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<article xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" dtd-version="3.0" article-type="case-report" xml:lang="pt">
  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">KmqFVgrRq9yhwtY6Ft3pXvK</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2014000200036</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">00036</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5935/abc.20140017</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Relato De Caso</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title xml:lang="pt">Miocardite Clinicamente Manifesta em Surto Agudo de Febre
               Reum&#225;tica</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Xavier Jr.</surname>
            <given-names>Jos&#233; L.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Soeiro</surname>
            <given-names>Alexandre de Matos</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Lopes</surname>
            <given-names>Antonio S. S. A.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Spina</surname>
            <given-names>Guilherme S.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Serrano Jr.</surname>
            <given-names>Carlos V.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Oliveira Jr.</surname>
            <given-names>M&#250;cio T.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01">1</xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff01">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">USP</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">HCFM</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv2">Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv3">Unidade Cl&#237;nica de Emerg&#234;ncia </institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country>Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Unidade Cl&#237;nica de Emerg&#234;ncia - Instituto do
               Cora&#231;&#227;o (InCor) - HCFMUSP, S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff02">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">USP</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">HCFM</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv2">Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv3">Unidade Cl&#237;nica de Valvopatias</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country>Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Unidade Cl&#237;nica de Valvopatias - Instituto do
               Cora&#231;&#227;o (InCor) - HCFMUSP, S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01"><bold>Correspond&#234;ncia: Alexandre de Matos Soeiro</bold>, Rua Maranh&#227;o,
               680, apt.&#186; 81, Santa Paula. CEP 09530-440, S&#227;o Caetano do Sul, SP - Brasil. E-mail:
                  <email>alexandre.soeiro@bol.com.br</email>
				</corresp>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potencial Conflito de Interesses</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Declaro n&#227;o haver conflito de interesses pertinentes.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date pub-type="epub-ppub">
        <day>25</day>
        <month>03</month>
        <year>2014</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>102</volume>
      <issue>02</issue>
      <elocation-id>e17</elocation-id>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>17</day>
          <month>02</month>
          <year>2013</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>27</day>
          <month>05</month>
          <year>2013</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>11</day>
          <month>06</month>
          <year>2013</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/">
          <license-p>This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative
                  Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License which permits unrestricted
                  non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the
                  original work is properly cited. </license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <kwd>Miocardite</kwd>
        <kwd>Cardiomiopatia Dilatada</kwd>
        <kwd>Febre Reum&#225;tica / epidemiologia</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <counts>
        <fig-count count="2"/>
        <table-count count="0"/>
        <equation-count count="0"/>
        <ref-count count="10"/>
        <page-count count="4"/>
      </counts>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
      <p>O desenvolvimento de miocardite aguda em per&#237;odo p&#243;s operat&#243;rio de cirurgia card&#237;aca &#233;
            um desafio para o m&#233;dico que cuida desse tipo de paciente. Na maioria das vezes, a
            miocardite pode ser apenas consequ&#234;ncia da inflama&#231;&#227;o relacionada ao procedimento. No
            entanto, diagn&#243;sticos diferenciais devem ser observados. Dentre eles, a febre reum&#225;tica
            entra como importante mecanismo. Apesar de sua manifesta&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca predominante
            relacionar-se ao acometimento do aparato valvar, seu diagn&#243;stico &#233; essencialmente
            cl&#237;nico, e ela pode comprometer agudamente o mioc&#225;rdio. Nesse contexto, a ocorr&#234;ncia de
            miocardite reum&#225;tica aguda &#233; rara e de tratamento imunossupressor ainda incerto.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="cases">
      <title>Relato do Caso</title>
      <p>Trata-se de paciente de 23 anos, sexo feminino, branca, natural e procedente da cidade
            de S&#227;o Paulo, que compareceu ao servi&#231;o de emerg&#234;ncia com queixa de dispneia em repouso
            (classe funcional IV da <italic>New York Heart Association</italic>), palpita&#231;&#245;es,
            n&#225;useas, febre n&#227;o aferida e aumento do volume abdominal h&#225; seis dias. Relatava
            antecedente pessoal de febre reum&#225;tica, com duas cirurgias de pl&#225;sticas valvares mitrais
            e tric&#250;spides, em 1996 e 2011, e posterior troca valvar mitral por pr&#243;tese biol&#243;gica h&#225;
            quatro meses, em 2012. Al&#233;m disso, era portadora de fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial cr&#244;nica em
            anticoagula&#231;&#227;o. Negava outros sintomas e comorbidades. Fazia uso irregular de varfarina,
            furosemida 40 mg/dia, espironolactona 50 mg/dia, captopril 37,5 mg/dia, diltiazem 180
            mg/dia e sulfadiazina 1 g/dia (devido &#224; alergia &#224; penicilina).</p>
      <p>Em fevereiro de 2012, a paciente apresentou quadro de dispneia ao repouso devido a
            insufici&#234;ncia valvar mitral sintom&#225;tica, permanecendo internada at&#233; a cirurgia card&#237;aca
            de troca valvar mitral por pr&#243;tese biol&#243;gica. Na ocasi&#227;o, realizou cintilografia
            mioc&#225;rdica pr&#233;-operat&#243;ria com g&#225;lio-67, que resultou negativa para processo inflamat&#243;rio
            mioc&#225;rdico. A cirurgia decorreu sem complica&#231;&#245;es, e o ecocardiograma transtor&#225;cico
            p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio mostrava &#225;trio esquerdo (AE) de 50 mm de di&#226;metro, ventr&#237;culo esquerdo
            (VE) de 56 &#215; 39 mm, fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o (FE) de 57% e pr&#243;tese biol&#243;gica mitral sem
            altera&#231;&#245;es estruturais. Recebeu alta em uso das medica&#231;&#245;es citadas anteriormente.</p>
      <p>Ao exame f&#237;sico, apresentava-se em regular estado geral, afebril, taquic&#225;rdica
            (frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca = 180 batimentos por minuto), press&#227;o arterial de 90 &#215; 60 mmHg,
            taquidispneica (frequ&#234;ncia respirat&#243;ria = 25 incurs&#245;es por minuto), com satura&#231;&#227;o
            arterial de oxig&#234;nio de 93%, em ar ambiente e tiragem intercostal. Mostrava
               <italic>ictus</italic> vis&#237;vel e palp&#225;vel no quinto espa&#231;o intercostal sobre a linha
            hemiclavicular esquerda, presen&#231;a de bulhas arr&#237;tmicas com hiperfonese de B2 e sopro
            holossist&#243;lico regurgitativo em foco mitral, intensidade 2+/6+, murm&#250;rios vesiculares
            presentes com estertores finos em bases pulmonares bilateralmente, f&#237;gado endurecido e
            palp&#225;vel a cerca de 7 cm do rebordo costal direito e edema de membros inferiores
            sim&#233;trico e bilateral de 2+/4+. Nesse momento, foi realizado o diagn&#243;stico de
            insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca por prov&#225;vel quadro de endocardite infecciosa ou febre reum&#225;tica
            em atividade, devido &#224; presen&#231;a de febre e sinais cl&#237;nicos de congest&#227;o pulmonar e
            sist&#234;mica, sendo coletados tr&#234;s pares de hemoculturas, solicitado ecocardiograma
            transesof&#225;gico e iniciada antibioticoterapia emp&#237;rica com ceftriaxona e oxacilina
            endovenosas.</p>
      <p>O eletrocardiograma solicitado inicialmente revelava ritmo de fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial com alta
            resposta ventricular. Radiografia de t&#243;rax mostrava infiltrado intersticial em dois
            ter&#231;os inferiores de ambos os hemit&#243;rax, al&#233;m de cardiomegalia. O ecocardiograma
            transesof&#225;gico mostrava AE de 56 mm, VE de 71 &#215; 62 mm, FE de 20% com hipocinesia difusa
            de VE e pr&#243;tese biol&#243;gica valvar mitral sem sinais de disfun&#231;&#227;o e sem ind&#237;cios de
            vegeta&#231;&#245;es. Hemoculturas apresentaram-se negativas. Nesse momento, optou se por controle
            adequado da frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca e administra&#231;&#227;o de furosemida endovenosa. Para
            confirma&#231;&#227;o do quadro de miocardite reum&#225;tica foi solicitada cintilografia mioc&#225;rdica
            com g&#225;lio-67, que resultou positiva para processo inflamat&#243;rio em atividade (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01">Figura 1</xref>). Foi realizada resson&#226;ncia magn&#233;tica
            card&#237;aca, que mostrou disfun&#231;&#227;o biventricular importante difusa e processo inflamat&#243;rio
            mioc&#225;rdico presente (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02">Figura 2</xref>). Exames
            laboratoriais mostraram prote&#237;na C reativa de 89,3 mg/L, pept&#237;deo natriur&#233;tico cerebral
            (BNP) de 2.553 pg/mL, ASLO de 693 UI/mL, velocidade de hemossedimenta&#231;&#227;o de 50 mm e
            alfa-1-glicoprote&#237;na &#225;cida com 136 mg/dL.</p>
      <fig id="f01" fig-type="other">
        <label>Figura 1</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Cintilografia mioc&#225;rdica com g&#225;lio mostrando presen&#231;a de atividade
                  inflamat&#243;ria compat&#237;vel com miocardite (setas vermelhas).</title>
        </caption>
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-102-02-0e17-40017-gf01.jpg"/></fig>
      <fig id="f02" fig-type="other">
        <label>Figura 2</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Resson&#226;ncia magn&#233;tica card&#237;aca mostrando a presen&#231;a de realce tardio
                  intramioc&#225;rdico em ventr&#237;culo esquerdo (setas brancas).</title>
        </caption>
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-102-02-0e17-40017-gf02.jpg"/></fig>
      <p>Devido ao diagn&#243;stico de miocardite, foi iniciada prednisona 2 mg/kg/dia. Duas hip&#243;teses
            passaram a ser consideradas: miocardite p&#243;s-operat&#243;ria (relacionada ao procedimento) e
            por surto agudo de febre reum&#225;tica. A paciente evoluiu com melhora importante dos
            sintomas, recebendo alta hospitalar no 14.&#186; dia de interna&#231;&#227;o em uso de prednisona 1
            mg/kg/dia, captopril, furosemida, espironolactona, carvedilol, digoxina e varfarina.
            Al&#233;m disso, foi encaminhada &#224; imunologia para dessensibiliza&#231;&#227;o &#224; penicilina, passando a
            receber uma dose de penicilina benzatina 1.200.000 UI a cada 15 dias sem
            intercorr&#234;ncias. </p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="discussion">
      <title>Discuss&#227;o</title>
      <p>A ocorr&#234;ncia de miocardite p&#243;s-operat&#243;ria &#233; subdiagnosticada. Na maioria das vezes, n&#227;o
            est&#225; associada a disfun&#231;&#227;o ventricular. Geralmente ocorre nos dias seguintes ao
            procedimento e, em raros casos, permanece por tempo prolongado. J&#225; o diagn&#243;stico de
            surto agudo de febre reum&#225;tica foi estabelecido pelos crit&#233;rios de Jones da
               <italic>American Heart Association</italic>. Presen&#231;a de miocardite associada a
            eleva&#231;&#227;o de marcadores inflamat&#243;rios, febre, sequela valvar pr&#233;via e ASLO elevado &#233;
            suficiente para o diagn&#243;stico de surto agudo reum&#225;tico, o que torna essa a principal
            hip&#243;tese do caso em quest&#227;o<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B01">1</xref>
				<sup>-</sup>
				<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B03">3</xref>.</p>
      <p>Na literatura, e classicamente na febre reum&#225;tica, os tr&#234;s folhetos (peric&#225;rdio,
            mioc&#225;rdio e endoc&#225;rdio) s&#227;o acometidos simultaneamente, entretanto em propor&#231;&#245;es
            desiguais, com les&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica geralmente apenas subcl&#237;nica. Na grande maioria das
            vezes em que ocorre quadro de insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca aguda durante um surto de febre
            reum&#225;tica, ele se deve a uma causa mec&#226;nica, por disfun&#231;&#227;o valvar, sendo incomum a
            miocardite clinicamente manifesta<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B04">4</xref>. No caso em
            quest&#227;o, a paciente preencheu crit&#233;rios para agudiza&#231;&#227;o da febre reum&#225;tica, no entanto o
            ecocardiograma constatou n&#227;o haver disfun&#231;&#227;o da pr&#243;tese valvar biol&#243;gica e revelou
            importante disfun&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica biventricular. A cintilografia mioc&#225;rdica e a
            resson&#226;ncia nuclear magn&#233;tica card&#237;aca firmaram o diagn&#243;stico, demonstrando a presen&#231;a
            de inflama&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica.</p>
      <p>No diagn&#243;stico de miocardite, achados cl&#237;nicos, eletrocardiogr&#225;ficos, laboratoriais e
            radiogr&#225;ficos possuem baixa sensibilidade e especificidade. A troponina I est&#225; aumentada
            em apenas 34% dos casos de miocardite. Taquicardia sinusal, altera&#231;&#245;es no segmento ST ou
            na onda T, al&#233;m de bloqueios de ramo, podem ser encontrados, mas s&#227;o inespec&#237;ficos e
               infrequentes<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B05">5</xref>. O padr&#227;o-ouro para o
            diagn&#243;stico de miocardite seria a bi&#243;psia endomioc&#225;rdica de ventr&#237;culo direito, por&#233;m
            sua sensibilidade &#233; question&#225;vel, devido a sua natureza focal, al&#233;m de ser um teste
            invasivo. A cintilografia e a resson&#226;ncia magn&#233;tica t&#234;m despontado como importantes
            ferramentas no diagn&#243;stico de miocardite. Estudos recentes demonstraram a utilidade da
            cintilografia n&#227;o s&#243; no diagn&#243;stico como no progn&#243;stico da miocardite, com valores de
            sensibilidade de 91-100% e valor preditivo negativo variando de 93-100%<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B06">6</xref>. Sun e cols.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B07">7</xref> encontraram boa rela&#231;&#227;o entre o grau de redu&#231;&#227;o da perfus&#227;o na
            cintilografia, com eleva&#231;&#227;o dos marcadores de necrose mioc&#225;rdica e altera&#231;&#245;es de ST-T
            relacionadas &#224; miocardite. Quanto ao papel da resson&#226;ncia magn&#233;tica, Abdel-Aty e cols.,
            estudando 25 pacientes com suspeita de miocardite e 23 controles, encontraram
            sensibilidade de 84% e especificidade de 74%<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B05">5</xref>
				<sup>,</sup>
				<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B08">8</xref>
				<sup>,</sup>
				<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B09">9</xref>. No entanto, especificamente em miocardite
            reum&#225;tica, a literatura &#233; escassa, n&#227;o havendo demonstra&#231;&#227;o clara radiol&#243;gica de tal
            evento, como demonstrado neste caso. Tal fato torna este relato &#250;nico devido &#224; capta&#231;&#227;o
            da imagem em resson&#226;ncia magn&#233;tica card&#237;aca, comprovando a inflama&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica em
            vig&#234;ncia de prov&#225;vel surto agudo de febre reum&#225;tica.</p>
      <p>Quanto ao tratamento, a maioria dos pacientes com miocardite aguda responde muito bem &#224;s
            medidas gerais adotadas na insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca aguda, como o bloqueio
               neuro-humoral<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B05">5</xref>. Em surto agudo de febre
            reum&#225;tica com acometimento mioc&#225;rdico, a dose e a forma como deve ser realizada a
            imunossupress&#227;o ainda s&#227;o incertas. Devido &#224; raridade dos casos, o melhor m&#233;todo
            terap&#234;utico baseia se apenas em relatos de casos. Em nosso caso observou-se melhora do
            quadro cl&#237;nico ap&#243;s o uso da prednisona na dose de 2 mg/kg/dia por 14 dias, com redu&#231;&#227;o
            para 1 mg/kg/dia ap&#243;s esse per&#237;odo. O tempo de tratamento tamb&#233;m &#233; desconhecido, devendo
            basear-se na recupera&#231;&#227;o da fun&#231;&#227;o ventricular associada &#224; redu&#231;&#227;o de marcadores
               inflamat&#243;rios<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>.</p>
      <p>Apesar de todo o avan&#231;o na medicina, a interven&#231;&#227;o de maior custo-efetividade na febre
            reum&#225;tica continua sendo a preven&#231;&#227;o secund&#225;ria, evitando surtos agudos e, por
            conseguinte, sequelas valvares precoces e mais graves. Inje&#231;&#245;es intramusculares de
            benzilpenicilina a cada tr&#234;s semanas foram capazes de reduzir interna&#231;&#245;es hospitalares e
            s&#227;o preteridas ao uso de medica&#231;&#245;es orais, devido a sua efic&#225;cia j&#225; comprovada<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B03">3</xref>, o que justificou a conduta de tentar a
            dessensibiliza&#231;&#227;o &#224; penicilina no caso em quest&#227;o. Al&#233;m disso, cabe ressaltar, com base
            no relato apresentado, a import&#226;ncia da manuten&#231;&#227;o da profilaxia secund&#225;ria mesmo ap&#243;s a
            ocorr&#234;ncia de troca valvar, uma vez que o surto agudo pode manifestar-se em outros
            &#243;rg&#227;os ou no pr&#243;prio cora&#231;&#227;o, por&#233;m em outro segmento.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="conclusions">
      <title>Conclus&#227;o</title>
      <p>A demonstra&#231;&#227;o de prov&#225;vel miocardite reum&#225;tica em resson&#226;ncia magn&#233;tica card&#237;aca torna
            &#250;nico este caso. A presen&#231;a de surto agudo de febre reum&#225;tica sempre deve ser
            considerada em pacientes jovens com diagn&#243;stico pr&#233;vio da doen&#231;a e que n&#227;o estejam
            realizando profilaxia secund&#225;ria da forma adequada. Seu tratamento ainda &#233; incerto,
            por&#233;m baseado em imunossupress&#227;o e preven&#231;&#227;o de novas recorr&#234;ncias, realizando
            profilaxia mesmo em pacientes que j&#225; efetuaram trocas valvares.</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="con">
        <p>
          <bold>Contribui&#231;&#227;o dos autores</bold>
        </p>
        <p>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa: Xavier Jr. JL, Soeiro AM, Lopes ASSA, Oliveira Jr.
               MT. Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados: Xavier Jr. JL, Soeiro AM, Lopes ASSA, Oliveira Jr. MT. An&#225;lise
               e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados: Xavier Jr. JL, Soeiro AM, Serrano Jr. CV. Reda&#231;&#227;o do
               manuscrito: Xavier Jr. JL, Soeiro AM. Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao
               conte&#250;do intelectual: Soeiro AM, Lopes ASSA, Spina GS, Serrano Jr. CV, Oliveira Jr.
               MT.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="financial-disclosure">
        <p>
          <bold>Fontes de Financiamento</bold>
        </p>
        <p>O presente estudo n&#227;o teve fontes de financiamento externas.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>
          <bold>Vincula&#231;&#227;o Acad&#234;mica</bold>
        </p>
        <p>N&#227;o h&#225; vincula&#231;&#227;o deste estudo a programas de p&#243;s gradua&#231;&#227;o.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
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  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="SA1" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Case Report</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title xml:lang="en">Clinically Manifested Myocarditis in Acute Rheumatic Fever
               Jos&#233;</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Xavier Jr.</surname>
            <given-names>Jos&#233; L.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff03">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Soeiro</surname>
            <given-names>Alexandre de Matos</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff03">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c02"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Lopes</surname>
            <given-names>Antonio S. S. A.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff04">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Spina</surname>
            <given-names>Guilherme S.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff04">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Serrano Jr.</surname>
            <given-names>Carlos V.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff03">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Oliveira Jr.</surname>
            <given-names>M&#250;cio T.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff03">1</xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff03">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">HCFMUSP</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv2">Unidade Cl&#237;nica de Emerg&#234;ncia </institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country>Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Unidade Cl&#237;nica de Emerg&#234;ncia - Instituto do
               Cora&#231;&#227;o (InCor) - HCFMUSP, S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff04">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">HCFMUSP</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv2">Unidade Cl&#237;nica de Valvopatias</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country>Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Unidade Cl&#237;nica de Valvopatias - Instituto do
               Cora&#231;&#227;o (InCor) - HCFMUSP, S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c02"><bold>Mailing Address: Alexandre de Matos Soeiro</bold>, Rua Maranh&#227;o,
               680, apt.&#186; 81, Santa Paula. Postal Code 09530-440, S&#227;o Caetano do Sul, SP - Brazil.
               E-mail: <email>alexandre.soeiro@bol.com.br</email>
				</corresp>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potential Conflict of Interest </bold>
          </p>
          <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>Myocarditis</kwd>
        <kwd>Cardiomyopathy</kwd>
        <kwd>Dilated</kwd>
        <kwd>Rheumatic Fever/epidemiology</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>Introduction</title>
        <p>The development of acute myocarditis in the postoperative period of cardiac surgery
               is a challenge for the doctor who treats this type of patient. In most cases,
               myocarditis can be only a consequence of procedural-related inflammation. However,
               differential diagnoses must be observed. Among them, rheumatic fever must be
               considered as an important mechanism. Although its cardiac manifestation is
               predominantly related to the involvement of the valvular apparatus, its diagnosis is
               essentially clinical and it can acutely impair the myocardium. In this context, the
               occurrence of acute rheumatic myocarditis is rare and its immunosuppressive treatment
               remains uncertain. </p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="cases">
        <title>Case Report</title>
        <p>The patient was a 23-year-old Caucasian female, born and raised in S&#227;o Paulo, who
               came to the emergency department complaining of dyspnea at rest (functional class IV
               of the New York Heart Association), palpitations, nausea, unmeasured fever and
               increased abdominal volume for six days. She reported a personal history of rheumatic
               fever, with two mitral and tricuspid valve plastic surgeries, in 1996 and 2011, and
               subsequent mitral valve replacement with a biological prosthesis four months before,
               in 2012. She also had chronic atrial fibrillation on anticoagulation. She denied
               other symptoms and comorbidities. She was an irregular user of warfarin, furosemide
               40 mg / day, spironolactone 50 mg/day, captopril 37.5 mg/day, diltiazem 180 mg/day
               and sulfadiazine 1 g/day (due to allergy to penicillin).</p>
        <p>In February 2012, the patient started to have dyspnea at rest due to symptomatic
               mitral valve regurgitation and remained hospitalized until heart surgery for mitral
               valve replacement with a biological prosthesis. At this time she was submitted to
               preoperative myocardial scintigraphy with gallium-67, which was negative for
               myocardial inflammatory process. The surgery had no complications and the
               postoperative transthoracic echocardiography showed left atrium (LA) with 50 mm in
               diameter, left ventricle (LV) of 56 x 39 mm, ejection fraction (EF) of 57% and
               unchanged mitral bioprosthesis structure. She was discharged receiving the
               medications listed above.</p>
        <p>On physical examination, the patient was in good general health status, afebrile,
               tachycardic (heart rate = 180 beats per minute), blood pressure of 90 x 60 mmHg,
               tachydyspneic (respiratory rate = 25 breaths per minute), arterial oxygen saturation
               in ambient air was 93% and she had intercostal retraction. Apex beat was visible and
               palpable in the fifth intercostal space on the left midclavicular line; presence of
               arrhythmic heart sounds with a loud B2 sound, holosystolic mitral regurgitation
               murmur of 2 +/6+ intensity, breath sounds present with fine rales in the lung bases
               bilaterally, hardened liver that was palpable about 7 cm from the right costal margin
               and bilateral and symmetric 2+/ 4+ lower limb edema.</p>
        <p>At this time, a diagnosis of heart failure due to probable infective endocarditis or
               active rheumatic fever was attained, considering the presence of fever and clinical
               signs of pulmonary and systemic congestion, after which three pairs of blood cultures
               were collected, an echocardiogram was requested and empirical antibiotic therapy with
               intravenous ceftriaxone and oxacillin was initiated.</p>
        <p>The electrocardiogram initially showed atrial fibrillation with high ventricular
               response. Chest X-ray showed interstitial infiltrates in the lower two-thirds of both
               hemithoraxes, as well as cardiomegaly.</p>
        <p>Transesophageal echocardiography showed LA = 56 mm, LV = 71 x 62 mm, EF 20% with
               diffuse hypokinesis of LV and bioprosthetic mitral valve with no signs dysfunction or
               evidence of vegetation. Blood cultures were negative. At this time, we chose to
               maintain adequate control of heart rate and administration of intravenous furosemide.
               To confirm the rheumatic myocarditis, myocardial scintigraphy with gallium-67 was
               requested, which showed positive for ongoing inflammatory process (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f03">Figure 1</xref>). Cardiac magnetic resonance imaging was
               performed, which showed significant diffuse biventricular dysfunction and presence of
               myocardial inflammatory process (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f04">Figure 2</xref>).
               Laboratory assessment showed C-reactive protein of 89.3 mg/L, brain natriuretic
               peptide (BNP) of 2,553 pg/mL, ASLO = 693 IU/mL, erythrocyte sedimentation rate of 50
               mm and alpha-1-acid glycoprotein = 136 mg/dL.</p>
        <fig id="f03" fig-type="other">
          <label>Figure 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Gallium-67 myocardial scintigraphy showing inflammatory activity compatible
                     with myocarditis (red arrows).</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-102-02-0e17-40017-gf01-en.jpg"/></fig>
        <fig id="f04" fig-type="other">
          <label>Figure 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Cardiac magnetic resonance imaging showing the presence of intramyocardial
                     late enhancement in the left ventricle (white arrows).</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-102-02-0e17-40017-gf02-en.jpg"/></fig>
        <p>Due to the diagnosis of myocarditis, Prednisone 2 mg/kg/day was started. Two
               hypotheses were then considered: postoperative myocarditis (procedure-related) and
               acute attack of rheumatic fever. The patient showed significant symptom improvement
               and was discharged on the 14<sup>th</sup> day after admission using prednisone 1
               mg/kg/day, captopril, furosemide, spironolactone, carvedilol, digoxin and warfarin.
               In addition, she was referred to immunology for desensitization to penicillin and
               started to receive a dose of benzathine penicillin of 1.200.000 IU every 15 days
               without complications.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="discussion">
        <title>Discussion</title>
        <p>The occurrence of postoperative myocarditis is underdiagnosed. Most of the time, it
               is not associated with ventricular dysfunction. It usually occurs on the days
               following the procedure and, in rare cases, remains for a long time. The diagnosis of
               acute rheumatic fever attack was established by the Jones criteria of the American
               Heart Association. The presence of myocarditis associated with elevation in
               inflammatory markers, fever, previous valvular sequelae and high ASLO levels are
               enough for the diagnosis of acute rheumatic fever attack, which makes this the main
               hypothesis in the case<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B01">1</xref>
					<sup>-</sup>
					<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B03">3</xref>.</p>
        <p>In literature, and in classic rheumatic fever, the three leaflets (pericardium,
               myocardium and endocardium) are simultaneously affected, although in unequal
               proportions, with usually subclinical myocardial lesion only. In most cases in which
               there is a picture of heart failure during an acute attack of rheumatic fever, it is
               due to a mechanical cause, due to valvular dysfunction, and clinically manifest
               myocarditis is uncommon<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B04">4</xref>. In this case, the
               patient met the criteria for acute rheumatic fever; however, the echocardiogram
               showed no biological valve prosthesis dysfunction and showed significant
               biventricular myocardial dysfunction. Myocardial scintigraphy and cardiac MRI
               confirmed the diagnosis, by demonstrating the presence of myocardial
               inflammation.</p>
        <p>In the diagnosis of myocarditis, clinical, electrocardiographic, laboratory and
               radiographic findings have low sensitivity and specificity. Troponin I is increased
               in only 34% of cases of myocarditis. Sinus tachycardia, changes in the ST segment or
               T wave, as well as bundle branch blocks, can be found, but they are not specific and
                  infrequent<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B05">5</xref>. </p>
        <p>The gold standard for the diagnosis of myocarditis would be the endomyocardial biopsy
               of the right ventricle, but its sensitivity is questionable due to its focal nature,
               in addition to being an invasive test. Scintigraphy and MRI have emerged as important
               tools in the diagnosis of myocarditis. Recent studies have demonstrated the
               usefulness of scintigraphy, not only in the diagnosis but also the prognosis of
               myocarditis, with a sensitivity of 91-100% and negative predictive value ranging from
                  93-100%<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B06">6</xref>. </p>
        <p>Sun et al<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B07">7</xref> found a good association between
               the degree of perfusion reduction at the scintigraphy and elevated markers of
               myocardial necrosis and ST-T changes related to myocarditis. Regarding the role of
               magnetic resonance imaging, Abdel Aty et al stuyding 25 patients with suspected
               myocarditis and 23 controls, found a sensitivity of 84% and specificity of 74%<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B05">5</xref>
					<sup>,</sup>
					<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B08">8</xref>
					<sup>,</sup>
					<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B09">9</xref>. However,
               specifically in rheumatic myocarditis, the literature is scarce and there is no clear
               radiological evidence of this event, as shown in this case. This fact makes this
               report unique due to image capture in cardiac MRI, demonstrating myocardial
               inflammation during a probable attack of acute rheumatic fever.</p>
        <p>As for treatment, most patients with acute myocarditis respond very well to the
               general measures used in acute heart failure, such as neurohumoral blocking<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B05">5</xref>. In acute attacks of rheumatic fever with
               myocardial impairment, the dose used in immunosuppression and how it should be
               performed are yet to be determined. Due to the rarity of cases, the best therapeutic
               method is based on case reports, only. In our case there was clinical improvement
               after the use of prednisone at a dose of 2 mg/kg/day for 14 days, which was reduced
               to 1 mg/kg/day thereafter. The treatment time is also unknown and must be based on
               ventricular function recovery associated with the reduction in inflammatory
                  markers<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>.</p>
        <p>Despite all the advances in Medicine, the higher cost-effectiveness intervention in
               rheumatic fever is still secondary prevention, preventing acute attacks and, thus,
               early and more severe valve sequelae. Intramuscular injections of benzyl penicillin
               every three weeks were able to reduce hospital admissions and are preferred to the
               use of oral medication, due to its proven efficacy<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B03">3</xref>, which justified the conduct of attempting desensitization to penicillin
               in this case.</p>
        <p>Furthermore, it is noteworthy, based on this case report, the importance of
               maintaining secondary prophylaxis even after the occurrence of valve replacement, as
               the acute attack can manifest in other organs or in the heart itself, but in another
               segment.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="conclusions">
        <title>Conclusion</title>
        <p>The demonstration of probable rheumatic myocarditis in cardiac MRI makes this case
               unique. The presence of an acute attack of rheumatic fever should always be
               considered in young patients with a previous diagnosis and who are not receiving
               adequate secondary prophylaxis. Its treatment is still uncertain, but it is based on
               immunosuppression and recurrence prevention, maintaining the prophylaxis even in
               patients who have already undergone valve replacement.</p>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Author contributions</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Conception and design of the research: Xavier Jr. JL, Soeiro AM, Lopes ASSA,
                  Oliveira Jr. MT. Acquisition of data: Xavier Jr. JL, Soeiro AM, Lopes ASSA,
                  Oliveira Jr. MT. Analysis and interpretation of the data: Xavier Jr. JL, Soeiro
                  AM, Serrano Jr. CV. Writing of the manuscript: Xavier Jr. JL, Soeiro AM. Critical
                  revision of the manuscript for intellectual content: Soeiro AM, Lopes ASSA, Spina
                  GS, Serrano Jr. CV, Oliveira Jr. MT.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="financial-disclosure">
          <p>
            <bold>Sources of Funding </bold>
          </p>
          <p>There were no external funding sources for this study.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>
            <bold>Study Association </bold>
          </p>
          <p>This study is not associated with any post-graduation program.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
