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<article xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" dtd-version="3.0" article-type="case-report" xml:lang="pt">
  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">hLdMKHLGFpZp4QPpZwPnybh</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2014000200035</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">00035</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5935/abc.20140020</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Correla&#231;&#227;o Anatomocl&#237;nica</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title xml:lang="pt">Caso 1/2014 - S&#237;ncope por Choque Cardiog&#234;nico em Homem de
               25 anos de Idade</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Politi</surname>
            <given-names>Tiago Rodrigues</given-names>
          </name>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Gutierrez</surname>
            <given-names>Paulo</given-names>
          </name>
        </contrib>
        <aff>
          <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo</institution>
          <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Faculdade de Medicina</institution>
          <institution content-type="orgdiv2">Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas</institution>
          <institution content-type="orgdiv3">Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country>Brasil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o, Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas,
                  Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo - USP, S&#227;o Paulo, SP -
                  Brasil</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp><bold>Correspond&#234;ncia: Vera Demarchi Aiello</bold>, Avenida Dr. En&#233;as de
               Carvalho Aguiar, 44, subsolo, bloco I, Cerqueira C&#233;sar. CEP 05403-000, S&#227;o Paulo, SP
               - Brasil. E-mail: <email>demarchi@cardiol.br</email>,
                  <email>vera.aiello@incor.usp.br</email>
				</corresp>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date pub-type="epub-ppub">
        <day>25</day>
        <month>03</month>
        <year>2014</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>102</volume>
      <issue>02</issue>
      <elocation-id>e11</elocation-id>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/">
          <license-p>This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative
                  Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License which permits unrestricted
                  non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the
                  original work is properly cited. </license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <kwd>S&#237;ncope</kwd>
        <kwd>Choque cardiog&#234;nico</kwd>
        <kwd>Aneurisma da aorta</kwd>
        <kwd>Aneurisma dissecante</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <counts>
        <fig-count count="4"/>
        <table-count count="0"/>
        <equation-count count="0"/>
        <ref-count count="20"/>
        <page-count count="6"/>
      </counts>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <p>Homem de 25 anos apresentou, subitamente, em 18 de fevereiro de 2009, mal-estar e sensa&#231;&#227;o
         de desmaio, em repouso. Levado por familiares, cerca de 1 hora ap&#243;s o in&#237;cio dos sintomas,
         deu entrada no servi&#231;o de emerg&#234;ncia m&#233;dica do hospital local. O paciente era previamente
         h&#237;gido e assintom&#225;tico. N&#227;o havia antecedentes de hipertens&#227;o arterial, diabetes,
         dislipidemia, cardiopatia ou uso de drogas il&#237;citas. </p>
    <p>O exame f&#237;sico revelou paciente com rebaixamento de consci&#234;ncia, press&#227;o arterial 60/50
         mmHg, frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca de 150 Batidas Por Minuto (bpm), pulsos n&#227;o palp&#225;veis nos membros
         superiores e pulsos presentes e sim&#233;tricos em membros inferiores. </p>
    <p>Foram realizados diversos exames no dia de admiss&#227;o no hospital. O Eletrocardiograma (ECG)
         revelou taquicardia sinusal com frequ&#234;ncia de 150 bpm, intervalo PR de 120 ms, dura&#231;&#227;o QRS
         80 ms (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01">Figura 1</xref>). A radiografia de t&#243;rax revelou
         cardiomegalia, alargamento do mediastino e campos pulmonares livres (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02">Figura 2</xref>). O ecocardiograma transtor&#225;cico revelou dissec&#231;&#227;o de aorta
         ascendente com sinais de tamponamento card&#237;aco (compress&#227;o de &#225;trio direito). </p>
    <fig id="f01" fig-type="other">
      <label>Figura 1</label>
      <caption>
        <title>Eletocardiograma de repouso evidenciando taquicardia sinusal.</title>
      </caption>
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-102-02-0e11-40020-gf01.jpg"/></fig>
    <fig id="f02" fig-type="other">
      <label>Figura 2</label>
      <caption>
        <title>Radiografia de t&#243;rax evidenciando cardiomegalia, alargamento do mediastino e
               campos pulmonares livres.</title>
      </caption>
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-102-02-0e11-40020-gf02.jpg"/></fig>
    <p>Os exames laboratoriais revelaram hemoglobina 14,2 g/dL, hemat&#243;crito 42,9%; leuc&#243;citos
            12.400/mm<sup>3</sup> (78% neutr&#243;filos, 2% eosin&#243;filos, 14% linf&#243;citos e 6% mon&#243;citos),
         plaquetas 202.000/mm<sup>3</sup>, ureia 30,5 mg/dL, creatinina 1,2 mg/dL, 3,8 mEq/L de
         pot&#225;ssio, 146 mEq/L de s&#243;dio, 132 mg/dL de glicose, 46 UI/L de fosfatase alcalina, 37 UI/L
         de gamaglutamiltranspeptidase, 21 UI/L de aspartatoaminotransferase, 34 UI/L de alanina
         aminotransferase.</p>
    <p>Mediante a instabilidade cl&#237;nica do paciente, foram necess&#225;rias a intuba&#231;&#227;o orotraqueal
         para suporte ventilat&#243;rio, a expans&#227;o vol&#234;mica com solu&#231;&#227;o salina 0,9% e uma droga
         vasoativa (noradrenalina) para eleva&#231;&#227;o da press&#227;o arterial.</p>
    <p>Ap&#243;s a administra&#231;&#227;o de volume e noradrenalina, a press&#227;o arterial elevou-se para 126/40
         mmHg, com frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca de 135 bpm, e mediante a gravidade do quadro cl&#237;nico, foi
         solicitada sua transfer&#234;ncia para o Pronto-Socorro do Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o (InCor), ainda
         na noite do mesmo dia.</p>
    <p>&#192; admiss&#227;o no InCor, em 19 de fevereiro de 2009, o paciente apresentava-se sedado,
         assistido por ventila&#231;&#227;o mec&#226;nica e hipocorado (++/6). Ao exame cardiorrespirat&#243;rio,
         apresentava-se com frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca de 110 bpm, press&#227;o arterial de 110/70 mmHg,
         ausculta pulmonar normal, por&#233;m, a ausculta card&#237;aca revelou bulhas hipofon&#233;ticas (n&#227;o
         sendo identificados bulhas acess&#243;rias, sopros ou atrito peric&#225;rdico). O exame do abdome foi
         normal e n&#227;o havia pulsos arteriais em membros superiores com presen&#231;a de cianose bilateral
         dos dedos das m&#227;os. Os pulsos arteriais eram palp&#225;veis e sim&#233;tricos nos membros
         inferiores.</p>
    <p>Os exames laboratoriais realizado em 19 de fevereiro de 2009 revelaram: 17,1 g/dL de
         hemoglobina, hemat&#243;crito 54%, 26.900/mm<sup>3</sup> leuc&#243;citos (1% bastonetes, 84%
         segmentados, 7% linf&#243;citos e 8% mon&#243;citos), 107.000/mm<sup>3</sup> plaquetas, ureia 39
         mg/dL, creatinina 2,6 mg/dL (filtra&#231;&#227;o glomerular de 32 mL/min/1,73m&#178;), s&#243;dio 134 mEq/L,
         pot&#225;ssio 4,9 mEq/L, 33 mg/dL de lactato, tempo de protrombina (pelo &#205;ndice Internacional
         Normalizado, INR) de 3,8 e rela&#231;&#227;o de tempos de tromboplastina parcial ativada de 1,53. A
         gasometria arterial revelou pH de 7,22, Press&#227;o Parcial de G&#225;s Carb&#244;nico (pCO<sub>2</sub>)
         de 32,9 mmHg, Press&#227;o Parcial do Oxig&#234;nio (pO<sub>2</sub>) de 206 mmHg, satura&#231;&#227;o de
            O<sub>2</sub> de 99,9%, bicarbonato 13 mEq/L e excesso de base (-) 13,7 mEq/L.</p>
    <p>O ECG foi sugestivo de altern&#226;ncia el&#233;trica (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f03">Figura
         3</xref>).</p>
    <fig id="f03" fig-type="other">
      <label>Figura 3</label>
      <caption>
        <title>Eletrocardiograma de repouso evidenciando altern&#226;ncia el&#233;trica.</title>
      </caption>
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-102-02-0e11-40020-gf03.jpg"/></fig>
    <p>O ecocardiograma transesof&#225;gico revelou ventr&#237;culo esquerdo com aspecto hipertr&#243;fico,
         fun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica normal e dilata&#231;&#227;o aneurism&#225;tica de 62 mm de di&#226;metro na aorta ascendente,
         com l&#226;mina de dissec&#231;&#227;o iniciando a 1,7 cm do plano valvar. A dissec&#231;&#227;o se estendia at&#233;
         ap&#243;s a cro&#231;a da aorta e acometia o tronco braquiocef&#225;lico, a art&#233;ria car&#243;tida comum
         esquerda e a art&#233;ria subcl&#225;via esquerda. Observaram-se, tamb&#233;m, insufici&#234;ncia de valva
         a&#243;rtica acentuada e grande derrame peric&#225;rdio, com sinais de restri&#231;&#227;o ao enchimento
         diast&#243;lico do ventr&#237;culo direito.</p>
    <p>Foi indicado tratamento cir&#250;rgico da dissec&#231;&#227;o da aorta, contudo, no perioperat&#243;rio,
         apresentou bradicardia seguida de assistolia, n&#227;o responsiva &#224;s manobras de ressuscita&#231;&#227;o,
         resultando em &#243;bito do paciente.</p>
    <sec>
      <title>Aspectos cl&#237;nicos</title>
      <p>O caso cl&#237;nico em quest&#227;o apresentou um paciente do sexo masculino, de 25 anos de idade,
            sem antecedentes cl&#237;nicos descritos previamente, que procurou assist&#234;ncia m&#233;dica com
            queixa de mal-estar e sensa&#231;&#227;o de desmaio. O quadro havia iniciado 1 hora antes do mesmo
            procurar o servi&#231;o de emerg&#234;ncia em um Pronto-Socorro local. A evolu&#231;&#227;o do quadro
            cl&#237;nico do paciente foi dram&#225;tica, apresentando-se ao exame com choque de etiologia
            inicialmente indeterminada, passando por dissec&#231;&#227;o aguda de aorta e tamponamento
            card&#237;aco, e culminando em &#243;bito com poucas horas do in&#237;cio dos sintomas, antes de
            qualquer interven&#231;&#227;o cir&#250;rgica. Configurou-se, portanto, um quadro de dissec&#231;&#227;o aguda de
            aorta ascendente, com deteriora&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica r&#225;pida e catastr&#243;fica, evento determinante
            para que seu diagn&#243;stico fosse o mais precoce poss&#237;vel, com interven&#231;&#227;o tamb&#233;m precoce e
            precisa.</p>
      <p>A dissec&#231;&#227;o aguda da aorta &#233; uma emerg&#234;ncia cardiovascular que cursa com alta
            mortalidade, variando de 50 a 68% em 48 horas, 70% em 1 semana e 85% em 1 m&#234;s <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B01">1</xref>. O in&#237;cio da dissec&#231;&#227;o &#233; transversal,
            localizando-se em 70% dos casos na aorta ascendente (logo acima do plano valvar
            a&#243;rtico), em 20% na aorta descendente ap&#243;s o arco da aorta, e em 10% na aorta
            transversa. Uma vez iniciada, a progress&#227;o da dissec&#231;&#227;o pode ser distal, retr&#243;grada ou
            ocorrer em ambos os sentidos, avan&#231;ando por extens&#227;o vari&#225;vel <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B01">1</xref>
				<sup>,</sup>
				<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B02">2</xref>. No presente
            caso, houve dissec&#231;&#227;o da aorta na por&#231;&#227;o ascendente, retrogradamente, com rebatimento
            anterior do plano entre a luz verdadeira e a falsa, o que gerou uma obstru&#231;&#227;o mec&#226;nica &#224;
            via de sa&#237;da do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f04">Figura
            4</xref>).</p>
      <fig id="f04" fig-type="other">
        <label>Figura 4</label>
        <caption>
          <title>(A) Aorta ascendente aberta mostrando a dissec&#231;&#227;o com a l&#226;mina interna da
                  parede protruindo em dire&#231;&#227;o ao plano valvar. A seta vermelha mostra essa regi&#227;o,
                  com corte feito para representa&#231;&#227;o histol&#243;gica. A seta azul-claro indica a
                  rasgadura que define o orif&#237;cio de dissec&#231;&#227;o, nesse caso atingindo toda a
                  circunfer&#234;ncia da art&#233;ria &#8722; ilustra&#231;&#227;o art&#237;stica do processo patol&#243;gico. A seta
                  branca indica co&#225;gulo na falsa luz, empurrando para baixo a parte interna da
                  parede a&#243;rtica. AE: &#225;trio esquerdo; VA: valva a&#243;rtica VE: ventr&#237;culo
                  esquerdo.</title>
        </caption>
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-102-02-0e11-40020-gf04.jpg"/></fig>
      <p>A dissec&#231;&#227;o da aorta &#233; mais frequente em homens, e a propor&#231;&#227;o homens/mulheres varia de
            2:1 a 5:1, com maior incid&#234;ncia entre os 45 e 70 anos de idade, com pico de idade entre
            50 e 55 anos para os casos de dissec&#231;&#227;o proximal e entre 60 e 70 anos para a distal
               <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B03">3</xref>
				<sup>,</sup>
				<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B04">4</xref>. O fator preponderante &#224; dissec&#231;&#227;o &#233; o comprometimento da camada m&#233;dia, tal
            como na g&#234;nese dos aneurismas em geral, e a doen&#231;a da m&#233;dia que mais predisp&#245;e &#224;
            dissec&#231;&#227;o &#233; a necrose c&#237;stica da m&#233;dia. A dissec&#231;&#227;o pode ser desencadeada por fatores
            "traum&#225;ticos" da parede arterial, como a hipertens&#227;o arterial, a coarcta&#231;&#227;o da aorta, a
            gravidez e a v&#225;lvula bivalvulada <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B05">5</xref>.</p>
      <p>H&#225;, ainda, outras entidades cl&#237;nicas que comprometem a integridade endotelial e sua
            fun&#231;&#227;o, como aortites, dist&#250;rbios heredit&#225;rios do tecido conjuntivo (s&#237;ndrome de Marfan
            e Ehler-Danlos), malforma&#231;&#245;es cong&#234;nitas da valva a&#243;rtica, traumas, troca de valva
            a&#243;rtica e situa&#231;&#245;es que facilitem les&#227;o endotelial, como um simples cateterismo <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B06">6</xref>. O quadro cl&#237;nico, bem como a conduta terap&#234;utica,
            s&#227;o suficientemente distintos para justificar a separa&#231;&#227;o dessa entidade em dois grupos
            nosol&#243;gicos: dissec&#231;&#227;o do tipo A de Stanford, que envolve a aorta ascendente com
            extens&#227;o ou n&#227;o para descendente, e dissec&#231;&#227;o do tipo B de Stanford, que envolve somente
            a aorta descendente, sendo essa classifica&#231;&#227;o a mais aceita atualmente <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B01">1</xref>
				<sup>,</sup>
				<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B04">4</xref>. Sob a &#243;tica puramente cir&#250;rgica, De Bakey e cols. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B03">3</xref> classificou os aneurismas dissecantes em tr&#234;s grupos: o tipo I
            corresponde &#224; dissec&#231;&#227;o que se inicia na aorta ascendente e se estende por uma dist&#226;ncia
            vari&#225;vel em dire&#231;&#227;o distal; o tipo II &#233; a dissec&#231;&#227;o limitada &#224; aorta ascendente; o tipo
            III &#233; a dissec&#231;&#227;o iniciada ap&#243;s a emerg&#234;ncia da art&#233;ria subcl&#225;via esquerda e que
            progride para aorta abdominal em extens&#227;o vari&#225;vel. No caso em quest&#227;o, encontrou-se uma
            dissec&#231;&#227;o a&#243;rtica do tipo A de Stanford, com prov&#225;vel etiologia hipertensiva, como
            demonstrado pelo ecocardiograma, al&#233;m de n&#227;o se ter encontrado evid&#234;ncia de qualquer
            fator de risco descrito na literatura, seja na hist&#243;ria patol&#243;gica pregressa, na
            avalia&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica ou nos exames realizados, que justificasse outra etiologia.</p>
      <p>A principal manifesta&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica da dissec&#231;&#227;o a&#243;rtica &#233; a dor tor&#225;cica, de forte
            intensidade e acompanhada por sintomas de atividade simp&#225;tica. O in&#237;cio da dor &#233; sempre
            quase s&#250;bito, sendo caracterizada como dilacerante, cortante ou puls&#225;til, associada &#224;
            sudorese, podendo ficar limitada ao t&#243;rax ou ser retroesternal, irradiando-se para o
            dorso, abdome, membros superiores ou inferiores <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B04">4</xref>. Pode se associar tamb&#233;m &#224; dispneia e ao edema pulmonar <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B04">4</xref>
				<sup>-</sup>
				<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B07">7</xref>. No entanto, a
            manifesta&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica pode ser sutil ou at&#237;pica, e dissec&#231;&#227;o a&#243;rtica sem dor no peito
            pr&#233;via foi descrita anteriormente <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B08">8</xref>
				<sup>,</sup>
				<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B09">9</xref> &#8722; ocorre em cerca de 5
            a15% de todas as dissec&#231;&#245;es a&#243;rticas <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>
				<sup>,</sup>
				<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref>. No presente caso, o
            paciente n&#227;o referia dor no peito e duas poss&#237;veis explica&#231;&#245;es s&#227;o oferecidas para a
            dissec&#231;&#227;o a&#243;rtica indolor: primeiro, a dissec&#231;&#227;o pode causar protuber&#226;ncia (bojo) da
            &#237;ntima para o interior e reinserir a luz da aorta verdadeira, sem deslocar a advent&#237;cia
            para fora; em segundo lugar, o esvaziamento pode ocorrer muito lentamente, sem s&#250;bita ou
            violenta distens&#227;o da advent&#237;cia, podendo, assim, ser indolor <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref>. A febre pode acompanhar um ter&#231;o dos pacientes que apresentam
            aneurismas dissecantes e, geralmente, n&#227;o est&#225; associada a endocardite <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref>. O exame f&#237;sico pode revelar assimetria de pulsos
            perif&#233;ricos e, em 50% dos casos de dissec&#231;&#227;o do tipo A, ocorrem altera&#231;&#245;es em um ou mais
            pulsos e, apenas em 16%, no tipo B <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B01">1</xref>
				<sup>,</sup>
				<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B07">7</xref>.</p>
      <p>Os m&#233;todos de imagem para o diagn&#243;stico incluem a ecocardiografia (transtor&#225;cica ou
            transesof&#225;gica), a tomografia ou a angiografia. Muitos servi&#231;os utilizam a
            ecocardiografia como &#250;nico exame pr&#233;-operat&#243;rio para a indica&#231;&#227;o cir&#250;rgica das
            dissec&#231;&#245;es agudas do tipo A. Em geral, prefere-se o ecocardiograma transesof&#225;gico, que
            pode atingir um grau de 97 a 100% de sensibilidade e 77 a 97% de especialidade <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref>
				<sup>,</sup>
				<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref>. &#201; tamb&#233;m de import&#226;ncia que o exame ecocardiogr&#225;fico forne&#231;a informa&#231;&#245;es
            sobre a presen&#231;a e a magnitude da insufici&#234;ncia a&#243;rtica, as dimens&#245;es do anel a&#243;rtico,
            evid&#234;ncias de insufici&#234;ncia a&#243;rtica preexistente &#224; dissec&#231;&#227;o, dados estes fundamentais
            na conduta cir&#250;rgica, no que serefere &#224; preserva&#231;&#227;o da valva a&#243;rtica <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref>. No caso em quest&#227;o, devido &#224; instabilidade
            cl&#237;nica do paciente, foi realizado ecocardiograma transesof&#225;gico. A tomografia e a
            angiografia s&#227;o &#250;teis para situa&#231;&#245;es especiais ou em casos duvidosos, uma vez que tais
            exames s&#227;o mais demorados e, principalmente, a angiografia pode precipitar a rotura
            a&#243;rtica. Pacientes com hist&#243;ria de coronariopatia ou pacientes submetidos &#224; cirurgia
            card&#237;aca ou a procedimentos especiais de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o do mioc&#225;rdio devem ser
            submetidos a coronariografia pr&#233;-operat&#243;ria.</p>
      <p>Assim, por se tratar de uma patologia em que a morbimortalidade &#233; elevad&#237;ssima, o
            tratamento cir&#250;rgico deve ser imediato, e a sobrevida tardia n&#227;o &#233; isenta de
            complica&#231;&#245;es (principalmente pela elevada persist&#234;ncia da falsa luz p&#233;rvia nos
            seguimentos do arco a&#243;rtico, aorta descendente e abdominal). A necessidade do tratamento
            cir&#250;rgico imediatamente ap&#243;s o diagn&#243;stico visa &#224; preven&#231;&#227;o de suas complica&#231;&#245;es fatais,
            como o tamponamento card&#237;aco secund&#225;rio &#224; ruptura da aorta, como relatado neste caso, o
            infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio, a insufici&#234;ncia a&#243;rtica sintom&#225;tica, complica&#231;&#245;es
            neurol&#243;gicas, entre outras, com impacto dram&#225;tico sobre a mortalidade <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref>
				<sup>,</sup>
				<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref>. O tratamento padr&#227;o-ouro &#233; a interven&#231;&#227;o cir&#250;rgica e a opera&#231;&#227;o
            tradicionalmente proposta &#233; a interposi&#231;&#227;o de tubo supracoron&#225;rio, cuja mortalidade
            hospitalar &#233; variada, oscilando entre 10 e 30% <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref>
				<sup>,</sup>
				<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref>. Infelizmente, este
            paciente n&#227;o sobreviveu a ponto de se instituir tal tratamento. (Dr. Tiago Rodrigues
            Politi)</p>
      <p><bold>Hip&#243;teses diagn&#243;sticas: </bold>dissec&#231;&#227;o de aorta ascendente. (Dr. Tiago Rodrigues
            Politi)</p>
      <p><bold>Outros diagn&#243;sticos: </bold>Hipertens&#227;o arterial sist&#234;mica, Aneurisma de aorta
            ascendente, Tamponamento card&#237;aco. (Dr. Tiago Rodrigues Politi)</p>
    </sec>
    <sec>
      <title>Necr&#243;psia</title>
      <p>A necr&#243;psia revelou dissec&#231;&#227;o da aorta ascendente, iniciando-se cerca de 4 cm acima do
            plano valvar, atingindo retrogradamente toda a aorta ascendente. Como comprometia apenas
            a aorta ascendente, a dissec&#231;&#227;o enquadrou-se no tipo II, pela classifica&#231;&#227;o de DeBakey,
            e no tipo A, pela de Stanford. O orif&#237;cio de dissec&#231;&#227;o tomava toda a circunfer&#234;ncia da
            art&#233;ria, sendo perpendicular ao seu eixo. Houve protrus&#227;o da l&#226;mina interna da aorta
            clivada, levando &#224; obstru&#231;&#227;o da art&#233;ria (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f04">Figura
            4</xref>). Isso causou isquemia de m&#250;ltiplos &#243;rg&#227;os, incluindo infarto quase total de
            ambos os rins e infarto cerebral na regi&#227;o frontoparietal direita (as art&#233;rias car&#243;tidas
            n&#227;o tinham dissec&#231;&#227;o). Houve ruptura da aorta para saco peric&#225;rdico, levando a
            tamponamento card&#237;aco, que foi o evento final que determinou a morte.</p>
      <p>O paciente tinha sinais de hipertens&#227;o arterial sist&#234;mica, como altera&#231;&#245;es da
            microcircula&#231;&#227;o renal, incluindo altera&#231;&#245;es das arter&#237;olas aferentes, e hipertrofia
            conc&#234;ntrica do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo.</p>
      <p>A idade do paciente fez pensar em s&#237;ndrome gen&#233;tica subjacente &#224; dissec&#231;&#227;o, mas ele n&#227;o
            tinha fen&#243;tipo claro de s&#237;ndrome de Marfan e, por outro lado, mostrou os indicadores de
            hipertens&#227;o arterial acima descritos.</p>
      <p>Chamou a aten&#231;&#227;o, neste caso, o prolapso da l&#226;mina interna da dissec&#231;&#227;o, levando &#224;
            obstru&#231;&#227;o do fluxo sangu&#237;neo. &#201; complica&#231;&#227;o incomum da dissec&#231;&#227;o a&#243;rtica aguda, que n&#227;o
            aparece mesmo em algumas nas descri&#231;&#245;es anatomopatol&#243;gicas bastante completas dessa
            doen&#231;a <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref>
				<sup>,</sup>
				<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref>. (Dr. Paulo Gutierrez)</p>
    </sec>
    <sec>
      <title>Diagn&#243;sticos anatomopatol&#243;gicos</title>
      <p>dissec&#231;&#227;o aguda da aorta, com obstru&#231;&#227;o da aorta pela l&#226;mina interna da parede clivada
            da art&#233;ria; prov&#225;vel hipertens&#227;o arterial sist&#234;mica. (Dr. Paulo Gutierrez)</p>
      <p><bold>Editor da Se&#231;&#227;o:</bold> Alfredo Jos&#233; Mansur (ajmansur@incor.usp.br)</p>
      <p><bold>Editores Associados:</bold> Desid&#233;rio Favarato (dclfavarato@incor.usp.br), Vera
            Demarchi Aiello (anpvera@incor.usp.br)</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="com">
        <p>
          <bold>Coment&#225;rio</bold>
        </p>
        <p><italic>Causa mortis</italic>: tamponamento card&#237;aco. (Dr. Paulo Gutierrez)</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
    <ack>
      <title>Agradecimento</title>
      <p>Os autores agradecem a Falcetti Junior, pela ilustra&#231;&#227;o do processo patol&#243;gico.</p>
    </ack>
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  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="SA1" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Anatomopathological Session</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title xml:lang="en">Case 1/2014 - Syncope Due to Cardiogenic Shock in a
               25-year-old Male Patient</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Politi</surname>
            <given-names>Tiago Rodrigues</given-names>
          </name>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Gutierrez</surname>
            <given-names>Paulo</given-names>
          </name>
        </contrib>
        <aff>
          <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo</institution>
          <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Faculdade de Medicina</institution>
          <institution content-type="orgdiv2">Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas</institution>
          <institution content-type="orgdiv3">Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country>Brazil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o, Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas,
                  Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo - USP, S&#227;o Paulo, SP -
                  Brazil</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp><bold>Mailing Address: Vera Demarchi Aiello</bold>, Avenida Dr. En&#233;as de
               Carvalho Aguiar, 44, subsolo, bloco I, Cerqueira C&#233;sar. Postal Code 05403-000, S&#227;o
               Paulo, SP - Brazil. E-mail: <email>demarchi@cardiol.br</email>,
                  <email>vera.aiello@incor.usp.br</email>
				</corresp>
      </author-notes>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>Syncope</kwd>
        <kwd>Shock</kwd>
        <kwd>Cardiogenic</kwd>
        <kwd>Aortic Aneurysm</kwd>
        <kwd>Aneurysm, Dissecting</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p>The patient was a twenty-five-year-old male individual, who suddenly started feeling
            faint and malaise at fainted on February 18<sup>th</sup>, 2009. He was taken to the
            medical emergency service of the local hospital by family members approximately one hour
            after symptom onset. The patient was previously healthy and asymptomatic. There was no
            history of hypertension, diabetes, dyslipidemia, heart disease or use of illegal
            drugs.</p>
      <p>At physical examination the patient had lowered level of consciousness, 60/50 mmHg blood
            pressure, heart rate (HR) of 150 beats per minute (bpm), no palpable pulses in the upper
            limbs and symmetrical pulses in the lower limbs.</p>
      <p>Several tests were performed on the day of hospital admission. The electrocardiogram
            (ECG) showed sinus tachycardia, with a HR of 150 bpm, PR interval of 120 ms, QRS
            duration of 80 ms (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f05">Figure 1</xref>). Chest radiography
            showed cardiomegaly, mediastinal enlargement and clear pulmonary fields (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f06">Figure 2</xref>). The transthoracic echocardiography showed
            dissection of the ascending aorta with cardiac tamponade (compression of the right
            atrium).</p>
      <fig id="f05" fig-type="other">
        <label>Figure 1</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Resting electrocardiogram showing sinus tachycardia.</title>
        </caption>
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-102-02-0e11-40020-gf01-en.jpg"/></fig>
      <fig id="f06" fig-type="other">
        <label>Arq Bras Cardiol. 2014; 102(2):e11-e16 Figure 2</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Chest radiography showing cardiomegaly, mediastinal enlargement and clear
                  pulmonary fields.</title>
        </caption>
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-102-02-0e11-40020-gf02-en.jpg"/></fig>
      <p>Laboratory assessment showed hemoglobin of 14.2 g/dL, hematocrit 42.9%, leukocytes
               12,400/mm<sup>3</sup> (78% neutrophils, 2% eosinophils, 14% lymphocytes and 6%
            monocytes), platelets 202.000/mm<sup>3</sup>, urea 30.5 mg/dL, creatinine 1.2 mg/dL,
            potassium 3.8 mEq / L, sodium 146 mEq/L, glucose 132 mg/dL, alkaline phosphatase 46
            IU/L, gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase 37 IU/L, aspartate aminotransferase 21 IU/L and
            alanine aminotransferase 34 IU/L.</p>
      <p>Due to the patient's clinical instability, tracheal intubation for ventilatory support
            was required, as well as volemic expansion with 0.9% saline solution and a vasoactive
            drug (norepinephrine) to elevate blood pressure.</p>
      <p>After volume expansion and noradrenaline administration, blood pressure increased to
            126/40 mmHg, with a heart rate of 135 bpm, and due to the severity of the clinical
            picture, his transfer to the Emergency Department of Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o (InCor) was
            requested in the same evening.</p>
      <p>Upon admission to InCor on February 19, 2009, the patient was sedated, assisted by
            mechanical ventilation and with pallor (++/6). The cardiorespiratory examination, showed
            a heart rate of 110 bpm, blood pressure 110/70 mmHg, normal pulmonary auscultation;
            however, cardiac auscultation showed muffled heart sounds (no accessory heart sounds,
            murmurs or pericardial friction rubs were identified). Abdominal examination was normal
            and there were no arterial pulses in the upper limbs, with bilateral cyanosis in the
            fingers. The arterial pulses were palpable and symmetrical in the lower limbs.</p>
      <p>The laboratory assessment performed on February 19, 2009 showed: hemoglobin of 17.1 g /
            dL, hematocrit 54%, 26,900/mm <sup>3</sup> leukocytes (1% rods, 84% segmented
            neutrophils, 7% lymphocytes and 8% monocytes), 107.000/mm <sup>3</sup> platelets, urea
            39 mg/dL, creatinine 2.6 mg/dL (glomerular filtration, 32 mL/min/1.73m&#178;), sodium 134
            mEq/L, potassium 4.9 mEq/L, lactate 33 mg/dL, prothrombin time (International Normalized
            Index, INR) of 3.8 and activated partial thromboplastin time ratio of 1.53. Arterial
            blood gas analysis showed a pH of 7.22, partial pressure of Carbon Dioxide
               (pCO<sub>2</sub>) of 32.9 mmHg, partial pressure of oxygen (pO2) of 206 mm Hg,
               O<sub>2</sub> saturation of 99.9%, bicarbonate 13 mEq/L and excess of base (-) of
            13.7 mEq/L.</p>
      <p>The ECG was suggestive of electrical alternans (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f07">Figure3</xref>).</p>
      <fig id="f07" fig-type="other">
        <label>Figure 3</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Resting electrocardiogram showing electrical alternans.</title>
        </caption>
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-102-02-0e11-40020-gf03-en.jpg"/></fig>
      <p>Transesophageal echocardiography showed left ventricular hypertrophy with normal
            systolic function and a 62-mm aneurysmal dilation in the ascending aorta with the
            dissection lamina starting 1.7 cm from the valve. The dissection extended up after the
            aortic arch and affected the innominate artery, the left common carotid artery and the
            left subclavian artery. Severe aortic valve regurgitation and large pericardial effusion
            were also observed, with signs of right ventricular restriction to diastolic inflow.</p>
      <p>Surgical treatment of the aortic dissection was indicated; however, the patient had
            bradycardia in the perioperative period, followed by asystole unresponsive to
            resuscitation maneuvers and died.</p>
      <sec>
        <title>Clinical aspects</title>
        <p>This is a case of a male patient, 25 years of age with no previously described
               clinical history that sought medical attention complaining of malaise and feeling
               faint. The clinical picture had started 1 hour before he sought the local hospital
               emergency room. The patient clinical evolution was dramatic, presenting at the
               examination as shock, initially of undetermined etiology, going to aortic dissection
               and cardiac tamponade, and culminating in death within hours of symptom onset, before
               any surgical intervention. Acute dissection of the ascending aorta was then
               identified, with rapid and catastrophic clinical deterioration, a determining factor
               for the diagnosis to be attained as early as possible, as well as an early and
               accurate intervention.</p>
        <p>Acute aortic dissection is a cardiovascular emergency with high mortality, ranging
               from 50 to 68% in 48 hours, 70% at 1 week and 85% in 1 month<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B01">1</xref>. The intimal tear is transversal, located in 70% of cases in
               the aorta ascending (just above the aortic valve), 20% in the descending aorta after
               the aortic arch, and 10% in the transverse aorta. Once started, the dissection
               progression can be distal, retrograde or occur in both directions and be of varying
                  extension<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B01">1</xref>
					<sup>,</sup>
					<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B02">2</xref>. In the present case, the aortic dissection started in the
               ascending portion, retrograde, with bending of the anterior plan between the true and
               false lumen, generating a mechanical obstruction to the left ventricular outflow
               tract (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f08">Figure 4</xref>).</p>
        <fig id="f08" fig-type="other">
          <label>Figure 4</label>
          <caption>
            <title>(A) Open ascending aorta showing the dissection with the inner layer of the
                     arterial wall protruding into the valve plane. The white arrow shows this
                     region, with the section taken for histological analysis. The light blue arrow
                     indicates the tear that defines the dissection orifice, in this case affecting
                     the entire circumference of the artery - artistic illustration of the
                     pathological process. The arrow indicates a clot in false lumen, pushing down
                     the inner part of the aortic wall. LA: left atrium; AV: aortic valve; LV: left
                     ventricle.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-102-02-0e11-40020-gf04-en.jpg"/></fig>
        <p>Aortic dissection is more common in male individuals and the male/female ratio ranges
               from 2:1 to 5:1, with the highest incidence between 45 and 70 years of age, with a
               peak age between 50 and 55 years for cases of proximal dissection and between 60 and
               70 years for the distal cases<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B03">3</xref>
					<sup>,</sup>
					<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B04">4</xref>. The preponderant
               factor at the dissection is the involvement of the medial layer, as in the genesis of
               aneurysms in general, and the medial disease that most often predisposes to
               dissection is medial cystic necrosis. The dissection can be triggered by "traumatic"
               factors of the arterial wall, such as hypertension, aortic coarctation, pregnancy and
               bicuspid valve<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B05">5</xref>.</p>
        <p>There are also other clinical entities that compromise aortic endothelial integrity
               and function, such as aortitis, hereditary connective tissue disorders (Marfan
               syndrome and Ehlers-Danlos syndrome), congenital malformations of the aortic valve,
               trauma, aortic valve replacement and situations that facilitate endothelial injury,
               such as a simple catheterization<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B06">6</xref>. The
               clinical picture and therapeutic approach are sufficiently different to justify the
               separation of this entity into two groups: type-A Stanford dissection, involving the
               ascending aorta extending or not to descending aorta and type-B Stanford dissection,
               which involves only the descending aorta, with this classification being the most
               widely accepted<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B01">1</xref>
					<sup>,</sup>
					<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B04">4</xref>. From a purely surgical standpoint, De Bakey et
                  al<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B03">3</xref> classified dissecting aneurysms into
               three groups: type I corresponds to the dissection starting in the ascending aorta
               extending for a varying distance, distally; type II is the dissection limited to the
               ascending aorta; and type III is the dissection started after the emergence of the
               left subclavian artery and that progresses to the abdominal aorta with a varying
               extent. In this case, we found a type-A Stanford aortic dissection, with probable
               hypertensive etiology, as demonstrated by echocardiography, in addition to the lack
               of evidence of any risk factors described in the literature, whether in the past
               medical history, at the clinical evaluation or in the tests performed, to justify
               another etiology.</p>
        <p>The main clinical manifestation of aortic dissection is high-intensity chest pain,
               accompanied by symptoms of sympathetic activity. The onset of pain is almost always
               sudden, being characterized as a sharp, stabbing or throbbing pain, associated with
               sweating and may be limited to the thorax or be retrosternal, radiating to the back,
               abdomen, upper or lower limbs<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B04">4</xref>. It can also be
               associated with dyspnea and pulmonary edema<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B04">4</xref>
					<sup>-</sup>
					<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B07">7</xref>. However, the
               clinical manifestation may be subtle or atypical and aortic dissection without prior
               chest pain has been previously described<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B08">8</xref>
					<sup>,</sup>
					<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B09">9</xref> and occurs in
               approximately 5 to 15% of all aortic dissections<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>
					<sup>,</sup>
					<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref>. In the present
               case, the patient reported no chest pain and two possible explanations are offered
               for the painless aortic dissection: first, the dissection can cause a protrusion
               (bulging) of the intima into the inner layer and reinsert the lumen of true aorta,
               without moving the adventitia to the outer layer; and second, the dissection can
               occur very slowly, without sudden or violent distension of the adventitia, and thus
               it can be painless<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref>. Fever may accompany a
               third of the patients with dissecting aneurysms, and is generally not associated with
                  endocarditis<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref>. Physical examination may
               disclose asymmetry of peripheral pulses, and in 50% of cases with type-A dissection,
               alterations in one or more pulses, and in only 16% in type-B dissections<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B01">1</xref>
					<sup>,</sup>
					<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B07">7</xref>.</p>
        <p>Imaging diagnostic methods include echocardiography (transthoracic or
               transesophageal), computed tomography or angiography. Many services use
               echocardiography as the sole preoperative assessment for surgical indication in acute
               type A dissections. In general, the transesophageal echocardiography is preferred,
               which can reach 97-100% of sensitivity and 77 97% of specificity<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref>
					<sup>,</sup>
					<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref>. It is
               also of importance the fact that the echocardiography provides information on the
               presence and magnitude of aortic regurgitation, aortic annulus dimensions, evidence
               of aortic regurgitation prior to the dissection; these are key data for surgical
               management, regarding the aortic valve preservation<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref>.</p>
        <p>In the present case, due to the patient's clinical instability, transesophageal
               echocardiography was performed. CT and angiography are useful for special situations
               or in indeterminate cases, as these tests are more time-consuming and mainly the
               angiography may precipitate aortic rupture. Patients with a history of coronary
               artery disease or patients undergoing cardiac surgery or special procedures for
               myocardial revascularization should undergo preoperative coronary angiography.</p>
        <p>Thus, as this is a condition in which mortality is very high, surgical treatment
               should be immediate, and late survival is not free of complications (mainly due to
               the high persistence of patent false lumen in the segments of the aortic arch,
               descending and abdominal aorta). The need for surgical treatment immediately after
               diagnosis aims at preventing its life-threatening complications, such as cardiac
               tamponade secondary to rupture of the aorta, as reported in this case, acute
               myocardial infarction, symptomatic aortic insufficiency, neurological complications,
               among others, with a dramatic impact on mortality<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref>
					<sup>,</sup>
					<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref>. The gold standard
               treatment is the surgical intervention and the traditionally proposed surgery is the
               interposition of the supracoronary tube, of which in-hospital mortality rate varies,
               ranging between 10 and 30%<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref>
					<sup>,</sup>
					<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref>. Unfortunately, this patient did not survive
               long enough to undergo such treatment.</p>
        <p>(Dr. Tiago Rodrigues Politi)</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Diagnostic hypothesis: ascending aorta dissection. (Dr. Tiago Rodrigues
               Politi)</title>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Other diagnoses: Systemic arterial hypertension, ascending aorta aneurysm,
               cardiac tamponade. (Dr. Tiago Rodrigues Politi).</title>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Necropsy</title>
        <p>Necropsy disclosed dissection of the ascending aorta, starting approximately 4 cm
               above the valve, affecting the entire ascending aorta in retrograde fashion. As it
               affected only the ascending aorta, the dissection was characterized as type II,
               according to the DeBakey classification, and Stanford type A. The dissection orifice
               affected the entire arterial circumference, being perpendicular to its axis. There
               was protrusion of the inner layer of the dissected aorta, leading to artery
               obstruction (Figure 4). This obstruction caused multiple organ ischemia, including
               almost total infarction of both kidneys and cerebral infarction in the right parietal
               region (the carotid arteries had no dissection). There was rupture of the aorta into
               the pericardial sac, leading to cardiac tamponade, which was the final event which
               led to the patient's death.</p>
        <p>The patient had signs of hypertension such as alterations in renal microcirculation,
               as well as in the afferent arterioles, and left ventricular concentric
               hypertrophy.</p>
        <p>The patient's age suggested a genetic syndrome underlying the dissection, but he had
               no clear phenotype of Marfan syndrome and, moreover, showed indicators of
               hypertension described above.</p>
        <p>It is noteworthy, in this case, the prolapse of internal layer of the dissection,
               leading to blood flow obstruction. It is an unusual complication of acute aortic
               dissection, which does not appear even in some fairly comprehensive
               anatomopathological descriptions of this disease<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref>
					<sup>,</sup>
					<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref>. (Dr. Paulo
               Gutierrez)</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Anatomopathological diagnosis</title>
        <p>Acute aortic dissection and aortic obstruction by the internal lamina of the sliced
               arterial wall; probable systemic arterial hypertension. </p>
        <p>(Dr. Paulo Gutierrez)</p>
        <p><bold>Section Editor:</bold> Alfredo Jos&#233; Mansur (<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="ajmansur@incor.usp.br">ajmansur@incor.usp.br</ext-link>)</p>
        <p><bold>Associated Editors:</bold> Desid&#233;rio Favarato (<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="dclfavarato@incor.usp.br">dclfavarato@incor.usp.br</ext-link>)</p>
        <p>Vera Demarchi Aiello (<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="anpvera@incor.usp.br">anpvera@incor.usp.br</ext-link>)</p>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="com">
          <p>
            <bold>Commentary</bold>
          </p>
          <p><italic>Cause of death</italic>: cardiac tamponade. (Dr. Paulo Gutierrez)</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
      <ack>
        <title>Acknowledgement</title>
        <p>The authors would like to thank Falcetti Junior, for his illustration of the
               pathological process.</p>
      </ack>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
