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<article xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" dtd-version="3.0" article-type="case-report" xml:lang="pt">
  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">6ZtFpgJWbLsSgHVyzL9fGQv</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2014000300016</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">00016</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5935/abc.20140024</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Relato De Caso</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title xml:lang="pt">Uso do Sildenafil no Tratamento da Miocardiopatia n&#227;o
               Compactada em Crian&#231;a</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Redondo</surname>
            <given-names>Ana Carolina Costa</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Fuenmayor</surname>
            <given-names>Gabriela</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Shiraishi</surname>
            <given-names>Karen Saori</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Fontes</surname>
            <given-names>Simone Rolim F</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Elias</surname>
            <given-names>Patr&#237;cia Figueiredo</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Souza</surname>
            <given-names>Rogerio</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Jatene</surname>
            <given-names>Ieda Biscegli</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c01"/>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff01">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Associa&#231;&#227;o do Sanat&#243;rio S&#237;rio</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Hospital do Cora&#231;&#227;o</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country>Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Hospital do Cora&#231;&#227;o - Associa&#231;&#227;o do Sanat&#243;rio
               S&#237;rio, S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff02">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Faculdade de Medicina</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv2">Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv3">Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country>Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o, Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas da
               Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo, S&#227;o Paulo, SP -
               Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01"><bold>Correspond&#234;ncia: Ieda Biscegli Jatene</bold>, Rua Des. Eliseu Guilherme, 123,
               CEP 04004-020 Para&#237;so, S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brasil. E-mail:
                  <email>ijatene@hcor.com.br</email>
				</corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Contribui&#231;&#227;o dos autores</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa: Fontes SRF, Elias PF, Souza R, Jatene IB. Obten&#231;&#227;o
                  de dados: Redondo ACC, Fuenmayor G, Shiraishi KS, Fontes SRF, Elias PF. An&#225;lise e
                  interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados: Redondo ACC, Fuenmayor G, Shiraishi KS. An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica:
                  Redondo ACC, Fuenmayor G, Shiraishi KS, Souza R. Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito: Redondo ACC,
                  Fuenmayor G, Souza R. Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual:
                  Redondo ACC, Fuenmayor G, Fontes SRF, Elias PF, Souza R, Jatene IB.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potencial Conflito de Interesses</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Declaro n&#227;o haver conflito de interesses pertinentes.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date pub-type="epub-ppub">
        <month>03</month>
        <year>2014</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>102</volume>
      <issue>3</issue>
      <elocation-id>27</elocation-id>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>05</day>
          <month>02</month>
          <year>2013</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>02</day>
          <month>07</month>
          <year>2013</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>02</day>
          <month>07</month>
          <year>2013</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <kwd>Insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca</kwd>
        <kwd>Cardiomiopatia dilatada / complica&#231;&#245;es</kwd>
        <kwd>Inibidores de fosfodiesterase</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <counts>
        <fig-count count="1"/>
        <table-count count="1"/>
        <equation-count count="0"/>
        <ref-count count="10"/>
        <page-count count="4"/>
      </counts>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
      <p>A Insufici&#234;ncia Card&#237;aca Congestiva (ICC) ocorre quando h&#225; incapacidade do cora&#231;&#227;o em
            manter a demanda metab&#243;lica basal frente &#224; press&#227;o venosa fisiol&#243;gica. Na popula&#231;&#227;o
            pedi&#225;trica, corresponde a uma entidade complexa de m&#250;ltiplas etiologias, a depender da
            faixa et&#225;ria avaliada, e ocorre principalmente se associada a malforma&#231;&#245;es estruturais
            cong&#234;nitas, cardiomiopatias ou secund&#225;ria a eventos arritmog&#234;nicos, infecciosos,
            isqu&#234;micos, t&#243;xicos ou infiltrativos<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B01">1</xref>.</p>
      <p>A incid&#234;ncia da ICC em crian&#231;as tamb&#233;m varia conforme a condi&#231;&#227;o de base. Estima-se que
            pacientes com defeitos card&#237;acos cong&#234;nitos apresentam incid&#234;ncia de ICC entre 15 a 25%
            na evolu&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica. Enquanto isso, em cora&#231;&#245;es estruturalmente normais, a
            miocardiopatia &#233; o principal fator associado &#224; ICC, com incid&#234;ncia descrita de 40% de
            ICC nesses pacientes<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B01">1</xref>.</p>
      <p>A miocardiopatia n&#227;o compactada isolada &#233; uma doen&#231;a rara, com incid&#234;ncia na popula&#231;&#227;o
            geral de 0,014 a 1,3%. Provavelmente, seu desenvolvimento se d&#225; em raz&#227;o de falha da
            compacta&#231;&#227;o do mioc&#225;rdico entre a 5&#170; e 8&#170; semanas de vida embrion&#225;ria, levando &#224;
            persist&#234;ncia de trabecula&#231;&#245;es e recessos profundos, que se comunicam com a cavidade
            ventricular e geram espessamento do mioc&#225;rdio em duas camadas distintas (compactado e
            n&#227;o compactado). Descrita inicialmente na popula&#231;&#227;o pedi&#225;trica ou em conjunto com
            cardiopatia cong&#234;nita, tamb&#233;m acomete pacientes adultos que n&#227;o apresentam outra doen&#231;a
               card&#237;aca<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B02">2</xref>
				<sup>,</sup>
				<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B03">3</xref>.</p>
      <p>Postula-se que essa falha sobre a regress&#227;o dos sinusoides embrion&#225;rios possa ocorrer
            devido &#224;s press&#245;es muito elevadas a que os ventr&#237;culos s&#227;o submetidos nesse per&#237;odo do
            desenvolvimento, mas o aspecto gen&#233;tico, descrito na literatura, ressalta a rela&#231;&#227;o da
            doen&#231;a com diferentes genes, como a muta&#231;&#227;o no gene G4.5 em fam&#237;lias com miocardiopatia
            n&#227;o compactada grave infantil, muta&#231;&#227;o P121L, CYPHER/ZASP, E101K e num l&#243;cus contendo o
            gene da doen&#231;a no cromossomo 11p15<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B03">3</xref>.</p>
      <p>Pacientes com miocardiopatia n&#227;o compactada apresentam, como principais complica&#231;&#245;es,
            tromboembolismo pulmonar, arritmias e ICC<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B03">3</xref>. Al&#233;m
            do tratamento habitual da ICC, novas classes de medicamentos t&#234;m sido estudadas ao longo
            dos &#250;ltimos anos, entre elas os inibidores da Fosfodiesterase do Tipo 5 (PDE 5)<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B04">4</xref>. Com o uso corrente para o tratamento da disfun&#231;&#227;o
            er&#233;til e da hipertens&#227;o arterial pulmonar, sua utiliza&#231;&#227;o no tratamento da ICC passou a
            ser estudada ap&#243;s se ter demonstrado maior express&#227;o de PDE-5 nos mi&#243;citos e c&#233;lulas
            musculares vasculares, bem como marcadores de estresse oxidativo em pacientes com ICC,
            interrogando se o uso dos inibidores de PDE-5 poderia ter papel nessa situa&#231;&#227;o
               cl&#237;nica<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B05">5</xref>.</p>
      <p>Relatamos aqui, pela primeira vez, a evolu&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica e laboratorial de um paciente
            portador de miocardiopatia n&#227;o compactada, ap&#243;s uso de sildenafil (inibidor da PDE-5),
            em associa&#231;&#227;o ao tratamento habitual.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="cases">
      <title>Relato do Caso</title>
      <p>Trata-se de paciente masculino, previamente h&#237;gido, admitido aos 6 anos de idade com
            quadro cl&#237;nico compat&#237;vel com ICC. Na investiga&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica, foram descartadas causas de
            ICC secund&#225;ria a processos infecciosos, arritmog&#234;nicos, infiltrativos, t&#243;xicos,
            isqu&#234;micos ou doen&#231;as neuromusculares. A dosagem s&#233;rica de Pept&#237;deo Natriur&#233;tico do Tipo
            B (BNP) foi de 641 pg/mL e o ecocardiograma constatou fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o de Ventr&#237;culo
            Esquerdo (VE) de 19,1%, disfun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica biventricular importante e disfun&#231;&#227;o
            diast&#243;lica do VE, al&#233;m de dilata&#231;&#227;o importante do VE e discreta do &#225;trio esquerdo. Foi
            observada, ainda, presen&#231;a de trabecula&#231;&#245;es profundas, que se comunicavam com a cavidade
            livre do VE, com rela&#231;&#227;o entre a &#225;rea n&#227;o compactada e a compactada de 3,2:1, e sem
            malforma&#231;&#227;o estrutural, firmando o diagn&#243;stico de miocardiopatia bilateral do tipo
            mioc&#225;rdio n&#227;o compactado (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01">Figura 1</xref>). Iniciou se
            tratamento medicamentoso com Inibidor de Enzima Conversora da Angiotensina (IECA),
            diur&#233;ticos e carvedilol.</p>
      <fig id="f01" fig-type="other">
        <label>Figura 1</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Estudo ecocardiogr&#225;fico realizado aos 6 anos de idade mostrando dilata&#231;&#227;o das
                  c&#226;maras esquerdas, com aspecto esponjoso do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo e rela&#231;&#227;o entre
                  mioc&#225;rdio n&#227;o compactado e compactado igual a 3,2:1, em proje&#231;&#227;o de eixo longo (A)
                  e eixo curto (C), e ap&#243;s 7 anos de tratamento cl&#237;nico medicamentoso (B e
                  D).</title>
        </caption>
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-102-03-0027-40024-gf01.jpg"/></fig>
      <p>Ap&#243;s 1 ano de seguimento cl&#237;nico e tratamento farmacol&#243;gico otimizado (diur&#233;ticos, IECA
            e betabloqueador), o paciente evoluiu com piora dos sintomas e classe funcional,
            necessitando de nova interna&#231;&#227;o. O seguimento ecocardiogr&#225;fico demonstrou persist&#234;ncia
            de cardiomiopatia dilatada de importante repercuss&#227;o hemodin&#226;mica, com insufici&#234;ncia
            tric&#250;spide moderada e discreta insufici&#234;ncia mitral. Frente ao diagn&#243;stico e &#224; evolu&#231;&#227;o
            cl&#237;nica desfavor&#225;vel, indicou-se a avalia&#231;&#227;o visando ao transplante card&#237;aco. Nessa
            &#233;poca, realizou estudo hemodin&#226;mico que demonstrou miocardiopatia por ventr&#237;culos n&#227;o
            compactados com mioc&#225;rdio esponjoso, angiografia capilar normal e press&#227;o capilar m&#233;dia
            de 25 mmHg.</p>
      <p>Como terapia de resgate, foi indicado, nesse momento, o uso do sildenafil na dose de 2
            mg/kg/dia enquanto aguardava doador. O seguimento trimestral cl&#237;nico e de imagem mostrou
            melhora progressiva, com normaliza&#231;&#227;o da fun&#231;&#227;o ventricular, dos n&#237;veis s&#233;ricos de BNP e
            da sintomatologia (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t01">Tabela 1</xref>). Com essa evolu&#231;&#227;o,
            o paciente foi retirado da fila de transplante card&#237;aco, seguindo com boa Qualidade de
            Vida.</p>
      <table-wrap id="t01">
        <label>Tabela 1</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Evolu&#231;&#227;o do seguimento ap&#243;s associa&#231;&#227;o do sildenafil. Descri&#231;&#227;o evolutiva de
                  par&#226;metros cl&#237;nico, laboratorial e ecocardiogr&#225;fico antes e ap&#243;s introdu&#231;&#227;o do
                  sildenafil no tratamento medicamentoso</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="rows">
          <thead>
            <tr align="center">
              <th>&#160;</th>
              <th>
                <bold>Antes do sildenafil</bold>
              </th>
              <th>
                <bold>Durante administra&#231;&#227;o do sildenafil</bold>
              </th>
              <th>
                <bold>Depois da administra&#231;&#227;o do sildenafil</bold>
              </th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody>
            <tr align="center">
              <td align="left"> FC (bpm) </td>
              <td> 100 </td>
              <td> 80 </td>
              <td> 79 </td>
            </tr>
            <tr align="center">
              <td align="left"> SATO<sub>2</sub> (%) </td>
              <td> 90 </td>
              <td> 99 </td>
              <td> 99 </td>
            </tr>
            <tr align="center">
              <td align="left"> Classe funcional </td>
              <td> III </td>
              <td> II </td>
              <td> I </td>
            </tr>
            <tr align="center">
              <td align="left"> VD (mm) </td>
              <td> 23 </td>
              <td> 19,1 </td>
              <td> 14,7 </td>
            </tr>
            <tr align="center">
              <td align="left"> VDF VE (mL/m<sup>2</sup>) </td>
              <td> 208 </td>
              <td> 122 </td>
              <td> 95 </td>
            </tr>
            <tr align="center">
              <td align="left"> VSF VE (mL/m<sup>2</sup>) </td>
              <td> 168 </td>
              <td> 51,6 </td>
              <td> 48,7 </td>
            </tr>
            <tr align="center">
              <td align="left"> FE VE (%) </td>
              <td> 19 </td>
              <td> 32-43 </td>
              <td> 60 </td>
            </tr>
            <tr align="center">
              <td align="left"> BNP (pg/mL) </td>
              <td> 641 </td>
              <td> 15 </td>
              <td> 42 </td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
        <table-wrap-foot>
          <fn>
            <p>FC (bpm): frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca (batidas por minuto); SATO<sub>2</sub>: satura&#231;&#227;o
                     do oxig&#234;nio; VD: ventr&#237;culo direito; VDF VE: volume diast&#243;lico final de
                     ventr&#237;culo esquerdo; VSF VE: volume sist&#243;lico final de ventr&#237;culo esquerdo; FE
                     VE: fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o de ventr&#237;culo esquerdo; BNP: pept&#237;deo natriur&#233;tico
                     cerebral.</p>
          </fn>
        </table-wrap-foot>
      </table-wrap>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="discussion">
      <title>Discuss&#227;o</title>
      <p>Relatamos, pela primeira vez, o caso de um paciente escolar, portador de miocardiopatia
            n&#227;o compactada, com disfun&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica refrat&#225;ria ao tratamento cl&#237;nico convencional e
            que obteve melhora significativa dos par&#226;metros cl&#237;nicos, laboratoriais e de imagem ap&#243;s
            associa&#231;&#227;o de um inibidor da PDE-5 (sildenafil) ao tratamento medicamentoso de base. </p>
      <p>A miocardiopatia n&#227;o compactada foi descrita inicialmente em 1932, em necr&#243;psia, e
            corresponde a uma doen&#231;a heterog&#234;nea com progn&#243;stico reservado. O tratamento baseia se
            na evolu&#231;&#227;o para insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca sist&#243;lica, na presen&#231;a de fen&#244;menos
            tromboemb&#243;licos ou de arritmias secund&#225;rios ao acometimento ventricular esquerdo. O
            mioc&#225;rdio n&#227;o compactado isolado pode ser identificado desde a inf&#226;ncia at&#233; a vida
            adulta, ocorrendo em ambos os g&#234;neros<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B06">6</xref>.</p>
      <p>O progn&#243;stico &#233; extremamente vari&#225;vel, sendo as complica&#231;&#245;es consideravelmente menos
            frequentes na faixa et&#225;ria pedi&#225;trica<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B07">7</xref>. Numa
            s&#233;rie de casos de adultos, em torno de 60% sofreram morte s&#250;bita ou foram submetidos a
            transplante card&#237;aco num prazo de 6 anos ap&#243;s o diagn&#243;stico<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B01">1</xref>. De forma semelhante, em outra s&#233;rie de casos, 47% de 34 adultos
            com miocardiopatia n&#227;o compactada isolada tiveram o mesmo desfecho num per&#237;odo de
            seguimento de 44 &#177; 39 meses<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B02">2</xref>.</p>
      <p>A PDE-5 &#233; uma enzima com especificidade para catalisar a hidr&#243;lise do GMPc presente em
            diversos tecidos, atuando no metabolismo do &#243;xido n&#237;trico intracelular. Sua inibi&#231;&#227;o
            favorece a vasodilata&#231;&#227;o, via perman&#234;ncia do GMPc intracelular<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B08">8</xref>. Entretanto, na disfun&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca, o efeito ben&#233;fico do uso de
            inibidores da PDE-5 parece estar relacionado ao desvio da cascata e ao aumento da
            produ&#231;&#227;o de AMPc, com aumento do c&#225;lcio intracelular e melhora da contratilidade<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B05">5</xref>. Esse efeito ainda foi relacionado &#224; preserva&#231;&#227;o
            da fun&#231;&#227;o ventricular esquerda e &#224; diminui&#231;&#227;o da fibrose, da apoptose e da hipertrofia
            ventricular esquerda, por meio da inibi&#231;&#227;o da via RhoA/Rhokinase. Essa &#233; a via
            fisiopatol&#243;gica associada &#224; aterosclerose, hipertrofia card&#237;aca e remodela&#231;&#227;o
               p&#243;s-infarto<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B08">8</xref>.</p>
      <p>O sildenafil &#233; um inibidor seletivo da PDE-5 inicialmente empregado para o tratamento de
            disfun&#231;&#227;o er&#233;til que apresenta potenciais aplica&#231;&#245;es n&#227;o urol&#243;gicas<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B04">4</xref>. Segundo Freitas Jr. e cols.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B09">9</xref>, a administra&#231;&#227;o aguda de sildenafil e de nitroprussiato de s&#243;dio esteve
            associada ao remodelamento card&#237;aco reverso, com redu&#231;&#227;o das c&#226;maras card&#237;acas direitas
            e melhora da fun&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca biventricular<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B09">9</xref>.
            Observou-se que o uso de sildenafil melhora a capta&#231;&#227;o de oxig&#234;nio, o &#237;ndice card&#237;aco, a
            depress&#227;o e a qualidade de vida, bem como reduz a rigidez a&#243;rtica e a resist&#234;ncia
            vascular sist&#234;mica em pacientes com ICC. Bocchi e cols.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B05">5</xref> demonstraram que, no exerc&#237;cio, o uso do sildenafil melhorou a capacidade
            f&#237;sica, a atenua&#231;&#227;o do aumento da frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca e sua redu&#231;&#227;o no per&#237;odo de
            recupera&#231;&#227;o, durante teste ergom&#233;trico em esteira<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B05">5</xref>. Enquanto isso, G&#243;mez-S&#225;nchez e cols.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref> e Freitas Jr e cols.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B09">9</xref> demonstraram
            que uma &#250;nica dose de 100 mg de sildenafil sublingual foi eficaz e segura na redu&#231;&#227;o da
            press&#227;o pulmonar e de suas vari&#225;veis durante o teste de reatividade vascular
            pr&#233;-transplante card&#237;aco, evidenciando que, al&#233;m da redu&#231;&#227;o significativa da press&#227;o
            sist&#243;lica da art&#233;ria pulmonar e das resist&#234;ncias pulmonar e sist&#234;mica, houve aumento do
            d&#233;bito card&#237;aco e m&#237;nimas repercuss&#245;es sobre a circula&#231;&#227;o sist&#234;mica<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B09">9</xref>
				<sup>,</sup>
				<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>.</p>
      <p>A utiliza&#231;&#227;o do sildenafil n&#227;o est&#225; liberado para uso rotineiro em popula&#231;&#227;o pedi&#225;trica,
            exceto para o tratamento da hipertens&#227;o arterial pulmonar. Contudo, a aus&#234;ncia de
            terapias outras que pudessem contribuir para melhora da classe funcional e revers&#227;o da
            insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca motivou o uso <italic>off label</italic>.</p>
      <p>Embora maiores extrapola&#231;&#245;es n&#227;o possam ser feitas com base em um &#250;nico relato de caso,
            nosso trabalho sugere que o uso de sildenafil possa ter papel importante para o
            tratamento da ICC na popula&#231;&#227;o pedi&#225;trica, mesmo na aus&#234;ncia de hipertens&#227;o arterial
            pulmonar, ressaltando a necessidade de estudos desenhados para tal fim, nessa popula&#231;&#227;o
            espec&#237;fica.</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
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    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="supported-by">
        <p>
          <bold>Fontes de Financiamento</bold>
        </p>
        <p>O presente estudo n&#227;o teve fontes de financiamento externas.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>
          <bold>Vincula&#231;&#227;o Acad&#234;mica</bold>
        </p>
        <p>N&#227;o h&#225; vincula&#231;&#227;o deste estudo a programas de p&#243;s gradua&#231;&#227;o.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="SA1" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Case Report</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title xml:lang="en">Sildenafil for Noncompaction Cardiomyopathy Treatment in a
               Child: Case Report</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Redondo</surname>
            <given-names>Ana Carolina Costa</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff03">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Fuenmayor</surname>
            <given-names>Gabriela</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff03">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Shiraishi</surname>
            <given-names>Karen Saori</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff03">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Fontes</surname>
            <given-names>Simone Rolim F</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff03">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Elias</surname>
            <given-names>Patr&#237;cia Figueiredo</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff03">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Souza</surname>
            <given-names>Rogerio</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff03">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff04">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Jatene</surname>
            <given-names>Ieda Biscegli</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff03">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c02"/>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff03">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Associa&#231;&#227;o do Sanat&#243;rio S&#237;rio</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Hospital do Cora&#231;&#227;o</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country>Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Hospital do Cora&#231;&#227;o - Associa&#231;&#227;o do Sanat&#243;rio
               S&#237;rio, S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff04">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Faculdade de Medicina</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv2">Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv3">Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country>Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o, Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas da
               Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo, S&#227;o Paulo, SP -
               Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c02"><bold>Mailing Address: Ieda Biscegli Jatene</bold>, Rua Des. Eliseu Guilherme, 123,
               CEP 04004-020 Para&#237;so, S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brasil. E-mail:
                  <email>ijatene@hcor.com.br</email>
				</corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Author contributions</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Conception and design of the research: Fontes SRF, Elias PF, Souza R, Jatene IB.
                  Acquisition of data: Redondo ACC, Fuenmayor G, Shiraishi KS, Fontes SRF, Elias PF.
                  Analysis and interpretation of the data: Redondo ACC, Fuenmayor G, Shiraishi KS.
                  Statistical analysis: Redondo ACC, Fuenmayor G, Shiraishi KS, Souza R. Writing of
                  the manuscript: Redondo ACC, Fuenmayor G, Souza R. Critical revision of the
                  manuscript for intellectual content: Redondo ACC, Fuenmayor G, Fontes SRF, Elias
                  PF, Souza R, Jatene IB.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potential Conflict of Interest</bold>
          </p>
          <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>Heart Failure</kwd>
        <kwd>Cardiomyopathy, Dilated / complications</kwd>
        <kwd>Phosphodiesterase Inhibitors</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>Introduction</title>
        <p>Congestive heart failure (CHF) occurs when the heart can no longer maintain the
               baseline metabolic demand triggered by physiological venous pressure. In the
               pediatric population, it corresponds to a complex entity with multiple etiologies,
               depending on the age group assessed, being mainly associated with congenital
               structural malformations, cardiomyopathies, or secondary to arrhythmogenic,
               infectious, ischemic, toxic or infiltrative events<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B01">1</xref>.</p>
        <p>The incidence of CHF in children also varies according to the underlying condition,
               ranging from 15% to 25% in patients with congenital heart defects. In structurally
               normal hearts, cardiomyopathy is the major factor associated with CHF, with a 40%
               incidence of CHF reported in those patients<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B01">1</xref>.</p>
        <p>Isolated noncompaction cardiomyopathy is a rare disease, whose incidence in the
               general population ranges from 0.014% to 1.3%. It might result from a failure in
               compaction of the ventricular myocardium between weeks 5 and 8 of the embryonic life,
               leading to the persistence of myocardial trabeculations and deep recesses, which
               communicate with the ventricular cavity, generating myocardial thickening in two
               distinct layers (compacted and noncompacted). Initially reported in the pediatric
               population or with a congenital cardiopathy, it also affects adults with no other
               heart disease<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B02">2</xref>
					<sup>,</sup>
					<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B03">3</xref>.</p>
        <p>This failure in the regression of embryonic sinusoids is postulated to be due to the
               extremely high pressures that the ventricles undergo in that developmental period.
               However, the literature has reported a genetic aspect emphasizing the relationship of
               the disease with different genes, such as the mutation of gene G4.5 in families with
               severe infantile noncompaction cardiomyopathy, mutations P121L, CYPHER/ZASP, E101K,
               and a locus containing the disease gene in chromosome 11p15<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B03">3</xref>.</p>
        <p>The major complications of patients with noncompaction cardiomyopathy are pulmonary
               thromboembolism, arrhythmias and CHF<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B03">3</xref>. In
               addition to the usual treatment of CHF, new classes of drugs, such as the
               phosphodiesterase type 5 (PDE-5) inhibitors, have been studied<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B04">4</xref>. They are currently used for the treatment of erectile
               dysfunction and pulmonary arterial hypertension, and began to be studied for the
               treatment of CHF after the demonstration of higher PDE-5 expression in myocytes and
               vascular muscle cells, as well as of markers of oxidative stress in patients with
                  CHF<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B05">5</xref>.</p>
        <p>We report, for the first time, the clinical and laboratory findings of a patient with
               noncompaction cardiomyopathy after the addition of sildenafil (PDE-5 inhibitor) to
               the usual treatment.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="cases">
        <title>Case Report</title>
        <p>The patient is a 6-year-old male, previously healthy, admitted with clinical findings
               compatible with CHF. The clinical investigation ruled out causes of CHF secondary to
               infectious, arrhythmogenic, infiltrative, toxic and ischemic processes and
               neuromuscular disorders. The serum level of type B natriuretic peptide (BNP) was 641
               pg/mL. The echocardiographic findings were as follows: left ventricular (LV) ejection
               fraction of 19.1%; significant biventricular systolic dysfunction; LV diastolic
               dysfunction; significant LV dilation; and mild left atrial dilation. In addition,
               deep myocardial trabeculae were observed, communicating with the free LV cavity, with
               a noncompaction to compaction ratio of 3.2:1 and no structural malformation,
               establishing the diagnosis of bilateral cardiomyopathy of the noncompaction
               myocardial type (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02">Figure 1</xref>). Drug treatment with
               angiotensin-converting-enzyme inhibitor (ACEI), diuretics and carvedilol was
               initiated.</p>
        <fig id="f02" fig-type="other">
          <label>Figure 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Echocardiographic study performed at the age of 6 years shows dilated left
                     chambers, spongy left ventricle, and noncompacted to compacted myocardium ratio
                     of 3.2:1, long axis plane (A) and short axis plane (C), and after 7 years of
                     clinical drug treatment (B and D).</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-102-03-0027-40024-gf01-en.jpg"/></fig>
        <p>After one year of clinical follow-up and optimized pharmacological treatment
               (diuretics, ACEI and beta blocker), his symptoms and functional class worsened, a new
               hospital admission being necessary. Echocardiography showed persistent dilated
               cardiomyopathy of significant hemodynamic repercussion, with moderate tricuspid and
               mild mitral regurgitations. Because of the unfavorable diagnosis and clinical course,
               the patient was assessed aiming at heart transplantation. The hemodynamic evaluation
               showed cardiomyopathy with noncompaction of the ventricles and spongy myocardium,
               normal capillary angiography and mean capillary pressure of 25 mm Hg.</p>
        <p>Rescue therapy with sildenafil at the dose of 2 mg/kg/day was indicated while
               awaiting a donor. The clinical and imaging follow-up every three months showed
               progressive improvement, with normalization of the ventricular function, of the BNP
               serum levels and of the symptoms (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t02">Table 1</xref>).
               The patient was then removed from the heart transplantation list, maintaining good
               quality of life.</p>
        <table-wrap id="t02">
          <label>Table 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Description of the clinical, laboratory and echocardiographic parameters
                     before and after the Introduction of sildenafil In the drug treatment</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="rows">
            <thead>
              <tr align="center">
                <th>&#160;</th>
                <th>
                  <bold>Before sildenafil</bold>
                </th>
                <th>
                  <bold>During sildenafil administration</bold>
                </th>
                <th>
                  <bold>After sildenafil administration</bold>
                </th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr align="center">
                <td align="left"> HR (bpm) </td>
                <td> 100 </td>
                <td> 80 </td>
                <td> 79 </td>
              </tr>
              <tr align="center">
                <td align="left"> SaO<sub>2</sub> (%) </td>
                <td> 90 </td>
                <td> 99 </td>
                <td> 99 </td>
              </tr>
              <tr align="center">
                <td align="left"> Functional class </td>
                <td> III </td>
                <td> II </td>
                <td> I </td>
              </tr>
              <tr align="center">
                <td align="left"> RV (mm) </td>
                <td> 23 </td>
                <td> 19.1 </td>
                <td> 14.7 </td>
              </tr>
              <tr align="center">
                <td align="left"> LVEDV (mL/m<sup>2</sup>) </td>
                <td> 208 </td>
                <td> 122 </td>
                <td> 95 </td>
              </tr>
              <tr align="center">
                <td align="left"> LVESV (mL/m<sup>2</sup>) </td>
                <td> 168 </td>
                <td> 51.6 </td>
                <td> 48.7 </td>
              </tr>
              <tr align="center">
                <td align="left"> LVEF (%) </td>
                <td> 19 </td>
                <td> 32-43 </td>
                <td> 60 </td>
              </tr>
              <tr align="center">
                <td align="left"> BNP (pg/mL) </td>
                <td> 641 </td>
                <td> 15 </td>
                <td> 42 </td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn>
              <p>HR (bpm): heart rate (beats per minute); SaO<sub>2</sub>: oxygen saturation;
                        RV: right ventricle; LVEDV: left ventricular end-diastolic volume; LVESV:
                        left ventricular end-systolic volume; LVEF: left ventricular ejection
                        fraction; BNP: brain natriuretic peptide.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="discussion">
        <title>Discussion</title>
        <p>We report for the first time the case of a male patient at school age with
               noncompaction cardiomyopathy and myocardial dysfunction refractory to conventional
               clinical treatment, whose clinical, laboratory and imaging parameters significantly
               improved after the addition of a PDE-5 inhibitor (sildenafil) to the baseline drug
               treatment.</p>
        <p>Noncompaction cardiomyopathy was first described in 1932, on autopsy. It is a
               heterogeneous disease with reserved prognosis. Its treatment is based on the
               progression to systolic heart failure in the presence of thromboembolic phenomena or
               arrhythmias secondary to LV impairment. Isolated noncompaction of the myocardium can
               be identified from childhood to adulthood, occurring in both sexes<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B06">6</xref>.</p>
        <p>The prognosis is extremely variable, the complications being considerably less
               frequent in the pediatric age group<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B07">7</xref>. In an
               adult case series, approximately 60% had sudden death or underwent heart
               transplantation six years within the diagnosis<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B01">1</xref>. Similarly, in another case series, 47% of 34 adults with isolated
               noncompaction cardiomyopathy had the same outcome in a follow-up of 44 &#177; 39
                  months<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B02">2</xref>.</p>
        <p>Phosphodiesterase type 5 is a specific enzyme that catalyzes the GMPc hydrolysis in
               several tissues, acting on the metabolism of intracellular nitric oxide. Its
               inhibition favors vasodilation, via permanence of intracellular GMPc<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B08">8</xref>. However, in cardiac dysfunction, the
               beneficial effect of PDE-5 inhibitors seems related to the deviation of the cascade
               and to the increase in AMPc production, with an increase in intracellular calcium and
               contractility improvement<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B05">5</xref>. That effect has
               also been related to the preservation of LV function and a reduction in fibrosis,
               apoptosis and LV hypertrophy, via inhibition of the RhoA/Rho-kinase pathway. That
               physiopathological pathway is associated with atherosclerosis, cardiac hypertrophy
               and post-infarction remodeling<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B08">8</xref>.</p>
        <p>Sildenafil is a selective PDE-5 inhibitor initially used to treat erectile
               dysfunction and that has potential non urological applications<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B04">4</xref>. According to Freitas Jr. et al<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B09">9</xref>, the acute administration of sildenafil and sodium nitroprusside has
               been associated with reverse cardiac remodeling, a reduction in right cardiac
               chambers and an improvement in biventricular cardiac function<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B09">9</xref>. The use of sildenafil improves oxygen uptake, cardiac index,
               depression, and quality of life, and reduces aortic stiffness and systemic vascular
               resistance in patients with CHF. Bocchi et al<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B05">5</xref>
               have shown that, during exercise, the use of sildenafil improved physical capacity,
               the attenuation of heart rate increase and its reduction during recovery, on the
               treadmill exercise test<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B05">5</xref>. G&#243;mez-S&#225;nchez et
                  al<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref> and Freitas Jr. et al<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B09">9</xref> have shown that one single sublingual dose of
               sildenafil (100 mg) was effective and safe to reduce pulmonary pressure and its
               variables during the vascular reactivity test prior to heart transplantation,
               evidencing that, in addition to a significant reduction in the pulmonary artery
               systolic pressure and in pulmonary and systemic resistances, there was an increase in
               cardiac output and minimal effect on the systemic circulation<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B09">9</xref>
					<sup>,</sup>
					<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>.</p>
        <p>Sildenafil has not been approved for routine use in the pediatric population, except
               for treating pulmonary arterial hypertension. However, the lack of other therapies
               that could contribute to improve the patient's functional class and revert his heart
               failure motivated the off-label use.</p>
        <p>Although greater extrapolations cannot be performed based on one single case report,
               ours suggests that sildenafil might play an important role in the treatment of CHF in
               the pediatric population, even in the absence of pulmonary arterial hypertension.
               This emphasizes the need for studies designed for that purpose in that specific
               population. </p>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="supported-by">
          <p>
            <bold>Sources of Funding</bold>
          </p>
          <p>There were no external funding sources for this study.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>
            <bold>Study Association</bold>
          </p>
          <p>This study is not associated with any post-graduation program.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
