intervalo
               90-120 segundos (&#916; IPP<sub>90 120</sub>) tamb&#233;m se apresentam menores no grupo
               aterosclerose. Essas diferen&#231;as estatisticamente significativas tamb&#233;m se mantiveram
               tanto no g&#234;nero masculino quanto no feminino.</p>
        <fig id="f01" fig-type="other">
          <label>Figura 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Gr&#225;fico tipo &#8220;box and whiskers&#8221; representando a Varia&#231;&#227;o do &#205;ndice de
                     Perfus&#227;o Perif&#233;rica no intervalo 90-120 segundos (&#916; IPP<sub>90-120</sub>) ap&#243;s
                     a desinsufla&#231;&#227;o do manguito, no grupo controle e aterosclerose. O gr&#225;fico
                     expressa mediana, amplitude interquartil, valor m&#225;ximo e m&#237;nimo. *** p &lt;
                     0,001 vs. controle.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-102-03-0237-40010-gf01.jpg"/></fig>
        <fig id="f02" fig-type="other">
          <label>Figura 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Gr&#225;fico tipo &#8220;box and whiskers&#8221; representando a Varia&#231;&#227;o do &#205;ndice de
                     Perfus&#227;o Perif&#233;rica no intervalo 90-120 segundos (&#916; IPP<sub>90-120</sub>) ap&#243;s
                     a desinsufla&#231;&#227;o do manguito, em homens e mulheres, no grupo controle e
                     aterosclerose. O gr&#225;fico expressa mediana, amplitude interquartil, valor m&#225;ximo
                     e m&#237;nimo. * p &lt; 0,05 vs. homens (controle), &#8224;&#8224; p &lt; 0,01 vs. mulheres
                     (controle).</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-102-03-0237-40010-gf02.jpg"/></fig>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="discussion">
      <title>Discuss&#227;o</title>
      <p>A oximetria de pulso, atrav&#233;s de seus dados derivados (satura&#231;&#227;o oxig&#234;nio e curva
            pletismogr&#225;fica), se tornou um m&#233;todo de monitoriza&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica consagrado, sendo
            indiscut&#237;vel sua utilidade pr&#225;tica em ambientes de cuidados intensivos, salas de
            emerg&#234;ncia e cir&#250;rgico-anest&#233;sico. O principal achado desse estudo preliminar diz
            respeito &#224; possibilidade de uma nova utilidade cl&#237;nica para a oximetria de pulso atrav&#233;s
            de um novo dado - a avalia&#231;&#227;o da fun&#231;&#227;o endotelial utilizando o IPP.</p>
      <p>A perfus&#227;o perif&#233;rica &#233; um par&#226;metro fisiol&#243;gico que se relaciona diretamente ao fluxo
            sangu&#237;neo local, cuja regula&#231;&#227;o envolve art&#233;rias de resist&#234;ncia. As art&#233;rias de
            resist&#234;ncia s&#227;o os principais vasos sangu&#237;neos na manuten&#231;&#227;o da press&#227;o arterial
               sist&#234;mica<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref>. Uma forma de avaliar a perfus&#227;o
            perif&#233;rica e indiretamente a atividade vascular das art&#233;rias de resist&#234;ncia, de forma
            n&#227;o invasiva, &#233; a utiliza&#231;&#227;o do IPP.</p>
      <p>O IPP &#233; derivado do sinal pletismogr&#225;fico fotoel&#233;trico da oximetria e obtido a partir do
            c&#225;lculo da taxa de absor&#231;&#227;o luminosa entre componente puls&#225;til (sangue arterial
            puls&#225;til) e o componente n&#227;o puls&#225;til (sangue venoso, capilar, outros tecidos e ossos).
            Altera&#231;&#245;es na perfus&#227;o perif&#233;rica se acompanham de varia&#231;&#245;es no componente puls&#225;til e
            n&#227;o no componente n&#227;o puls&#225;til, desta maneira variando a taxa (IPP)<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref>.</p>
      <p>O estresse de cisalhamento (<italic>shear stress</italic>) atuante no endot&#233;lio,
            provavelmente representa o principal est&#237;mulo fisiol&#243;gico para a libera&#231;&#227;o de fatores
            vasoativos e para regula&#231;&#227;o do t&#244;nus vascular. Um aumento no estresse de cisalhamento
            pode ser induzido por uma hiperemia reativa - um aumento no fluxo sangu&#237;neo que se segue
            a um curto per&#237;odo de isquemia de tecidos distais. O endot&#233;lio responde dinamicamente a
            este est&#237;mulo liberando fatores vasoativos, tendo como principal fator o NO, gerando
            assim vasodilata&#231;&#227;o arterial<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B03">3</xref>. Baseado nesse
            princ&#237;pio &#233; poss&#237;vel avaliar a fun&#231;&#227;o endotelial de seres humanos avaliando o grau de
            vasodilata&#231;&#227;o arterial dependente do endot&#233;lio. Devido a tal fen&#244;meno foi mensurada a
            varia&#231;&#227;o do IPP ap&#243;s uma hiperemia reativa.</p>
      <p>Sabe-se que a disfun&#231;&#227;o endotelial tem papel importante em todas as fases da
            aterog&#234;nese, mostrando valor progn&#243;stico claro, em estudos com doen&#231;a bem estabelecida,
            com n&#250;mero consider&#225;vel e grupos heterog&#234;neos de pacientes<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref>. Desse modo, foram avaliados pacientes com aterosclerose de
            diversos s&#237;tios vasculares, baseados na comum concomit&#226;ncia de s&#237;tios envolvidos, na
            caracter&#237;stica sist&#234;mica da doen&#231;a<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B02">2</xref> e por serem
            presumivelmente portadores de disfun&#231;&#227;o endotelial. Nesse estudo, os valores do IPP ap&#243;s
            a hiperemia reativa foram capazes de diferenciar, de modo significativo, o grupo de
            pacientes normais do grupo de pacientes com aterosclerose, de maneira evidente e in&#233;dita
            na literatura.</p>
      <p>Se considerarmos que a disfun&#231;&#227;o endotelial &#233;, ao menos parcialmente, uma desordem
            revers&#237;vel com um tratamento adequado dos fatores de risco cardiovascular<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref> e se considerarmos tamb&#233;m que os pacientes
            estudados estavam sob terap&#234;utica adequada, &#233; poss&#237;vel hipotetizar que os resultados
            apresentados nesse estudo possam ser ainda mais promissores em teste diagn&#243;stico com
            pacientes n&#227;o tratados.</p>
      <p>O &#243;xido n&#237;trico (NO) &#233; um radical livre, considerado um dos principais mediadores
            vasoativos endoteliais e respons&#225;veis pela manuten&#231;&#227;o da propriedade vasorrelaxante,
            anti inflamat&#243;ria, antioxidante, antitromb&#243;tica e pr&#243; fibrinol&#237;tica desse tecido. H&#225;
            concord&#226;ncia na atual literatura de que a reduzida biodisponibilidade do NO, causada
            tanto pela s&#237;ntese reduzida quanto pelo aumento da degrada&#231;&#227;o oxidativa, seja o
            mecanismo de maior relev&#226;ncia no processo multifatorial da disfun&#231;&#227;o endotelial e na
            participa&#231;&#227;o das principais disfun&#231;&#245;es cardiovasculares<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref>. Nesse estudo, o IPP tamb&#233;m foi capaz de diferenciar os grupos de
            pacientes no per&#237;odo em que ocorre maior contribui&#231;&#227;o do NO para os efeitos da hiperemia
            reativa. Acrescenta-se que, para o uso cl&#237;nico, em que a praticidade se torna
            necess&#225;ria, o uso de um dado absoluto &#233; privilegiado em rela&#231;&#227;o ao estudo de curvas. H&#225;
            ainda a forte correla&#231;&#227;o encontrada desse per&#237;odo com os fatores de risco
               cardiovascular<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref>. Pelos motivos apontados,
            esse estudo sugere, portanto, o uso do valor do &#916; IPP<sub>90-120</sub> em futuros
            estudos cl&#237;nicos.</p>
      <p>Em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; compara&#231;&#227;o dos valores basais, resultados previamente descritos
            demonstraram n&#227;o ocorrer diferen&#231;as significativas entre pacientes com ou sem fatores de
            risco cardiovascular<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref>. Os resultados desse
            estudo demonstraram uma tend&#234;ncia de aumento do IPP em pacientes com aterosclerose
            estabelecida, o que pode ser explicado por mecanismos compensat&#243;rios &#224; isquemia
               cr&#244;nica<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref>. Contudo, n&#227;o houve signific&#226;ncia
            estat&#237;stica nessa amostra e tais achados tamb&#233;m poder&#227;o ser confirmados
            posteriormente.</p>
      <p>Na amostra obtida nesse estudo tamb&#233;m vale ressaltar que ocorreu maior propor&#231;&#227;o de
            mulheres no grupo controle em rela&#231;&#227;o ao grupo aterosclerose embora de maneira n&#227;o
            significativa estatisticamente. Isso poderia ser explicado pela conhecida tend&#234;ncia de
            menor n&#250;mero global de atendimentos, em unidades b&#225;sicas de sa&#250;de, aos indiv&#237;duos
            masculinos saud&#225;veis (aten&#231;&#227;o prim&#225;ria)<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref>
            prejudicando a homogeneiza&#231;&#227;o da amostra em termos de g&#234;nero. Apesar desse aspecto,
            mesmo quando foram analisados em separado, os valores de IPP se mantiveram
            estatisticamente diferentes entre o grupo controle e aterosclerose, em homens e
            mulheres.</p>
      <p>Esse estudo, entretanto, possui limita&#231;&#245;es. A primeira delas ocorre pelo desenho
            transversal do estudo, limitando essa pesquisa apenas na gera&#231;&#227;o de hip&#243;teses. Tamb&#233;m
            foi realizada uma &#250;nica medida para cada paciente, o que restringe as conclus&#245;es acerca
            da reprodutibilidade intraindividual do m&#233;todo.</p>
      <p>A principal limita&#231;&#227;o delas diz respeito a n&#227;o correla&#231;&#227;o com um m&#233;todo validado para a
            avalia&#231;&#227;o da fun&#231;&#227;o endotelial. Os m&#233;todos mais precisos existentes s&#227;o os m&#233;todos
            invasivos - como a resposta vasodilatadora coronariana a acetilcolina e nitroprussiato,
            por exemplo<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B03">3</xref>
				<sup>,</sup>
				<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>. Devido &#224;s limita&#231;&#245;es inerentes &#224; natureza do exame (riscos de
            complica&#231;&#245;es pela invasividade, impossibilidade de repeti&#231;&#227;o frequente, al&#233;m de
            restri&#231;&#227;o a certos contextos cl&#237;nicos), foram desenvolvidas t&#233;cnicas n&#227;o invasivas - a
            exemplo da dilata&#231;&#227;o da art&#233;ria braquial fluxomediada. Utilizando esse m&#233;todo,
            resultados recentes sugerem que ocorra uma correla&#231;&#227;o significativa<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref>.</p>
      <p>Em uma avalia&#231;&#227;o de 83 pacientes normais e com diversos fatores de risco cardiovascular,
            foi observado que, ap&#243;s a hiperemia reativa, os dados originados da curva
            pletismogr&#225;fica da oximetria apresentaram comportamento similar aos resultados obtidos
            pelos estudos com Doppler de art&#233;ria braquial<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref>.
            &#201; conceitual que o mesmo sinal puls&#225;til utilizado no c&#225;lculo do IPP tamb&#233;m origina a
            curva plestismogr&#225;fica da oximetria de pulso<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref>. A
            vantagem do IPP perante a curva pletismogr&#225;fica estaria na praticidade e rapidez de
            c&#225;lculo em um ambiente ambulatorial. Al&#233;m disso, pode ser citado o fato de que nem todos
            os aparelhos com curva plestimogr&#225;fica possuem software e dispositivos adequados para
            c&#225;lculos de modo acurado e reprodut&#237;vel, inerentes &#224; exig&#234;ncia cient&#237;fica<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref>. Todavia, outros estudos s&#227;o necess&#225;rios para
            confirmar tais afirma&#231;&#245;es.</p>
      <p>Dada a import&#226;ncia da disfun&#231;&#227;o endotelial para o desenvolvimento e progress&#227;o das
            doen&#231;as ateroscler&#243;ticas, a busca por m&#233;todos de avalia&#231;&#227;o clinicamente &#250;teis, com boa
            acur&#225;cia, n&#227;o invasividade e de f&#225;cil manejo h&#225; anos vem sendo estimulada<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B02">2</xref>. Os resultados do IPP na avalia&#231;&#227;o de pacientes
            ateroscler&#243;ticos aqui demonstrados, associados ao baixo custo da aparelhagem, tornam
            esse m&#233;todo atraente para futuros ensaios e poss&#237;vel melhoria na preven&#231;&#227;o e tratamento
            de tais doen&#231;as.</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
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    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="supported-by">
        <p>
          <bold>Fontes de Financiamento</bold>
        </p>
        <p>O presente estudo n&#227;o teve fontes de financiamento externas</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
  </back>
  <sub-article id="SA1" article-type="translation" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Articles</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title xml:lang="en">Evaluation of Endothelial Function on Atherosclerosis using
               Perfusion Index from Pulse Oximeter</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Menezes</surname>
            <given-names>Igor Alexandre C&#244;rtes de</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff03">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c02"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Santos</surname>
            <given-names>M&#225;rcio Roberto Viana</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff04">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Cunha</surname>
            <given-names>Cl&#225;udio Leinig Pereira da</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff03">1</xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff03">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="original">Hospital de Cl&#237;nicas - Universidade Federal do
               Paran&#225;, Curitiba, PR - Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff04">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="original">Departamento de Fisiologia - Universidade Federal
               de Sergipe, S&#227;o Crist&#243;v&#227;o, SE - Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c02"><bold>Mailing Address:</bold> Igor Alexandre C&#244;rtes de Menezes. Rua Jovino do
               Ros&#225;rio, 1790, apto 403, Boa Vista. Postal Code 82560-435, Curitiba, PR - Brazil.
               E-mail: <email>menezes_igor@ig.com.br</email>
				</corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Author contributions</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Conception and design of the research: Menezes IAC, Cunha CLP; Acquisition of data
                  and Statistical analysis: Menezes IAC; Analysis and interpretation of the data,
                  Writing of the manuscript and Critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual
                  content: Menezes IAC, Santos MRV, Cunha CLP.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potential Conflict of Interest</bold>
          </p>
          <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>
            <bold>Study Association</bold>
          </p>
          <p>This article is part of the thesis of master submitted by Igor Alexandre C&#244;rtes de
                  Menezes from Universidade Federal do Paran&#225;.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <abstract xml:lang="en">
        <sec>
          <title>Background:</title>
          <p> Endothelial dysfunction is vascular phenomenon that plays an important role in
                  atherosclerosis development. With the purpose of improving the prevention and
                  treatment of atherosclerotic diseases, the searching for accurate, practical and
                  cheaper methods for evaluating endothelial function have become of interest. </p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objectives:</title>
          <p> Verify the potential of Peripheral Perfusion Index from pulse oximetry (IPP) as a
                  method of endothelial dysfunction evaluation in patients with atherosclerotic
                  diseases. </p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Methods:</title>
          <p> There were recruited 18 control patients and 24 patients with atherosclerotic
                  diseases under optimized treatment, in basic health units. The values of IPP were
                  evaluated before and after an endothelial-dependent stimulus, the reactive
                  hyperemia. The values of IPP were also evaluated in period which the major
                  contribution of Nitric Oxide (NO) for the vasodilation occurs
                     (IPP<sub>90-120</sub>). The results of IPP were discussed using the literature
                  and estimating their diagnostic and prognostic potential </p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Results:</title>
          <p> The endothelium-dependent vasodilatory response measured by IPP was significantly
                  lower in patients with atherosclerosis compared to control group, since 45 seconds
                  after reactive hyperemia. Also, the values of IPP<sub>90-120</sub> were
                  significantly lower in patients with atherosclerosis [35% (4 - 53%) vs 73% (55 -
                  169%); p&lt;0,001]. Similarly, the IPP values were lower in atherosclerosis group
                  when it was separated by gender. </p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclusion:</title>
          <p> The results of this study, in association with the low cost of pulse oximeter,
                  suggest a good potential for IPP as an endothelial dysfunction evaluation method.
                  New studies must be done in order to clarify this potential and possibly
                  contribute with the prevention and treatment of atherosclerotic diseases.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>Pulsatile Flow</kwd>
        <kwd>Atherosclerosis</kwd>
        <kwd>Endothelium / physiopathology</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <counts>
        <fig-count count="2"/>
        <table-count count="2"/>
        <equation-count count="0"/>
        <ref-count count="23"/>
        <page-count count="8"/>
      </counts>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>Introduction</title>
        <p>The impact of circulatory diseases on morbidity/mortality in Western countries is
               undeniable. In Brazil, atherosclerotic diseases have a significant impact. In 2007
               only, they caused 1,157,509 hospitalizations and 308,466 deaths<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B01">1</xref>.</p>
        <p>Therefore, methods to evaluate cardiovascular risk and therapeutic interventions for
               atherosclerotic diseases are urgently required. A recently proposed viable method is
               the study of endothelial function<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B02">2</xref>
					<sup>-</sup>
					<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B04">4</xref>.</p>
        <p>There is strong evidence suggesting that endothelial dysfunction occurs early during
               the atherogenic process, thus contributing to the formation, progression, and
               complications of atherosclerotic plaque<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B05">5</xref>.
               Other studies have demonstrated that patients with cardiovascular risk factors and
               without diagnosed atherosclerosis exhibit endothelial dysfunction that is evident in
               the decreased vascular endothelial responsiveness to acetylcholine and
                  bradykinin<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B06">6</xref>. Taken together, these findings
               suggest that the dysfunction may be a mechanism that links cardiovascular risk
               factors with the development of atherosclerosis<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B03">3</xref>.</p>
        <p>Considering that vascular-endothelial dysfunction is a systemic pathology, it is
               possible to estimate large and medium arteries through the evaluation of peripheral
                  arteries<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B02">2</xref>. Among the techniques used for
               this evaluation, we highlight the ones using reactive hyperemia as a vasodilator
               stimulus, such as the dilation of the flow-mediated brachial artery<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B07">7</xref> and, more recently, digital pulse amplitude
                  tonometry<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B08">8</xref>. Both methods have shown
               significant diagnostic, therapeutic, and prognostic results in patients with risk
               factors or established atherosclerosis<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B02">2</xref>
					<sup>,</sup>
					<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B08">8</xref>. However, their
               application in clinical practice is still difficult because they require expensive
               equipment. The former method requires ultrasound experience that can be acquired
               through long and little available training.</p>
        <p>Newer generation pulse oximeters calculate the peripheral perfusion index (PPI), thus
               measuring microvascular peripheral perfusion indirectly. The PPI was used to study
               the vascular arterial reactivity following reactive hyperemia in critically ill
                  patients<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B09">9</xref>. However, till date, no studies
               have used this method to evaluate endothelial function in patients with
               atherosclerosis.</p>
        <p>This study aimed to assess endothelial function in individuals with and without
               atherosclerosis using the PPI and discuss its potential to estimate endothelial
               dysfunction according to a literature review.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="methods">
        <title>Methods</title>
        <p>All participants in this study provided written informed consent, and the research
               was approved by the Research Ethics Committee of the Universidade Federal do Paran&#225;
               (protocol: 362ext039/2010-11). Therefore, the study protocol was in accordance with
               the national and international ethical norms on research with human beings.</p>
        <p>The patients were selected from Basic Health Units of the municipalities of Pinhais,
               Colombo, and Quatro Barras in the Metropolitan Region of Curitiba, State of Paran&#225;.
               The selection estimate for this type of study was 14 to 30 patients per group
               according to the literature<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B09">9</xref>
					<sup>-</sup>
					<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref>.</p>
        <p>Eighteen control patients without known cardiovascular risk factors and 24 patients
               with cardiovascular risk factors and diagnosed atherosclerotic diseases were
               enrolled.</p>
        <p>In this study, the belowmentioned cardiovascular risk factors were considered.</p>
        <p>1) History of smoking at least 1 cigarette/day for a minimum of 1 year</p>
        <p>2) Systemic arterial hypertension (AP) of &gt; 140 &#215; 90 mmHg or use of
               antihypertensive medication</p>
        <p>3) History of diabetes mellitus, indicated by two fasting glucose test results of
               &#8805;126 mg/dL or a random glucose test result of &#8805; 200 mg/dL with disease symptoms or an
               oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) result of &#8805; 200 mg/dL. Patients with normal
               glucose levels who were on medication for diabetes mellitus were also considered.</p>
        <p>4) Dyslipidemia, indicated by a triglyceride level of &gt;150 mg/dL and/or a total
               cholesterol level of &gt;200 mg/dL and/or a low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol
               level of &gt;160 mg/dL and/or a high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol level of
               &lt; 40 mg/dL and/or the use of lipid lowering medication.</p>
        <p>5) Obesity, indicated by a body mass index (BMI) of &gt; 30 kg/m<sup>2</sup>.</p>
        <p>In this study, a diagnosis of established atherosclerotic disease was established on
               the basis of the presence of stable angina; history of acute myocardial infarction;
               presence of carotid, aortic, or peripheral atherosclerotic disease; and history of
               previous ischemic cerebrovascular disease.</p>
        <p>Patients with renal disease who were undergoing dialysis, those with cancer, those
               with acute or chronic inflammatory diseases, and those with diseases other than
               atherosclerosis were excluded from the study.</p>
        <sec>
          <title>Clinical and Laboratory Evaluation</title>
          <p>All patients were subjected to a comprehensive clinical evaluation, with an
                  emphasis on the cardiovascular system. The body weight and height were determined
                  to calculate the BMI. Abdominal circumference and systemic AP were also
                  measured.</p>
          <p>During the study week, blood samples were collected for laboratory tests, which
                  included the measurement of fasting glucose, total cholesterol, HDL and LDL
                  cholesterol, and triglyceride levels. For smokers, the number of cigarettes smoked
                  per year was also determined.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>PPI and Assessment of Endothelial Function</title>
          <p>To determine the PPI, a portable pulse oximeter (Finger Oximeter PM100C, New Tech,
                  U.S.A) was used. The same researcher performed all tests.</p>
          <p>Because numerous factors can affect vascular reactivity, the participants of the
                  study were made to fast for 8 to 12 hours before the tests and were assessed in a
                  quiet room with a controlled temperature. They were instructed not to exercise,
                  consume caffeine or foods rich in fat and vitamin C, or smoke for at least 4 to 6
                  hours before the study. In addition, women were asked about the status of their
                  menstrual cycle because hormonal changes can alter vascular reactivity<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B07">7</xref>. Any medication having vasoactive effects
                  (antihypertensive) was stopped, whenever possible, 12 to 24 hours before the
                  study, which is in accordance with the literature<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>.</p>
          <p>The patients were made to sit for approximately 30 minutes before evaluation. The
                  pulse oximeter was placed on the index finger of the right hand, which was
                  positioned at the height of the heart. the PPI was measured for a period of 3
                  minutes (basal value) after signal stabilization. Subsequently, a sphygmomanometer
                  cuff was inflated around the homolateral arm, 30 to 50 mmHg above the systolic
                  pressure to occlude the arterial flow, for a period of 5 minutes<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B07">7</xref>
						<sup>, </sup>
						<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B09">9</xref>
						<sup>-</sup>
						<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref>.</p>
          <p>Reactive hyperemia occurred on deflation of the cuff; this was the hemodynamic
                  stimulus for endothelial evaluation. The PPI was determined every 15 seconds for a
                  period of 5 minutes to create a curve of PPI variation (&#916; PPI) as a function of
                  time. The variation in the PPI was calculated at each assessed time point using
                  the following formula:</p>
          <p>&#916;PPI: PPI time &#8722; PPI basal/PPI basal (&#215;100)</p>
          <p>Subsequently, the time-response curves for the PPI in the groups under study were
                  compared.</p>
          <p>Next, the mean variation in the PPI was determined 90 to 120 seconds after cuff
                  deflation (&#916;PPI<sub>90-120</sub>). This time interval was chosen because recent
                  findings showed that the strongest correlation between cardiovascular risk factors
                  and endothelial dysfunction was observed during this time period<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref>. Moreover, it is included in the time
                  period during which nitric oxide mostly contributes to the vasodilator effects of
                  reactive hyperemia<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref>. The
                     &#916;PPI<sub>90-120</sub> was compared between groups.</p>
          <p>Furthermore, the heart rate was measured before and after reactive hyperemia to
                  investigate a possible contribution of this parameter to peripheral perfusion.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Statistical Analysis</title>
          <p>The Shapiro-Wilk test was used to test the normalcy of the sample. Values for
                  parametric samples are expressed as means &#177; standard deviations, whereas those for
                  nonparametric samples are expressed as medians and interquartile ranges. The
                  categorical variable (gender) is expressed as a percentage.</p>
          <p>Student's t-test, the Mann-Whitney U test, and the chi-square test were used to
                  determine the significance of differences in parametric, nonparametric, and
                  categorical variables, respectively, between groups. The level of significance in
                  all analyses was p &lt; 0.05. The statistical program GraphPad Prism version 3.02
                  was used for all statistical analyses.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="results">
        <title>Results</title>
        <p><xref ref-type="table" rid="t03">Table 1</xref> shows the main demographic,
               laboratory, and clinical characteristics of the patients under study. There were no
               statistically significant differences in age and diastolic AP. However, the systolic
               AP was higher, heart rate was lower, and obesity parameters were higher in the
               atherosclerosis group than in the control group.</p>
        <table-wrap id="t03">
          <label>Table 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Demographic, metabolic, and hemodynamic characteristics as well as
                     peripheral perfusion index (PPI) values for the controls and patients with
                     atherosclerosis. The parametric data are expressed as means &#177; standard
                     deviations, while the nonparametric (basal IPP) data are expressed as medians
                     and interquartile ranges (parentheses)</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="rows">
            <thead style="border-bottom:solid;border-top:solid">
              <tr>
                <th align="left">&#160;</th>
                <th align="center">
                  <bold>Control</bold>
                </th>
                <th align="center">
                  <bold>Atherosclerosis</bold>
                </th>
                <th align="center">
                  <bold>P</bold>
                </th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td>n</td>
                <td align="center">18</td>
                <td align="center">24</td>
                <td align="center">----</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Age (years)</td>
                <td align="center">59 &#177; 10</td>
                <td align="center">61 &#177; 8</td>
                <td align="center">0,.48</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Gender (M/F)</td>
                <td align="center">8/10</td>
                <td align="center">14/10</td>
                <td align="center">0.37</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>BMI</td>
                <td align="center">24 &#177; 3</td>
                <td align="center">28 &#177; 4</td>
                <td align="center">0.007</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Abdominal circumference (cm)</td>
                <td align="center">87 &#177; 7</td>
                <td align="center">97 &#177; 12</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0.001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Dyslipidemia (%)</td>
                <td align="center">0</td>
                <td align="center">20/24<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="t03-fn01">*</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center">----</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Total cholesterol (mg/dL)</td>
                <td align="center">171 &#177; 27</td>
                <td align="center">163 &#177; 41</td>
                <td align="center">0.47</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>LDL cholesterol (mg/dL)</td>
                <td align="center">103 &#177; 28</td>
                <td align="center">84 &#177; 35</td>
                <td align="center">0.07</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>HDL cholesterol (mg/dL)</td>
                <td align="center">49 &#177; 8</td>
                <td align="center">44 &#177; 11</td>
                <td align="center">0.10</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Triglycerides (mg/dL)</td>
                <td align="center">99 &#177; 39</td>
                <td align="center">161 &#177; 87</td>
                <td align="center">0.006</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Diabetes mellitus</td>
                <td align="center">0</td>
                <td align="center">6/24 <xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="t03-fn01">*</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center">----</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Fasting glucose (mg/dL)</td>
                <td align="center">86 &#177; 7</td>
                <td align="center">101 &#177; 34</td>
                <td align="center">0.08</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Arterial hypertension</td>
                <td align="center">0</td>
                <td align="center">20/24 <xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="t03-fn01">*</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center">----</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>SAP (mmHg)</td>
                <td align="center">112 &#177; 11</td>
                <td align="center">125 &#177; 18</td>
                <td align="center">0.012</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>DAP (mmHg)</td>
                <td align="center">72 &#177; 09</td>
                <td align="center">75 &#177; 13</td>
                <td align="center">0.42</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>HR before inflation (bpm)</td>
                <td align="center">71 &#177; 8</td>
                <td align="center">63 &#177; 2</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0.001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>HR after deflation (bpm)</td>
                <td align="center">70 &#177; 8</td>
                <td align="center">62 &#177; 2</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0.001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Smoking</td>
                <td align="center">0</td>
                <td align="center">9/24</td>
                <td align="center">----</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Qt. of cigarettes smoked (packets-year)</td>
                <td align="center">0</td>
                <td align="center">28</td>
                <td align="center">----</td>
              </tr>
              <tr style="border-bottom:solid">
                <td>Basal PPI (%)</td>
                <td align="center">2.6 (2.4-8.6)</td>
                <td align="center">7.2 (3.6-9.8)</td>
                <td align="center">0.11</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn>
              <p>BMI: body mass index; SAP: systolic arterial pressure; DAP: diastolic
                        arterial pressure; HR: heart rate.</p>
            </fn>
            <fn id="t03-fn01">
              <label>*</label>
              <p>treated patients</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <p>The number of women was higher in the control group than in the atherosclerosis
               group; however, this difference was not statistically significant. All women who
               participated in the study were menopausal.</p>
        <p>With regard to metabolic parameters, triglyceride levels were higher in the
               atherosclerosis group than in the control group, and there were no differences in
               total cholesterol levels. Although we observed trends of differences in HDL and LDL
               cholesterol and fasting glucose levels, the differences were not statistically
               significant. All patients were on lipid lowering medications, and patients with
               diabetes were receiving oral hypoglycemic drugs.</p>
        <p>Although the basal PPI values tended to be elevated in the atherosclerosis group, the
               difference was not statistically significant. It is worth noting that there was no
               statistically significant difference in heart rate before and after the PPI test in
               both groups.</p>
        <p>In the atherosclerosis group, 13 patients had ischemic coronary disease (54%), 7 had
               cerebrovascular disease (29%), 5 had aortic atheroma (21%), 4 had carotid atheroma
               (16%), and 1 (4%) had peripheral arterial disease of the lower limbs.</p>
        <p>With regard to the primary medications, all patients with atherosclerosis were
               consuming anti-platelet aggregation drugs (AAS, clopidogrel) and statins, 11 were
               consuming angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors, 7 were consuming angiotensin II
               receptor blockers, 13 were consuming beta blockers, 10 were consuming calcium channel
               blockers, 12 were consuming diuretic drugs, and 6 were consuming nitrates.</p>
        <sec>
          <title>PPI Studies</title>
          <p><xref ref-type="table" rid="t04">Table 2</xref> shows the variations in the PPI
                  (&#916;PPI) after deflation of the sphygmomanometer cuff. There was an evident
                  difference in the increase in the PPI between the atherosclerosis group and the
                  control group. These differences become statistically significant 45 seconds after
                  deflation of the cuff.</p>
          <table-wrap id="t04">
            <label>Table 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Variations in the peripheral perfusion index (&#916;PPI) after cuff deflation
                        in the controls and patients with atherosclerosis. Values are expressed as
                        medians and interquartile ranges (parentheses) * p &lt; 0.05 vs. control; **
                        p &lt; 0.01 vs. control; *** p &lt; 0.001 vs. control</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="rows">
              <thead style="border-top:solid">
                <tr>
                  <th align="left" rowspan="2">Time after deflation (seconds)</th>
                  <th colspan="3" align="center">&#916;PPI (%)</th>
                </tr>
                <tr style="border-bottom:solid">
                  <th align="center">Control (n = 18)</th>
                  <th colspan="2" align="center">Atherosclerosis (n = 24)</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td>0</td>
                  <td align="center">0</td>
                  <td align="center">0</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>15</td>
                  <td align="center">04 (-35-56)</td>
                  <td align="center">-12 (-42-25)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>30</td>
                  <td align="center">37 (5-93)</td>
                  <td align="center">05 (-19-42)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>45</td>
                  <td align="center">51 (21-120)</td>
                  <td align="center">14 (-6-54) <sup>*</sup>
									</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>60</td>
                  <td align="center">73 (29-158)</td>
                  <td align="center">25 (6-45) <sup>*</sup>
									</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>75</td>
                  <td align="center">84 (36-156)</td>
                  <td align="center">26 (-8-50) <sup>**</sup>
									</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>90</td>
                  <td align="center">74 (47-163)</td>
                  <td align="center">33 (9-59) <sup>**</sup>
									</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>105</td>
                  <td align="center">105 (47-199)</td>
                  <td align="center">36 (-3-54) <sup>***</sup>
									</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>120</td>
                  <td align="center">70 (46-157)</td>
                  <td align="center">36 (14-49) <sup>***</sup>
									</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>150</td>
                  <td align="center">87 (36-205)</td>
                  <td align="center">23 (13-54) <sup>**</sup>
									</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>180</td>
                  <td align="center">67 (29-178)</td>
                  <td align="center">30 (-8-61) <sup>**</sup>
									</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>210</td>
                  <td align="center">81 (51-210)</td>
                  <td align="center">21 (-07-43) <sup>***</sup>
									</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>240</td>
                  <td align="center">56 (37-200)</td>
                  <td align="center">11 (01-51) <sup>***</sup>
									</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>270</td>
                  <td align="center">55 (43-172)</td>
                  <td align="center">12 (-13-45) <sup>***</sup>
									</td>
                </tr>
                <tr style="border-bottom:solid">
                  <td>300</td>
                  <td align="center">52 (34-140)</td>
                  <td align="center">11 (-13-56) <sup>**</sup>
									</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
          </table-wrap>
          <p>In addition, <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f03">Figures 1</xref> and <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f04">2</xref> show that the mean values measured in the
                  90-120-second (&#916;PPI<sub>90-120</sub>) interval were lower in the atherosclerosis
                  group than in the control group. These statistically significant differences were
                  observed in both men and women.</p>
          <fig id="f03" fig-type="other">
            <label>Figure 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Box and whiskers graph showing variations in the peripheral perfusion
                        index in the 90&#8211;120-second interval (&#916;PP<sub>I90&#8211;120</sub>) after cuff
                        deflation in the controls and patients with atherosclerosis. The graph
                        expresses medians, interquartile ranges, and maximum and minimum values. ***
                        p &lt; 0.001 vs. control</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-102-03-0237-40010-gf01-en.jpg"/></fig>
          <fig id="f04" fig-type="other">
            <label>Figure 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Box and whiskers graph showing variations in the peripheral perfusion
                        index in the 90&#8211;120-second interval (&#916;PP<sub>I90&#8211;120</sub>) after cuff
                        deflation in men and women in the control and atherosclerosis groups. The
                        graph expresses medians, interquartile ranges, and maximum and minimum
                        values. * p &lt; 0.05 vs. men (controls), &#8224;&#8224;p &lt; 0.01 vs. women
                        (controls).</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-102-03-0237-40010-gf02-en.jpg"/></fig>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="discussion">
        <title>Discussion</title>
        <p>Pulse oximetry, in particular its derived data (oxygen saturation and
               plethysmographic curve), has become a leading method for clinical monitoring in
               intensive care environments and emergency, surgical, and anesthetic rooms. The main
               finding of this preliminary study concerns the possibility of a novel clinical
               application for pulse oximetry, i.e., evaluation of endothelial function using the
               PPI.</p>
        <p>Peripheral perfusion is a physiological parameter that is directly associated with
               local blood flow, the regulation of which involves resistance arteries. Resistance
               arteries are the primary blood vessels responsible for the maintenance of systemic
                  AP<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref>. One noninvasive form to evaluate
               peripheral perfusion and, indirectly, the vascular activity of resistance arteries is
               the use of the PPI.</p>
        <p>The PPI is derived from the oximetry photoelectric plethysmographic signal and is
               obtained from the difference in light absorbance between the pulsatile component
               (pulsatile arterial blood) and the nonpulsatile component (venous and capillary
               blood, other tissues, and bones). Changes in peripheral perfusion are accompanied by
               variations in the pulsatile component and not the nonpulsatile component; the PPI
               variation is thus obtained<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref>.</p>
        <p>Shear stress acting on the endothelium probably represents the major physiological
               stimulus for the release of vasoactive factors and regulation of vascular tonus. An
               increase in shear stress can be induced by reactive hyperemia, which is an increase
               in blood flow followed by a short period of ischemia of the distal tissues. The
               endothelium dynamically responds to this stimulus by releasing vasoactive factors,
               particularly NO, thus leading to arterial vasodilation<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B03">3</xref>. On the basis of this principle, it is possible to evaluate the
               endothelial function of human beings by determining the degree of endothelium
               dependent arterial vasodilation. The variation in IPP was determined following the
               onset of reactive hyperemia.</p>
        <p>Endothelial dysfunction plays an important role in all phases of atherogenesis and
               has a clear prognostic value in studies with a significant number of heterogeneous
               groups of patients with well-established disease<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref>. Therefore, patients with atherosclerosis at various vascular sites
               were evaluated on the basis of the common concomitance of involved sites and the
               systemic characteristics of the disease<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B02">2</xref> and
               because they had potential endothelial dysfunction. In this study, the PPI after
               reactive hyperemia enabled us to clearly distinguish normal patients from those with
               atherosclerosis, which is unprecedented in the literature.</p>
        <p>Considering that endothelial dysfunction is, at least in part, a disorder that is
               reversible when cardiovascular risk factors are appropriately treated<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref>, and considering that the patients under study
               were receiving appropriate therapy, we hypothesized that the results of this study
               may be even more promising in terms of diagnostic tests for untreated patients.</p>
        <p>NO is a free radical that is considered to be one of the main endothelial vasoactive
               mediators responsible for the maintenance of the vasorelaxant, anti-inflammatory,
               antioxidant, antithrombotic, and profibrinolytic properties of this tissue. There is
               agreement in the current literature that the decreased bioavailability of NO, which
               is a result of decreased synthesis and increased oxidative degradation, is the most
               relevant mechanism underlying the multifactorial process of endothelial dysfunction
               and primary cardiovascular dysfunction<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref>. In
               this study, the PPI also allowed us to distinguish between patients during the period
               when NO contributes the most to the effects of reactive hyperemia. It should be added
               that, for practical clinical use, the use of absolute data is preferred over the
               study of curves. Moreover, a strong correlation with cardiovascular risk factors was
               observed during this period<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref>. Therefore, this
               study suggests the use of the &#916;PPI<sub>90-120</sub> value for future clinical
               studies.</p>
        <p>With regard to basal values, results previously described in the literature showed
               that there were no significant differences between patients with or without
               cardiovascular risk factors<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref>. The results of
               the present study showed that the PPI tended to be increased in patients with
               established atherosclerosis, which may be explained by mechanisms that compensate
               chronic ischemia<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref>. However, there was no
               statistically significant difference in this sample, and these findings should be
               confirmed in future studies.</p>
        <p>In this study, the number of women was higher in the control group than in the
               atherosclerosis group, although the difference was not statistically significant.
               This can be explained by the well-known fact that the number of healthy men is
               overall lower than that of healthy women in basic health units (primary care)<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref>, which hinders sample homogenization in terms
               of gender. Despite this fact, even when the PPI values were separately analyzed, they
               were significantly different between the control group and the atherosclerosis group
               for both men and women.</p>
        <p>This study had some limitations. First, the study was a cross-sectional study, which
               limited the research in terms of the development of a hypothesis. Moreover, a single
               measure was obtained per patient, and this limits conclusions about the
               intraindividual reproducibility of the method.</p>
        <p>The main limitation was the absence of a correlation with a validated method for
               evaluating endothelial function. The most precise methods that are currently
               available are invasive methods such as those that measure the coronary vasodilator
               response to acetylcholine and nitroprussiate<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B03">3</xref>
					<sup>,</sup>
					<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>. Because of the
               limitations resulting from the nature of the test (risk of complications caused by
               invasiveness, impossibility of frequent repetition, and limitations to certain
               clinical contexts), noninvasive techniques such as flow-mediated brachial artery
               dilation have been developed. Recent results suggest a significant correlation if
               this method is used<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref>.</p>
        <p>In an evaluation of 83 normal patients and patients with various cardiovascular risk
               factors, it was observed that after reactive hyperemia, data from the oximetry
               plethysmographic curve exhibited a behavior similar to that observed in studies using
               brachial artery Doppler<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref>. It is conceptual
               that the same pulsatile signal used for the calculation of the PPI also originates
               from the pulse oximetry plethysmographic curve<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref>. The advantage of the PPI over the plethysmographic curve is the
               practicality and speed of determination in an outpatient environment. In addition,
               not all equipment with plethysmographic curves have the appropriate software and
               devices that allow for accurate and reproducible calculations according to scientific
                  requirements<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref>. However, further studies
               are required to confirm these affirmations.</p>
        <p>In conclusion, given the importance of endothelial dysfunction in the development and
               progression of atherosclerotic diseases, the search for clinically useful evaluation
               methods that are accurate, noninvasive, and easy to use has been encouraged for
                  years<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B02">2</xref>. Our results obtained with the PPI
               used for the evaluation of atherosclerotic patients, in addition to the low cost of
               the equipment, make this method attractive for future trials and for improvement in
               the prevention and treatment of these diseases.</p>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="supported-by">
          <p>
            <bold>Sources of Funding</bold>
          </p>
          <p>There were no external funding sources for this study.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
