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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">ypnCT9V7q9tYChMkqPsfhFm</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2014000300002</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">00002</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="previous-pid">S0066-782X2014005000008</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5935/abc.20140015</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigos Originais</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title xml:lang="pt">Estresse Isolado ou Associado ao Etanol Libera Prostan&#243;ides
               em Aorta de Ratos via &#945;2-Adrenoceptores</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Baptista</surname>
            <given-names>Rafaela de F&#225;tima Ferreira</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Taipeiro</surname>
            <given-names>Elane de F&#225;tima</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Queiroz</surname>
            <given-names>Regina Helena Costa</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff03">3</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Chies</surname>
            <given-names>Agnaldo Bruno</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Cordellini</surname>
            <given-names>Sandra</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c01"/>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff01">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv2">Departamento de Farmacologia</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Instituto de Bioci&#234;ncias</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Estadual Paulista</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country>Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Departamento de Farmacologia - Instituto de
               Bioci&#234;ncias - Universidade Estadual Paulista - UNESP, S&#227;o Paulo, SP -
               Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff02">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Laborat&#243;rio de Farmacologia</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Faculdade de Medicina de Mar&#237;lia</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">SP</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country>Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Laborat&#243;rio de Farmacologia - Faculdade de Medicina
               de Mar&#237;lia - FAMEMA, SP - Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff03">
        <label>3</label>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv2">Departamento de An&#225;lise Cl&#237;nica - Toxicol&#243;gica e
               Ci&#234;ncia de Alimentos</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Faculdade de Ci&#234;ncias Farmac&#234;uticas</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgname">USP</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country>Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Departamento de An&#225;lise Cl&#237;nica - Toxicol&#243;gica e
               Ci&#234;ncia de Alimentos - Faculdade de Ci&#234;ncias Farmac&#234;uticas - USP, S&#227;o Paulo, SP -
               Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01"><bold>Correspond&#234;ncia:</bold> Sandra Cordellini. Departamento de Farmacologia,
               Instituto de Bioci&#234;ncias, UNESP. CEP 18618-970, Rubi&#227;o J&#250;nior s/n, Botucatu, S&#227;o
               Paulo, SP - Brasil. E-mail: <email>cordelli@ibb.unesp.br</email>
				</corresp>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Contribui&#231;&#227;o dos autores</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa, Obtaining funding, An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica, Obten&#231;&#227;o
                  de financiamento, Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito: Baptista RFF, Chies AB, Cordellini S;
                  Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados: Baptista RFF, Taipeiro EF, Queiroz RHC; An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o
                  dos dados: Baptista RFF, Taipeiro EF, Queiroz RHC, Chies AB, Cordellini S; Revis&#227;o
                  cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual: Baptista RFF, Taipeiro EF,
                  Chies AB, Cordellini S.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potencial Conflito de Interesses</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Declaro n&#227;o haver conflito de interesses pertinentes</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>
            <bold>Vincula&#231;&#227;o Acad&#234;mica</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Este artigo &#233; parte de tese de Doutorado de Rafaela de F&#225;tima Ferreira Baptista
                  pela Universidade Estadual Paulista "J&#250;lio de Mesquita Filho" UNESP/Botucatu.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date pub-type="epub">
        <day>10</day>
        <month>02</month>
        <year>2014</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date pub-type="collection">
        <month>04</month>
        <year>2014</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>102</volume>
      <issue>3</issue>
      <fpage>211</fpage>
      <lpage>218</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>20</day>
          <month>07</month>
          <year>2013</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>30</day>
          <month>09</month>
          <year>2013</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>02</day>
          <month>10</month>
          <year>2013</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/">
          <license-p>This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative
                  Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License which permits unrestricted
                  non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the
                  original work is properly cited. </license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract xml:lang="pt">
        <sec>
          <title>Fundamento:</title>
          <p>Estresse e etanol s&#227;o ambos, independentemente, importantes fatores de risco
                  cardiovascular.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objetivo:</title>
          <p>avaliar o risco cardiovascular do consumo de etanol e exposi&#231;&#227;o ao estresse,
                  isolados e em associa&#231;&#227;o, em ratos machos adultos.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>M&#233;todos:</title>
          <p>Os ratos foram separados em quatro grupos: controle, etanol (20% na &#225;gua de beber
                  durante seis semanas), estresse (imobiliza&#231;&#227;o 1h dia/5 dias por semana/ 6 semanas)
                  e estresse/etanol. As curvas de concentra&#231;&#227;o-resposta &#224; noradrenalina - na
                  aus&#234;ncia e na presen&#231;a de ioimbina, L-NAME ou indometacina - ou fenilefrina foram
                  determinadas em aortas tor&#225;cicas com e sem endot&#233;lio. EC50 e resposta m&#225;xima (n =
                  8-12) foram comparadas atrav&#233;s de ANOVA de dois fatores (two-way) / m&#233;todo de
                  Bonferroni.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Resultados:</title>
          <p>Estresse ou estresse em associa&#231;&#227;o com o consumo de etanol aumentaram as respostas
                  m&#225;ximas de noradrenalina em aortas intactas. Essa hiper-reatividade foi eliminada
                  pela remo&#231;&#227;o do endot&#233;lio, ou pela presen&#231;a da indometacina ou ioimbina, mas n&#227;o
                  foi alterada pela presen&#231;a de L-NAME. Enquanto isso, o consumo de etanol n&#227;o
                  alterou a reatividade &#224; noradrenalina. As respostas da fenilefrina em aortas com e
                  sem endot&#233;lio tamb&#233;m permaneceram inalteradas independentemente do protocolo.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclus&#227;o:</title>
          <p>O estresse cr&#244;nico aumentou as respostas a&#243;rticas dos ratos &#224; noradrenalina. Esse
                  efeito &#233; dependente do endot&#233;lio vascular e envolve a libera&#231;&#227;o de prostan&#243;ides
                  vasoconstritores atrav&#233;s da estimula&#231;&#227;o de &#945;-2 adrenoceptores endoteliais. Al&#233;m
                  disso, o consumo cr&#244;nico de etanol pareceu n&#227;o influenciar as respostas de
                  noradrenalina em aorta de rato, nem modificar o aumento de tais respostas
                  observadas em consequ&#234;ncia da exposi&#231;&#227;o ao estresse.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <kwd>Estresse</kwd>
        <kwd>Consumo de bebidas alco&#243;licas</kwd>
        <kwd>Norepinefrina</kwd>
        <kwd>Agonistas de receptores adren&#233;rgicos alfa 2</kwd>
        <kwd>Ratos</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <funding-group>
        <award-group>
          <funding-source>CAPES</funding-source>
        </award-group>
      </funding-group>
      <counts>
        <fig-count count="4"/>
        <table-count count="2"/>
        <equation-count count="0"/>
        <ref-count count="32"/>
        <page-count count="8"/>
      </counts>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
      <p>O estresse cr&#244;nico &#233; um importante fator de risco para o desenvolvimento de patologias
               cardiovasculares<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B01">1</xref>, tais como
               aterosclerose<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B02">2</xref> disfun&#231;&#227;o endotelial<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B03">3</xref> e hipertens&#227;o<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B04">4</xref>. No entanto, a gravidade dos danos cardiovasculares causados por exposi&#231;&#227;o
            ao estresse depende da natureza do estressor, bem como da sua intensidade e dura&#231;&#227;o<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B05">5</xref>.</p>
      <p>A literatura relata que o estresse cr&#244;nico prejudica a fun&#231;&#227;o endotelial, evidenciada
            por uma diminui&#231;&#227;o do relaxamento vascular induzido pela acetilcolina<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B02">2</xref>, bem como uma redu&#231;&#227;o da atividade da &#243;xido
            n&#237;trico sintase (NOS) na aorta<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B06">6</xref>. Por sua vez, a
            exposi&#231;&#227;o ao estresse agudo reduz a contra&#231;&#227;o induzida por noradrenalina e aumenta o
            relaxamento induzido pela acetilcolina na aorta de rato<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B01">1</xref>
				<sup>,</sup>
				<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B07">7</xref>.</p>
      <p>O consumo cr&#244;nico de etanol tamb&#233;m pode causar modifica&#231;&#245;es cardiocirculat&#243;rias que
            contribuem para o desenvolvimento de doen&#231;as cardiovasculares<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B08">8</xref>
				<sup>,</sup>
				<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B09">9</xref>. De acordo com
            essa poss&#237;vel associa&#231;&#227;o, o consumo de etanol 20% ao longo de seis semanas aumentou a
            resposta do leito vascular mesent&#233;rico &#224; fenilefrina em ratos Wistar<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B08">8</xref>. O consumo de etanol tamb&#233;m aumentou as respostas
            &#224; agonistas simp&#225;ticos dentro dos vasos de condut&#226;ncia - vasos cujos mecanismos de
            modula&#231;&#227;o endotelial funcionam de modo diferente daqueles dos vasos de resist&#234;ncia. De
            fato, o consumo de etanol a 20% durante seis semanas aumentou as respostas &#224; fenilefrina
            na aorta de ratos Wistar<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B09">9</xref>. O consumo de etanol a
            36% ao longo de 18 semanas tamb&#233;m elevou as respostas da noradrenalina na art&#233;ria
            mesent&#233;rica de ratos<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>. Al&#233;m disso, o consumo
            cr&#244;nico de etanol 10% aumentou a resposta da noradrenalina na aorta de ratos machos
               Sprague-Dawley<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref>. Por outro lado, o consumo
            cr&#244;nico de etanol 20% diminuiu<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref> ou n&#227;o
               influenciou<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref> respostas &#224; fenilefrina em
            aortas de rato. Essas diferen&#231;as podem ser atribu&#237;das &#224;s diferen&#231;as entre os protocolos
            experimentais ou caracter&#237;sticas do modelo animal<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref>.</p>
      <p>Embora tanto o etanol quanto o estresse desempenhem pap&#233;is importantes no
            desenvolvimento de doen&#231;a cardiovascular, ainda persistem d&#250;vidas acerca de seus efeitos
            sobre a capacidade de resposta vascular especificamente. Estas d&#250;vidas s&#227;o ainda mais
            numerosas quando se consideram os efeitos de ambos os fatores em associa&#231;&#227;o. Assim, o
            objetivo deste estudo foi o de abordar estas quest&#245;es persistentes. Especificamente, o
            objetivo desse estudo foi investigar, em ratos adultos, a resposta vascular adaptativa &#224;
            agonistas simp&#225;ticos induzida pelo consumo de &#225;lcool e exposi&#231;&#227;o ao estresse (ambos
            isoladamente e em associa&#231;&#227;o) e examinar seu mecanismo.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="methods">
      <title>M&#233;todos</title>
      <sec>
        <title>Desenho experimental</title>
        <p>Ratos Wistar machos adultos (100 a 120 dias de idade) foram alojados em gaiolas de
               pl&#225;stico com um ciclo claro escuro de 12 horas (a 23 &#177; 2&#730; C) e alimentados com ra&#231;&#227;o
               normal de laborat&#243;rio. Por seis semanas, os animais foram separados em quatro grupos:
               grupo controle, que recebeu &#225;gua "ad libitum"; grupo de estresse, que foi imobilizado
               em um tubo de conten&#231;&#227;o met&#225;lica (1 hora/dia, 5 dias/semana) para restringir
               completamente seus movimentos, preservando apenas a respira&#231;&#227;o; grupo etanol, que
               recebeu uma solu&#231;&#227;o de etanol a 20% em vez de &#225;gua para beber<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref>; e grupo estresse/etanol, que foi submetido ao estresse de
               imobiliza&#231;&#227;o e recebeu uma solu&#231;&#227;o de etanol a 20%. Os animais dos grupos etanol e
               estresse/etanol foram adaptados ao consumo de etanol, aumentando gradualmente a
               concentra&#231;&#227;o de etanol na solu&#231;&#227;o (5% na primeira semana, 10% na segunda semana, e
               20% a partir da terceira semana em diante).</p>
        <p>Todos os experimentos e procedimentos foram realizados de acordo com o Guia para o
               Cuidado e Uso de Animais de Laborat&#243;rio, publicado pelo <italic>National Institutes
                  of Health</italic> dos EUA<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref> e foram
               aprovados pelo Comit&#234; de &#201;tica em Pesquisa do Instituto de Bioci&#234;ncias de Botucatu da
               Universidade Estadual Paulista.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Etanol no sangue</title>
        <p>Sangue (5 mL por rato) foi coletado da aorta de ratos anestesiados em seringas
               contendo heparina. Amostras de sangue (1 mL) foram colocadas em frascos headspace de
               10 mL, aos quais foi adicionado 1,0 g de cloreto de s&#243;dio, 1,0 mL de &#225;gua, e 100 mL
               de solu&#231;&#227;o padr&#227;o interno (acetonitrila, 1 mL L<sup>-1</sup>). A an&#225;lise do etanol
               foi realizada utilizando um cromat&#243;grafo de fase gasosa GC 17A (Shimadzu, Kyoto,
               Jap&#227;o) equipado com um detector de ioniza&#231;&#227;o de chama e um amostrador de headspace
               HSS-4A (Shimadzu). Os padr&#245;es de calibra&#231;&#227;o (0,10-3,16 mg mL<sup>-1</sup>) foram
               preparados em frascos de headspace. As concentra&#231;&#245;es de etanol s&#227;o expressas em mg
                  mL<sup>-1</sup> no sangue.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>An&#233;is a&#243;rticos</title>
        <p>Os animais foram sacrificados utilizando um dispositivo de guilhotina. Ap&#243;s a
               toracotomia, a aorta tor&#225;cica descendente foi removida e dissecada em segmentos de
               3-4 mm (dois an&#233;is). Os an&#233;is foram montados dentro de uma c&#226;mara de &#243;rg&#227;os de 2 mL
               contendo solu&#231;&#227;o de Krebs-Henseleit (NaCl 130, KCl 4,7, CaCl<sub>2</sub> 1,6,
                  KH<sub>2</sub>PO<sub>4</sub> 1,2, MgSO<sub>4</sub> 1,2, NaHCO<sub>3</sub> 15,
               glucose 11,1; em mmol/L). Na c&#226;mara de &#243;rg&#227;os, os an&#233;is foram fixados a um gancho de
               a&#231;o inoxid&#225;vel que foi ligado a um suporte estacion&#225;rio, bem como a um segundo
               gancho, o qual foi ligado a um transdutor de for&#231;a isom&#233;trica. A solu&#231;&#227;o de
               Krebs-Henseleit foi mantida em pH 7,4 e a 37 &#176;C e borbulhada continuamente com uma
               mistura de 95% de O<sub>2</sub> e 5% de CO<sub>2</sub>. A tens&#227;o foi monitorada
               continuamente e gravada utilizando-se um sistema de aquisi&#231;&#227;o de dados Powerlab 8/30
               (ADInstruments, Castle Hill, NSW, Austr&#225;lia). Antes da curva de concentra&#231;&#227;o-resposta
               aos agonistas, os an&#233;is foram equilibrados durante 60 minutos sob uma tens&#227;o de
               repouso de 1,5 g, que &#233; a tens&#227;o ideal para induzir a contra&#231;&#227;o m&#225;xima.</p>
        <p>O estado funcional do endot&#233;lio foi testado no in&#237;cio da curva de
               concentra&#231;&#227;o-resposta pela capacidade de acetilcolina 10<sup>-4</sup>M em induzir
               respostas vasodilatadoras em prepara&#231;&#245;es pr&#233;-contra&#237;das pela fenilefrina
                  10<sup>-5</sup>M. Prepara&#231;&#245;es que apresentaram mais de 80% de relaxamento foram
               consideradas como tendo um endot&#233;lio intacto, enquanto aquelas que n&#227;o mostraram
               relaxamento foram consideradas completamente desprovidas de endot&#233;lio. Alguns an&#233;is
               foram submetidos &#224; remo&#231;&#227;o mec&#226;nica do endot&#233;lio. Prepara&#231;&#245;es com e sem endot&#233;lio
               foram estudadas em paralelo.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Ensaio de banho de &#243;rg&#227;os</title>
        <p>A noradrenalina (10<sup>-10</sup> M a 10<sup>-4</sup> M, Sigma-Aldrich) ou
               fenilefrina (10<sup>-10</sup> M a 10<sup>-4</sup> M, Sigma-Aldrich) foram
               cumulativamente adicionadas ao banho de &#243;rg&#227;os, e as respostas evocadas (g) foram
               plotadas para se obter uma curva de concentra&#231;&#227;o-resposta. Quando apropriado, as
               respostas &#224; noradrenalina tamb&#233;m foram determinadas em prepara&#231;&#245;es pr&#233;-tratadas por
               30 min com 10<sup>-4</sup>M de L-NAME (Sigma-Aldrich) ou 10<sup>-5</sup>M de
               indometacina (Sigma-Aldrich), - inibidores n&#227;o-seletivos de NOS e de ciclo-oxigenase
               (COX), respectivamente. Em outra s&#233;rie de experimentos, foram determinadas as
               respostas &#224; noradrenalina em an&#233;is pr&#233;-tratados durante 30 minutos com
                  10<sup>-6</sup> M de ioimbina (Sigma-Aldrich), um antagonista &#945;2-adren&#233;rgico. Os
               inibidores e o antagonista foram adicionados durante o &#250;ltimo per&#237;odo de
               estabiliza&#231;&#227;o de 30 minutos e mantiveram-se em contato com a prepara&#231;&#227;o at&#233; o final
               do experimento.</p>
        <p>A regress&#227;o n&#227;o-linear (declive vari&#225;vel) das curvas de concentra&#231;&#227;o-efeito obtida
               revelou a R<sub>max</sub> (resposta m&#225;xima; ponto mais alto de cada curva de
               concentra&#231;&#227;o resposta) e EC<sub>50</sub> (logaritmo negativo da concentra&#231;&#227;o que
               provocou 50% da resposta m&#225;xima). O valor EC<sub>50</sub> &#233; indicativo da
               sensibilidade &#224; droga estudada.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Determina&#231;&#227;o de nitritos/nitratos (NO<sub>2</sub>/NO<sub>3</sub>)</title>
        <p>Al&#237;quotas de 100 <italic>&#181;</italic>l das amostras de plasma de diferentes grupos
               experimentais foram desproteinadas com 200 <italic>&#181;</italic>l de etanol absoluto, no
               freezer (-20 &#186;C) por 30 minutos. Tamb&#233;m foram submetidas &#224; centrifuga&#231;&#227;o (10.000 rpm
               durante 5 minutos) e o sobrenadante foi coletado. A fim de determinar o total de
                  (NO<sub>2</sub>/NO<sub>3</sub>) no plasma, a seguinte mistura foi utilizada como
               meio de rea&#231;&#227;o: tamp&#227;o fosfato de s&#243;dio 20 mM, pH 7,4, cofatores (concentra&#231;&#227;o final
               de 100 <italic>&#181;</italic>M de NADPH e FAD 5 mM) e nitrato redutase de Aspergillus
               (Sigma) a uma concentra&#231;&#227;o de 0,1 U/mL. As amostras foram ent&#227;o incubadas por 3 horas
               em banho-maria a 37 &#176;C antes de serem adicionadas ao reagente de Griess I (1% de
               sulfanilamida em 5% de &#225;cido fosf&#243;rico) e reagente de Griess II
               (naftil-etileno-diamina a 0,1%). Em seguida, o crom&#243;foro do composto foi lido em um
               espectrofot&#244;metro a 540 nm. A concentra&#231;&#227;o das amostras foi calculada utilizando-se
               uma curva padr&#227;o com concentra&#231;&#245;es conhecidas de NaNO<sub>2</sub> (0,40-200
                  <italic>&#181;</italic>l) e expressa em mM/L.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</title>
        <p>A concentra&#231;&#227;o de agentes vasoativos que produzia uma resposta que era 50% da
               resposta m&#225;xima (EC<sub>50</sub>) foi calculada em cada experi&#234;ncia. Os dados s&#227;o
               apresentados como m&#233;dia &#177; EPM. As respostas m&#225;ximas (R<sub>max</sub>) e os valores de
                  EC<sub>50</sub> foram comparados por ANOVA de dois fatores seguido pelo p&#243;s-teste
               de Bonferroni, em que uma vari&#225;vel foi o consumo do etanol e a outra a exposi&#231;&#227;o ao
               estresse de imobiliza&#231;&#227;o. O valor de p &lt; 0,05 foi considerado estatisticamente
               significativo.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="results">
      <title>Resultados</title>
      <p>As respostas &#224; noradrenalina observadas em aortas intactas de animais expostos a
            estresse e estresse/etanol foram maiores do que as observadas em aortas intactas de
            animais de controle. Esses desfechos resultaram em valores elevados de R<sub>max</sub>.
            Os animais expostos ao etanol isoladamente, no entanto, n&#227;o demonstraram respostas mais
            elevadas do que os controles (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01">Figura 1A</xref>). A
            presen&#231;a de L-NAME aumentou a R<sub>max</sub> &#224; noradrenalina em an&#233;is a&#243;rticos de
            animais dos grupos controle e etanol, permitindo respostas de magnitude semelhante com
            prepara&#231;&#245;es retiradas dos grupos estresse e estresse/etanol (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01">Figura 1B</xref>).</p>
      <fig id="f01" fig-type="other">
        <label>Figura 1</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Curvas de concentra&#231;&#227;o-resposta &#224; noradrenalina obtidas de an&#233;is de aorta
                  tor&#225;cica intactos de animais expostos ao consumo de etanol e/ou estresse, na
                  aus&#234;ncia ou na presen&#231;a de L-NAME (10<sup>-4</sup>M), indometacina
                     (10<sup>-5</sup>M) ou ioimbina (10<sup>-6</sup>M). Os valores s&#227;o expressos em
                  m&#233;dias &#177; EPM. O n&#250;mero de determina&#231;&#245;es independentes &#233; 8-10. *Indica uma
                  diferen&#231;a significativa (p &lt; 0,05) em rela&#231;&#227;o aos animais de controle.</title>
        </caption>
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-102-03-0211-40015-gf01.jpg"/></fig>
      <p>Inversamente, a indometacina aboliu a eleva&#231;&#227;o das respostas &#224; noradrenalina nas aortas
            dos grupos estresse e estresse/etanol, resultando, assim, em valores de R<sub>max</sub>
            ao n&#237;vel do grupo de controle (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01">Figura 1C</xref>). Da
            mesma forma, a ioimbina tamb&#233;m aboliu a hiper-reatividade &#224; noradrenalina em aorta
            tor&#225;cica dos animais dos grupos estresse e estresse/etanol (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01">Figura 1D</xref>). Finalmente, em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; EC<sub>50</sub>, n&#227;o foram
            detectadas diferen&#231;as entre os grupos, independentemente da aus&#234;ncia ou presen&#231;a de
            L-NAME, indometacina ou ioimbina (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t01">Tabela 1</xref>).</p>
      <table-wrap id="t01">
        <label>Tabela 1</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Valores de EC50 para noradrenalina, obtidos de an&#233;is a&#243;rticos com e sem
                  endot&#233;lio, na presen&#231;a ou aus&#234;ncia de L-NAME, indometacina ou ioimbina de ratos
                  machos adultos expostos ou n&#227;o ao estresse cr&#243;nico e etanol, sozinhos ou em
                  combina&#231;&#227;o</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="rows">
          <thead style="border-top:solid;border-bottom:solid">
            <tr>
              <th>&#160;</th>
              <th align="center"><bold>Controle</bold> EC<sub>50</sub> (x10<sup>-7</sup>
                        M)</th>
              <th align="center"><bold>Estresse</bold> EC<sub>50</sub> (x10<sup>-7</sup>
                        M)</th>
              <th align="center"><bold>Etanol</bold> EC<sub>50</sub> (x10<sup>-7</sup>
                        M)</th>
              <th align="center"><bold>Estresse/ etanol</bold> EC<sub>50</sub>
                           (x10<sup>-7</sup> M)</th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody>
            <tr>
              <td colspan="5">Com endot&#233;lio</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Solu&#231;&#227;o salina</td>
              <td align="center">3,97&#177; 0,06 (10)</td>
              <td align="center">3,85 &#177; 0,04 (10)</td>
              <td align="center">4,88 &#177; 0,06 (10)</td>
              <td align="center">4,29 &#177; 0,08 (10)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>L-NAME (10<sup>-4</sup> M)</td>
              <td align="center">2,48 &#177; 0,05 (09)</td>
              <td align="center">2,36 &#177; 0,05 (09)</td>
              <td align="center">2,60 &#177; 0,04 (09)</td>
              <td align="center">2,64 &#177; 0,08 (09)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Indometacina (10<sup>-5</sup> M)</td>
              <td align="center">3,85 &#177; 0,05 (08)</td>
              <td align="center">3,56 &#177; 0,06 (08)</td>
              <td align="center">5,39 &#177; 0,05 (08)</td>
              <td align="center">3,58 &#177; 0,06 (08)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Ioimbina (10<sup>-6</sup> M)</td>
              <td align="center">10,76 &#177; 0,06 (09)</td>
              <td align="center">10,19 &#177; 0,06 (09)</td>
              <td align="center">10,23 &#177; 0,04 (09)</td>
              <td align="center">9,00 &#177; 0,06 (09)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td colspan="5">Sem endot&#233;lio</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Solu&#231;&#227;o salina</td>
              <td align="center">0,61 &#177; 0,10<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="t01-fn01">*</xref>
                        (10)</td>
              <td align="center">0,83 &#177; 0,07<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="t01-fn01">*</xref>
                        (10)</td>
              <td align="center">0,64 &#177; 0,06 (10)</td>
              <td align="center">0,67 &#177; 0,09<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="t01-fn01">*</xref>
                        (10)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>L-NAME (10<sup>-4</sup> M)</td>
              <td align="center">0,77 &#177; 0,06<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="t01-fn01">*</xref>
                        (09)</td>
              <td align="center">1,18 &#177; 0,11<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="t01-fn01">*</xref>
                        (09)</td>
              <td align="center">1,10 &#177; 0,07<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="t01-fn01">*</xref>
                        (09)</td>
              <td align="center">0,90 &#177; 0,06<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="t01-fn01">*</xref>
                        (09)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Indometacina (10<sup>-5</sup> M)</td>
              <td align="center">0,83 &#177; 0,05<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="t01-fn01">*</xref>
                        (08)</td>
              <td align="center">1,88 &#177; 0,06<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="t01-fn01">*</xref>
                        (08)</td>
              <td align="center">1,47 &#177; 0,05<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="t01-fn01">*</xref>
                        (08)</td>
              <td align="center">1,30 &#177; 0,08<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="t01-fn01">*</xref>
                        (08)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr style="border-bottom:solid">
              <td>Ioimbina (10<sup>-6</sup> M)</td>
              <td align="center">1,82 &#177; 0,05<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="t01-fn01">*</xref>
                        (09)</td>
              <td align="center">1,94 &#177; 0,08<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="t01-fn01">*</xref>
                        (09)</td>
              <td align="center">2,10 &#177; 0,05<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="t01-fn01">*</xref>
                        (09)</td>
              <td align="center">2,75 &#177; 0,07<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="t01-fn01">*</xref>
                        (09)</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
        <table-wrap-foot>
          <fn>
            <p>Controle: recebeu &#225;gua "ad libitum"; etanol: recebeu solu&#231;&#227;o de etanol a 20% em
                     vez de &#225;gua pot&#225;vel; estresse: imobiliza&#231;&#227;o em um tubo de conten&#231;&#227;o met&#225;lica (1
                     hora / dia, 5 dias / semana durante 6 semanas); estresse cr&#244;nico/etanol:
                     submetido ao estresse de imobiliza&#231;&#227;o e exposto a 20% de etanol. Dados
                     expressos como m&#233;dia &#177; EPM e, entre par&#234;nteses, o n&#250;mero de determina&#231;&#245;es
                     independentes.</p>
          </fn>
          <fn id="t01-fn01">
            <label>*</label>
            <p>p &lt; 0,05 em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; respectiva aorta com endot&#233;lio.</p>
          </fn>
        </table-wrap-foot>
      </table-wrap>
      <p>A remo&#231;&#227;o do endot&#233;lio aumentou a sensibilidade &#224; noradrenalina em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; respectiva
            aorta com endot&#233;lio intacto (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t01">Tabela 1</xref>). Al&#233;m
            disso, a remo&#231;&#227;o do endot&#233;lio a&#243;rtico eliminou a hiper-reatividade &#224; noradrenalina
            observada nos grupos estresse e estresse/etanol (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02">Figura
               2A</xref>). Nenhum dos protocolos alterou a reatividade &#224; noradrenalina em aortas
            desnudas (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02">Figuras 2B</xref>, <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02">2C</xref> e <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02">2D</xref>), nem afetaram a
            reatividade &#224; fenilefrina (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f03">Figuras 3A</xref> e <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f03">3B</xref>) em aortas intactas ou desnudada. EC<sub>50</sub>
            da fenilefrina similares tamb&#233;m foram observadas entre os grupos (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t02">Tabela 2</xref>).</p>
      <fig id="f02" fig-type="other">
        <label>Figura 2</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Curvas de concentra&#231;&#227;o-resposta &#224; noradrenalina obtidas de an&#233;is de aorta
                  tor&#225;cica desnudos de animais expostos ao consumo de etanol e/ou estresse, na
                  aus&#234;ncia ou na presen&#231;a de L-NAME (10<sup>-4</sup>M), indometacina
                     (10<sup>-5</sup>M) ou ioimbina (10<sup>-6</sup>M). Os valores s&#227;o expressos em
                  m&#233;dias &#177; EPM. O n&#250;mero de determina&#231;&#245;es independentes &#233; 8-10.</title>
        </caption>
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-102-03-0211-40015-gf02.jpg"/></fig>
      <fig id="f03" fig-type="other">
        <label>Figura 3</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Curvas de concentra&#231;&#227;o-resposta &#224; fenilefrina obtidas de an&#233;is de aorta
                  tor&#225;cica com e sem endot&#233;lio de animais expostos ao consumo de etanol e/ou
                  estresse. Os valores s&#227;o expressos em m&#233;dias &#177; EPM. O n&#250;mero de determina&#231;&#245;es
                  independentes &#233; 8-10.</title>
        </caption>
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-102-03-0211-40015-gf03.jpg"/></fig>
      <table-wrap id="t02">
        <label>Tabela 2</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Valores de EC50 para fenilefrina obtido de an&#233;is a&#243;rticos com e sem endot&#233;lio
                  de ratos machos adultos expostos ou n&#227;o ao estresse cr&#244;nico ou etanol, sozinhos ou
                  em combina&#231;&#227;o</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="rows">
          <thead style="border-top:solid;border-bottom:solid">
            <tr>
              <th>&#160;</th>
              <th align="center"><bold>Controle</bold> EC<sub>50</sub> (x10<sup>-7</sup>
                        M)</th>
              <th align="center"><bold>Estresse</bold> EC<sub>50</sub> (x10<sup>-7</sup>
                        M)</th>
              <th align="center"><bold>Etanol</bold> EC<sub>50</sub> (x10<sup>-7</sup>
                        M)</th>
              <th align="center"><bold>Estresse/etanol</bold> EC<sub>50</sub>
                           (x10<sup>-7</sup> M)</th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody>
            <tr style="border-top:solid;border-bottom:solid">
              <td>
                <bold>Com endot&#233;lio</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center">1,58 &#177; 0,15 (09)</td>
              <td align="center">2,25 &#177; 0,12 (09)</td>
              <td align="center">1,14 &#177; 0,10 (09)</td>
              <td align="center">1,79 &#177; 0,10 (09)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr style="border-top:solid;border-bottom:solid">
              <td>
                <bold>Sem endot&#233;lio</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center">0,88 &#177; 0,09<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="t02-fn01">*</xref>
                        (09)</td>
              <td align="center">0,67 &#177; 0,08<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="t02-fn01">*</xref>
                        (09)</td>
              <td align="center">0,80 &#177; 0,04<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="t02-fn01">*</xref>
                        (09)</td>
              <td align="center">1,10 &#177; 0,07<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="t02-fn01">*</xref>
                        (09)</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
        <table-wrap-foot>
          <fn>
            <p>Controle: recebeu &#225;gua "ad libitum"; etanol: recebeu solu&#231;&#227;o de etanol a 20% em
                     vez de &#225;gua pot&#225;vel; estresse: imobiliza&#231;&#227;o em um tubo de conten&#231;&#227;o met&#225;lica (1
                     hora / dia, 5 dias / semana durante 6 semanas); estresse cr&#244;nico / etanol:
                     submetido ao estresse de imobiliza&#231;&#227;o e expostos a 20% de etanol. Dados
                     expressos como m&#233;dia &#177; EPM e, entre par&#234;nteses, o n&#250;mero de determina&#231;&#245;es
                     independentes.</p>
          </fn>
          <fn id="t02-fn01">
            <label>*</label>
            <p>p &lt;0,05 em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; respectiva aorta com endot&#233;lio.</p>
          </fn>
        </table-wrap-foot>
      </table-wrap>
      <p>A concentra&#231;&#227;o de etanol no sangue atingiu 0,42 &#177; 0,09 mg / mL em ratos expostos ao
            etanol, durante 6 semanas, n = 8, enquanto a concentra&#231;&#227;o atingiu 0,57 &#177; 0,13 mg/mL no
            grupo estresse/etanol, n = 10.</p>
      <p>A concentra&#231;&#227;o no plasma de nitrito/nitrato, determinada pela rea&#231;&#227;o de Griess, n&#227;o foi
            significativamente diferente entre os grupos (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f04">Figura
               4</xref>).</p>
      <fig id="f04" fig-type="other">
        <label>Figura 4</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Concentra&#231;&#227;o no plasma de nitrito/ nitrato determinado pela rea&#231;&#227;o de Griess
                  em animais expostos ao consumo de etanol e/ou estresse. Os valores s&#227;o expressos
                  em m&#233;dias &#177; EPM. O n&#250;mero de determina&#231;&#245;es independentes &#233; de 10-12.</title>
        </caption>
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-102-03-0211-40015-gf04.jpg"/></fig>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="discussion">
      <title>Discuss&#227;o</title>
      <p>Evid&#234;ncias experimentais e epidemiol&#243;gicas sugerem que tanto o etanol quanto o estresse
            desempenham um papel importante no desenvolvimento de doen&#231;as cardiovasculares<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B02">2</xref>
				<sup>,</sup>
				<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref>
				<sup>,</sup>
				<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref>. No entanto, h&#225;
            diverg&#234;ncias na literatura sobre os efeitos do consumo cr&#244;nico de etanol, bem como a
            exposi&#231;&#227;o ao estresse, sobre as respostas vasculares a agentes vasoativos. Al&#233;m disso, a
            literatura &#233; escassa em rela&#231;&#227;o aos riscos cardiovasculares da associa&#231;&#227;o desses
            fatores.</p>
      <p>Os dados aqui relatados mostram que, independentemente do consumo de etanol, o estresse
            induziu hiper-reatividade da aorta &#224; noradrenalina. Essa resposta parece ter sido
            dependente da integridade das c&#233;lulas endoteliais, j&#225; que foi abolida pela remo&#231;&#227;o do
            endot&#233;lio. Por outro lado, o consumo cr&#244;nico de etanol n&#227;o influenciou as respostas &#224;
            noradrenalina em aorta tor&#225;cica de rato.</p>
      <p>O consumo de etanol tamb&#233;m n&#227;o mostrou sinais de ter influenciado a hiper-reatividade &#224;
            noradrenalina induzida por estresse. Considerando-se que a aus&#234;ncia do endot&#233;lio
            potencializa a resposta contr&#225;til &#224; noradrenalina em ratos n&#227;o expostos a estresse, a
            resposta aumentada &#224; noradrenalina observada na aorta intacta de ratos estressados
            poderia indicar uma disfun&#231;&#227;o endotelial nessa condi&#231;&#227;o. Esses achados corroboram os
            relatos anteriores mostrando que o estresse promove disfun&#231;&#227;o endotelial<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B02">2</xref>
				<sup>,</sup>
				<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B03">3</xref>
				<sup>,</sup>
				<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref>
				<sup>,</sup>
				<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref>. No entanto, outros estudos relataram que a
            exposi&#231;&#227;o ao estresse pode na verdade aumentar, ao inv&#233;s de prejudicar, a fun&#231;&#227;o
               endotelial<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B01">1</xref>
				<sup>,</sup>
				<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref>
				<sup>,</sup>
				<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref>.</p>
      <p>Al&#233;m disso, os dados apresentados corroboram estudos que mostram que o consumo de etanol
            a 20% durante 12 semanas, n&#227;o alterou a resposta &#224; fenilefrina em aorta de ratos
               Fisher<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref>. Por outro lado, contradiz estudos
            que mostram aumento da resposta &#224; noradrenalina em aorta de ratos Sprague-Dawley, depois
            de terem sido expostos a etanol a 10% por 5 meses<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>.</p>
      <p>Al&#233;m disso, estudos pr&#233;vios indicam aumento das respostas &#224; fenilefrina na aorta de
            ratos Wistar tamb&#233;m expostos a etanol 20% durante 6 semanas<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B08">8</xref>
				<sup>,</sup>
				<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B09">9</xref>
				<sup>,</sup>
				<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref>. Curiosamente, apesar
            de utilizar exatamente o mesmo protocolo experimental, concentra&#231;&#245;es mais baixas de
            etanol no sangue foram determinadas no presente estudo. &#201; poss&#237;vel que essas
            concentra&#231;&#245;es mais baixas de etanol no sangue n&#227;o tenham sido suficientes para induzir a
            resposta a&#243;rtica &#224; norepinefrina ou fenilefrina que foi observada em estudos anteriores.
            De fato, o potencial para modifica&#231;&#245;es induzidas por etanol para resposta a&#243;rtica &#224;
            norepinefrina ou fenilefrina em ratos n&#227;o foi completamente eliminado pelos resultados
            apresentados. Pelo contr&#225;rio, estas discrep&#226;ncias demonstram a necessidade de estudos
            complementares, em que diferentes concentra&#231;&#245;es de etanol no sangue tamb&#233;m devem ser
            avaliadas.</p>
      <p>Muitos estudos t&#234;m demonstrado que a modula&#231;&#227;o do t&#244;nus vascular pode envolver
            vasoconstritor derivado do endot&#233;lio e prostan&#243;ides vasodilatadores<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref>. Embora a taxa de produ&#231;&#227;o de metab&#243;litos de COX nas c&#233;lulas
            normais pare&#231;a facilitar os vasodilatadores, &#233; poss&#237;vel que essa taxa varie em resposta
            a certos estados patol&#243;gicos, tais como a hipertens&#227;o<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref>.</p>
      <p>A fim de investigar o envolvimento de prostan&#243;ides nas altera&#231;&#245;es das respostas &#224;
            noradrenalina induzidas pelo estresse, os experimentos foram realizados em aortas
            pr&#233;-tratadas com indometacina. A presen&#231;a desse inibidor de COX aboliu o aumento da
            resposta m&#225;xima &#224; noradrenalina observada na aorta intacta de ratos estressados. Depois
            de ter sido restaurada, essa resposta atingiu um valor semelhante &#224; observada em aorta
            de rato com endot&#233;lio, obtida de ratos do grupo controle na aus&#234;ncia de indometacina.
            Esses dados sugerem que a hiper-reatividade da aorta &#224; noradrenalina induzida pelo
            estresse de imobiliza&#231;&#227;o cr&#244;nica ocorre devido &#224; libera&#231;&#227;o de prostan&#243;ides
            vasoconstritores. A libera&#231;&#227;o de prostan&#243;ides vasoconstritores, foi observada
            anteriormente em micro e macrovasos de ratos espontaneamente hipertensos<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref> e na aorta de ratos hipertensos DOCA-sal<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref>
				<sup>,</sup>
				<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref>.</p>
      <p>Uma vez que a influ&#234;ncia dos prostan&#243;ides vasoconstritores no aumento induzido pelo
            estresse de respostas &#224; noradrenalina na aorta de ratos &#233; estabelecida, &#233; pertinente
            analisar "como" esse agonista simp&#225;tico &#233; capaz de ativar esse mecanismo endotelial.</p>
      <p>Estudos anteriores relataram que &#945;1 e -&#945;2 adrenoceptores s&#227;o expressos no m&#250;sculo liso
            ou nas c&#233;lulas endoteliais<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref>
				<sup>-</sup>
				<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref>. Al&#233;m disso, a estimula&#231;&#227;o dos &#945;2 adrenoceptores
            localizados no endot&#233;lio libera &#243;xido n&#237;trico (NO)<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref>
				<sup>,</sup>
				<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref> e/ou
               prostan&#243;ides<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref>, contrabalan&#231;ando, assim, os
            efeitos vasoconstritores da noradrenalina mediada pelos &#945;1 adrenoceptores presentes na
            camada de m&#250;sculo liso. Tamb&#233;m tem sido demonstrado que as respostas da aorta tor&#225;cica &#224;
            clonidina, um agonista seletivo adrenoceptor-&#945;2, podem ser moduladas de forma negativa
            pelo NO e positivamente por prostan&#243;ides vasoconstritores<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref>.</p>
      <p>No presente estudo, a presen&#231;a de ioimbina aboliu o aumento induzido pelo estresse de
            respostas &#224; noradrenalina na aorta tor&#225;cica de ratos. Al&#233;m disso, nem a exposi&#231;&#227;o ao
            estresse, nem o consumo de etanol alterou as respostas da aorta tor&#225;cica &#224; fenilefrina,
            um agonista adren&#233;rgico-&#945;1 seletivo. Esses dados sugerem que a estimula&#231;&#227;o do
            adrenoceptor-&#945;2 endotelial pode libertar prostan&#243;ides vasoconstritores, aumentando assim
            as respostas &#224; noradrenalina em aortas de ratos expostos ao estresse.</p>
      <p>A literatura relata a libera&#231;&#227;o de mediadores que induzem n&#227;o apenas a contra&#231;&#227;o, mas
            tamb&#233;m o relaxamento em aorta de ratos com hipertens&#227;o DOCA sal<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref>
				<sup>,</sup>
				<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref>
				<sup>,</sup>
				<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">32</xref>. Desse modo, n&#227;o &#233;
            ainda claro no presente estudo se apenas os prostan&#243;ides vasoconstritores s&#227;o
            respons&#225;veis pelo aumento da resposta &#224; noradrenalina na aorta de animais estressados,
            ou se eles agem em conjunto com os mecanismos de L-arginina/NO.</p>
      <p>Dada essa d&#250;vida, investigamos o papel da via de L-arginina/NO na resposta &#224;
            noradrenalina em aorta de ratos cronicamente estressados (com e sem a associa&#231;&#227;o com o
            consumo de etanol). Os resultados mostram que a inibi&#231;&#227;o da NOS por L-NAME aumentou a
               R<sub>max</sub> &#224; noradrenalina em aortas tor&#225;cicas de animais em ambos os grupos de
            controle e etanol, permitindo respostas de magnitude semelhante em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224;s
            prepara&#231;&#245;es retiradas de grupos de estresse e estresse/etanol, na aus&#234;ncia ou na
            presen&#231;a de L-NAME. Esses dados sugerem que n&#227;o h&#225; nenhuma mudan&#231;a na via de NO induzida
            por exposi&#231;&#227;o ao estresse e o consumo cr&#244;nico de etanol, nem isoladamente, nem em
            conjunto. Essa hip&#243;tese tamb&#233;m &#233; apoiada pela observa&#231;&#227;o de concentra&#231;&#245;es plasm&#225;ticas
            similares de nitrito/nitrato entre os diferentes grupos experimentais.</p>
      <p>Em resumo, o presente estudo constatou que o estresse cr&#244;nico aumentou respostas da
            aorta de ratos &#224; noradrenalina. Esse efeito &#233; dependente do endot&#233;lio vascular e envolve
            prostan&#243;ides vasoconstritores liberados pela estimula&#231;&#227;o dos &#945;-2 adrenoceptores
            endoteliais. Al&#233;m disso, o consumo cr&#244;nico de etanol pareceu n&#227;o influenciar as
            respostas da noradrenalina em aorta de rato, nem modificar o aumento de tais respostas
            observadas em consequ&#234;ncia da exposi&#231;&#227;o ao estresse.</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
    <ack>
      <title>Agradecimentos </title>
      <p>Esse estudo foi financiado pela CAPES. Agradecemos ao Sr. Alisson Douglas Ventura Neves
            (Laborat&#243;rio de Farmacologia da Faculdade de Medicina de Mar&#237;lia, S&#227;o Paulo, Brasil)
            pela assist&#234;ncia t&#233;cnica.</p>
    </ack>
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      <fn fn-type="supported-by">
        <p>
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  </back>
  <sub-article id="SA1" article-type="translation" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Articles</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title xml:lang="en">Stress Alone or associated with Ethanol Induces Prostanoid
               Release in Rat Aorta via &#945;2-Adrenoceptor</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Baptista</surname>
            <given-names>Rafaela de F&#225;tima Ferreira</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff04">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff05">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Taipeiro</surname>
            <given-names>Elane de F&#225;tima</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff05">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Queiroz</surname>
            <given-names>Regina Helena Costa</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff06">3</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Chies</surname>
            <given-names>Agnaldo Bruno</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff04">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff05">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Cordellini</surname>
            <given-names>Sandra</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff04">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c02"/>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff04">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="original">Departamento de Farmacologia - Instituto de
               Bioci&#234;ncias - Universidade Estadual Paulista - UNESP - S&#227;o Paulo, SP -
               Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff05">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="original">Laborat&#243;rio de Farmacologia - Faculdade de Medicina
               de Mar&#237;lia - FAMEMA, SP - Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff06">
        <label>3</label>
        <institution content-type="original">Departamento de An&#225;lise Cl&#237;nica - Toxicol&#243;gica e
               Ci&#234;ncia de Alimentos - Faculdade de Ci&#234;ncias Farmac&#234;uticas - USP, S&#227;o Paulo, SP -
               Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c02"><bold>Mailing Address:</bold> Sandra Cordellini. Departamento de Farmacologia,
               Instituto de Bioci&#234;ncias, UNESP. Postal Code 18618-970, Rubi&#227;o J&#250;nior s/n, Botucatu,
               S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brazil. E-mail: <email>cordelli@ibb.unesp.br</email>
				</corresp>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Author contributions</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Conception and design of the research, Statistical analysis, Obtaining funding,
                  Writing of the manuscript: Baptista RFF, Chies AB, Cordellini S; Acquisition of
                  data: Baptista RFF, Taipeiro EF, Queiroz RHC; Analysis and interpretation of the
                  data: Baptista RFF, Taipeiro EF, Queiroz RHC, Chies AB, Cordellini S; Critical
                  revision of the manuscript for intellectual content: Baptista RFF, Taipeiro EF,
                  Chies AB, Cordellini S.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potential Conflict of Interest</bold>
          </p>
          <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>
            <bold>Study Association</bold>
          </p>
          <p>This article is part of the thesis of Doctoral submitted by Rafaela de F&#225;tima
                  Ferreira Baptista from Universidade Estadual Paulista "J&#250;lio de Mesquita Filho"
                  UNESP/Botucatu.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <abstract xml:lang="en">
        <sec>
          <title>Background:</title>
          <p>Stress and ethanol are both, independently, important cardiovascular risk
                  factors.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objective:</title>
          <p>To evaluate the cardiovascular risk of ethanol consumption and stress exposure,
                  isolated and in association, in male adult rats.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Methods:</title>
          <p>Rats were separated into 4 groups: Control, ethanol (20% in drinking water for 6
                  weeks), stress (immobilization 1h day/5 days a week for 6 weeks) and
                  stress/ethanol. Concentration-responses curves to noradrenaline - in the absence
                  and presence of yohimbine, L-NAME or indomethacin - or to phenylephrine were
                  determined in thoracic aortas with and without endothelium. EC50 and maximum
                  response (n=8-12) were compared using two-way ANOVA/Bonferroni method.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Results:</title>
          <p>Either stress or stress in association with ethanol consumption increased the
                  noradrenaline maximum responses in intact aortas. This hyper-reactivity was
                  eliminated by endothelium removal or by the presence of either indomethacin or
                  yohimbine, but was not altered by the presence of L-NAME. Meanwhile, ethanol
                  consumption did not alter the reactivity to noradrenaline. The phenylephrine
                  responses in aortas both with and without endothelium also remained unaffected
                  regardless of protocol.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclusion:</title>
          <p>Chronic stress increased rat aortic responses to noradrenaline. This effect is
                  dependent upon the vascular endothelium and involves the release of
                  vasoconstrictor prostanoids via stimulation of endothelial alpha-2 adrenoceptors.
                  Moreover, chronic ethanol consumption appeared to neither influence noradrenaline
                  responses in rat thoracic aorta, nor did it modify the increase of such responses
                  observed as a consequence of stress exposure.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>Stress</kwd>
        <kwd>Alcohol Drinking</kwd>
        <kwd>Norepinephrine</kwd>
        <kwd>Adrenergic alpha-2 Receptor Agonists</kwd>
        <kwd>Rats</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <funding-group>
        <award-group>
          <funding-source>CAPES</funding-source>
        </award-group>
      </funding-group>
      <counts>
        <fig-count count="4"/>
        <table-count count="2"/>
        <equation-count count="0"/>
        <ref-count count="32"/>
        <page-count count="8"/>
      </counts>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>Introduction</title>
        <p>Chronic stress is an important risk factor for the development of cardiovascular
                  pathologies<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B01">1</xref> such as atherosclerosis<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B02">2</xref> endothelial dysfunction<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B03">3</xref> and hypertension<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B04">4</xref>.
               However, the severity of the cardiovascular damage caused by stress exposure depends
               on the nature of the stressor, as well as its intensity and duration<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B05">5</xref>.</p>
        <p>The literature reports that chronic stress impairs endothelial function, evidenced by
               a decrease of acetylcholine-induced vasorelaxation<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B02">2</xref>, as well as a reduction in aortic nitric oxide synthase (NOS)
                  activity<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B06">6</xref>. In turn, acute stress exposure
               reduces noradrenaline-induced contraction and increases acetylcholine-induced
               relaxation of rat aorta<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B01">1</xref>
					<sup>,</sup>
					<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B07">7</xref>.</p>
        <p>Chronic ethanol consumption may also cause cardiocirculatory modifications that
               contribute to the development of cardiovascular diseases<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B08">8</xref>
					<sup>,</sup>
					<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B09">9</xref>. In line
               with this possible association, the consumption of 20% ethanol over the course of 6
               weeks increased the mesenteric vascular bed response to phenylephrine in Wistar
                  rats<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B08">8</xref>. Ethanol consumption also increased
               responses to sympathetic agonists within vessels of conductance - vessels of which
               endothelial mechanisms of modulation work differently from those of resistance
               vessels. In fact, consumption of 20% ethanol for 6 weeks increased the aorta
               responses to phenylephrine in Wistar rats<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B09">9</xref>.
               The consumption of 36% ethanol over 18 weeks also elevated the noradrenaline
               responses in rat mesenteric artery<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>.
               Moreover, the chronic consumption of 10% ethanol increased noradrenaline response in
               the aorta of male Sprague-Dawley<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11 </xref> rats. On
               the other hand, the chronic consumption of 20% ethanol either decreased<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref> or did not influence<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref> phenylephrine responses in rat aortas. These discrepancies may
               be attributed to differences between experimental protocols or characteristics of the
               animal model<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref>.</p>
        <p>Although both ethanol and stress play important roles in the development of
               cardiovascular disease, doubts still persist about their effects upon vascular
               responsiveness, specifically. These doubts are even more numerous when considering
               the effects of both of these factors in association. Thus, the goal of this study was
               to address these persisting questions. Specifically, the aim of this study was to
               investigate, in adult rats, the vascular adaptive response to sympathetic agonists
               induced by ethanol consumption and exposure to stress (both alone and in association)
               and to examine its mechanism.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="methods">
        <title>Methods</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Experimental design</title>
          <p>Adult male Wistar rats (100 to 120 days old) were housed in plastic cages under a
                  12 hour light-dark cycle at (23&#177;2&#186;C) and fed regular lab chow. For the entirety of
                  the 6 weeks, these animals were separated into four groups: control, which
                  received water "ad libitum"; stress, which were immobilized in a metallic
                  containment tube (1 hour/day, 5 days/week) to completely restrict their movements,
                  preserving only breathing; ethanol, which received a 20% ethanol solution instead
                  of drinking water<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref>; stress/ethanol, which
                  was submitted to immobilization stress and received a 20% ethanol solution.
                  Animals from the ethanol and stress/ethanol groups were adapted to ethanol
                  consumption by gradually increasing the concentration of ethanol in their solution
                  (5% in the first week, 10% in the second week and 20% from the third week
                  onward).</p>
          <p>All experiments and procedures were performed in accordance with the <italic>Guide
                     for the Care and Use of Laboratory Animals</italic>, published by the U.S.
                  National Institutes of Health<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref> and were
                  approved by the Research Ethics Committee of the Biosciences Institute of
                  Botucatu, Universidade Estadual Paulista.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Blood ethanol</title>
          <p>Blood (5 mL per rat) was collected from the aorta of anesthetized rats using
                  heparinized syringes. Samples (1 mL) were placed in 10 mL headspace vials, to
                  which were added - 1.0 g sodium chloride, 1.0 mL water, and 100 mL internal
                  standard (acetonitrile, 1 mL L<sup>&#8722;1</sup>). Ethanol analysis was carried out
                  using a CG-17A gas chromatographer (Shimadzu, Kyoto, Japan) equipped with a
                  flame-ionization detector and an HSS-4A headspace sampler (Shimadzu). Calibration
                  standards (0.10-3.16 mg mL<sup>&#8722;1</sup>) were prepared in headspace vials. Ethanol
                  concentrations are expressed in mg mL<sup>&#8722;1</sup> blood.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Aorta rings</title>
          <p>Animals were killed using a guillotine device. After thoracotomy, the descending
                  thoracic aortas were removed and dissected in 3-4 mm segments (two rings). The
                  rings were mounted into a 2-mL organ chamber containing Krebs-Henseleit solution
                  (NaCl 130; KCl 4.7; CaCl<sub>2</sub> 1.6; KH<sub>2</sub>PO<sub>4 </sub>1.2;
                     MgSO<sub>4</sub> 1.2; NaHCO<sub>3</sub> 15; glucose 11.1; in mmol/L). In the
                  organ chamber, rings were fixed to a stainless-steel hook that was attached to a
                  stationary support, as well as to a second hook, which was connected to an
                  isometric force transducer. The Krebs-Henseleit solution was kept at pH 7.4 and 37
                  &#176;C and bubbled continuously with a mixture of 95% O<sub>2</sub> and 5%
                     CO<sub>2</sub>. Tension was monitored continuously and recorded using a
                  Powerlab 8/30 data-acquisition system (ADInstruments, Castle Hill, NSW,
                  Australia). Prior to the concentration-response curve to agonists, the rings were
                  equilibrated for 60 min under a resting tension of 1.5 g, which is optimal for
                  inducing maximum contraction.</p>
          <p>The functional state of the endothelium was tested at the beginning of the
                  concentration-response curve by the ability of 10<sup>-4</sup>M acetylcholine to
                  elicit vasodilator responses in preparations pre-contracted by 10<sup>-5</sup>M
                  phenylephrine. Preparations that showed more than 80% of relaxation were
                  considered as having an intact endothelium, whereas those that showed no
                  relaxation were considered completely devoid of endothelium. Some rings were
                  submitted to mechanical endothelium denudation. Preparations with and without
                  endothelium were studied in parallel.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Organ bath assay</title>
          <p>Noradrenaline (10<sup>-10</sup> M to 10<sup>-4</sup> M; Sigma-Aldrich) or
                  phenylephrine (10<sup>-10</sup> M to 10<sup>-4</sup> M; Sigma-Aldrich) were
                  cumulatively added into the organ bath, and the evoked responses (g) were plotted
                  to obtain a concentration-response curve. When appropriate, the noradrenaline
                  responses were also determined in preparations pretreated for 30 min with
                     10<sup>-4</sup>M L-NAME (Sigma-Aldrich) or 10<sup>-5</sup>M indomethacin
                  (Sigma-Aldrich) - non-selective inhibitors of NOS and cyclooxygenase (COX),
                  respectively. In another series of experiments, noradrenaline responses were
                  determined in rings pretreated for 30 min with 10<sup>-6</sup> M yohimbine
                  (Sigma-Aldrich), and &#945;<sub>2-</sub>adrenoceptor antagonist. The inhibitors and the
                  antagonist were added during the last 30 min stabilization period and remained in
                  contact with preparations until the end of the experiment.</p>
          <p>Non-linear regression (variable slope) of the obtained concentration-effect curves
                  revealed the R<sub>max</sub> (maximal response; highest point of each
                  concentration-response curve) and the EC<sub>50</sub> (negative logarithm of the
                  concentration that evoked 50% of the maximal response). The EC<sub>50</sub> is
                  indicative of sensitivity to the drug studied.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Determination of nitrite/nitrate (NO<sub>2</sub>/NO<sub>3</sub>)</title>
          <p>100 <italic>&#181;</italic>L aliquots of plasma samples from different experimental
                  groups were deproteinated with 200 <italic>&#181;</italic>L absolute ethanol, in the
                  freezer (-20&#730; C) for 30 minutes. They were then submitted to centrifugation (10000
                  rpm for 5 minutes) and the supernatant was collected. In order to determine total
                     (NO<sub>2</sub>/NO<sub>3</sub>) in plasma, the following mixture was used as a
                  reaction medium: sodium phosphate buffer 20 mM pH 7.4, cofactors (final
                  concentration 100&#956;M NADPH and FAD 5 mM) and nitrate reductase of Aspergillus
                  (Sigma) at a concentration of 0.1 U/mL. The samples were then incubated for 3
                  hours in a water bath at 37&#176; C before being added to Griess Reagent I (1%
                  sulfanilamide in 5% phosphoric acid) and Griess Reagent II (naftil-ethylenediamine
                  0.1%). Next, the compound's chromophore was read using a spectrophotometer at 540
                  nm. The concentration of the samples were calculated using a standard curve with
                  known concentrations of NaNO<sub>2</sub> (0.40 - 200 <italic>&#956;</italic>l) and
                  expressed in mM/L.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Statistical analysis</title>
          <p>The concentration of vasoactive agents producing a response that was 50% of the
                  maximum (EC<sub>50</sub>) was calculated in each experiment. Data are presented as
                  mean &#177; SEM. The maximal responses (R<sub>max</sub>) and EC<sub>50</sub> values
                  were compared by two-way ANOVA followed by Bonferroni's post-test, as one variable
                  was ethanol consumption and the other, exposure to immobilization stress. P &lt;
                  0.05 was considered statistically significant.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="results">
        <title>Results</title>
        <p>The noradrenaline responses observed in intact aortas taken from animals exposed to
               both stress and stress/ethanol in combination, were higher than those observed in
               intact aortas taken from control animals. These outcomes resulted in increased values
               of R<sub>max</sub>. Animals exposed to ethanol alone, however, did not demonstrate
               higher responses than controls (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f05">Figure 1A</xref>). The
               presence of L-NAME increased the noradrenaline R<sub>max</sub> in aortic rings taken
               from control and ethanol groups, permitting responses of similar magnitude with
               preparations taken from stress and stress/ethanol groups (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f05">Figures 1B</xref>). Inversely, indomethacin abolished the elevation of
               noradrenaline responses in aortas from stress and stress/ethanol groups, thereby
               resulting in values of R<sub>max</sub> at the level of the control group (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f05">Figure 1C</xref>). Similarly, yohimbine also abolished
               the hyper-reactivity to noradrenaline in thoracic aorta taken from stress and
               stress/ethanol animals (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f05">Figure 1D</xref>). Finally,
               regarding EC<sub>50</sub>, no differences were detected among groups regardless of
               absence or presence of L-NAME, indomethacin or yohimbine (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t03">Table 1</xref>).</p>
        <fig id="f05" fig-type="other">
          <label>Figure 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Concentration-response curves to noradrenaline obtained from intact
                     thoracic aorta rings taken from animals exposed to ethanol consumption and/or
                     stress, in the absence or presence of L-NAME (10<sup>-4</sup> M), indomethacin
                        (10<sup>-5</sup> M) or yohimbine (10<sup>-6</sup> M). Values are expressed
                     as means &#177; SEM. The number of independent determinations was 8-10. *Indicates a
                     significant difference (p &lt; 0.05) in relation to the control
                     animals.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-102-03-0211-40015-gf01-en.jpg"/></fig>
        <table-wrap id="t03">
          <label>Table 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Values of EC50 to noradrenaline obtained from aortic rings with and without
                     endothelium, in presence of absence of L-NAME, indomethacin or yohimbine from
                     adult male rats exposed or not to chronic stress and ethanol, alone or in
                     combination</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="rows">
            <thead style="border-bottom:solid;border-top:solid">
              <tr>
                <th>&#160;</th>
                <th align="center"><bold>Control</bold> EC50 (x10<sup>-7</sup> M)</th>
                <th align="center"><bold>Stress</bold> EC50 (x10<sup>-7</sup> M)</th>
                <th align="center"><bold>Ethanol</bold> EC50 (x10<sup>-7</sup> M)</th>
                <th align="center"><bold>Stress/ethanol</bold> EC50 (x10<sup>-7</sup>
                           M)</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td colspan="5"> With endothelium</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td> Saline</td>
                <td align="center"> 3.97&#177; 0.06 (10)</td>
                <td align="center"> 3.85 &#177; 0.04 (10)</td>
                <td align="center"> 4.88 &#177; 0.06 (10)</td>
                <td align="center"> 4.29 &#177; 0.08 (10)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td> L-NAME (10<sup>-4</sup> M)</td>
                <td align="center"> 2.48 &#177; 0.05 (09)</td>
                <td align="center"> 2.36 &#177; 0.05 (09)</td>
                <td align="center"> 2.60 &#177; 0.04 (09)</td>
                <td align="center"> 2.64 &#177; 0.08 (09)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td> Indomethacin (10<sup>-5</sup> M)</td>
                <td align="center"> 3.85 &#177; 0.05 (08)</td>
                <td align="center"> 3.56 &#177; 0.06 (08)</td>
                <td align="center"> 5.39 &#177; 0.05 (08)</td>
                <td align="center"> 3.58 &#177; 0.06 (08)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td> Yohimbine (10<sup>-6</sup> M)</td>
                <td align="center"> 10.76 &#177; 0.06 (09)</td>
                <td align="center"> 10.19 &#177; 0.06 (09)</td>
                <td align="center"> 10.23 &#177; 0.04 (09)</td>
                <td align="center"> 9.00 &#177; 0.06 (09)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td colspan="5"> Without endothelium</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td> Saline</td>
                <td align="center"> 0.61 &#177; 0.10<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="t03-fn01">*</xref> (10)</td>
                <td align="center"> 0.83 &#177; 0.07<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="t03-fn01">*</xref> (10)</td>
                <td align="center"> 0.64 &#177; 0.06 (10)</td>
                <td align="center"> 0.67 &#177; 0.09<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="t03-fn01">*</xref> (10)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td> L-NAME (10<sup>-4</sup> M)</td>
                <td align="center"> 0.77 &#177; 0.06<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="t03-fn01">*</xref> (09)</td>
                <td align="center"> 1.18 &#177; 0.11<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="t03-fn01">*</xref> (09)</td>
                <td align="center"> 1.10 &#177; 0.07<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="t03-fn01">*</xref> (09)</td>
                <td align="center"> 0.90 &#177; 0.06<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="t03-fn01">*</xref> (09)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td> Indomethacin (10<sup>-5</sup> M)</td>
                <td align="center"> 0.83 &#177; 0.05<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="t03-fn01">*</xref> (08)</td>
                <td align="center"> 1.88 &#177; 0.06<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="t03-fn01">*</xref> (08)</td>
                <td align="center"> 1.47 &#177; 0.05<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="t03-fn01">*</xref> (08)</td>
                <td align="center"> 1.30 &#177; 0.08<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="t03-fn01">*</xref> (08)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr style="border-bottom:solid">
                <td> Yohimbine (10<sup>-6</sup> M)</td>
                <td align="center"> 1.82 &#177; 0.05<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="t03-fn01">*</xref> (09)</td>
                <td align="center"> 1.94 &#177; 0.08<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="t03-fn01">*</xref> (09)</td>
                <td align="center"> 2.10 &#177; 0.05<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="t03-fn01">*</xref> (09)</td>
                <td align="center"> 2.75 &#177; 0.07<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="t03-fn01">*</xref> (09)</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn>
              <p>Control: received water &#8220;ad libitum&#8221;; ethanol: received ethanol solution 20%
                        instead of drinking water; stress: immobilization in a metallic containment
                        tube (1 hour/day, 5 days/week for 6 weeks); chronic stress/ethanol:
                        submitted to immobilization stress and exposed to 20% ethanol. Data
                        expressed as mean &#177; SEM and, between parentheses, the number of independent
                        determinati ons.</p>
            </fn>
            <fn id="t03-fn01">
              <label>*</label>
              <p>p &lt; 0.05 in relation to the respective aorta with endothe lium.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <p>The removal of the endothelium increased the sensitivity to noradrenaline in relation
               to the respective aorta with intact endothelium (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t03">Table 1</xref>). Moreover, the removal of the endothelium eliminated the aortic
               hyper-reactivity to noradrenaline observed in stress and stress/ethanol groups (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f06">Figure 2A</xref>). None of the protocols altered the
               reactivity to noradrenaline in denuded aortas (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f06">Figures
                  2B</xref>, <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f06">2C</xref> and <xref rid="f06">2D</xref>), nor did they affect the reactivity to phenylephrine (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f07">Figures 3A</xref> and <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f07">3B</xref>) in intact or denuded aortas. Similar phenylephrine EC<sub>50</sub>
               were also observed among the groups (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t04">Table
               2</xref>).</p>
        <fig id="f06" fig-type="other">
          <label>Figure 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Concentration-response curves to noradrenaline obtained from denuded
                     thoracic aorta rings taken from animals exposed to ethanol consumption and/or
                     stress, in the absence or presence of L-NAME (10<sup>-4</sup> M), indomethacin
                        (10<sup>-5</sup> M) or yohimbine (10<sup>-6</sup> M). Values are expressed
                     as means &#177; SEM. The number of independent determinations was 8-10.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-102-03-0211-40015-gf02-en.jpg"/></fig>
        <fig id="f07" fig-type="other">
          <label>Figure 3</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Concentration-response curves to phenylephrine obtained from rings of
                     thoracic aorta with and without endothelium taken from animals exposed to
                     ethanol consumption and/or stress. Values are expressed as means &#177; SEM. The
                     number of independent determinations was 8-10.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-102-03-0211-40015-gf03-en.jpg"/></fig>
        <table-wrap id="t04">
          <label>Table 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Values of EC50 to phenylephrine obtained from aortic rings with and without
                     endothelium from adult male rats exposed or not to chronic stress or ethanol,
                     alone or in combination</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="rows">
            <thead style="border-bottom:solid;border-top:solid">
              <tr>
                <th>&#160;</th>
                <th align="center"><bold> Control</bold> EC50 (x10<sup>-7</sup> M)</th>
                <th align="center"><bold> Stress</bold> EC50 (x10<sup>-7</sup> M)</th>
                <th align="center"><bold> Ethanol</bold> EC50 (x10<sup>-7</sup> M)</th>
                <th align="center"><bold> Stress/Ehanol</bold> EC50 (x10<sup>-7</sup>
                           M)</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold> With endothelium</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center"> 1.58 &#177; 0.15 (09)</td>
                <td align="center"> 2.25 &#177; 0.12 (09)</td>
                <td align="center"> 1.14 &#177; 0.10 (09)</td>
                <td align="center"> 1.79 &#177; 0.10 (09)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr style="border-bottom:solid;border-top:solid">
                <td>
                  <bold> Without endothelium</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center"> 0.88 &#177; 0.09* (09)</td>
                <td align="center"> 0.67 &#177; 0.08* (09)</td>
                <td align="center"> 0.80 &#177; 0.04* (09)</td>
                <td align="center"> 1.10 &#177; 0.07<sup>*</sup> (09)</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn>
              <p>Control: received water &#8220;ad libitum&#8221;; ethanol: received ethanol solution 20%
                        instead of drinking water; stress: immobilization in a metallic containment
                        tube (1 hour/day, 5 days/week for 6 weeks); chronic stress/ethanol:
                        submitted to immobilization stress and exposed to 20% ethanol. Data
                        expressed as mean &#177; SEM and, between parentheses, the number of independent
                        determinations.</p>
            </fn>
            <fn>
              <label>*</label>
              <p>P &lt; 0.05 in relation to the respective aorta with endothelium.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <p>Blood ethanol concentration reached 0.42 &#177; 0.09 mg/mL in rats exposed to ethanol for
               6 weeks, n=8, while concentrations reached 0.57 &#177; 0.13 mg/mL in the stress/ethanol
               group, n = 10.</p>
        <p>The concentration in plasma of nitrite/nitrate, determined by the Griess Reaction,
               was not significantly different among groups (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f08">Figure
                  4</xref>).</p>
        <fig id="f08" fig-type="other">
          <label>Figure 4</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Plasma concentration of nitrite/nitrate determined by the Griess Reaction
                     taken from animals exposed to ethanol consumption and/or stress. Values are
                     expressed as means &#177; SEM. The number of independent determinations was
                     10-12.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-102-03-0211-40015-gf04-en.jpg"/></fig>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="discussion">
        <title>Discussion</title>
        <p>Experimental and epidemiological evidence suggests that both ethanol and stress play
               an important role in the development of cardiovascular diseases<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B02">2</xref>
					<sup>,</sup>
					<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref>
					<sup>,</sup>
					<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref>. However, there
               are discrepancies in the literature about the effects of chronic ethanol consumption,
               as well as exposure to stress, on the vascular responses to vasoactive agents.
               Furthermore, the literature is scarce regarding the cardiovascular risks of the
               association of these factors.</p>
        <p>The data reported herein have shown that, regardless of ethanol consumption, stress
               induced aortic hyper-reactivity to noradrenaline. This response appears to have been
               dependent upon endothelial cell integrity, as it was abolished by the removal of the
               endothelium. On the other hand, chronic ethanol consumption did not influence the
               noradrenaline responses in rat thoracic aorta. Ethanol consumption also showed no
               signs of influence in the stress-induced noradrenaline hyper-reactivity. Considering
               that the absence of endothelium potentiates the contractile response to noradrenaline
               in rats not exposed to stress, the heightened response to noradrenaline observed in
               intact aorta from stressed rats could indicate an endothelial dysfunction in this
               condition. These findings corroborate previous reports showing that stress promotes
               endothelial dysfunction<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B02">2</xref>
					<sup>,</sup>
					<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B03">3</xref>
					<sup>,</sup>
					<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref>
					<sup>,</sup>
					<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref>. However, other
               studies reported that exposure to stress may actually enhance, rather than impair,
               endothelial function<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B01">1</xref>
					<sup>,</sup>
					<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref>
					<sup>,</sup>
					<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref>.</p>
        <p>Additionally, the presented data corroborate studies showing that the consumption of
               20% ethanol for 12 weeks did not alter the phenylephrine responses in aorta of Fisher
                  rats<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref>. On the other hand, it contradicts
               studies showing increased response to noradrenaline in aorta taken from
               Sprague-Dawley rats after being exposed to 10% ethanol for 5 months<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>. Moreover, previous studies have reported
               increased phenylephrine responses in aorta taken from Wistar rats also exposed to 20%
               ethanol for 6 weeks<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B08">8</xref>
					<sup>,</sup>
					<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B09">9</xref>
					<sup>,</sup>
					<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref>. Interestingly, although using exactly the same experimental protocol,
               lower blood ethanol concentrations were determined in the present study. It is
               possible that these lower blood ethanol concentrations were not sufficient to elicit
               the aortic responses to norepinephrine or phenylephrine that have been seen in
               previous research. Indeed, the potential for ethanol-induced modifications to aortic
               responses to norepinephrine or phenylephrine in rats was not completely discarded by
               the present findings. Rather, these discrepancies demonstrate the need for
               complementary studies, in which differences of blood ethanol concentrations should
               also be assessed.</p>
        <p>Many studies have shown that the modulation of vascular tonus may involve
               endothelium-derived vasoconstrictor and vasodilator prostanoids<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref>. Although the rate of production of COX metabolites in normal
               cells appears to facilitate vasodilators, it is possible that this rate may vary in
               response to certain disease states, such as hypertension<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref>.</p>
        <p>In order to investigate the involvement of prostanoids in the stress-induced
               modifications of noradrenaline responses, experiments were performed in aortas
               pretreated with indomethacin. The presence of this COX inhibitor abolished the
               increase of the maximum response to noradrenaline observed in intact aorta of
               stressed rats. After being restored, this response reached a value similar to that
               observed in rat aorta with endothelium taken from control rats in the absence of
               indomethacin. These data suggest that the aortic hyper-reactivity to noradrenaline
               induced by chronic immobilization stress occurs due to the release of vasoconstrictor
               prostanoids. The release of vasoconstrictor prostanoids has been previously observed
               in micro and macrovessels of spontaneously hypertensive rats<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref> and in the aorta of DOCA-salt hypertensive rats<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref>
					<sup>,</sup>
					<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref>.</p>
        <p>Once the influence of vasoconstrictor prostanoids in the stress-induced increase of
               noradrenaline responses in rat aorta is established, it is pertinent to examine "how"
               this sympathetic agonist is able to activate this endothelial mechanism. Previous
               studies report that &#945;<sub>1</sub> and &#945;<sub>2</sub>-adrenoceptors are expressed
               either in smooth muscle or in endothelial cells<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref>
					<sup>-</sup>
					<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref>. Furthermore, the
               stimulation of &#945;<sub>2</sub>-adrenoceptors located in the endothelium releases nitric
               oxide (NO)<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref>
					<sup>,</sup>
					<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref> and/or prostanoids<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref>
					<sup>,</sup>) thus counterbalancing the vasoconstrictive effects of noradrenaline
               mediated by &#945;<sub>1</sub>-adrenoceptors present in the smooth muscle layer. It has
               also been shown that thoracic aortic responses to clonidine, a selective
                  &#945;<sub>2</sub> adrenoceptor agonist, may be modulated negatively by NO and
               positively by vasoconstrictive prostanoids<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref>.</p>
        <p>In the present study, the presence of yohimbine abolished the stress-induced increase
               of noradrenaline responses in rat thoracic aorta. Moreover, neither exposure to
               stress nor ethanol consumption altered the thoracic aorta responses to phenylephrine,
               a selective &#945;<sub>1</sub>-adrenoceptor agonist. These data suggest that endothelial
                  &#945;<sub>2</sub>-adrenoceptor stimulation may release vasoconstrictor prostanoids,
               thus increasing the noradrenaline responses in aortas from stress-exposed rats.</p>
        <p>The literature reports the release of mediators that induce not only contraction, but
               also relaxation in aorta of DOCA salt hypertensive rats<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref>
					<sup>,</sup>
					<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref>
					<sup>,</sup>
					<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">32</xref>. Therefore, it is
               not yet clear in the present study whether only vasoconstrictor prostanoids are
               responsible for the increased response to noradrenaline in aorta of stressed animals,
               or if they act in conjunction with L-arginine/NO mechanisms.</p>
        <p>Given this uncertainty, we investigated the role of the L-arginine/NO pathway in the
               aortic response to noradrenaline in chronically stressed rats (with and without
               association with ethanol consumption). The results show that the inhibition of NOS by
               L-NAME increased the noradrenaline R<sub>max</sub> in thoracic aortas taken from
               animals in both the control and ethanol groups, permitting responses of similar
               magnitude regarding preparations taken from stress and stress/ethanol groups, in the
               absence or presence of L-NAME. These data suggest that there is no change in the
               NO-pathway induced by exposure to stress and chronic ethanol consumption, either
               alone, or in combination. This hypothesis is also supported by the observation of
               similar plasma concentrations of nitrite/nitrate among the different experimental
               groups.</p>
        <p>In summary, the present study found that chronic stress increased rat aortic
               responses to noradrenaline. This effect is dependent upon the vascular endothelium
               and involves vasoconstrictor prostanoids released by stimulation of endothelial
               alpha-2 adrenoceptors. Moreover, chronic ethanol consumption appeared to neither
               influence noradrenaline responses in rat thoracic aorta, nor did it modify the
               increase of such responses observed in consequence of stress exposure.</p>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <ack>
        <title>Acknowledgments</title>
        <p>This study was supported by CAPES. We thank Mr. Alisson Douglas Ventura Neves
               (Laboratory of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine of Mar&#237;lia, S&#227;o Paulo, Brazil) for
               the technical assistance.</p>
      </ack>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="supported-by">
          <p>
            <bold>Sources of Funding</bold>
          </p>
          <p>This study was funded by CAPES.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
