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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">f5vmjYGcVcqxv5QNDLg8TqK</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2014000300001</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">00001</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5935/abc.20140023</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigo Especial</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title xml:lang="pt">I Posicionamento Brasileiro sobre Combina&#231;&#227;o de F&#225;rmacos
               Anti-Hipertensivos</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>P&#243;voa</surname>
            <given-names>Rui</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Barroso</surname>
            <given-names>Weimar Sebba</given-names>
          </name>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Brand&#227;o</surname>
            <given-names>Andrea A</given-names>
          </name>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Jardim</surname>
            <given-names>Paulo Cesar Veiga</given-names>
          </name>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Barroso</surname>
            <given-names>Oswaldo</given-names>
          </name>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Passarelli</surname>
            <given-names>Oswaldo</given-names>
            <suffix>Jr.</suffix>
          </name>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Gemelli</surname>
            <given-names>Jo&#227;o Roberto</given-names>
          </name>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Feitosa</surname>
            <given-names>Audes</given-names>
          </name>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Jardim</surname>
            <given-names>Thiago Veiga</given-names>
          </name>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Carneiro</surname>
            <given-names>Sergio Baiocchi</given-names>
          </name>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Amodeo</surname>
            <given-names>Celso</given-names>
          </name>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Moreira</surname>
            <given-names>Osni</given-names>
            <suffix>Filho</suffix>
          </name>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Nogueira</surname>
            <given-names>Armando da Rocha</given-names>
          </name>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Morais</surname>
            <given-names>Nelson Siqueira de</given-names>
          </name>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Scala</surname>
            <given-names>Luiz Cesar Naz&#225;rio</given-names>
          </name>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Gonzaga</surname>
            <given-names>Carolina</given-names>
          </name>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Souza</surname>
            <given-names>Dilma do Socorro Moraes de</given-names>
          </name>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Paiva</surname>
            <given-names>Annelise Machado Gomes de</given-names>
          </name>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Malachias</surname>
            <given-names>Marcus Vinicius Bolivar</given-names>
          </name>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Mion</surname>
            <given-names>D&#233;cio</given-names>
            <suffix>Jr.</suffix>
          </name>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Mota-Gomes</surname>
            <given-names>Marco Ant&#244;nio</given-names>
          </name>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Barbosa</surname>
            <given-names>Eduardo Costa Duarte</given-names>
          </name>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Sousa</surname>
            <given-names>Marcio Gon&#231;alves de</given-names>
          </name>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Bianco</surname>
            <given-names>Henrique Tria</given-names>
          </name>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Fonseca</surname>
            <given-names>Francisco Antonio Helfenstein</given-names>
          </name>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Kalil</surname>
            <given-names>Marcio</given-names>
          </name>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Miranda</surname>
            <given-names>Roberto Dischinger</given-names>
          </name>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Uehara</surname>
            <given-names>Carlos Andr&#233;</given-names>
          </name>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Sanjuliani</surname>
            <given-names>Ant&#244;nio Felipe</given-names>
          </name>
        </contrib>
        <aff>
          <institution content-type="orgname">Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia</institution>
          <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Departamento de Hipertens&#227;o
                  Arterial</institution>
          <institution content-type="original">Departamento de Hipertens&#227;o Arterial da
                  Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia pelos autores</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01"><bold>Correspond&#234;ncia: Rui P&#243;voa</bold>, Rua Pedro de Toledo 276, Vila Mariana S&#227;o
               Paulo SP CEP: 04039-030. E-mail: <email>rmspovoa@cardiol.br</email>
				</corresp>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date pub-type="epub-ppub">
        <month>03</month>
        <year>2014</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>102</volume>
      <issue>3</issue>
      <fpage>203</fpage>
      <lpage>210</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>13</day>
          <month>11</month>
          <year>2013</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>03</day>
          <month>12</month>
          <year>2013</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>03</day>
          <month>12</month>
          <year>2013</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <kwd>Hipertens&#227;o / terapia</kwd>
        <kwd>Anti-Hipertensivos / farmacologia</kwd>
        <kwd>Anti-Hipertensivos / uso terap&#234;utico</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <counts>
        <fig-count count="1"/>
        <table-count count="3"/>
        <equation-count count="0"/>
        <ref-count count="62"/>
        <page-count count="8"/>
      </counts>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <p>A Hipertens&#227;o Arterial (HA) &#233; doen&#231;a de alta preval&#234;ncia e apresenta-se como o principal
         fator de risco Cardiovascular (CV)<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B01">1</xref>; por esse
         motivo, atingir o quanto antes a meta de Press&#227;o Arterial (PA) &#233; imperativo na diminui&#231;&#227;o
         desse risco<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B02">2</xref>. Para isso, aproximadamente 70% dos
         indiv&#237;duos hipertensos necessitar&#227;o de combina&#231;&#227;o medicamentosa anti-hipertensiva<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B03">3</xref>, e estima-se que at&#233; 30% dos hipertensos utilizem
         quatro ou mais f&#225;rmacos para a obten&#231;&#227;o do controle press&#243;rico<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B04">4</xref>. Dessa forma, a combina&#231;&#227;o medicamentosa &#233; descrita na atualidade
         como importante estrat&#233;gia no manejo da hipertens&#227;o arterial, proporcionando redu&#231;&#227;o
         press&#243;rica eficaz e segura.</p>
    <p>A escolha do f&#225;rmaco &#233; baseada na efic&#225;cia da redu&#231;&#227;o da PA e dos desfechos CV. Embora
         exista um n&#250;mero significativo de medicamentos para o tratamento da HA, suas taxas de
         controle ainda s&#227;o muito baixas, o que contribui para as altas taxas de morbidade e
         mortalidade CV observadas no Brasil e no mundo<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B01">1</xref>
			<sup>,</sup>
			<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B02">2</xref>.</p>
    <p>Nos estudos ALLHAT (<italic>Antihypertensive and Lipid-Lowering Treatment to Prevent Heart
            Attack Trial</italic>) e HOT (<italic>Hypertension Optimal Treatment</italic>), somente
         26% e 33% dos pacientes controlavam sua press&#227;o com monoterapia, respectivamente, enquanto
         no estudo LIFE (<italic>Losartan Intervention for Endpoints Reduction</italic>), 90% dos
         pacientes necessitavam de terapia combinada para o controle da PA press&#243;rico<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B03">3</xref>.</p>
    <p>O principal objetivo quando se emprega uma combina&#231;&#227;o de f&#225;rmacos &#233; o incremento da
         efic&#225;cia anti-hipertensiva, com a ocorr&#234;ncia de menos eventos adversos. &#201; importante tamb&#233;m
         considerar a ades&#227;o &#224; terap&#234;utica. A HA envolve m&#250;ltiplos fatores e mecanismos na sua
         fisiopatologia, o que torna dif&#237;cil o seu controle quando se utiliza apenas um f&#225;rmaco,
         pois podem ocorrer mecanismos contrarregulat&#243;rios que atenuam o efeito anti-hipertensivo
         doagente escolhido. A associa&#231;&#227;o de f&#225;rmacos com diferentes mecanismos de a&#231;&#227;o tem maior
         impacto sobre a redu&#231;&#227;o da PA desde que haja compatibilidade farmacocin&#233;tica e n&#227;o haja
         desproporcionalidade de efeitos e propriedades<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B03">3</xref>
			<sup>-</sup>
			<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B05">5</xref>.</p>
    <p>A escolha dos f&#225;rmacos em combina&#231;&#227;o deve, ent&#227;o, contemplar dois aspectos: sinergismo dos
         mecanismos de a&#231;&#227;o e contraposi&#231;&#227;o aos mecanismos de contrarregula&#231;&#227;o desencadeados ap&#243;s o
         in&#237;cio da interven&#231;&#227;o terap&#234;utica com um determinado f&#225;rmaco. A possibilidade de que a
         efic&#225;cia anti-hipertensiva desejada seja alcan&#231;ada torna-se mais prov&#225;vel com a utiliza&#231;&#227;o
         de doses mais baixas dos medicamentos. Dessa forma, menos eventos adversos s&#227;o observados,
         sem perda da pot&#234;ncia anti-hipertensiva<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B03">3</xref>
			<sup>-</sup>
			<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B05">5</xref>.</p>
    <p>Outro aspecto importante &#233; que a combina&#231;&#227;o de f&#225;rmacos preferencialmente deve ser feita em
         uma &#250;nica apresenta&#231;&#227;o gal&#234;nica, garantindo maior facilidade posol&#243;gica e, em geral, menor
         custo com consequente melhora na ades&#227;o ao tratamento<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B02">2</xref>
			<sup>,</sup>
			<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B06">6</xref>.</p>
    <sec>
      <title>Evid&#234;ncias dos ensaios cl&#237;nicos</title>
      <p>Os dados dispon&#237;veis sugerem que a maioria da popula&#231;&#227;o hipertensa necessita de terapia
            combinada para alcan&#231;ar as metas desej&#225;veis de controle tensional<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B01">1</xref>. Uma meta-an&#225;lise de 354 ensaios cl&#237;nicos randomizados duplo-cegos
            observou que a m&#233;dia de redu&#231;&#227;o na PA com monoterapia foi de apenas 9,1/5,5 mmHg, para a
            Press&#227;o Arterial Sist&#243;lica (PAS) e a Press&#227;o Arterial Diast&#243;lica (PAD), respectivamente.
            Houve poucas diferen&#231;as nas respostas aos diversos f&#225;rmacos avaliados: diur&#233;tico,
            Betabloqueador (BB), Inibidor da Enzima de Convers&#227;o da Angiotensina (IECA), Bloqueador
            do Receptor AT1 da Angiotensina (BRA), ou Antagonista dos Canais de C&#225;lcio (ACC)<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B07">7</xref>. No estudo ALLHAT, apenas 26% dos pacientes
            alcan&#231;aram a meta de PA com monoterapia, mesmo considerando-se que a meta para os
            diab&#233;ticos (36% dos pacientes) foi para cifras inferiores a 140/90 mmHg, em vez de
            130/80 mmHg como recomendado pelas diversas diretrizes na &#233;poca<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B04">4</xref>. No estudo HOT, apenas 33% dos pacientes atingiram a meta de PAD
            com a monoterapia; 45% necessitaram de dois f&#225;rmacos e 22% necessitaram de tr&#234;s agentes
            para atingir a meta<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B08">8</xref>. A PAS, ao final do estudo
            HOT, foi, em m&#233;dia, de 141 mmHg, indicando que uma porcentagem ainda maior de pacientes
            teria necessitado de terapia combinada para o alcance da meta abaixo de 140 mmHg<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B05">5</xref>. No estudo LIFE, o tratamento para a alcance da
            meta preconizada (&lt; 140/90 mmHg) foi perseguido agressivamente em pacientes idosos
            com HVE. Partindo-se de uma m&#233;dia inicial de PA de 175/98 mmHg, mais de 90% necessitaram
            do emprego de pelo menos dois anti-hipertensivos<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B09">9</xref>. No estudo STRATHE (Strategies in TreatmentofHypertension), onde o tratamento
            foi iniciado com uma combina&#231;&#227;o em baixas doses e comparado com a monoterapia, foi
            encontrado um maior percentual de indiv&#237;duos no grupo de combina&#231;&#227;o de baixas doses que
            atingiram a meta (PA &lt; 140/90 mmHg), em compara&#231;&#227;o com aqueles que receberam a
            monoterapia sequencial (62% vs. 49%, p = 0,02)<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>.</p>
      <p>As associa&#231;&#245;es de f&#225;rmacos anti-hipertensivos podem ser divididas em preferenciais,
            aceit&#225;veis, menos usuais e as n&#227;o usuais, baseando-se nos crit&#233;rios de efic&#225;cia,
            tolerabilidade, maior possibilidade de ades&#227;o, evid&#234;ncias de prote&#231;&#227;o cardiovascular e
            renal e seguran&#231;a (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t01">quadro 1</xref>)<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref>. O <xref ref-type="table" rid="t02">quadro
               2</xref> sumariza as recomenda&#231;&#245;es atuais para a associa&#231;&#227;o de f&#225;rmacos no tratamento
            da HA<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref>. &#201; importante lembrar que as medidas n&#227;o
            farmacol&#243;gicas, de adequa&#231;&#227;o do estilo de vida, devem ser sempre enfatizadas para o
            melhor controle da hipertens&#227;o e preven&#231;&#227;o de complica&#231;&#245;es da doen&#231;a.</p>
      <table-wrap id="t01">
        <label>Quadro 1</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Combina&#231;&#245;es de anti-hipertensivos</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
          <tbody>
            <tr align="center">
              <td colspan="2">
                <bold>Preferenciais</bold>
              </td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>&#8226; </td>
              <td> IECA + ACC </td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>&#8226; </td>
              <td> IECA + Diur&#233;tico </td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>&#8226; </td>
              <td> BRA + ACC(diidropirid&#237;nico) </td>
            </tr>
            <tr style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">
              <td>&#8226; </td>
              <td> BRA + Diur&#233;tico </td>
            </tr>
            <tr align="center">
              <td colspan="2">
                <bold>Aceit&#225;veis</bold>
              </td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>&#8226; </td>
              <td> Diur&#233;tico + BB </td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>&#8226;<sub>.</sub>
							</td>
              <td> ACC (diidropirid&#237;nico) + BB </td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>&#8226; </td>
              <td> ACC + Diur&#233;tico </td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>&#8226; </td>
              <td> IDR + Diur&#233;tico </td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>&#8226; </td>
              <td> IDR + ACC </td>
            </tr>
            <tr style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">
              <td>&#8226; </td>
              <td> Diur&#233;tico Tiaz&#237;dico + Diur&#233;tico Poupador de Pot&#225;ssio </td>
            </tr>
            <tr align="center">
              <td colspan="2">
                <bold>Menos Usuais</bold>
              </td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>&#8226; </td>
              <td> IECA + BB </td>
            </tr>
            <tr style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">
              <td>&#8226; </td>
              <td> BRA + BB </td>
            </tr>
            <tr align="center">
              <td colspan="2">
                <bold>N&#227;o Usuais</bold>
              </td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>&#8226; </td>
              <td> ACC (n&#227;o diidropirid&#237;nico) + BB </td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>&#8226; </td>
              <td> IECA + BRA </td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>&#8226; </td>
              <td> IECA + IDR </td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>&#8226; </td>
              <td> BRA + IDR </td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>&#8226; </td>
              <td> Simpatol&#237;tico central + BB </td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
        <table-wrap-foot>
          <fn>
            <p>* BB: betabloqueador; IECA: inibidor da enzima de convers&#227;o da angiotensina;
                     BRA: bloqueador do receptor AT1 da angiotensina; ACC: antagonistas dos canais
                     de c&#225;lcio, IDR: inibidor direto da renina.</p>
          </fn>
        </table-wrap-foot>
      </table-wrap>
      <table-wrap id="t02">
        <label>Quadro 2</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Recomenda&#231;&#245;es para a associa&#231;&#227;o de anti-hipertensivos</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
          <tbody>
            <tr>
              <td>&#8226; Considere o emprego de terapia combinada para alcan&#231;ar as metas PA </td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>&#8226; Sempre que poss&#237;vel, utilize combina&#231;&#245;es preferenciais ou aceit&#225;veis.
                     </td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>&#8226; Reserve as combina&#231;&#245;es n&#227;o usuais para casos especiais, em que haja </td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td> evid&#234;ncias de benef&#237;cios. </td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>&#8226; Inicie com terapia combinada rotineiramente em indiv&#237;duos que </td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td> necessitem de redu&#231;&#245;es de PA iguais ou superiores a 20 e/ou 10 mmHg, </td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td> para PAS e PAD, respectivamente (est&#225;gio 2 e 3). </td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>&#8226; Inicie terapia combinada em indiv&#237;duos em est&#225;gio I com risco alto e
                     </td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td> muito alto, ou quando o segundo agente pode melhorar o perfil de efeitos
                     </td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td> colaterais da terapia inicial. </td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>&#8226; Use, se poss&#237;vel, associa&#231;&#245;es fixas em um s&#243; comprimido/c&#225;psula ou </td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td> combina&#231;&#245;es agrupadas, para melhor ades&#227;o ao tratamento. </td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>&#8226; Caso n&#227;o seja alcan&#231;ada a meta com a combina&#231;&#227;o dupla, reavalie </td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td> a ades&#227;o e outras causas de descontrole e, se necess&#225;rio, utilize </td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td> combina&#231;&#245;es de tr&#234;s ou mais f&#225;rmacos. </td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>&#8226; N&#227;o &#233; recomendado o uso de f&#225;rmacos anti-hipertensivos manipulados </td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
      </table-wrap>
    </sec>
    <sec>
      <title>Benef&#237;cios na ades&#227;o da combina&#231;&#227;o medicamentosa</title>
      <p>As diretrizes atuais recomendam e encorajam o uso de Combina&#231;&#245;es Medicamentosas Fixas
            (CMF) com o objetivo de facilitar a ades&#227;o ao tratamento<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B02">2</xref>. Al&#233;m disso, estudos pr&#233;vios demonstraram que o tratamento medicamentoso
            complexo e a polifarm&#225;cia t&#234;m um efeito delet&#233;rio na ades&#227;o e persist&#234;ncia ao
               tratamento<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref>.</p>
      <p>A CMF em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; n&#227;o fixa melhora a ades&#227;o e persist&#234;ncia no tratamento por
            proporcionar:</p>
      <p>- Posologia de dose &#250;nica di&#225;ria e menor n&#250;mero de comprimidos a serem ingeridos, ou
            seja, maior conveni&#234;ncia ao paciente, com menor risco de confus&#227;o posol&#243;gica<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref>;</p>
      <p>- Menor custo potencial, pela necessidade de reduzido n&#250;mero de comprimidos<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref>; </p>
      <p>- Melhor controle press&#243;rico (possivelmente por a&#231;&#227;o simult&#226;nea e/ou sin&#233;rgica em
            m&#250;ltiplos fatores fisiopatol&#243;gicos da HA e atenua&#231;&#227;o da in&#233;rcia terap&#234;utica<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref>). Maior estabilidade da PA nas 24 horas quando em
            CMF sin&#233;rgica, com rela&#231;&#227;o vale-pico e doses adequadas, promovendo maior prote&#231;&#227;o
               cardiovascular<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B04">4</xref>;</p>
      <p>- Meta atingida mais precocemente, levando a diminui&#231;&#227;o mais breve do risco
               cardiovascular<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B04">4</xref> e a maior confiabilidade do
            paciente em rela&#231;&#227;o ao m&#233;dico e em rela&#231;&#227;o ao f&#225;rmaco<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref>;</p>
      <p>- Menor taxa de eventos adversos<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref>, pois muitas
            vezes as CMF associam dois f&#225;rmacos em doses n&#227;o m&#225;ximas capazes de reduzir a PA sem
            levar a eventos adversos que decorreriam do seu uso em altas doses; ou com efeitos
            indesej&#225;veis dos f&#225;rmacos que s&#227;o balanceados ou at&#233; mesmo suprimidos por sua a&#231;&#227;o em
            combina&#231;&#227;o.</p>
      <p>Cuidado deve ser tomado em se reduzir a PA no decorrer de dias a semanas, e n&#227;o
            abruptamente em algumas horas, o que pode levar a eventos adversos leves como tontura e
            turva&#231;&#227;o visual, e at&#233; eventos graves, especialmente em idosos<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref>. Diante de pacientes que tenham comorbidades ou hipotens&#227;o
            ortost&#225;tica, para que n&#227;o ocorram eventos adversos, se faz necess&#225;rio o ajuste
            posol&#243;gico pr&#233;vio com a combina&#231;&#227;o n&#227;o fixa, devendo-se iniciar com doses pequenas.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec>
      <title>Evid&#234;ncias nos desfechos cardiovasculares</title>
      <p>Os benef&#237;cios da terapia combinada ficaram bem demonstrados em uma meta-an&#225;lise que
            demonstrou redu&#231;&#227;o de 63% do Acidente Vascular Encef&#225;lico (AVE) e em 46% de Doen&#231;a
            Arterial Coronariana (DAC) quando comparada com a monoterapia<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B07">7</xref>. Nos estudos VALUE (The ValsartanAntihypertensiveLong-term Use
            Evaluation) e INVEST (InternationalVerapamil SR andTrandolaprilStudy) ficou evidente que
            baixar a press&#227;o em um prazo menor reduz o risco de eventos e de morte<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref>
				<sup>,</sup>
				<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref>.</p>
      <p>O estudo ACCOMPLISH (The Avoiding Cardiovascular EventsthroughcombinationTherapy), que
            testou uma nova estrat&#233;gia para tratamento da hipertens&#227;o arterial, comparou duas
            combina&#231;&#245;es fixas (Benazepril+Anlodipina versus Benazepril + HCTZ). No grupo benazepril
            + anlodipina, houve uma redu&#231;&#227;o de 15% da morbidade e mortalidade cardiovascular nos
            pacientes hipertensos de alto risco cardiovascular em compara&#231;&#227;o ao outro grupo, o que
            levou a interrup&#231;&#227;o precoce do estudo pelo comit&#234; de monitoramento de dados<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref>.</p>
      <p>Entretanto, algumas combina&#231;&#245;es precisam ser reavaliadas, e devem ser evitadas at&#233; que
            surjam novas evid&#234;ncias, pois podem n&#227;o trazer benef&#237;cios ao paciente. No estudo
            ONTARGET (Ongoing Telmisartan Aloneand in Combination with Ramipril Trial) e tamb&#233;m no
            estudo ALTITUDE (Aliskiren Trial in Type 2 Diabetes Using Cardio-Renal Endpoints) com
            duplo bloqueio do sistema renina-angiotensina n&#227;o houve diminui&#231;&#227;o da morbidade e
            mortalidade e at&#233; houve piora significativa da fun&#231;&#227;o renal al&#233;m da hipotens&#227;o<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref>
				<sup>,</sup>
				<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref>.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec>
      <title>Combina&#231;&#245;es duplas de anti-hipertensivos</title>
      <p>Existem diversas classes de f&#225;rmacos anti-hipertensivos, o que possibilita uma grande
            quantidade de combina&#231;&#245;es (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01">figura 1</xref>).</p>
      <fig id="f01" fig-type="other">
        <label>Figura 1</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Poss&#237;vel combina&#231;&#227;o de f&#225;rmaco anti-hipertensivos: linha verde cont&#237;nua
                  (combina&#231;&#245;es prefer&#234;nciais, verde tracejada (combina&#231;&#245;es aceit&#225;veis); preta
                  tracejada (combina&#231;&#245;es menos usuais), vermelha (combina&#231;&#245;es n&#227;o usuais).
                  Modificado de Mancia et al. 2013 ESH/ESC Guidelines for the management of arterial
                  hypertension. ACC: Antagonista dos Canais de C&#225;lcio; BRA: Bloqueador do Receptor
                  AT1 da Angiotensina; IECA: Inibidor da Enzima de Convers&#227;o da
                  Angiotensina.</title>
        </caption>
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-102-03-0203-40023-gf01.jpg"/></fig>
      <p>&#8226; Inibidores do sistema renina angiotensina + diur&#233;ticos</p>
      <p>A combina&#231;&#227;o de um IECA, de um BRA ou um IDR com um diur&#233;tico tiaz&#237;dico
            (hidroclorotiazida, clortalidona ou indapamida) em baixas doses resulta em um efeito
            adicional significativo na redu&#231;&#227;o da PA. A associa&#231;&#227;o atenua ainda a ativa&#231;&#227;o reflexa
            do Sistema Renina-Angiotensina-Aldosterona (SRAA) pelos diur&#233;ticos e a hipocalemia em
            pacientes suscet&#237;veis<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref>.</p>
      <p>Baseado na efic&#225;cia, seguran&#231;a e desempenho favor&#225;vel desses agentes, as combina&#231;&#245;es
            fixas de IECA ou BRA com diur&#233;tico s&#227;o as preferenciais. A maioria das combina&#231;&#245;es fixas
            usa a hidroclorotiazida como diur&#233;tico embora a clortalidona tenha se mostrado mais
            efetiva na redu&#231;&#227;o da PA e dos desfechos cardiovasculares<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref>.</p>
      <p>As melhores evid&#234;ncias da redu&#231;&#227;o de mortalidade geral e CV em hipertensos com a
            associa&#231;&#227;o de IECA ou BRA com diur&#233;ticos do tipo tiazidasfoi com a indapamida que tamb&#233;m
            precisa ser considerada preferencial em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; hidroclorotiazida<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref>.</p>
      <p>&#8226; Inibidores do sistema renina angiotensina + antagonistas dos canais de c&#225;lcio</p>
      <p>Essa combina&#231;&#227;o resulta em uma redu&#231;&#227;o significativa da PA<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23 </xref>e melhora, pela a&#231;&#227;o simpaticol&#237;tica e venodilatadora dos IECA ou
            BRA, a tolerabilidade aos ACC, atenuando a taquicardia reflexa e o edema perif&#233;rico
            causado pela a&#231;&#227;o arteriolodilatadora predominante dos ACC<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref>. O estudo ACCOMPLISH comparou desfechos cl&#237;nicos, em pacientes
            hipertensos de alto risco, com as combina&#231;&#245;es de IECA e ACC vs. IECA e diur&#233;tico. No
            grupo IECA e ACC ocorreu uma maior e significativa redu&#231;&#227;o da PA com diminui&#231;&#227;o na
            incid&#234;ncia de desfechos combinados (mortalidade CV, infarto do mioc&#225;rdio, AVE) em 20%,
            em compara&#231;&#227;o ao IECA e diur&#233;tico. H&#225; que destacar que 60% dos pacientes eram diab&#233;ticos
            e uma grande porcentagem tinha evid&#234;ncias de doen&#231;a coronariana<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref>.</p>
      <p>&#8226; Antagonistas de canais de c&#225;lcio + diur&#233;ticos tiaz&#237;dicos</p>
      <p>A combina&#231;&#227;o desses f&#225;rmacos resulta em um efeito aditivo com pequena repercuss&#227;o na PA
            provavelmente pela sobreposi&#231;&#227;o de seus efeitos farmacol&#243;gicos<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref>. Os ACC aumentam a excre&#231;&#227;o renal de s&#243;dio embora n&#227;o com a mesma
            pot&#234;ncia que os diur&#233;ticos, e, em longo prazo, ambos demonstraram vasodilata&#231;&#227;o sem
            deple&#231;&#227;o de volume. No estudo VALUE<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref>, em que a
            hidroclorotiazida foi utilizada como agente de adi&#231;&#227;o a pacientes randomizados para o
            uso de anlodipina, os resultados demonstraram que n&#227;o houve efeitos desfavor&#225;veis com
            essa combina&#231;&#227;o. Por essa raz&#227;o, &#233; considerada como uma associa&#231;&#227;o poss&#237;vel.</p>
      <p>&#8226; Betabloqueadores + diur&#233;ticos tiaz&#237;dicos</p>
      <p>Embora os betabloqueadores tenham demonstrado a capacidade de reduzir desfechos cl&#237;nicos
            em estudos placebo controlados, meta-an&#225;lises (principalmente com atenolol) sugerem que
            os BB s&#227;o menos efetivos que os diur&#233;ticos, IECA, BRA e ACC<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref>. Como os IECA e BRA, os BB atenuam a ativa&#231;&#227;o do SRAA induzida
            pelos diur&#233;ticos resultando, portanto, em uma redu&#231;&#227;o adicional da PA. A adi&#231;&#227;o de
            diur&#233;tico tamb&#233;m melhora a efetividade dos BB em afrodescendentes e outros indiv&#237;duos
            com hipertens&#227;o arterial com renina baixa. &#202;nfase deve ser dada &#224; possibilidade de essa
            associa&#231;&#227;o aumentar o risco de desenvolvimento de intoler&#226;ncia a glicose, fadiga e
            disfun&#231;&#227;o sexual<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref>.</p>
      <p>&#8226; Diur&#233;ticos tiaz&#237;dicos + diur&#233;ticos poupadores de pot&#225;ssio </p>
      <p>A associa&#231;&#227;o fixa de hidroclorotiazida ou clortalidona com a amilorida &#233; capaz de
            potencializar ainda mais a redu&#231;&#227;o nos n&#237;veis press&#243;ricos, preservando os n&#237;veis
            plasm&#225;ticos de pot&#225;ssio, o que &#233; muito interessante no tratamento do HA em virtude das
            a&#231;&#245;es vasodilatadoras do pot&#225;ssio, al&#233;m de reduzir a incid&#234;ncia de hipocalemia<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref>. Al&#233;m disso, devemos considerar que existem
            evid&#234;ncias de superioridade da clortalidona em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; hidroclorotiazida, por
            apresentar meia-vida mais longa, maior pot&#234;ncia e maior n&#250;mero de estudos com redu&#231;&#227;o de
            desfechos CV<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B04">4</xref>. A associa&#231;&#227;o com a amilorida &#233;
            considerada aceit&#225;vel em indiv&#237;duos com fun&#231;&#227;o renal preservada (filtra&#231;&#227;o glomerular
            &gt; 50 mL/min/1,73 m<sup>2)</sup>. Com n&#237;veis de filtra&#231;&#227;o glomerular abaixo desse
            valor, o risco de hipercalemia aumenta<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref>.</p>
      <p>&#8226; Antagonistas dos canais de c&#225;lcio + betabloqueadores </p>
      <p>Os efeitos farmacol&#243;gicos dessas duas classes s&#227;o complementares na redu&#231;&#227;o da PA. No
            estudo M-FACT (<italic>Metoprolol Succinate-Felodipine Antihypertension Combination
               Trial</italic>), a combina&#231;&#227;o de baixas doses de felodipina e metoprolol, ambos de
            libera&#231;&#227;o prolongada, resultou em redu&#231;&#227;o da PA compar&#225;vel &#224;s doses m&#225;ximas de cada um
            isoladamente, com incid&#234;ncia de edema similar ao placebo<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref>. A combina&#231;&#227;o de BB com ACC diidropirid&#237;nicos &#233; considerada aceit&#225;vel, mas
            deve ser evitada com os n&#227;o diidropirid&#237;nicos, como verapamil e diltiazem, pelo efeito
            adicional na frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca e condu&#231;&#227;o atrioventricular, podendo resultar em
            bradicardia severa e/ou bloqueios atrioventriculares.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec>
      <title>Combina&#231;&#245;es n&#227;o usuais</title>
      <p>&#8226; Inibidores da enzima conversora da angiotensina + bloqueador do receptor AT1 da
            angiotensina</p>
      <p>A combina&#231;&#227;o de IECA com BRA n&#227;o &#233; recomendada. Essa combina&#231;&#227;o apresenta pequeno efeito
            adicional na redu&#231;&#227;o da PA, compar&#225;vel &#224; redu&#231;&#227;o de cada um dos agentes isolados. No
            estudo ONTARGET, pacientes em uso dessa combina&#231;&#227;o (telmisartan/ramipril) n&#227;o tiveram,
            em compara&#231;&#227;o com seu uso isolado, melhora dos desfechos CV apesar da redu&#231;&#227;o adicional
            da PA, em m&#233;dia 2,4/1,4 mmHg; apresentando, inclusive, mais efeitos colaterais com a
            combina&#231;&#227;o do que com os agentes isolados<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref>
				<sup>-</sup>
				<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref>.</p>
      <p>&#8226; Inibidor direto da renina + Inibidores do sistema renina-angiotensina</p>
      <p>Essa combina&#231;&#227;o produz um efeito aditivo na redu&#231;&#227;o da PA; entretanto, os estudos de
            redu&#231;&#227;o de morbimortalidade com essa associa&#231;&#227;o n&#227;o encontraram benef&#237;cios. Essa
            associa&#231;&#227;o n&#227;o &#233; recomendada<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref>.</p>
      <p>&#8226; Inibidores do sistema renina-angiotensina + betabloqueadores </p>
      <p>Essas classes de agentes s&#227;o cardioprotetoras e frequentemente administradas em
            indiv&#237;duos com doen&#231;a coronariana e/ou insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca. Quando combinados,
            entretanto, resultam em pequena redu&#231;&#227;o adicional da PA, compar&#225;vel ao seu uso
               isoladamente<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">32</xref>. Por essa raz&#227;o, essa &#233; uma
            associa&#231;&#227;o menos efetiva, quando a meta &#233; a redu&#231;&#227;o da PA.</p>
      <p>&#8226; Betabloqueadores + agentes de a&#231;&#227;o central</p>
      <p>BB e os agentes de a&#231;&#227;o central (clonidina e alfametildopa) interferem no sistema
            nervoso simp&#225;tico. O grau que essa combina&#231;&#227;o produz de redu&#231;&#227;o de PA ainda n&#227;o foi
            estudado. Seu uso em combina&#231;&#227;o pode resultar em bradicardia importante ou bloqueio AV.
            Al&#233;m disso, indiv&#237;duos em uso dessa combina&#231;&#227;o, que descontinuaram abruptamente seu
            tratamento, exibiram hipertens&#227;o de rebote. Por essas raz&#245;es, &#233; considerada uma
            combina&#231;&#227;o menos efetiva<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">33</xref>.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec>
      <title>Combina&#231;&#227;o tr&#237;plice e qu&#225;drupla</title>
      <sec>
        <title>Combina&#231;&#227;o tr&#237;plice</title>
        <p>Estima-se que em 15% a 20% dos pacientes hipertensos a combina&#231;&#227;o medicamentosa dupla
               n&#227;o seja eficaz para que a meta seja atingida, sendo necess&#225;rio o uso de combina&#231;&#227;o
               medicamentosa tripla<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B02">2</xref>.</p>
        <p>A combina&#231;&#227;o tr&#237;plice, em um &#250;nico comprimido, tem-se mostrado mais eficaz que a
               utiliza&#231;&#227;o dos tr&#234;s f&#225;rmacos em separado, tanto na ades&#227;o quanto no risco de
               abandono, com melhoras de 29% e 24%, respectivamente<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B06">6</xref>.</p>
        <p>A utiliza&#231;&#227;o de combina&#231;&#227;o tr&#237;plice em um &#250;nico comprimido tem sido associada com um
               controle press&#243;rico mais r&#225;pido e consequentemente uma redu&#231;&#227;o maior do risco CV, em
               compara&#231;&#227;o com a monoterapia seguida da combina&#231;&#227;o dupla, contribuindo assim para uma
               melhora da in&#233;rcia terap&#234;utica<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34">34</xref>.</p>
        <p>Quando a tr&#237;plice terapia est&#225; indicada recomenda-se a associa&#231;&#227;o de um IECA ou BRA
               com ACC e um diur&#233;tico como sendo a associa&#231;&#227;o mais racional e eficaz<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B02">2</xref>.</p>
        <p>Calhoun e cols.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B35">35</xref>, avaliando a associa&#231;&#227;o do
               valsartan, anlodipinae hidroclorotiazida, encontraram redu&#231;&#245;es mais acentuadas e
               maior propor&#231;&#227;o de metas atingidas em compara&#231;&#227;o com as combina&#231;&#245;es duplas desses
               f&#225;rmacos. No estudo TRINITY (<italic>Triple Therapy with Olmesartan Medoxomil,
                  Anlodipine, and Hydrochlorothiazide in Hypertensive Patients</italic>), a
               combina&#231;&#227;o tr&#237;plice de olmesartana, amlodipina e hidroclorotiazida resultou em
               significante redu&#231;&#227;o das press&#245;es sist&#243;licas e diast&#243;licas em compara&#231;&#227;o com cada
               tratamento de associa&#231;&#227;o dupla<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B36">36</xref>. A associa&#231;&#227;o
               tr&#237;plice do alisquireno, anlodipina e hidroclorotiazida apresentou redu&#231;&#227;o de 16,3 &#177;
               8,2 mmHg para a PAS e 11,4 &#177; 4,9 mmHg para a PAD nos pacientes com HA grave, e
               superiores aos grupos com combina&#231;&#245;es duplas<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B37">37</xref>.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Terap&#234;utica Qu&#225;drupla</title>
        <p>A utiliza&#231;&#227;o de quatro f&#225;rmacos na hipertens&#227;o arterial nos remete ao paciente com
               hipertens&#227;o resistente<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B38">38</xref>. A escolha do quarto
               f&#225;rmaco fica em um plano de discuss&#227;o muito amplo, visto n&#227;o existir trabalhos com
               desenho apropriado que respondam essa quest&#227;o, tanto em efic&#225;cia anti-hipertensiva
               quanto em prote&#231;&#227;o cardiovascular. A associa&#231;&#227;o de bloqueadores dos receptores
               mineralocorticoides &#233; a estrat&#233;gia de quarto f&#225;rmaco com maior indica&#231;&#227;o por promover
               redu&#231;&#245;es adicionais significativas da PA, conforme demonstrado no estudo ASCOT
               (Anglo-Scandinavian Cardiac Outcomes Trial), independentemente da rela&#231;&#227;o
               aldosterona/atividade plasm&#225;tica da renina<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B39">39</xref>.
               Em caso de intoler&#226;ncia a espironolactona ou n&#227;o se alcan&#231;ando a meta press&#243;rica, o
               quarto f&#225;rmaco pode ser a clonidina, betabloqueadores ou os vasodilatadores
               diretos.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec>
      <title>Estrat&#233;gia na hipertrofia ventricular esquerda</title>
      <p>A Hipertrofia Ventricular Esquerda (HVE) &#233; a manifesta&#231;&#227;o cardinal da doen&#231;a
            hipertensiva, estando presente em 36% a 41% dos pacientes, e &#233; um preditor independente
            de complica&#231;&#245;es cardiovasculares. Pacientes com HVE t&#234;m de 2-4 vezes risco maior de
            eventos card&#237;acos e c&#233;rebro vasculares<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B40">40</xref>. A
            presen&#231;a de les&#245;es em &#243;rg&#227;os-alvo, n&#227;o importando o est&#225;gio hipertensivo, j&#225; configura
            risco cardiovascular alto ou muito alto, devendo a combina&#231;&#227;o de f&#225;rmacos
            anti-hipertensivos ser a estrat&#233;gia inicial<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B01">1</xref>. Em
            monoterapia os f&#225;rmacos que mais reduzem a HVE s&#227;o os BRA e IECA, ficando os ACC,
            betabloqueadores e diur&#233;ticos em um plano inferior. Alguns ensaios cl&#237;nicos que
            compararam essas classes de f&#225;rmacos ao final acabaram utilizando terapia combinada
            dupla ou at&#233; tr&#237;plice para atingir as metas propostas na redu&#231;&#227;o dos n&#237;veis press&#243;ricos.
            Diversos estudos verificaram que as combina&#231;&#245;es duplas ou triplas foram mais eficientes
            em reduzir a massa ventricular esquerda, al&#233;m da mortalidade cardiovascular<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B41">41</xref>
				<sup>-</sup>
				<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B43">43</xref>.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec>
      <title>Paciente com doen&#231;a renal cr&#244;nica</title>
      <p>A presen&#231;a de Doen&#231;a Renal Cr&#244;nica (DRC) nos hipertensos, em geral, est&#225; associada a
            sobrecarga de volume e maior ativa&#231;&#227;o do SRAA. Nesses pacientes h&#225; necessidade de
            terapia combinada onde os bloqueadores do SRAA devem ser a preferencia em associa&#231;&#227;o com
            outros anti-hipertensivos<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B44">44</xref>.</p>
      <p>O uso de IECA ou BRA previne a redu&#231;&#227;o progressiva da fun&#231;&#227;o renal em maior grau que
            outros agentes anti-hipertensivos, tanto naqueles com ou sem diabetes, com ou sem
               protein&#250;ria<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B45">45</xref>.</p>
      <p>Para os pacientes com hipertens&#227;o e DRC sem protein&#250;ria a classe de medicamentos de
            primeira linha n&#227;o est&#225; bem estabelecida, podendo, portanto, ser utilizadas outras
            classes de medicamentos. Nesses pacientes, frequentemente ocorre reten&#231;&#227;o hidrossalina,
            possibilitando, portanto, o uso de diur&#233;ticos, tanto os tiaz&#237;dicos quanto os de
               al&#231;a<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B46">46</xref>.</p>
      <p>Outra possibilidade de associa&#231;&#227;o medicamentosa na presen&#231;a DRC &#233; o uso dos ACC. Esses
            s&#227;o considerados a segunda ou terceira op&#231;&#227;o no tratamento da HA com DRC<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B46">46</xref>
				<sup>,</sup>
				<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B47">47</xref>. Embora n&#227;o se tenham diferen&#231;as significativas na redu&#231;&#227;o da PA com o uso
            de diidropirid&#237;nicos (anlodipina e nifedipina) e n&#227;o diidropirid&#237;nicos (verapamil,
            diltiazem), estes &#250;ltimos demonstraram capacidade de redu&#231;&#227;o da protein&#250;ria, seja no uso
            em monoterapia, seja em associa&#231;&#227;o com IECA ou BRA<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B48">48</xref>.</p>
      <p>Os antagonistas da aldosterona reduziram a protein&#250;ria quando utilizados em associa&#231;&#227;o
            com IECA ou BRA, podendo ser a terceira ou quarta op&#231;&#227;o na combina&#231;&#227;o medicamentosa em
            casos selecionados e na macroprotein&#250;ria<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B49">49</xref>
				<sup>,</sup>
				<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B50">50</xref>. Entretanto, muita
            aten&#231;&#227;o deve ser tomada na possibilidade de ocorrer hipercalemia.</p>
      <p>O uso do alisquireno em associa&#231;&#227;o com IECA ou BRA, apesar da melhora na albumin&#250;ria,
            levou a risco de piora da fun&#231;&#227;o renal, hipercalemia e hipotens&#227;o em hipertensos
            diab&#233;ticos com DRC<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B51">51</xref>.</p>
      <p>O uso de betabloqueadores na presen&#231;a de DRC est&#225; indicado quando h&#225; associa&#231;&#227;o com
            doen&#231;a coronariana e/ou insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B46">46</xref>.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec>
      <title>Combina&#231;&#245;es no diabete e s&#237;ndrome metab&#243;lica</title>
      <p>A presen&#231;a de diabetes ou s&#237;ndrome metab&#243;lica caracteriza o paciente como tendo alto
            risco cardiovascular, estando indicado a terap&#234;utica combinada. As combina&#231;&#245;es
            preferenciais s&#227;o IECA ou BRA associados aos ACC, em vista da neutralidade metab&#243;lica.
            Se houver a necessidade de um terceiro f&#225;rmaco, d&#225;-se prefer&#234;ncia a um diur&#233;tico
            tiaz&#237;dico em baixas doses<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B52">52</xref>
				<sup>,</sup>
				<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B53">53</xref>.</p>
      <p>O estudo ADVANCE (<italic>Action in Diabetes and Vascular Disease: Preterax and
               Diamicron MR Controlled Evaluation</italic>) utilizou a combina&#231;&#227;o perindopril e
            indapamida em diab&#233;ticos, e mostrou redu&#231;&#227;o de mortalidade total e desfechos micro e
            macrovasculares, sendo uma alternativa de tratamento<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B54">54</xref>.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec>
      <title>Combina&#231;&#245;es na doen&#231;a arterial coronariana e cerebrovascular</title>
      <p>Nas indica&#231;&#245;es de f&#225;rmacos em hipertensos com DAC ou p&#243;s-infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio, as
            classes terap&#234;uticas dos BB, IECA, BRA, ACC diidropirid&#237;nicos t&#234;m prioridade no uso. A
            associa&#231;&#227;o de IECA e BB &#233; preferencial, principalmente no p&#243;s-infarto. Em caso de
            intoler&#226;ncia ao IECA esse dever&#225; ser substitu&#237;do por um BRA. O uso de diur&#233;ticos
            tiaz&#237;dicos e antagonistas de aldosterona tem uma indica&#231;&#227;o mais restrita.</p>
      <p>Em pacientes com doen&#231;a cerebrovascular, o uso de associa&#231;&#245;es de diur&#233;ticos tiaz&#237;dicos
            com IECA tem a prefer&#234;ncia, podendo-se utilizar o BRA em substitui&#231;&#227;o ao IECA, se n&#227;o
            tolerado. O ACC fica mais restrito aos eventos cerebrais agudos, sendo reservado o seu
            uso ap&#243;s seis horas do evento ou naqueles pacientes em que a PA esteja acima de 180/115
               mmHg<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B55">55</xref>
				<sup>,</sup>
				<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B56">56</xref>. Evid&#234;ncias sugerem que o benef&#237;cio na redu&#231;&#227;o da doen&#231;a
            cerebrovascular nos hipertensos decorre principalmente da redu&#231;&#227;o da press&#227;o. Assim,
            todos os f&#225;rmacos dispon&#237;veis e combina&#231;&#245;es racionais podem ser utilizadas<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B55">55</xref>.</p>
      <p>A DAC associada &#224; hipertens&#227;o indica que certas associa&#231;&#245;es t&#234;m um perfil mais
            favor&#225;vel, O uso de um betabloqueador associado a um IECA pode sugerir uma associa&#231;&#227;o
            menos usual, mas &#233; a que mais se ajusta de forma eficaz nessa situa&#231;&#227;o.</p>
      <table-wrap id="t03">
        <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
          <thead>
            <tr align="center" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">
              <th colspan="2"> Combina&#231;&#245;es de f&#225;rmacos no paciente com DAC </th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody>
            <tr align="center">
              <td colspan="2">
                <bold>Combina&#231;&#245;es duplas preferenciais</bold>
              </td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="center">&#8226;&#160; </td>
              <td> BB+IECA </td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="center">&#8226;&#160; </td>
              <td> BB+BRA </td>
            </tr>
            <tr style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">
              <td align="center">&#8226;&#160; </td>
              <td> BB+ACC (diidropirid&#237;nicos) </td>
            </tr>
            <tr align="center">
              <td colspan="2">
                <bold>Combina&#231;&#245;es triplas preferenciais</bold>
              </td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="center">&#8226;&#160; </td>
              <td> BB+ IECA ou BRA +ACC (diidropirid&#237;nicos) </td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="center">&#8226;&#160; </td>
              <td> BB+ IECA ou BRA + diur&#233;tico tiaz&#237;dico </td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
      </table-wrap>
    </sec>
    <sec>
      <title>Combina&#231;&#227;o de f&#225;rmacos no idoso</title>
      <p>O tratamento farmacol&#243;gico anti-hipertensivo do idoso reduz desfechos cardiovasculares e
            ajuda na preven&#231;&#227;o da DRC e da s&#237;ndrome demencial<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B57">57</xref>. A utiliza&#231;&#227;o de terapia combinada no idoso, de prefer&#234;ncia em combina&#231;&#227;o
            fixa, cria oportunidade para solucionar algumas situa&#231;&#245;es frequentes nessa faixa et&#225;ria,
            tais como a hipertens&#227;o sist&#243;lica isolada, melhora da rigidez arterial e a ades&#227;o ao
            tratamento.</p>
      <p>A terapia combinada deve ser iniciada com doses baixas, aumento mais lento e gradativo e
            revis&#227;o peri&#243;dica do seu efeito. Esse cuidado &#233; importante, visto que muitas vezes os
            sintomas de hipotens&#227;o no idoso apresentam-se de forma at&#237;pica, como sonol&#234;ncia,
            vertigem e confus&#227;o mental. </p>
      <p>Recomendamos estimar a depura&#231;&#227;o da creatinina, em todos os pacientes idosos, visto que
            a DRC &#233; comum nessa faixa et&#225;ria e a creatinina plasm&#225;tica n&#227;o reflete a fun&#231;&#227;o renal. A
            equa&#231;&#227;o mais utilizada &#233; a de Cockcroft e Gault<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B58">58</xref>. </p>
      <p>A maior evid&#234;ncia de redu&#231;&#227;o de desfecho CV em idosos &#233; o estudo HYVET (Hypertension in
            the Very Elderly Trial), que utilizou o IECA mais indapamida<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B59">59</xref>. Evid&#234;ncias atuais sugerem que a associa&#231;&#227;o de um bloqueador do
            SRAA com um ACC diidropirid&#237;nico pode ser melhor para reduzir desfechos CV<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B60">60</xref>. Especula-se que os benef&#237;cios dessa combina&#231;&#227;o,
            pelo menos em parte, estejam associados a maior redu&#231;&#227;o da PA central<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B61">61</xref>.</p>
      <p>Os diur&#233;ticos tiaz&#237;dicos podem ter efeitos ben&#233;ficos na osteoporose, frequente na mulher
            idosa. Os pacientes com idade superior a 80 anos t&#234;m maior risco de apresentar
            hipotens&#227;o arterial e comorbidades em maior frequ&#234;ncia. A redu&#231;&#227;o da PAS entre 150/140
            mmHg nesse grupo teve grande impacto na redu&#231;&#227;o de mortalidade e morbidade CV<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B59">59</xref>
				<sup>,</sup>
				<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B62">62</xref>.</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
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  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="SA1" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Special Original</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title xml:lang="en">I Brazilian Position Paper on Antihypertensive Drug
               Combination</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>P&#243;voa</surname>
            <given-names>Rui</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c02"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Barroso</surname>
            <given-names>Weimar Sebba</given-names>
          </name>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Brand&#227;o</surname>
            <given-names>Andrea A</given-names>
          </name>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Jardim</surname>
            <given-names>Paulo Cesar Veiga</given-names>
          </name>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Barroso</surname>
            <given-names>Oswaldo</given-names>
          </name>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Passarelli</surname>
            <given-names>Oswaldo</given-names>
            <suffix>Jr.</suffix>
          </name>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Gemelli</surname>
            <given-names>Jo&#227;o Roberto</given-names>
          </name>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Feitosa</surname>
            <given-names>Audes</given-names>
          </name>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Jardim</surname>
            <given-names>Thiago Veiga</given-names>
          </name>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Carneiro</surname>
            <given-names>Sergio Baiocchi</given-names>
          </name>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Amodeo</surname>
            <given-names>Celso</given-names>
          </name>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Moreira</surname>
            <given-names>Osni</given-names>
            <suffix>Filho</suffix>
          </name>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Nogueira</surname>
            <given-names>Armando da Rocha</given-names>
          </name>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Morais</surname>
            <given-names>Nelson Siqueira de</given-names>
          </name>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Scala</surname>
            <given-names>Luiz Cesar Naz&#225;rio</given-names>
          </name>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Gonzaga</surname>
            <given-names>Carolina</given-names>
          </name>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Souza</surname>
            <given-names>Dilma do Socorro Moraes de</given-names>
          </name>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Paiva</surname>
            <given-names>Annelise Machado Gomes de</given-names>
          </name>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Malachias</surname>
            <given-names>Marcus Vinicius Bolivar</given-names>
          </name>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Mion</surname>
            <given-names>D&#233;cio</given-names>
            <suffix>Jr.</suffix>
          </name>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Mota-Gomes</surname>
            <given-names>Marco Ant&#244;nio</given-names>
          </name>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Barbosa</surname>
            <given-names>Eduardo Costa Duarte</given-names>
          </name>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Sousa</surname>
            <given-names>Marcio Gon&#231;alves de</given-names>
          </name>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Bianco</surname>
            <given-names>Henrique Tria</given-names>
          </name>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Fonseca</surname>
            <given-names>Francisco Antonio Helfenstein</given-names>
          </name>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Kalil</surname>
            <given-names>Marcio</given-names>
          </name>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Miranda</surname>
            <given-names>Roberto Dischinger</given-names>
          </name>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Uehara</surname>
            <given-names>Carlos Andr&#233;</given-names>
          </name>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Sanjuliani</surname>
            <given-names>Ant&#244;nio Felipe</given-names>
          </name>
        </contrib>
        <aff>
          <institution content-type="orgname">Brazilian Society of Cardiology</institution>
          <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Arterial Hypertension Department</institution>
          <institution content-type="original">Brazilian Society of Cardiology Arterial
                  Hypertension Department</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c02"><bold>Mailing Address: Rui P&#243;voa</bold>, Rua Pedro de Toledo 276, Vila Mariana S&#227;o
               Paulo SP Postal Code: 04039-030. E-mail: <email>rmspovoa@cardiol.br</email>
				</corresp>
      </author-notes>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>Hypertension / therapy</kwd>
        <kwd>Antihypertensive Agents / pharmacology</kwd>
        <kwd>Antihypertensive Agents / therapeutic use</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p>Arterial hypertension (AH) is a highly prevalent disease, and is a major cardiovascular
            (CV) risk factor<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B01">1</xref>; therefore, achieving blood
            pressure (BP) control goals as soon as possible is paramount to reduce that risk<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B02">2</xref>. That means that approximately 70% of hypertensive
            individuals will need antihypertensive drug combination<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B03">3</xref>, and up to 30% of hypertensive individuals are estimated to use four or
            more drugs to achieve BP control<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B04">4</xref>. Thus, drug
            combination is currently described as an important strategy to manage AH, providing
            effective and safe BP reduction.</p>
      <p>Drug choice is based on effective BP reduction and CV outcomes. Despite the existence of
            a significant number of drugs to treat AH, their control rates are still very low,
            contributing to the high CV morbidity and mortality rates observed in Brazil and
               worldwide<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B01">1</xref>
				<sup>,</sup>
				<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B02">2</xref>. </p>
      <p>According to the Antihypertensive and Lipid-Lowering Treatment to Prevent Heart Attack
            Trial (ALLHAT) and the Hypertension Optimal Treatment (HOT) Study, only 26% and 33% of
            the patients, respectively, could control their BP with monotherapy, while in the
            Losartan Intervention for Endpoints Reduction (LIFE) Study, 90% of the patients needed
            combined therapy for that purpose<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B03">3</xref> .</p>
      <p>Drug combination is mainly aimed at increasing antihypertensive efficacy, with fewer
            adverse events. It is worth noting the importance of considering therapy adherence. The
            pathophysiology of AH involves multiple factors and mechanisms, making its control
            difficult when only one drug is used, because counterregulatory mechanisms that
            attenuate the antihypertensive effect of the drug can occur. The association of drugs
            with different mechanisms of action has a greater impact on BP reduction as long as
            there is pharmacokinetic compatibility and no disparity of effects and properties<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B03">3</xref>
				<sup>-</sup>
				<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B05">5</xref>. </p>
      <p>Thus, the choice of the drugs to be combined should contemplate two aspects: synergism
            of the mechanisms of action and opposition to counterregulatory mechanisms triggered
            after the beginning of therapy with a certain drug. The desired antihypertensive
            efficacy is more likely to be achieved by using lower doses of the drugs involved. Thus,
            fewer adverse events are observed, with no loss of antihypertensive drug potency<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B03">3</xref>
				<sup>-</sup>
				<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B05">5</xref>.</p>
      <p>Another important aspect is that drugs should be preferably combined in a single galenic
            presentation, facilitating their administration, and assuring lower cost, with a
            consequent improvement in treatment adherence<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B02">2</xref>
				<sup>,</sup>
				<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B06">6</xref>.</p>
      <sec>
        <title>Evidence of clinical trials</title>
        <p>Data available have suggested that most of the hypertensive population requires
               combined therapy to achieve BP control goals<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B01">1</xref>.
               A meta-analysis of 354 double-blind randomized clinical trials has found mean BP
               reductions with monotherapy of only 9.1 mm Hg and 5.5 mm Hg for systolic BP (SBP) and
               diastolic BP (DBP), respectively. There were only few differences in the responses to
               the following drugs assessed: diuretics; beta-blockers (BBs);
               angiotensin-converting-enzyme inhibitors (ACEIs); type 1 angiotensin-receptor
               blockers (ARBs); and calcium channel antagonists (CCAs)<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B07">7</xref>. In the ALLHAT, only 26% of the patients achieved the BP
               control goal with monotherapy, even considering the goal for diabetic patients (36%
               of the patients) of &lt; 140/90 mm Hg, rather than 130/80 mm Hg as recommended by
               several guidelines at the time<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B04">4</xref>. In the HOT
               Study, only 33% of the patients met the DBP goal with monotherapy; 45% required two
               drugs and 22% needed three drugs to meet that goal<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B08">8</xref>. The mean SBP at the end of the HOT Study was 141 mm Hg, indicating that
               an even higher percentage of patients would have needed combined therapy to meet the
               goal of &lt; 140 mmHg<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B05">5</xref>. In the LIFE Study,
               treatment to meet the recommended goal (&lt;140/90 mmHg) was aggressively pursued in
               elderly patients with left ventricular hypertrophy (LVH). Considering an initial mean
               BP of 175/98 mm Hg, more than 90% need to use at least two antihypertensive
                  drugs<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B09">9</xref>. The Strategies in Treatment of
               Hypertension (STRATHE) Study, in which treatment was initiated with a combination of
               low doses and compared to monotherapy, has found a greater percentage of individuals
               in the low-dose combination group who met the BP control goal (BP &lt; 140/90 mm Hg)
               as compared to those receiving sequential monotherapy (62% vs. 49%, p = 0.02)<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>.</p>
        <p>Based on the criteria of efficacy, tolerability, likelihood of higher adherence,
               evidence of CV and kidney protections, and safety, the associations of
               antihypertensive drugs can be divided as follows: preferential; acceptable; less
               usual; and unusual (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t04">Chart 1</xref>)<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref>. <xref ref-type="table" rid="t05">Chart
                  2</xref> summarizes the current recommendations for drug association in AH
                  treatment<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref>. It is worth noting that
               non-pharmacological measures of lifestyle change should be always emphasized to
               improve AH control and prevention of its complications.</p>
        <table-wrap id="t04">
          <label>Chart 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Combinations of antihypertensive drugs</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <tbody>
              <tr align="center">
                <td colspan="2">
                  <bold>Preferential</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr align="center">
                <td>&#8226; </td>
                <td align="left"> ACEI + CCA </td>
              </tr>
              <tr align="center">
                <td>&#8226; </td>
                <td align="left"> ACEI + Diuretic </td>
              </tr>
              <tr align="center">
                <td>&#8226; </td>
                <td align="left"> ARB + CCA (dihydropyridine) </td>
              </tr>
              <tr align="center" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">
                <td>&#8226; </td>
                <td align="left"> ARB + Diuretic </td>
              </tr>
              <tr align="center">
                <td colspan="2">
                  <bold>Acceptable</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr align="center">
                <td>&#8226; </td>
                <td align="left"> Diuretic + BB </td>
              </tr>
              <tr align="center">
                <td>&#8226; </td>
                <td align="left"> CCA (dihydropyridine) + BB </td>
              </tr>
              <tr align="center">
                <td>&#8226; </td>
                <td align="left"> CCA + Diuretic </td>
              </tr>
              <tr align="center">
                <td>&#8226; </td>
                <td align="left"> DRI + Diuretic </td>
              </tr>
              <tr align="center">
                <td>&#8226; </td>
                <td align="left"> DRI + CCA </td>
              </tr>
              <tr align="center" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">
                <td>&#8226; </td>
                <td align="left"> Thiazide diuretic + Potassium-saving diuretic </td>
              </tr>
              <tr align="center">
                <td colspan="2">
                  <bold>Less usual</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr align="center">
                <td>&#8226; </td>
                <td align="left"> ACEI + BB </td>
              </tr>
              <tr align="center" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">
                <td>&#8226; </td>
                <td align="left"> ARB + BB </td>
              </tr>
              <tr align="center">
                <td colspan="2">
                  <bold>Unusual</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr align="center">
                <td>&#8226; </td>
                <td align="left"> CCA (non-dihydropyridine) + BB </td>
              </tr>
              <tr align="center">
                <td>&#8226; </td>
                <td align="left"> ACEI + ARB </td>
              </tr>
              <tr align="center">
                <td>&#8226; </td>
                <td align="left"> ACEI + DRI </td>
              </tr>
              <tr align="center">
                <td>&#8226; </td>
                <td align="left"> ARB + DRI </td>
              </tr>
              <tr align="center">
                <td>&#8226; </td>
                <td align="left"> Central sympatholytic drug + BB </td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn>
              <p>* BB: beta-blocker; ACEI: angiotensin-converting-enzyme inhibitor; ARB: type
                        1 angiotensin-receptor blocker; CCA: calcium channel antagonists; DRI:
                        direct renin inhibitor.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <table-wrap id="t05">
          <label>Chart 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Recommendations for the association of antihypertensive drugs</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td>&#8226; Consider combined therapy to meet BP goals. </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>&#8226; Whenever possible, use preferential or acceptable combinations. </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>&#8226; Reserve unusual combinations for special cases, in which there is
                           evidence </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td> of benefits. </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>&#8226; Initiate combined therapy routinely to individuals who need BP
                           reductions &gt; </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td> 20 mm Hg and/or 10 mm Hg for SBP and DBP, respectively (stages 2 and
                           3). </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>&#8226; Initiate combined therapy to stage 1 individuals at high and very high
                           risk, or </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td> when the second drug can improve the side effect profile of the initial
                           therapy. </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>&#8226; Use, if possible, fixed associations in only one tablet/capsule or
                           grouped </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td> combinations to improve adherence to treatment. </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>&#8226; If the goal is not met with the double combination, reassess adherence
                           and </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td> other causes of lack of control, and, if necessary, use combinations of
                           three </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td> or more drugs. </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>&#8226; The use of formulated antihypertensive drugs is not recommended. </td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
        </table-wrap>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Benefits of adherence to drug combination</title>
        <p>Current guidelines recommend and encourage the use of fixed drug combinations (FDC)
               to make adherence to treatment easier<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B02">2</xref>. In
               addition, previous studies have shown that complex drug treatment and polypharmacy
               have a deleterious effect on treatment adherence and persistence<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref>.</p>
        <p>As compared to non-FDC, FDC improves treatment adherence and persistence because of
               the following advantages:</p>
        <p>- Daily single dose and fewer tablets to be ingested, resulting in higher convenience
               to the patient, and lower risk of dose confusion<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref>;</p>
        <p>- Potential lower cost, due to the reduced number of tablets<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref>;</p>
        <p>- Better BP control, possibly due to simultaneous and/or synergic action in multiple
               pathophysiological AH factors and attenuation of therapeutic inertia<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref>. Greater 24 hour BP stability in synergic FDC,
               with adequate trough-peak ratio and doses, promoting higher CV protection<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B04">4</xref>;</p>
        <p>- The goal is met earlier, leading to a faster reduction in CV risk<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B04">4</xref> and greater patients' trust in physicians and
                  drugs<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref>;</p>
        <p>- Lower rate of adverse events<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref>, because FDC
               often associates two drugs at non-maximum doses capable of reducing BP without
               leading to the adverse events that result from their use at higher doses; or the
               undesired effects of the drugs are balanced or even suppressed because of their
               combined action.</p>
        <p>Blood pressure should be reduced over days or weeks, rather than abruptly within a
               few hours, which can lead to either mild adverse events, such as vertigo and visual
               blurring, or even severe events, especially in the elderly<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref>. To avoid adverse events in patients with co-morbidities or
               orthostatic hypotension, previous dose adjustment with the non-FDC is necessary, and
               should be initiated with low doses.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Evidence in cardiovascular outcomes</title>
        <p>The benefits of combined therapy have been demonstrated in a meta-analysis showing
               reductions of 63% and 46% in stroke and coronary artery disease (CAD), respectively,
               as compared to monotherapy<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B07">7</xref>. The Valsartan
               Antihypertensive Long-term Use Evaluation (VALUE) and (International Verapamil SR and
               Trandolapril (INVEST) Study have evidenced that BP reduction in a shorter period of
               time reduces the risk of events and death<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref>
					<sup>,</sup>
					<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref>.</p>
        <p>The Avoiding Cardiovascular Events through combination Therapy (ACCOMPLISH) Study,
               which tested a new treatment strategy for AH, has compared two FDC (Benazepril +
               Amlodipine vs. Benazepril + hydrochlorothiazide). In the benazepril + amlodipine
               group, a 15% reduction in CV morbidity and mortality was observed in high CV-risk
               hypertensive patients as compared to the other group, leading to early interruption
               of the study by the data monitoring committee<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref>.</p>
        <p>Some combinations, however, need to be reassessed, and should be avoided until new
               evidence appears, because they might not be beneficial to patients. In the Ongoing
               Telmisartan Alone and in Combination with Ramipril Trial (ONTARGET) and in the
               Aliskiren Trial in Type 2 Diabetes Using Cardio-Renal Endpoints (ALTITUDE) with
               double renin-angiotensin system blockade, there was no reduction in morbidity and
               mortality, but significant worsening of kidney function and hypotension<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref>
					<sup>,</sup>
					<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref>.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Double combinations of antihypertensive drugs</title>
        <p>There are several classes of antihypertensive drugs, making a large amount of
               combinations possible (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02">fig. 1</xref>).</p>
        <fig id="f02" fig-type="other">
          <label>Figure 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Possible combination of antihypertensive drugs: continuous green line
                     (preferential combinations); dotted green line (acceptable combinations);
                     dotted black line (less usual combinations); red line (unusual combinations).
                     Modified from Mancia et al. 2013 ESH/ESC Guidelines for the management of
                     arterial hypertension. ARB: angiotensin receptor blocker; CCA: calcium channel
                     antagon ist; ACEI: angiotensin-converting-enzyme inhibitor.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-102-03-0203-40023-gf01-en.jpg"/></fig>
        <p>&#8226; Renin-angiotensin system inhibitors + diuretics</p>
        <p>The combination of an ACEI, an ARB or a DRI with a thiazide diuretic
               (hydrochlorothiazide, chlorthalidone or indapamide) at low doses results in a
               significant additional effect on BP reduction. In addition, that association
               attenuates the reflex activation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS)
               by diuretics and hypokalemia in susceptible patients<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref>.</p>
        <p>Based on the efficacy, safety and favorable performance of those agents, fixed
               combinations of ACEI or ARB with diuretics are preferential. Most fixed combinations
               use hydrochlorothiazide as a diuretic, although chlorthalidone has shown to be more
               effective in reducing BP and CV outcomes<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref>.</p>
        <p>The best evidence of the reduction of overall and CV mortality in hypertensive
               individuals by use of the association of ACEI or ARB with thiazide diuretics was
               observed with indapamide, which also needs to be considered preferential relative to
                  hydrochlorothiazide<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref>.</p>
        <p>&#8226; Renin-angiotensin system inhibitors + calcium channel antagonists</p>
        <p>That combination results in a significant BP reduction<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref> and improves, via sympatholytic and venodilating actions of ACEI or
               ARB, tolerance to CCA, attenuating reflex tachycardia and peripheral edema caused by
               the predominant arteriole dilation of CCA<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref>.
               The ACCOMPLISH study has compared clinical outcomes in high-risk hypertensive
               patients receiving the combinations of ACEI + CCA or ACEI + diuretics. The ACEI + CCA
               group showed a higher and significant BP reduction and a 20% decrease in the
               incidence of combined outcomes (CV mortality, myocardial infarction and stroke) as
               compared to the ACEI + diuretics group. It is worth noting that 60% of the patients
               had diabetes and a high percentage showed evidence of CAD<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref>.</p>
        <p>&#8226; Calcium channel antagonists + thiazide diuretics</p>
        <p>That combination results in an additive effect with small repercussion on BP,
               probably due to the overlap of their pharmacological effects<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref>. Calcium channel antagonists increase the renal excretion of
               sodium, although not with the same potency of diuretics, and, in the long run, both
               showed vasodilation with no volume depletion. The VALUE study<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref> has shown no unfavorable effects of the addition of
               hydrochlorothiazide to patients randomized to use amlodipine. Therefore, that is
               considered a possible combination.</p>
        <p>&#8226; Beta-blockers + thiazide diuretics</p>
        <p>Although BBs have shown the ability to reduce clinical outcomes in placebo-controlled
               studies, meta-analyses (mainly with atenolol) have suggested that BBs are less
               effective than diuretics, ACEIs, ARBs and CCAs<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref>. Similarly to ACEIs and ARBs, BBs attenuate the RAAS activation induced
               by diuretics resulting in additional BP reduction. The addition of diuretics also
               improves BB effectiveness in Afrodescendant individuals and others with AH and low
               renin levels. It is worth noting that such association might increase the risk for
               developing glucose intolerance, fatigue and sexual dysfunction<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref>.</p>
        <p>&#8226; Thiazide diuretics + potassium-saving diuretics </p>
        <p>The fixed combination of either hydrochlorothiazide or chlorthalidone with amiloride
               can potentiate even more BP reduction, preserving potassium plasma levels (important
               in the AH treatment, considering the potassium vasodilating actions), and reducing
               the incidence of hypokalemia<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref>. In addition,
               there is evidence of the superiority of chlorthalidone relative to
               hydrochlorothiazide, because of its longer half-life, greater potency and higher
               number of studies showing a reduction in CV outcomes<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B04">4</xref>. The association with amiloride is considered acceptable in individuals
               with preserved kidney function (glomerular filtration &gt; 50 mL/min/1.73
                  m<sup>2)</sup>. Glomerular filtration rates below that value increase the risk of
                  hyperkalemia<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref>.</p>
        <p>&#8226; Calcium channel antagonists + beta-blockers </p>
        <p>The pharmacological effects of those two classes of drugs are complementary in
               reducing BP. The Metoprolol Succinate-Felodipine Antihypertension Combination Trial
               (M-FACT), a combination of low doses of felodipine and metoprolol, both of prolonged
               release, has reported a BP reduction comparable to that of maximum doses of each drug
               separately, and edema incidence similar to that of placebo<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref>. The combination of BB with dihydropyridine CCA is considered
               acceptable, but that with non-dihydropyridine CCA, such as verapamil and diltiazem,
               should be avoided because of its additional effect on heart rate and atrioventricular
               conduction, which can result in severe bradycardia and/or atrioventricular
               blocks.</p>
        <p>Unusual combinations </p>
        <p>&#8226; Angiotensin-converting-enzyme inhibitors + type 1 angiotensin-receptor blocker </p>
        <p>The combination of ACEI with ARB is not recommended. That combination has a small
               additional effect on BP reduction, comparable to the reduction determined by each
               agent isolated. The ONTARGET trial has reported that patients on the
               telmisartan/ramipril combination, as compared to others using those drugs in
               isolation, showed no improvement in CV outcomes despite the additional BP reduction,
               on average, 2.4/1.4 mm Hg; in addition, more side effects were observed with that
               combination than with those drugs in isolation<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref>
					<sup>-</sup>
					<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref>.</p>
        <p>&#8226; Direct renin inhibitor + renin-angiotensin system inhibitors</p>
        <p>That combination has an additive effect on BP reduction; however, studies on
               morbidity and mortality reduction with that association have found no benefits,
               therefore, it is not recommended<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref>.</p>
        <p>&#8226; Renin-angiotensin system inhibitors + beta-blockers </p>
        <p>Those drugs are cardioprotective and frequently administered to individuals with CAD
               and/or heart failure. When combined, however, a small additional BP reduction,
               comparable to that of their isolated use, is observed<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">32</xref>. Therefore, that is a less effective association when the goal is BP
               reduction.</p>
        <p>&#8226; Beta-blockers + central action drugs</p>
        <p>Beta-blockers and central action drugs (clonidine and alpha-methyldopa) interfere
               with the sympathetic nervous system. The extent of BP reduction with that combination
               has not been assessed. That combination can cause important bradycardia or
               atrioventricular block. In addition, individuals on that combination, who suddenly
               discontinued their treatment, had rebound hypertension. Therefore, that is considered
               a less effective combination<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">33</xref>.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Triple and quadruple combinations</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Triple combination</title>
          <p>In 15% to 20% of hypertensive patients, the double combination is estimated not to
                  be effective to achieve BP goal, requiring the triple combination<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B02">2</xref>.</p>
          <p>The triple combination in one single tablet has proven to be more effective than
                  the separate use of the three drugs, relative to both treatment adherence and
                  abandonment risk, with improvements of 29% and 24%, respectively<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B06">6</xref>.</p>
          <p>The use of the triple combination in one single tablet has been associated with
                  faster BP control and consequent greater reduction in CV risk as compared with
                  monotherapy followed by the double combination, contributing, thus, to improve
                  therapeutic inercia<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34">34</xref>.</p>
          <p>When triple therapy is indicated, combining an ACEI or ARB with a CCA and a
                  diuretic is recommended as the most rational and effective association<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B02">2</xref>.</p>
          <p>Calhoun et al<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B35">35</xref>, assessing the association
                  of valsartan, amlodipine and hydrochlorothiazide, have found more marked BP
                  reductions and a higher proportion of goals achieved as compared with the double
                  combinations of those drugs. In the Triple Therapy with Olmesartan Medoxomil,
                  Amlodipine and Hydrochlorothiazide in Hypertensive Patients (TRINITY) Study, the
                  triple combination of olmesartan, amlodipine and hydrochlorothiazide has resulted
                  in a significant reduction in SBP and DBP as compared with each double
                     association<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B36">36</xref>. The triple association of
                  aliskiren, amlodipine and hydrochlorothiazide has yielded reductions of 16.3 &#177; 8.2
                  mm Hg and 11.4 &#177; 4.9 mm Hg in SBP and DBP, respectively, in patients with severe
                  AH, and such reductions were greater than those obtained with double
                     combinations<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B37">37</xref>.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Quadruple therapy</title>
          <p>The combination of four drugs in AH relates to resistant hypertension<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B38">38</xref>. The choice of the fourth drug involves a
                  lot of discussion, because of the lack of studies with appropriate design to
                  answer that question, regarding both antihypertensive efficacy and CV protection.
                  The mineralocorticoid receptor blocker is the most indicated fourth drug to be
                  associated, because it promotes significant additional BP reductions, as shown in
                  the Anglo-Scandinavian Cardiac Outcomes Trial (ASCOT), regardless of the
                  aldosterone/renin plasma activity ratio<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B39">39</xref>.
                  In case of either intolerance to spironolactone or not achieving BP goal, the
                  fourth drug can be clonidine, BB or direct vasodilators.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Strategy in left ventricular hypertrophy</title>
        <p>The major manifestation of hypertensive disease is LVH, present in 36% to 41% of the
               patients and an independent predictor of CV complications. Patients with LVH have a
               2-4 times increased risk for cardiac and cerebrovascular events<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B40">40</xref>. The presence of target-organ lesions, regardless of the
               hypertensive stage, already indicates high to very high CV risk, and the combination
               of antihypertensive drugs should be the initial strategy<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B01">1</xref>. In monotherapy, the most effective drugs to reduce LVH are
               ARBs and ACEIs, followed by CCAs, BBs and diuretics. Some clinical trials comparing
               those classes of drugs have eventually used double or even triple combined therapy to
               reduce BP and achieve the goals proposed. Several studies have reported that double
               or triple combinations were more effective to reduce left ventricular mass and CV
                  mortality<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B41">41</xref>
					<sup>-</sup>
					<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B43">43</xref>.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="subjects">
        <title>Patient with chronic kidney disease</title>
        <p>Chronic kidney disease (CKD) in hypertensive individuals is usually associated with
               volume overload and RAAS activation. Those patients require combined therapy, in
               which RAAS blockers should be preferred in association with other antihypertensive
                  drugs<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B44">44</xref>.</p>
        <p>The use of ACEIs or ARBs is more effective in preventing the progressive
               deterioration of kidney function than that of other antihypertensive drugs, in
               patients with and without diabetes, with and without proteinuria<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B45">45</xref>.</p>
        <p>For patients with AH and CKD without proteinuria, the first-line drug class has not
               been well established, and, thus, other drug classes can be used. In those patients,
               hydrosaline retention often occurs, thus requiring the use of diuretics (thiazide and
               loop diuretics)<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B46">46</xref>.</p>
        <p>Other drugs that can be associated in the presence of CKD are CCAs, which are
               considered the second or third option to treat AH with CKD<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B46">46</xref>
					<sup>,</sup>
					<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B47">47</xref>. Although
               no significant differences in BP reduction were observed with the use of
               dihydropyridines (amlodipine and nifedipine) and non-dihydropyridines (verapamil,
               diltiazem), the latter have been able to reduce proteinuria, either in monotherapy or
               in association with ACEIs or ARBs<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B48">48</xref>.</p>
        <p>Aldosterone antagonists have reduced proteinuria when used in association with ACEIs
               or ARBs, and can be the third or fourth option in drug combination in selected cases
               and in gross proteinuria<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B49">49</xref>
					<sup>,</sup>
					<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B50">50</xref>. However, the possibility of hyperkalemia
               should be considered.</p>
        <p>Although aliskiren improves albuminuria, its association with ACEIs or ARBs has the
               risk of kidney function worsening, hyperkalemia and hypotension in hypertensive
               individuals with diabetes and CKD<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B51">51</xref>.</p>
        <p>The use of BB in the presence of CKD is indicated when there is CAD and/or heart
               failure associated<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B46">46</xref>.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Combinations in diabetes and metabolic syndrome</title>
        <p>The presence of diabetes or metabolic syndrome characterizes the patient as of high
               CV risk, and combined therapy is indicated. The preferential combinations are either
               ACEIs or ARBs in association with CCAs, because of metabolic neutrality. When a third
               drug is needed, a thiazide diuretic at low doses is preferred<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B52">52</xref>
					<sup>,</sup>
					<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B53">53</xref>.</p>
        <p>The Action in Diabetes and Vascular Disease: Preterax and Diamicron MR Controlled
               Evaluation (ADVANCE) study, using perindopril and indapamide combined for patients
               with diabetes, has shown a reduction in overall mortality and in micro- and
               macrovascular outcomes; therefore, that is a treatment alternative<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B54">54</xref>.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Combinations in coronary artery and cerebrovascular diseases</title>
        <p>For hypertensive individuals with CAD or after acute myocardial infarction, the
               therapeutic classes of BBs, ACEIs, ARBs and dihydropyridine CCAs have priority of
               use. The association of an ACEI and a BB is preferential, mainly after myocardial
               infarction. If intolerance to an ACEI occurs, it should be replaced by an ARB.
               Thiazide diuretics and aldosterone antagonists have a more restrict indication.</p>
        <p>In patients with cerebrovascular disease, the association of thiazide diuretics and
               ACEIs is preferential, and an ARB can replace the ACEI, if not tolerated. The CCA is
               more restrict to acute cerebral events, its use being reserved to six hours after the
               event or in patients whose BP is greater than 180/115 mmHg<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B55">55</xref>
					<sup>,</sup>
					<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B56">56</xref>. Evidence
               has suggested that the benefit of reducing cerebrovascular disease in hypertensive
               individuals is mainly due to BP reduction. Thus, all drugs available and their
               rational combinations can be used<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B55">55</xref>.</p>
        <p>Certain drug combinations are more favorable in the presence of CAD and AH.
               Associating a BB with an ACEI can suggest a less usual combination, but that is the
               most effective in that situation.</p>
        <table-wrap id="t06">
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <thead>
              <tr align="left">
                <th colspan="2"> Drug combinations in patients with CAD </th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr align="center">
                <td colspan="2">
                  <bold>Preferential double combinations</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">&#8226; </td>
                <td> BB + ACEI </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">&#8226; </td>
                <td> BB + ARB </td>
              </tr>
              <tr style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">
                <td align="center">&#8226; </td>
                <td> BB + CCA (dihydropyridine) </td>
              </tr>
              <tr align="center">
                <td colspan="2">
                  <bold>Preferential triple combinations</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">&#8226; </td>
                <td> BB + ACEI or ARB + CCA (dihydropyridine) </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">&#8226; </td>
                <td> BB + ACEI or ARB + thiazide diuretics </td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
        </table-wrap>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Drug combination in the elderly</title>
        <p>The antihypertensive drug treatment in the elderly reduces CV outcomes and helps to
               prevent CKD and dementia syndromes<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B57">57</xref>. The use
               of combined therapy in the elderly, preferably of FDC, provides the opportunity to
               solve some frequent situations of that age group, such as isolated systolic
               hypertension, and improves arterial stiffness and adherence to treatment.</p>
        <p>Combined therapy should be initiated with low doses, which should be increased slowly
               and gradually, and periodic review of its effect performed. That is important,
               because the hypotension symptoms in the elderly often present atypically as
               sleepiness, vertigo and mental confusion.</p>
        <p>Creatinine clearance should be estimated in all elderly patients, because CKD is
               common in that age group and plasma creatinine does not reflect kidney function. The
               Cockcroft and Gault equation is the most used for that purpose<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B58">58</xref>.</p>
        <p>The greatest evidence of a reduction in CV outcomes in the elderly is the
               Hypertension in the Very Elderly Trial (HYVET), which used ACEIs in association with
                  indapamide<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B59">59</xref>. Current evidence suggests
               that the association of a RAAS blocker with a dihydropyridine CCA can be better to
               reduce CV outcomes<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B60">60</xref>. The benefits of that
               combination, at least in part, are speculated to be associated with a greater
               reduction in central BP<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B61">61</xref>.</p>
        <p>Thiazide diuretics can have beneficial effects on osteoporosis, which is frequent in
               female elderly. Patients older than 80 years are at higher risk for arterial
               hypotension and co-morbidities. The SBP reduction to 150-140 mm Hg in that age group
               had a great impact on decreasing CV mortality and morbidity<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B59">59</xref>
					<sup>,</sup>
					<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B62">62</xref>.</p>
      </sec>
    </body>
  </sub-article>
</article>
