<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.1 20151215//EN" "https://jats.nlm.nih.gov/publishing/1.1/JATS-journalpublishing1.dtd">
<article xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" dtd-version="3.0" article-type="research-article" xml:lang="pt">
  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">QwSp3J3TdqkknWLC83MQKQn</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2014000200032</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="previous-pid">S0066-782X2013005030244</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">00032</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5935/abc.20130244</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigo de Revis&#227;o</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title xml:lang="pt">Qualidade de Vida e Cardiopatia Cong&#234;nita na Inf&#226;ncia e
               Adolesc&#234;ncia</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Bertoletti</surname>
            <given-names>Juliana</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Marx</surname>
            <given-names>Giovana Caroline</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Hattge</surname>
            <given-names>S&#233;rgio Pedro</given-names>
            <suffix>J&#250;nior</suffix>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Pellanda</surname>
            <given-names>Lucia Campos</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">2</xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c01"/>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Instituto de Cardiologia</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Funda&#231;&#227;o Universit&#225;ria de Cardiologia</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Porto Alegre</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">RS</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country>Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original"> Instituto de Cardiologia/Funda&#231;&#227;o Universit&#225;ria de Cardiologia
            - IC/FUC, Porto Alegre, RS - Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff2">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal de Ci&#234;ncias da Sa&#250;de de Porto
               Alegre</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Porto Alegre</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">RS</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country>Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original"> Universidade Federal de Ci&#234;ncias da Sa&#250;de de Porto Alegre,
            Porto Alegre, RS - Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01"><bold>Correspond&#234;ncia:</bold> Lucia Campos Pellanda, Instituto de Cardiologia do Rio
               Grande do Sul/Funda&#231;&#227;o Universit&#225;ria de Cardiologia e Universidade Federal de
               Ci&#234;ncias da Sa&#250;de de Porto Alegre, Av. Princesa Isabel, 370, 3.&#186; andar, Santana. CEP
               99620-000, Porto Alegre, RS - Brasil. E-mail: <email>lupellanda@gmail.com</email>
				</corresp>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p><bold>Potencial Conflito de Interesses</bold> Declaro n&#227;o haver conflito de
                  interesses pertinentes.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p><bold>Vincula&#231;&#227;o Acad&#234;mica</bold> Este artigo &#233; parte de disserta&#231;&#227;o de Mestrado
                  de Juliana Bertoletti pelo Instituto de Cardiologia/Funda&#231;&#227;o Universit&#225;ria de
                  Cardiologia</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date pub-type="epub">
        <day>21</day>
        <month>12</month>
        <year>2013</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date pub-type="collection">
        <month>03</month>
        <year>2014</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>102</volume>
      <issue>02</issue>
      <fpage>192</fpage>
      <lpage>198</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>08</day>
          <month>05</month>
          <year>2013</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>05</day>
          <month>08</month>
          <year>2013</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>26</day>
          <month>09</month>
          <year>2013</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/">
          <license-p>This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative
                  Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License which permits unrestricted
                  non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the
                  original work is properly cited. </license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract xml:lang="pt">
        <p>Os avan&#231;os nas t&#233;cnicas de cirurgia card&#237;aca e o diagn&#243;stico precoce t&#234;m
               possibilitado maior sobrevida de indiv&#237;duos com cardiopatias cong&#234;nitas. A
               investiga&#231;&#227;o da qualidade de vida em crian&#231;as e adolescentes com cardiopatias
               cong&#234;nitas fornece informa&#231;&#245;es complementares aos dados cl&#237;nicos que podem auxiliar
               na tomada de decis&#227;o dos profissionais de sa&#250;de. Embora muitos estudos tenham sido
               realizados para investigar a qualidade de vida de crian&#231;as e adolescentes com
               cardiopatias cong&#234;nitas, os resultados mostram-se contradit&#243;rios. Enquanto alguns
               estudos revelam que as cardiopatias podem impactar a qualidade de vida, outros
               descrevem melhor percep&#231;&#227;o da qualidade de vida entre crian&#231;as e adolescentes
               cardiopatas quando comparados com controles saud&#225;veis. O objetivo deste estudo &#233;
               revisar a literatura sobre a avalia&#231;&#227;o da qualidade de vida relacionada &#224; sa&#250;de em
               crian&#231;as e adolescentes com cardiopatias cong&#234;nitas, de forma a sistematizar o
               conhecimento existente sobre esse tema na atualidade. Observa-se que as pesquisas
               procuram investigar aspectos relacionados &#224; personalidade do paciente cardiopata, &#224;s
               estrat&#233;gias de enfrentamento utilizadas por ele e ao suporte social percebido,
               visando &#224; melhor compreens&#227;o da associa&#231;&#227;o de tais vari&#225;veis com o n&#237;vel de qualidade
               de vida nessa popula&#231;&#227;o.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <kwd>Cardiopatias Cong&#234;nitas</kwd>
        <kwd>Qualidade de Vida</kwd>
        <kwd>Crian&#231;a</kwd>
        <kwd>Adolescente</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <counts>
        <fig-count count="0"/>
        <table-count count="0"/>
        <equation-count count="0"/>
        <ref-count count="57"/>
        <page-count count="7"/>
      </counts>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
      <p>Os avan&#231;os nos tratamentos e as possibilidades efetivas de controle de doen&#231;as
            cronicodegenerativas e cong&#234;nitas t&#234;m acarretado maior tempo de vida a pessoas
            acometidas por esses agravos<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B01">1</xref>. Em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224;s
            malforma&#231;&#245;es card&#237;acas, estima-se que cerca de 10 em cada 1.000 rec&#233;m-nascidos vivos
            sejam afetados por algum tipo de anomalia cong&#234;nita, sendo 1/3 com diagn&#243;sticos cr&#237;ticos
            que requerem interven&#231;&#227;o cir&#250;rgica<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B01">1</xref>
				<sup>,</sup>
				<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B02">2</xref>. Nas &#250;ltimas d&#233;cadas, o
            diagn&#243;stico precoce tem contribu&#237;do para o aumento da incid&#234;ncia nos achados<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B03">3</xref>, e o avan&#231;o das t&#233;cnicas cir&#250;rgicas tem ocasionado
            o crescimento do n&#250;mero de crian&#231;as e adolescentes cardiopatas.</p>
      <p>Diante desse contexto, &#233; importante considerar as repercuss&#245;es de ordem f&#237;sica,
            psicol&#243;gica e social que acompanham as cardiopatias cong&#234;nitas (CC) e que podem trazer
            preju&#237;zos &#224; qualidade de vida desses pacientes. A qualidade de vida relacionada &#224; sa&#250;de
            (QVRS), inicialmente mais investigada na popula&#231;&#227;o adulta, tem ganhado especial aten&#231;&#227;o
            na inf&#226;ncia e adolesc&#234;ncia devido ao impacto que o seu preju&#237;zo pode causar em longo
            prazo, al&#233;m do benef&#237;cio que as interven&#231;&#245;es precoces com foco na sua melhoria podem
            proporcionar, especialmente nas doen&#231;as cr&#244;nicas.</p>
      <p>A avalia&#231;&#227;o da QVRS em crian&#231;as e adolescentes cardiopatas tem sido utilizada como
            importante desfecho de sa&#250;de, para identificar grupos e subgrupos que estejam em risco,
            rastrear h&#225;bitos de sa&#250;de e compreender melhor o impacto dos diferentes diagn&#243;sticos de
            cardiopatia sobre a qualidade de vida dessa popula&#231;&#227;o. O objetivo deste estudo &#233; revisar
            a literatura atual sobre a avalia&#231;&#227;o da qualidade de vida relacionada &#224; sa&#250;de na
            inf&#226;ncia e adolesc&#234;ncia, com &#234;nfase sobre o paciente portador de cardiopatia
            cong&#234;nita.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec>
      <title>M&#233;todo</title>
      <p>Foi realizada uma busca nas bases de dados Pubmed e Scielo por artigos publicados no
            per&#237;odo entre 2000-2012. Foram utilizadas as palavras-chave "<italic>quality of
               life</italic>", "<italic>congenital heart disease</italic>",
               "<italic>children</italic>", "<italic>adolescents</italic>". Foram encontrados 350
            artigos, dos quais 58 foram selecionados para esta revis&#227;o de acordo com os seguintes
            crit&#233;rios de escolha: estudos transversais, longitudinais e revis&#245;es sistem&#225;ticas, cujos
            procedimentos metodol&#243;gicos estivessem bem descritos, bem como a an&#225;lise estat&#237;stica;
            estudos que utilizassem instrumentos de medida v&#225;lidos e reconhecidos; estudos
            realizados com crian&#231;as e adolescentes, com tamanho de amostra significativo.
            Adicionalmente, foram buscadas refer&#234;ncias de livros de autoria de profissionais
            especialistas na &#225;rea e artigos de revis&#227;o bibliogr&#225;fica com adequada qualidade te&#243;rica
            para a discuss&#227;o do tema, com o intuito de complementar e aprofundar a an&#225;lise da
            literatura atual.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="results">
      <title>Resultados da revis&#227;o e discuss&#227;o</title>
      <sec>
        <title>Qualidade de vida relacionada &#224; sa&#250;de em crian&#231;as e adolescentes</title>
        <p>Enquanto a qualidade de vida (QV) na popula&#231;&#227;o adulta tem sido bastante investigada
               nos &#250;ltimos 10 anos, entre crian&#231;as e adolescentes &#233; uma &#225;rea recente. A dificuldade
               de definir e conceituar QV torna-se um constante desafio para os pesquisadores da
               &#225;rea, principalmente na constru&#231;&#227;o de instrumentos v&#225;lidos e fidedignos, que incluam
               todas as suas dimens&#245;es e considerem a percep&#231;&#227;o do indiv&#237;duo em desenvolvimento. </p>
        <p>De forma geral, os instrumentos de avalia&#231;&#227;o de QV na inf&#226;ncia apresentam pouca
               congru&#234;ncia em rela&#231;&#227;o ao conte&#250;do abordado, apresentando diversas concep&#231;&#245;es sobre o
               desenvolvimento infantil normal em diferentes faixas et&#225;rias e sobre a import&#226;ncia da
               fun&#231;&#227;o familiar e do contexto social como fatores necess&#225;rios para o seu bem-estar. O
               amplo espectro de conte&#250;dos e a variedade de dimens&#245;es e itens contemplados nos
               instrumentos de QV na inf&#226;ncia refletem as diferen&#231;as no seu processo de elabora&#231;&#227;o,
               na linha te&#243;rica utilizada, na popula&#231;&#227;o-alvo e nos objetivos de aplica&#231;&#227;o do
                  instrumento<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B04">4</xref>
					<sup>,</sup>
					<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B05">5 </xref>.</p>
        <p>Algumas vertentes de discuss&#227;o sobre um modelo ideal de QV na inf&#226;ncia e
               adolesc&#234;ncia, conforme destacaram Kuczynski e Assump&#231;&#227;o Jr<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B04">4 </xref>, sugerem que &#233; importante avaliar a esfera global (relacionada
               &#224; sociedade e ao macroambiente) e externa (relacionada &#224;s condi&#231;&#245;es socioecon&#244;micas)
               acima de aspectos pessoais e interpessoais, pois as crian&#231;as necessitam, sobretudo,
               desenvolver-se em condi&#231;&#245;es adequadas e promotoras de sa&#250;de. Refor&#231;ando essa ideia,
               Matza e cols.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B06">6 </xref> consideram que, em geral, as
               crian&#231;as n&#227;o t&#234;m a escolha de mudar significativamente um problema ambiental, ao
               contr&#225;rio dos adultos, que possuem recursos financeiros e suporte social adequados
               para, por exemplo, deixar um emprego ou um casamento insatisfat&#243;rio.</p>
        <p>Fatores contextuais, portanto, podem exercer influ&#234;ncia em longo prazo sobre o
               desenvolvimento social e psicol&#243;gico das crian&#231;as, sendo importante considerar
               vari&#225;veis como a fam&#237;lia, os colegas, a escola e a comunidade ao avaliar sua QV. No
               caso de crian&#231;as com doen&#231;a cr&#244;nica, existem poucas tentativas de elabora&#231;&#227;o de
               m&#233;todos e instrumentos de avalia&#231;&#227;o da QVRS, e ainda &#233; pouco frequente a preocupa&#231;&#227;o
               em apreender a percep&#231;&#227;o e a repercuss&#227;o da doen&#231;a do ponto de vista do paciente, o
               que resulta em grandes discrep&#226;ncias quanto &#224; resposta e &#224; evolu&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B04">4 </xref>.</p>
        <p>Para Lawford e Eiser<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B07">7 </xref>, a habilidade da
               crian&#231;a em se adaptar &#224;s suas experi&#234;ncias e a forma como interpreta experi&#234;ncias de
               vida adversas ter&#227;o impacto sobre a sua QV. As rea&#231;&#245;es de cada crian&#231;a frente a
               experi&#234;ncias adversas, como lidar com a doen&#231;a, mostram que h&#225; um n&#237;vel de
               ajustamento individual e estilos de enfrentamento (<italic>coping</italic>) que est&#227;o
               relacionados &#224; sua percep&#231;&#227;o sobre QV. O conceito de resili&#234;ncia, entendido como o
               processo de adapta&#231;&#227;o positiva do indiv&#237;duo em contextos de extrema adversidade, tem
               sido utilizado para explicar as diferen&#231;as individuais encontradas em crian&#231;as que
               mostram altos n&#237;veis de funcionamento em certos dom&#237;nios da QV, apesar de enfrentarem
               condi&#231;&#245;es de vida adversas.</p>
        <p>Em revis&#227;o sistem&#225;tica sobre instrumentos de avalia&#231;&#227;o da QV para crian&#231;as e
               adolescentes, Solans e cols.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B05">5 </xref> identificaram a
               exist&#234;ncia de 30 instrumentos gen&#233;ricos e 64 doen&#231;a-espec&#237;ficos, publicados entre os
               anos de 2001-2005. S&#227;o exemplos de instrumentos gen&#233;ricos para a popula&#231;&#227;o pedi&#225;trica
               o <italic>Pediatric Quality of Life Inventory</italic> (PedsQL)<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B08">8 </xref>, o <italic>Autoquestionnaire de Qualit&#233; de Vie Enfant
                  Imag&#233;</italic> (AUQUEI)<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B09">9 </xref>, o <italic>Child
                  Health Questionnaire </italic>(CHQ)<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10 </xref>e o
                  <italic>Kidscreen <sup>(</sup>
					</italic>
					<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11 </xref>. J&#225; as medidas espec&#237;ficas s&#227;o
               instrumentos capazes de detectar a melhora ou a piora de sintomas e o funcionamento
               da condi&#231;&#227;o de sa&#250;de em estudo, com maior sensibilidade para medir altera&#231;&#245;es a
               efeitos dos tratamentos de determinadas doen&#231;as<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref>
					<sup>,</sup>
					<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13 </xref>. Na popula&#231;&#227;o
               pedi&#225;trica, as condi&#231;&#245;es de sa&#250;de que apresentam maior n&#250;mero de instrumentos de
               medida espec&#237;fica s&#227;o asma, c&#226;ncer e epilepsia, e os pa&#237;ses que mais desenvolvem esse
               tipo de instrumento s&#227;o Estados Unidos, Reino Unido e Canad&#225;<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B05">5 </xref>.</p>
        <p>Embora, no estudo de Solans e cols.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B05">5 </xref>, a
               maioria dos instrumentos apresente padr&#245;es aceit&#225;veis em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224;s propriedades
               psicom&#233;tricas, poucos apresentaram an&#225;lises de validade de crit&#233;rio (n = 5), validade
               de estrutura (n = 15) ou sensibilidade &#224; mudan&#231;a (n = 14). O desafio em acessar a
               percep&#231;&#227;o infantil tamb&#233;m se revela no estudo, visto que 26% dos instrumentos
               doen&#231;a-espec&#237;ficos se destinam exclusivamente aos pais como respondentes
                  (<italic>proxy</italic>).</p>
        <p>Em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224;s medidas de QVRS destinadas a crian&#231;as e adolescentes, Matza e
                  cols.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B06">6 </xref> apontam alguns aspectos
               metodol&#243;gicos que devem ser considerados na elabora&#231;&#227;o dos instrumentos. De acordo
               com os autores, &#233; preciso considerar a idade m&#237;nima em que as crian&#231;as podem
               responder sobre sua qualidade de vida, bem como a adequa&#231;&#227;o do formato do instrumento
               ao n&#237;vel de compreens&#227;o de cada faixa et&#225;ria. Al&#233;m disso, h&#225; diverg&#234;ncias entre os
               pesquisadores sobre a necessidade de avaliar a concord&#226;ncia entre a avalia&#231;&#227;o dos
               pais e das crian&#231;as como respondentes, principalmente ao se avaliarem crian&#231;as mais
               jovens que podem n&#227;o conseguir responder sobre dom&#237;nios mais subjetivos. Assim, antes
               de elaborar uma medida de QVRS para crian&#231;as, &#233; essencial que os pesquisadores
               avaliem a adequa&#231;&#227;o do instrumento &#224; faixa et&#225;ria, incluindo vocabul&#225;rio, instru&#231;&#245;es,
               estrutura das quest&#245;es, conte&#250;do e op&#231;&#245;es de resposta.</p>
        <p>Nas cardiopatias cong&#234;nitas, medidas espec&#237;ficas de QVRS come&#231;aram a surgir
               recentemente e ainda est&#227;o em processo de serem testadas e validadas em diferentes
               contextos culturais. No Reino Unido, o desenvolvimento do <italic>ConQol
                  Index</italic> (CQI) ocorreu a partir de um estudo multic&#234;ntrico envolvendo 730
               crian&#231;as provenientes de cinco centros de cardiologia pedi&#225;trica, financiado pela
               British Heart Foundation. &#201; um instrumento de medida de QVRS para crian&#231;as com
               doen&#231;as card&#237;acas cong&#234;nitas na faixa et&#225;ria dos 8-16 anos e procura avaliar o
               impacto da cardiopatia sobre o cotidiano medido a partir da perspectiva da pr&#243;pria
               crian&#231;a ou adolescente. Possui duas vers&#245;es para diferentes grupos et&#225;rios: a
               primeira, para crian&#231;as de 8-11 anos, inclui as dimens&#245;es sintomas, atividades e
               relacionamentos, e a segunda, para adolescentes de 12-16 anos, adiciona &#224;s demais uma
               dimens&#227;o sobre enfrentamento (<italic>coping</italic>) e controle<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref>.</p>
        <p>Nos Estados Unidos, o projeto de cria&#231;&#227;o do <italic>Pediatric Cardiac Quality of Life
                  Inventory</italic> (PCQLI) teve como objetivo o desenvolvimento de um invent&#225;rio
               que abrangesse um grupo et&#225;rio mais amplo - crian&#231;as de 8-12 anos e adolescentes de
               13-18 anos -, incluindo vers&#245;es para pacientes e pais
                  (<italic>proxy</italic>)<italic>, </italic>e que tivesse a habilidade de
               discriminar os diferentes tipos de doen&#231;as card&#237;acas cong&#234;nitas e adquiridas. Os
               resultados do estudo piloto, realizado em tr&#234;s cl&#237;nicas cardiol&#243;gicas com 655 pares
               de pais e pacientes, mostraram validade de conte&#250;do, boa consist&#234;ncia interna e
               validade de constructo do instrumento, havendo boa correla&#231;&#227;o entre os componentes
               que medem o impacto da doen&#231;a e o impacto psicossocial<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15 </xref>.</p>
        <p>No Brasil, Soares e cols.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref> analisaram a
               produ&#231;&#227;o cient&#237;fica nacional sobre QV de crian&#231;as e adolescentes, encontrando 30
               artigos publicados entre 1990-2008. Os resultados mostraram predomin&#226;ncia de
               pesquisas de abordagem quantitativa (70%) e &#237;ndice maior de pesquisas com
               instrumentos de avalia&#231;&#227;o da qualidade de vida relacionada &#224; sa&#250;de (66,7%) do que
               instrumentos gen&#233;ricos (28,6%). Observou-se, ainda, maior n&#250;mero de artigos
               publicados na &#225;rea da medicina (40%), seguida por enfermagem (30%) e psicologia
               (26,6%). Em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; avalia&#231;&#227;o da QV nas doen&#231;as cr&#244;nicas, destacaram-se no Brasil
               os estudos pioneiros realizados pela Faculdade de Ci&#234;ncias M&#233;dicas da Universidade
               Estadual de Campinas (Unicamp) sobre QV e epilepsia, que serviram como ponto de
               partida para o avan&#231;o das discuss&#245;es sobre o tema.</p>
        <p>Embora 50% das publica&#231;&#245;es nacionais encontradas no estudo de Soares e cols.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16 </xref> avaliassem a QV de crian&#231;as e adolescentes a
               partir da perspectiva de seus pais e cuidadores, os autores conclu&#237;ram que a
               comunidade cient&#237;fica est&#225; procurando valorizar a percep&#231;&#227;o da crian&#231;a e do
               adolescente como relatores de sua experi&#234;ncia, considerando as particularidades desse
               per&#237;odo da vida na aplica&#231;&#227;o de metodologias de pesquisa adequadas. Apesar de todas
               as dificuldades encontradas na elabora&#231;&#227;o de instrumentos para a popula&#231;&#227;o
               pedi&#225;trica, &#233; importante lembrar, como salienta Kuczynski<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17 </xref>, que "o indiv&#237;duo em desenvolvimento &#233; capaz de se expressar;
               n&#243;s &#233; que n&#227;o conseguimos (ou n&#227;o nos propomos a) entend&#234;-lo". </p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Cardiopatias cong&#234;nitas na inf&#226;ncia e adolesc&#234;ncia</title>
        <p>As malforma&#231;&#245;es card&#237;acas s&#227;o consideradas uma das formas mais frequentes de anomalia
               cong&#234;nita ao nascimento. Estudos realizados na popula&#231;&#227;o brasileira avaliaram a
               preval&#234;ncia de CC em nascidos vivos, identificando a propor&#231;&#227;o de 5,5:1.000 nascidos
               vivos entre 1989-1998 no estado do Paran&#225;<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18 </xref> e
               9,58:1.000 nascidos vivos entre 1990-2003 no estado de Minas Gerais<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B01">1 </xref>. Para Huber e cols.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B03">3 </xref>, o diagn&#243;stico precoce e a detec&#231;&#227;o de malforma&#231;&#245;es card&#237;acas
               no per&#237;odo pr&#233;-natal t&#234;m contribu&#237;do para o aumento da incid&#234;ncia nos achados, tanto
               nos estudos nacionais quanto internacionais. </p>
        <p>Na inf&#226;ncia, h&#225; evid&#234;ncias de que a presen&#231;a de CC pode afetar o desenvolvimento
               f&#237;sico e ponderal, o funcionamento motor, cognitivo e neurol&#243;gico<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref>
					<sup>,</sup>
					<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20
               </xref>, havendo ainda maior incid&#234;ncia de dificuldades acad&#234;micas, problemas
               comportamentais, atrasos na fala, falta de aten&#231;&#227;o e hiperatividade em pacientes com
               cardiopatias cong&#234;nitas complexas<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref>
					<sup>,</sup>
					<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22 </xref>. Somados a tais
               evid&#234;ncias cl&#237;nicas, a necessidade de acompanhamento m&#233;dico cont&#237;nuo, o uso de
               medica&#231;&#227;o e as hospitaliza&#231;&#245;es recorrentes podem afetar a autoestima e a autoimagem
               desse grupo de crian&#231;as e adolescentes, acarretando atrasos nas tarefas do
               desenvolvimento normal<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22 </xref>. A manuten&#231;&#227;o da
               sa&#250;de em crian&#231;as com CC requer ainda o cuidado por parte dos pais e equipe m&#233;dica
               com aspectos nutricionais, imuniza&#231;&#227;o, preven&#231;&#227;o de doen&#231;as de inverno e profilaxia
               da endocardite bacteriana, aspectos vitais para a sua sobreviv&#234;ncia em longo
                  prazo<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23 </xref>.</p>
        <p>Na entrada para a adolesc&#234;ncia, o paciente com CC ter&#225; de enfrentar o desafio da
               autonomia em face da superprote&#231;&#227;o dos pais, normalmente exercida durante a inf&#226;ncia.
               Al&#233;m disso, a adolesc&#234;ncia &#233; uma fase crucial de consolida&#231;&#227;o de comportamentos
               saud&#225;veis, como, por exemplo, a ado&#231;&#227;o de boas pr&#225;ticas alimentares e exerc&#237;cios, mas
               tamb&#233;m um per&#237;odo em que comportamentos de risco se manifestam pela primeira vez,
               como o uso de drogas e &#225;lcool, e pr&#225;ticas sexuais de risco<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref>
					<sup>,</sup>
					<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25 </xref>. Alguns
               estudos destacam a import&#226;ncia de um programa de transi&#231;&#227;o na assist&#234;ncia em
                  sa&#250;de<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref>
					<sup>,</sup>
					<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref>
					<sup>-</sup>
					<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28 </xref>, com o
               objetivo de educar os adolescentes com CC sobre sua condi&#231;&#227;o m&#233;dica e orient&#225;-los em
               rela&#231;&#227;o a exerc&#237;cios f&#237;sicos<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref>
					<sup>,</sup>
					<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30 </xref>, sexualidade<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31 </xref> e entrada no mercado de trabalho. </p>
        <p>Alguns estudos qualitativos realizados com adolescentes com CC<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">32</xref>
					<sup>,</sup>
					<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">33 </xref>,
               utilizando t&#233;cnicas de entrevista semiestruturada e em profundidade, apontaram
               algumas dificuldades enfrentadas por esses pacientes, como lidar com a doen&#231;a e as
               limita&#231;&#245;es f&#237;sicas, exclus&#227;o social, discrimina&#231;&#227;o e <italic>bullying</italic>, al&#233;m
               do desafio da normalidade, de tornar-se independente, da incerteza quanto ao futuro e
               de como usar estrat&#233;gias de enfrentamento para desenvolver autoestima, entre outros
               dilemas. Assim, o atendimento de sa&#250;de ao paciente com cardiopatia cong&#234;nita deve
               incluir o cuidado &#224;s suas necessidades sociais e psicol&#243;gicas tanto quanto &#224;s
               fisiol&#243;gicas, como meio de melhorar sua qualidade de vida.</p>
        <p>Embora muitos pacientes cardiopatas adquiram uma condi&#231;&#227;o de sa&#250;de est&#225;vel, parte
               deles apresenta defeitos residuais e sequelas importantes na vida adulta, mesmo ap&#243;s
               in&#250;meras corre&#231;&#245;es cir&#250;rgicas. As CC s&#227;o consideradas condi&#231;&#245;es cr&#244;nicas devido aos
               fatores que as acompanham em longo prazo e que interferem na vida di&#225;ria desses
               pacientes, incluindo a incerteza em rela&#231;&#227;o ao curso da doen&#231;a, o progn&#243;stico, os
               sinais e sintomas, e as restri&#231;&#245;es na atividade f&#237;sica<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34">34 </xref>. A investiga&#231;&#227;o da qualidade de vida nessa popula&#231;&#227;o, em todas as
               faixas et&#225;rias, tem ganhado maior aten&#231;&#227;o como um importante desfecho de sa&#250;de, n&#227;o
               somente relacionado a sintomas e condi&#231;&#245;es cl&#237;nicas, mas em termos do seu n&#237;vel de
               bem-estar e satisfa&#231;&#227;o com a vida como um todo.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Cardiopatias cong&#234;nitas e qualidade de vida</title>
        <p>Os estudos realizados para avaliar a QV de crian&#231;as e adolescentes com CC apresentam
               resultados inconclusivos, possivelmente devido &#224; falta de rigor metodol&#243;gico e
               conceitual nas pesquisas, de acordo com Moons e cols.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34">34 </xref>. As diferen&#231;as metodol&#243;gicas entre os estudos, como delineamento,
               crit&#233;rios de inclus&#227;o, instrumentos de avalia&#231;&#227;o utilizados, seguimento e medidas de
               desfecho, dificultam a compara&#231;&#227;o entre os resultados. </p>
        <p>Entretanto, pode-se afirmar que grande parte dos estudos realizados encontra um n&#237;vel
               de QVRS inferior entre crian&#231;as e adolescentes com CC quando comparados a controles
                  saud&#225;veis.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B35">35</xref>
					<sup>-</sup>
					<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B37">37 </xref> Segundo os achados da revis&#227;o sistem&#225;tica
               conduzida por Dahan-Oliel e cols.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B38">38 </xref>, tais
               resultados est&#227;o relacionados em parte &#224;s limita&#231;&#245;es f&#237;sicas - reais ou percebidas -
               em indiv&#237;duos com CC, o que pode levar a restri&#231;&#245;es desnecess&#225;rias e comportamentos
               de superprote&#231;&#227;o que possivelmente interferem na sua percep&#231;&#227;o sobre QV.</p>
        <p>Janiec e cols.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B35">35 </xref> referem que crian&#231;as e
               adolescentes com prolapso de v&#225;lvula mitral apresentam QV inferior &#224; popula&#231;&#227;o
               saud&#225;vel somente na dimens&#227;o do bem-estar f&#237;sico, embora entre o grupo com CC a
               frequ&#234;ncia e a gravidade de sintomas cl&#237;nicos tenham impacto negativo sobre outras
               dimens&#245;es avaliadas. O estudo de Krol e cols.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B36">36
               </xref> verificou que crian&#231;as com CC apresentaram piora no funcionamento motor e
               autonomia em compara&#231;&#227;o ao grupo de crian&#231;as saud&#225;veis, entretanto a severidade do
               diagn&#243;stico n&#227;o teve associa&#231;&#227;o com o n&#237;vel de QV dos cardiopatas.</p>
        <p>J&#225; no estudo de Uzark e cols.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B37">37 </xref>, uma em cada
               cinco crian&#231;as com CC refere piora significativa no funcionamento psicossocial quando
               comparadas ao grupo controle, incluindo aquelas com cardiopatias leves ou corrigidas;
               por outro lado, no grupo de CC, crian&#231;as com les&#245;es mais graves apresentaram
               resultados mais baixos somente no funcionamento f&#237;sico, n&#227;o havendo rela&#231;&#227;o entre
               severidade da doen&#231;a e funcionamento psicossocial. Esses achados mostram que a
               associa&#231;&#227;o entre severidade do diagn&#243;stico e QV ainda n&#227;o foi elucidada entre
               crian&#231;as e adolescentes com CC, possivelmente devido &#224;s diferen&#231;as metodol&#243;gicas
               mencionadas anteriormente.</p>
        <p>Os estudos de Landolt e cols.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B39">39 </xref> e Spijkerboer
               e cols.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B40">40 </xref> investigaram a QV de crian&#231;as e
               adolescentes depois de cirurgia card&#237;aca e/ou tratamento invasivo por cateterismo
               para CC, respectivamente, utilizando o mesmo instrumento de medida. Seus resultados
               foram semelhantes, indicando pior funcionamento motor, cognitivo, social e emocional
               que em crian&#231;as saud&#225;veis. A an&#225;lise multivariada realizada no estudo de Landolt e
                  cols.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B39">39 </xref> revelou ainda que a dura&#231;&#227;o do
                  <italic>bypass</italic> cardiopulmonar, o tempo de hospitaliza&#231;&#227;o, a necessidade
               de medica&#231;&#227;o e as rela&#231;&#245;es familiares adversas tiveram impacto negativo na QV das
               crian&#231;as, somente de acordo com a avalia&#231;&#227;o de seus pais e cuidadores.</p>
        <p>Na revis&#227;o sistem&#225;tica conduzida por Latal e cols.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B41">41
               </xref> foram inclu&#237;dos estudos publicados entre 1990-2008 sobre o ajustamento
               psicol&#243;gico e QV em crian&#231;as e adolescentes submetidos a cirurgia card&#237;aca, com o
               objetivo de verificar o conhecimento atual sobre esses desfechos nessa popula&#231;&#227;o.
               Embora haja grande variabilidade entre os estudos, os resultados mostram que a QV de
               algumas crian&#231;as &#233; prejudicada, especialmente naquelas com CC mais complexa. Os
               resultados mostram ainda que h&#225; diferen&#231;a na percep&#231;&#227;o de pais e crian&#231;as quanto ao
               ajustamento psicol&#243;gico: enquanto as crian&#231;as avaliam-se positivamente nesse aspecto,
               os pais em geral consideram que o ajustamento psicol&#243;gico de seus filhos apresenta
               preju&#237;zos, relacionando-o principalmente &#224; severidade da CC e aos atrasos de
               desenvolvimento.</p>
        <p>Outros estudos corroboram e ampliam esses achados, indicando que a QV de pais e
               cuidadores de crian&#231;as com CC tamb&#233;m pode ser afetada devido ao impacto do
               diagn&#243;stico sobre o n&#237;vel de estresse e ajustamento dessas fam&#237;lias<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B42">42</xref>
					<sup>-</sup>
					<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B45">45
               </xref>. A literatura atual sobre QV de crian&#231;as com necessidades de cuidados de
               sa&#250;de indica como importantes fatores de adapta&#231;&#227;o positiva a motiva&#231;&#227;o e as atitudes
               da crian&#231;a, bem como os recursos e o suporte social dispon&#237;vel &#224; fam&#237;lia. Tais
               fatores s&#227;o considerados preditores mais importantes para uma boa QV do que a
               complexidade da condi&#231;&#227;o m&#233;dica, por isso estrat&#233;gias que reforcem o bem-estar
               familiar e a constru&#231;&#227;o de redes de apoio social devem ser valorizadas e oferecidas
               nos servi&#231;os de sa&#250;de<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B45">45 </xref>.</p>
        <p>Contrariando os estudos que constataram o preju&#237;zo da QV em crian&#231;as e adolescentes
               com CC, alguns autores encontraram resultados surpreendentes. Teixeira e cols.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B46">46 </xref> avaliaram adolescentes e jovens adultos com
               CC, e seus achados indicaram n&#237;vel de QV superior ao da popula&#231;&#227;o geral,
               especialmente na dimens&#227;o ambiental e de relacionamentos sociais. O estudo de Culbert
               e cols.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B47">47 </xref> avaliou a QV de 306 crian&#231;as com
               diagn&#243;stico de transposi&#231;&#227;o das grandes art&#233;rias (TGA), utilizando o <italic>Child
                  Health Questionnaire</italic>, e encontrou resultados significativamente
               superiores entre o grupo com CC quando comparado &#224; popula&#231;&#227;o geral, com exce&#231;&#227;o da
               dimens&#227;o autoestima. Outros estudos encontraram pequena diferen&#231;a entre a QV de
               cardiopatas cong&#234;nitos quando comparados &#224;s normas populacionais<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B48">48</xref>
					<sup>-</sup>
					<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B50">50 </xref>.</p>
        <p>Silva e cols.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B51">51 </xref> investigaram as vari&#225;veis que
               teriam impacto negativo sobre a QV em adolescentes e jovens adultos com CC aplicando
               o instrumento WHOQOL-BREF, e encontraram melhor percep&#231;&#227;o de QV nesse grupo quando
               comparado &#224; popula&#231;&#227;o geral. A presen&#231;a de cianose n&#227;o mostrou associa&#231;&#227;o com a piora
               da QV, entretanto o n&#250;mero de procedimentos cir&#250;rgicos e de les&#245;es residuais
               moderadas a severas teve impacto significativo sobre a mesma. Destacou-se ainda entre
               os achados a import&#226;ncia do suporte social como vari&#225;vel relacionada ao aumento da
               resili&#234;ncia entre os cardiopatas, o que, em consequ&#234;ncia, promove melhor adapta&#231;&#227;o &#224;
               doen&#231;a.</p>
        <p>Mas como explicar esses achados? Surpreendido por pesquisas que encontraram QV
               superior nas CC, Moons e cols.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B52">52 </xref> apresentaram
               a express&#227;o "senso de coer&#234;ncia" como hip&#243;tese para entender por que os pacientes que
               crescem com doen&#231;as cr&#244;nicas podem sentir-se satisfeitos com a sua vida. O nome senso
               de coer&#234;ncia (SOC) foi desenvolvido por Antonovsky, em 1987, para explicar por que
               algumas pessoas ficam doentes quando est&#227;o sob estresse enquanto outras permanecem
               saud&#225;veis. Contrariando o modelo patog&#234;nico com foco na doen&#231;a, baseou-se na premissa
               de que o indiv&#237;duo deve focar positivamente seus recursos e capacidades para a
               manuten&#231;&#227;o da sua sa&#250;de e bem-estar. </p>
        <p>Assim, o nome senso de coer&#234;ncia pode ser definido como uma express&#227;o da vis&#227;o de
               mundo do indiv&#237;duo, uma orienta&#231;&#227;o global baseada em um sentimento din&#226;mico e
               duradouro de confian&#231;a em si e em seu ambiente. &#201; formado por tr&#234;s componentes: 1)
               compreensibilidade ou o quanto os est&#237;mulos internos e externos recebidos durante a
               inf&#226;ncia s&#227;o estruturados, previs&#237;veis e explic&#225;veis; 2) gerenciamento, que se refere
               &#224; percep&#231;&#227;o dos recursos dispon&#237;veis para lidar com situa&#231;&#245;es estressoras, como, por
               exemplo, viver com a doen&#231;a card&#237;aca; 3) significado ou a capacidade do indiv&#237;duo de
               acreditar que sua vida tem sentido, encontrar motiva&#231;&#227;o e assumir o controle sobre
                  ela<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B52">52 </xref>. </p>
        <p>Em estudo longitudinal realizado por Apers e cols.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B53">53
               </xref> com 429 adolescentes com cardiopatias cong&#234;nitas, o senso de coer&#234;ncia
               mostrou-se um preditor positivo de todos os dom&#237;nios da sa&#250;de geral percebida
               (f&#237;sico, emocional, social e funcionamento escolar), associando-se positivamente
               tamb&#233;m com aspectos espec&#237;ficos da doen&#231;a, como sintomas, apar&#234;ncia f&#237;sica e
               problemas cognitivos. Em outro estudo sobre os determinantes individuais e
               contextuais da qualidade de vida em adolescentes cardiopatas, Luyckx e cols.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B54">54 </xref> conclu&#237;ram que o n&#237;vel de sa&#250;de percebido, o
               senso de coer&#234;ncia e o suporte parental relacionaram-se positivamente com a qualidade
               de vida ao longo do tempo. Tais resultados confirmam a import&#226;ncia de se considerar o
               funcionamento biopsicossocial do adolescente cardiopata na avalia&#231;&#227;o de sua QV, e o
               senso de coer&#234;ncia desponta como um recurso valioso a ser desenvolvido.</p>
        <p>Os estudos de Luyckx e cols.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B55">55</xref>
					<sup>-</sup>
					<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B57">57 </xref> t&#234;m avan&#231;ado na
               investiga&#231;&#227;o da QV como vari&#225;vel de desfecho de outros preditores, como estilos
               parentais percebidos<sup>(55)( )</sup>e o processo de forma&#231;&#227;o de identidade de
               adolescentes com CC<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B56">56 </xref>, para explicar o seu
               funcionamento e descrever as principais vari&#225;veis que interatuam na sua percep&#231;&#227;o de
               QV. </p>
        <p>Com rela&#231;&#227;o aos estilos parentais, n&#227;o foram observadas diferen&#231;as significativas
               entre adolescentes cardiopatas e o grupo controle. O estilo democr&#225;tico obteve
               melhores resultados entre os adolescentes cardiopatas, enquanto o estilo controlador
               apresentou os piores entre os desfechos avaliados (sintomas depressivos, solid&#227;o,
               qualidade de vida, estado de sa&#250;de e abuso de subst&#226;ncias)<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B55">55 </xref>. O processo de forma&#231;&#227;o de identidade nos adolescentes
               cardiopatas mostrou-se similar aos controles, em um padr&#227;o dentro da m&#233;dia.
               Indiv&#237;duos com forte senso de identidade apresentaram melhores resultados em termos
               de qualidade de vida e funcionamento psicossocial, enquanto aqueles com senso de
               identidade difuso apresentaram os escores mais altos em sintomas depressivos e
               solid&#227;o, e os mais baixos em qualidade de vida<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B56">56
               </xref>.</p>
        <p>&#201; poss&#237;vel que crian&#231;as com doen&#231;as cr&#244;nicas, incluindo as cardiopatas, sejam
               desafiadas a desenvolver um senso de coer&#234;ncia mais cedo do que as crian&#231;as saud&#225;veis
               pelas experi&#234;ncias que decorrem da doen&#231;a e que exigem grande capacidade de
               adapta&#231;&#227;o. Crescer com CC requer aten&#231;&#227;o ao tratamento m&#233;dico e, muitas vezes, o
               conv&#237;vio com algumas restri&#231;&#245;es em atividades que fazem parte da vida de qualquer
               crian&#231;a. Talvez por n&#227;o conhecerem uma realidade diferente essas crian&#231;as adquiram
               maior sentido de aprecia&#231;&#227;o da vida e expectativas coerentes com as suas
               possibilidades e limita&#231;&#245;es, o que influenciar&#225; na sua percep&#231;&#227;o sobre QV no decorrer
               do seu desenvolvimento.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="conclusions">
      <title>Conclus&#227;o</title>
      <p>O n&#250;mero de estudos sobre qualidade de vida em crian&#231;as e adolescentes com cardiopatias
            cong&#234;nitas tem aumentado nos &#250;ltimos anos devido ao aumento da sobrevida nessa
            popula&#231;&#227;o. Os estudos mostram resultados contradit&#243;rios e, atualmente, observa-se
            tend&#234;ncia a investigar fatores como estilos parentais, suporte social e estrat&#233;gias de
            enfrentamento para melhor compreender a qualidade de vida nesses pacientes. Todas essas
            vari&#225;veis que interagem na percep&#231;&#227;o da qualidade de vida s&#227;o de dif&#237;cil apreens&#227;o por
            meio de um &#250;nico instrumento de medida.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec>
      <title>Contribui&#231;&#227;o dos autores</title>
      <p>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa e Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito: Bertoletti J, Pellanda LC;
            Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados, An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados, An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica e Revis&#227;o
            cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual: Bertoletti J, Marx GC, Hattge Jr
            SP, Pellanda LC; Obten&#231;&#227;o de financiamento: Pellanda LC.</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
    <ref-list>
      <title>Refer&#234;ncias</title>
      <ref id="B01">
        <label>1</label>
        <mixed-citation>1. Amorim LF, Pires CA, Lana AM, Campos AS, Aguiar RA, Tib&#250;rcio JD, et
               al. Presentation of congenital heart disease diagnosed at birth: analysis of 29,770
               newborn infants. J Pediatr (Rio J). 2008;84(1):83-90.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Amorim</surname>
              <given-names>LF</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Pires</surname>
              <given-names>CA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Lana</surname>
              <given-names>AM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Campos</surname>
              <given-names>AS</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Aguiar</surname>
              <given-names>RA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Tib&#250;rcio</surname>
              <given-names>JD</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal>et al</etal>
          </person-group>
          <article-title xml:lang="en">Presentation of congenital heart disease diagnosed at
                  birth: analysis of 29,770 newborn infants</article-title>
          <source>J Pediatr (Rio J)</source>
          <year>2008</year>
          <volume>84</volume>
          <issue>1</issue>
          <fpage>83</fpage>
          <lpage>90</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B02">
        <label>2</label>
        <mixed-citation>2. Hoffman JI, Kaplan S. The incidence of congenital heart disease. J Am
               Coll Cardiol. 2002;39(12):1890-900.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Hoffman</surname>
              <given-names>JI</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Kaplan</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title xml:lang="en">The incidence of congenital heart
                  disease</article-title>
          <source>J Am Coll Cardiol</source>
          <year>2002</year>
          <volume>39</volume>
          <issue>12</issue>
          <fpage>1890</fpage>
          <lpage>1900</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B03">
        <label>3</label>
        <mixed-citation>3. Huber J, Peres VC, Santos TJ, Beltr&#227;o Lda F, Baumont AC, Ca&#241;edo AD,
               et al. Congenital heart diseases in a reference service: clinical evolution and
               associated illnesses. Arq Bras Cardiol. 2010; 94(3):313-8, 333-8.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Huber</surname>
              <given-names>J</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Peres</surname>
              <given-names>VC</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Santos</surname>
              <given-names>TJ</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Beltr&#227;o</surname>
              <given-names>Lda F</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Baumont</surname>
              <given-names>AC</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Ca&#241;edo</surname>
              <given-names>AD</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal>et al</etal>
          </person-group>
          <article-title xml:lang="en">Congenital heart diseases in a reference service:
                  clinical evolution and associated illnesses</article-title>
          <source>Arq Bras Cardiol</source>
          <year>2010</year>
          <volume>94</volume>
          <issue>3</issue>
          <fpage>313</fpage>
          <lpage>338</lpage>
          <page-range>313-8, 333-8</page-range>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B04">
        <label>4</label>
        <mixed-citation>4. Kuczynski E, Assump&#231;&#227;o Jr F. Qualidade de vida na inf&#226;ncia e na
               adolesc&#234;ncia: orienta&#231;&#245;es para pediatras e profissionais da sa&#250;de mental. Porto
               Alegre: Artmed; 2010.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="book">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Kuczynski</surname>
              <given-names>E</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Assump&#231;&#227;o</surname>
              <given-names>F</given-names>
              <suffix>Jr</suffix>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <source xml:lang="pt">Qualidade de vida na inf&#226;ncia e na adolesc&#234;ncia: orienta&#231;&#245;es
                  para pediatras e profissionais da sa&#250;de mental</source>
          <publisher-loc>Porto Alegre</publisher-loc>
          <publisher-name>Artmed</publisher-name>
          <year>2010</year>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B05">
        <label>5</label>
        <mixed-citation>5. Solans M, Pane S, Estrada MD, Serra-Sutton V, Berra S, Herdman M, et
               al. Health-related quality of life measurement in children and adolescents: a
               systematic review of generic and disease-specific instruments. Value Health.
               2008;11(4):742-64.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Solans</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Pane</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Estrada</surname>
              <given-names>MD</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Serra-Sutton</surname>
              <given-names>V</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Berra</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Herdman</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal>et al</etal>
          </person-group>
          <article-title xml:lang="en">Health-related quality of life measurement in children
                  and adolescents: a systematic review of generic and disease-specific
                  instruments</article-title>
          <source>Value Health</source>
          <year>2008</year>
          <volume>11</volume>
          <issue>4</issue>
          <fpage>742</fpage>
          <lpage>764</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B06">
        <label>6</label>
        <mixed-citation>6. Matza LS, Swensen AR, Flood EM, Secnik K, Leidy NK. Assessment of
               health-related quality of life in children: a review of conceptual, methodological,
               and regulatory issues. Value Health. 2004;7(1):79-92.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Matza</surname>
              <given-names>LS</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Swensen</surname>
              <given-names>AR</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Flood</surname>
              <given-names>EM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Secnik</surname>
              <given-names>K</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Leidy</surname>
              <given-names>NK</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title xml:lang="en">Assessment of health-related quality of life in
                  children: a review of conceptual, methodological, and regulatory
                  issues</article-title>
          <source>Value Health</source>
          <year>2004</year>
          <volume>7</volume>
          <issue>1</issue>
          <fpage>79</fpage>
          <lpage>92</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B07">
        <label>7</label>
        <mixed-citation>7. Lawford J, Eiser C. Exploring links between the concepts of quality
               of life and resilience. Pediatr Rehabil. 2001;4(4):209-16.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Lawford</surname>
              <given-names>J</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Eiser</surname>
              <given-names>C</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title xml:lang="en">Exploring links between the concepts of quality of life
                  and resilience</article-title>
          <source>Pediatr Rehabil</source>
          <year>2001</year>
          <volume>4</volume>
          <issue>4</issue>
          <fpage>209</fpage>
          <lpage>216</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B08">
        <label>8</label>
        <mixed-citation>8. Klatchoian DA, Len CA, Terreri MT, Silva M, Itamoto C, Ciconelli RM,
               et al. Qualidade de vida de crian&#231;as e adolescentes de S&#227;o Paulo: confiabilidade e
               validade da vers&#227;o brasileira do question&#225;rio gen&#233;rico Pediatric Quality of Life
               InventoryTM vers&#227;o 4.0. J Pediatr (Rio J). 2008;84(4):308-15.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Klatchoian</surname>
              <given-names>DA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Len</surname>
              <given-names>CA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Terreri</surname>
              <given-names>MT</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Silva</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Itamoto</surname>
              <given-names>C</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Ciconelli</surname>
              <given-names>RM</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal>et al</etal>
          </person-group>
          <article-title xml:lang="en"> Qualidade de vida de crian&#231;as e adolescentes de S&#227;o
                  Paulo: confiabilidade e validade da vers&#227;o brasileira do question&#225;rio gen&#233;rico
                  Pediatric Quality of Life InventoryTM vers&#227;o 4.0</article-title>
          <source>J Pediatr (Rio J)</source>
          <year>2008</year>
          <volume>84</volume>
          <issue>4</issue>
          <fpage>308</fpage>
          <lpage>315</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B09">
        <label>9</label>
        <mixed-citation>9. Assump&#231;&#227;o FB Jr, Kuczynski E, Sprovieri MH, Aranha EM. [Quality of
               life evaluation scale (AUQEI--Autoquestionnaire Qualit&#233; de Vie Enfant Imag&#233;):
               validity and reliability of a quality of life scale for children from 4 to 12
               years-old]. Arq Neuro-Psiquiatr. 2000;58(1):119-27.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Assump&#231;&#227;o</surname>
              <given-names>FB</given-names>
              <suffix>Jr</suffix>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Kuczynski</surname>
              <given-names>E</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Sprovieri</surname>
              <given-names>MH</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Aranha</surname>
              <given-names>EM</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <trans-title xml:lang="en">Quality of life evaluation scale (AUQEI--Autoquestionnaire
                  Qualit&#233; de Vie Enfant Imag&#233;): validity and reliability of a quality of life scale
                  for children from 4 to 12 years-old</trans-title>
          <source>Arq Neuro-Psiquiatr</source>
          <year>2000</year>
          <volume>58</volume>
          <issue>1</issue>
          <fpage>119</fpage>
          <lpage>127</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B10">
        <label>10</label>
        <mixed-citation>10. Machado CS, Ruperto N, Silva CH, Ferriani VP, Roscoe I, Campos LM,
               et al; Rheumatology International Trials Organisation. The Brazilian version of the
               Childhood Health Assessment Questionnaire (CHAQ) and the Child Health Questionnaire
               (CHQ). Clin Exp Rheumatol. 2001;19(4 Suppl 23):S25-9.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Machado</surname>
              <given-names>CS</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Ruperto</surname>
              <given-names>N</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Silva</surname>
              <given-names>CH</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Ferriani</surname>
              <given-names>VP</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Roscoe</surname>
              <given-names>I</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Campos</surname>
              <given-names>LM</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal>et al</etal>
            <collab>Rheumatology International Trials Organisation</collab>
          </person-group>
          <article-title xml:lang="en">The Brazilian version of the Childhood Health Assessment
                  Questionnaire (CHAQ) and the Child Health Questionnaire (CHQ)</article-title>
          <source>Clin Exp Rheumatol</source>
          <year>2001</year>
          <volume>19</volume>
          <issue>4</issue>
          <supplement>Suppl 23</supplement>
          <fpage>S25</fpage>
          <lpage>S29</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B11">
        <label>11</label>
        <mixed-citation>11. Ravens-Sieberer U, Gosch A, Rajmil L, Erhart M, Bruil J, Duer W, et
               al; Kidscreen Group E. KIDSCREEN-52 quality-of-life measure for children and
               adolescents. Expert Rev Pharmacoecon Outcomes Res. 2005;5(3):353-64.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Ravens-Sieberer</surname>
              <given-names>U</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Gosch</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Rajmil</surname>
              <given-names>L</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Erhart</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Bruil</surname>
              <given-names>J</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Duer</surname>
              <given-names>W</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Kidscreen Group</surname>
              <given-names>E</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal>et al</etal>
          </person-group>
          <article-title xml:lang="en">KIDSCREEN-52 quality-of-life measure for children and
                  adolescents</article-title>
          <source>Expert Rev Pharmacoecon Outcomes Res</source>
          <year>2005</year>
          <volume>5</volume>
          <issue>3</issue>
          <fpage>353</fpage>
          <lpage>364</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B12">
        <label>12</label>
        <mixed-citation>12. Minayo MC, Hartz ZM, Buss PM. Quality of life and health: a
               necessary debate. Ci&#234;nc sa&#250;de coletiva. 2000;5(1):7-18.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Minayo</surname>
              <given-names>MC</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Hartz</surname>
              <given-names>ZM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Buss</surname>
              <given-names>PM</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title xml:lang="en">Quality of life and health: a necessary debate. Ci&#234;nc
                  sa&#250;de coletiva</article-title>
          <source>Ci&#234;nc sa&#250;de coletiva</source>
          <year>2000</year>
          <volume>5</volume>
          <issue>1</issue>
          <fpage>7</fpage>
          <lpage>18</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B13">
        <label>13</label>
        <mixed-citation>13. Prebianchi HB. Medidas de qualidade de vida para crian&#231;as: aspectos
               conceituais e metodol&#243;gicos. Psicologia: Teoria e Pr&#225;tica.
               2003;5(1):57-69.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Prebianchi</surname>
              <given-names>HB</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title xml:lang="pt">Medidas de qualidade de vida para crian&#231;as: aspectos
                  conceituais e metodol&#243;gicos. Psicologia: Teoria e Pr&#225;tica</article-title>
          <source>Psicologia: Teoria e Pr&#225;tica</source>
          <year>2003</year>
          <volume>5</volume>
          <issue>1</issue>
          <fpage>57</fpage>
          <lpage>69</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B14">
        <label>14</label>
        <mixed-citation>14. Birks Y, Macran S, Lewin B. The ConQol Questionnaire - a
               disease-specific measure of health-related quality of life for children with
               congenital heart conditions. A brief user's guide. New York: Department of Health
               Sciences, University of York; 2004.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="book">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Birks</surname>
              <given-names>Y</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Macran</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Lewin</surname>
              <given-names>B</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <source xml:lang="en">The ConQol Questionnaire - a disease-specific measure of
                  health-related quality of life for children with congenital heart conditions. A
                  brief user's guide</source>
          <publisher-loc>New York</publisher-loc>
          <publisher-name>Department of Health Sciences, University of York</publisher-name>
          <year>2004</year>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B15">
        <label>15</label>
        <mixed-citation>15. Marino BS, Shera D, Wernovsky G, Tomlinson RS, Aguirre A, Gallagher
               M, et al. The development of the pediatric cardiac quality of life inventory: a
               quality of life measure for children and adolescents with heart disease. Qual Life
               Res. 2008;17(4):613-26.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Marino</surname>
              <given-names>BS</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Shera</surname>
              <given-names>D</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Wernovsky</surname>
              <given-names>G</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Tomlinson</surname>
              <given-names>RS</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Aguirre</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Gallagher</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal>et al</etal>
          </person-group>
          <article-title xml:lang="en">The development of the pediatric cardiac quality of life
                  inventory: a quality of life measure for children and adolescents with heart
                  disease</article-title>
          <source>Qual Life Res</source>
          <year>2008</year>
          <volume>17</volume>
          <issue>4</issue>
          <fpage>613</fpage>
          <lpage>626</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B16">
        <label>16</label>
        <mixed-citation>16. Soares AH, Martins AJ, Lopes MC, Britto JA, Oliveira CQ, Moreira MC.
               Quality of life of children and adolescents: a bibliographical review. Ci&#234;nc sa&#250;de
               coletiva. 2011;16(7):3197-206.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Soares</surname>
              <given-names>AH</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Martins</surname>
              <given-names>AJ</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Lopes</surname>
              <given-names>MC</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Britto</surname>
              <given-names>JA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Oliveira</surname>
              <given-names>CQ</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Moreira</surname>
              <given-names>MC</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title xml:lang="en">Quality of life of children and adolescents: a
                  bibliographical review</article-title>
          <source>Ci&#234;nc sa&#250;de coletiva</source>
          <year>2011</year>
          <volume>16</volume>
          <issue>7</issue>
          <fpage>3197</fpage>
          <lpage>3206</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B17">
        <label>17</label>
        <mixed-citation>17. Kuczynski E. Avalia&#231;&#227;o da qualidade de vida em crian&#231;as e
               adolescentes sadios e portadores de doen&#231;as cr&#244;nicas e/ou incapacitantes. [Tese]. S&#227;o
               Paulo: Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo; 2002.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="thesis">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Kuczynski</surname>
              <given-names>E</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <source xml:lang="pt">Avalia&#231;&#227;o da qualidade de vida em crian&#231;as e adolescentes
                  sadios e portadores de doen&#231;as cr&#244;nicas e/ou incapacitantes. [Tese]</source>
          <publisher-loc>S&#227;o Paulo</publisher-loc>
          <publisher-name>Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo</publisher-name>
          <year>2002</year>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B18">
        <label>18</label>
        <mixed-citation>18. Guitti JC. Epidemiological characteristics of congenital heart
               diseases in Londrina, Paran&#225; south Brazil. Arq Bras Cardiol.
               2000;74(5):400-4.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Guitti</surname>
              <given-names>JC</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title xml:lang="en">Epidemiological characteristics of congenital heart
                  diseases in Londrina, Paran&#225; south Brazil</article-title>
          <source>Arq Bras Cardiol</source>
          <year>2000</year>
          <volume>74</volume>
          <issue>5</issue>
          <fpage>400</fpage>
          <lpage>404</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B19">
        <label>19</label>
        <mixed-citation>19. Marino BS, Lipkin PH, Newburger JW, Peacock G, Gerdes M, Gaynor JW,
               et al; American Heart Association Congenital Heart Defects Committee, Council on
               Cardiovascular Disease in the Young, Council on Cardiovascular Nursing, and Stroke
               Council. Neurodevelopmental Outcomes in children with congenital heart disease:
               evaluation and management: a scientific statement from the American Heart
               Association. Circulation. 2012;126(9):1143-72.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Marino</surname>
              <given-names>BS</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Lipkin</surname>
              <given-names>PH</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Newburger</surname>
              <given-names>JW</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Peacock</surname>
              <given-names>G</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Gerdes</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Gaynor</surname>
              <given-names>JW</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal>et al</etal>
          </person-group>
          <collab>American Heart Association Congenital Heart Defects Committee</collab>
          <collab>Council on Cardiovascular Disease in the Young</collab>
          <collab>Council on Cardiovascular Nursing</collab>
          <collab>Stroke Council</collab>
          <article-title xml:lang="en">Neurodevelopmental Outcomes in children with congenital
                  heart disease: evaluation and management: a scientific statement from the American
                  Heart Association</article-title>
          <source>Circulation</source>
          <year>2012</year>
          <volume>126</volume>
          <issue>9</issue>
          <fpage>1143</fpage>
          <lpage>1172</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B20">
        <label>20</label>
        <mixed-citation>20. Wernovsky G. Current insights regarding neurological and
               developmental abnormalities in children and young adults with complex congenital
               cardiac disease. Cardiol Young. 2006;16 Suppl 1:92-104.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Wernovsky</surname>
              <given-names>G</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title xml:lang="en">Current insights regarding neurological and
                  developmental abnormalities in children and young adults with complex congenital
                  cardiac disease</article-title>
          <source>Cardiol Young</source>
          <year>2006</year>
          <volume>16</volume>
          <supplement>Suppl 1</supplement>
          <fpage>92</fpage>
          <lpage>104</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B21">
        <label>21</label>
        <mixed-citation>21. Shillingford AJ, Glanzman MM, Ittenbach RF, Clancy RR, Gaynor JW,
               Wernovsky G. Inattention, hyperactivity, and school performance in a population of
               school-age children with complex congenital heart disease. Pediatrics.
               2008;121(4):e759-67.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Shillingford</surname>
              <given-names>AJ</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Glanzman</surname>
              <given-names>MM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Ittenbach</surname>
              <given-names>RF</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Clancy</surname>
              <given-names>RR</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Gaynor</surname>
              <given-names>JW</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Wernovsky</surname>
              <given-names>G</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title xml:lang="en">Inattention, hyperactivity, and school performance in a
                  population of school-age children with complex congenital heart
                  disease</article-title>
          <source>Pediatrics</source>
          <year>2008</year>
          <volume>121</volume>
          <issue>4</issue>
          <fpage>e759</fpage>
          <lpage>e767</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B22">
        <label>22</label>
        <mixed-citation>22. Sable C, Foster E, Uzark K, Bjornsen K, Canobbio MM, Connolly HM, et
               al; American Heart Association Congenital Heart Defects Committee of the Council on
               Cardiovascular Disease in the Young, Council on Cardiovascular Nursing, Council on
               Clinical Cardiology, and Council on Peripheral Vascular Disease. Best practices in
               managing transition to adulthood for adolescents with congenital heart disease: the
               transition process and medical and psychosocial issues: a scientific statement from
               the American Heart Association. Circulation. 2011;123:1454-1485.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Sable</surname>
              <given-names>C</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Foster</surname>
              <given-names>E</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Uzark</surname>
              <given-names>K</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Bjornsen</surname>
              <given-names>K</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Canobbio</surname>
              <given-names>MM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Connolly</surname>
              <given-names>HM</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal>et al</etal>
          </person-group>
          <article-title xml:lang="en">American Heart Association Congenital Heart Defects
                  Committee of the Council on Cardiovascular Disease in the Young, Council on
                  Cardiovascular Nursing, Council on Clinical Cardiology, and Council on Peripheral
                  Vascular Disease. Best practices in managing transition to adulthood for
                  adolescents with congenital heart disease: the transition process and medical and
                  psychosocial issues: a scientific statement from the American Heart
                  Association</article-title>
          <source>Circulation</source>
          <year>2011</year>
          <volume>123</volume>
          <fpage>1454</fpage>
          <lpage>1485</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B23">
        <label>23</label>
        <mixed-citation>23. Woodward CS. Keeping children with congenital heart disease healthy.
               J Pediatr Health Care. 2011;25(6):373-8.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Woodward</surname>
              <given-names>CS</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title xml:lang="en">Keeping children with congenital heart disease
                  healthy</article-title>
          <source>J Pediatr Health Care</source>
          <year>2011</year>
          <volume>25</volume>
          <issue>6</issue>
          <fpage>373</fpage>
          <lpage>378</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B24">
        <label>24</label>
        <mixed-citation>24. Williams PG, Holmbeck GN, Greenley RN. Adolescent health psychology.
               J Consult Clin Psychol. 2002;70(3):828-42.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Williams</surname>
              <given-names>PG</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Holmbeck</surname>
              <given-names>GN</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Greenley</surname>
              <given-names>RN</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title xml:lang="en">Adolescent health psychology</article-title>
          <source>J Consult Clin Psychol</source>
          <year>2002</year>
          <volume>70</volume>
          <issue>3</issue>
          <fpage>828</fpage>
          <lpage>842</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B25">
        <label>25</label>
        <mixed-citation>25. Chen CW, Chen YC, Chen MY, Wang JK, Su WJ, Wang HL. Health-promoting
               behavior of adolescents with congenital heart disease. J Adolesc Health.
               2007;41(6):602-9.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Chen</surname>
              <given-names>CW</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Chen</surname>
              <given-names>YC</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Chen</surname>
              <given-names>MY</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Wang</surname>
              <given-names>JK</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Su</surname>
              <given-names>WJ</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Wang</surname>
              <given-names>HL</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title xml:lang="en">Health-promoting behavior of adolescents with congenital
                  heart disease</article-title>
          <source>J Adolesc Health</source>
          <year>2007</year>
          <volume>41</volume>
          <issue>6</issue>
          <fpage>602</fpage>
          <lpage>609</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B26">
        <label>26</label>
        <mixed-citation>26. Van Deyk K, Pelgrims E, Troost E, Goossens E, Budts W, Gewillig M,
               et al. Adolescents' understanding of their congenital heart disease on transfer to
               adult-focused care. Am J Cardiol. 2010;106(12):1803-7.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Van Deyk</surname>
              <given-names>K</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Pelgrims</surname>
              <given-names>E</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Troost</surname>
              <given-names>E</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Goossens</surname>
              <given-names>E</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Budts</surname>
              <given-names>W</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Gewillig</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal>et al</etal>
          </person-group>
          <article-title xml:lang="en">Adolescents' understanding of their congenital heart
                  disease on transfer to adult-focused care</article-title>
          <source>Am J Cardiol</source>
          <year>2010</year>
          <volume>106</volume>
          <issue>12</issue>
          <fpage>1803</fpage>
          <lpage>1807</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B27">
        <label>27</label>
        <mixed-citation>27. Kovacs AH, Verstappen A. The whole adult congenital heart disease
               patient. Prog Cardiovasc Dis. 2011;53(4):247-53.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Kovacs</surname>
              <given-names>AH</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Verstappen</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title xml:lang="en">The whole adult congenital heart disease
                  patient</article-title>
          <source>Prog Cardiovasc Dis</source>
          <year>2011</year>
          <volume>53</volume>
          <issue>4</issue>
          <fpage>247</fpage>
          <lpage>253</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B28">
        <label>28</label>
        <mixed-citation>28. Wilson DG. Congenital heart disease in teenagers. Paediatr Child
               Health. 2011;21(1):13-8.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Wilson</surname>
              <given-names>DG</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title xml:lang="en">Congenital heart disease in teenagers</article-title>
          <source>Paediatr Child Health</source>
          <year>2011</year>
          <volume>21</volume>
          <issue>1</issue>
          <fpage>13</fpage>
          <lpage>18</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B29">
        <label>29</label>
        <mixed-citation>29. Dal Bianco L, Russo G, Bagato F, Resta R, Daliento L. Physical
               exercise in young patients with congenital heart disease. Minerva Cardioangiol.
               2011;59(6):555-67.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Dal Bianco</surname>
              <given-names>L</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Russo</surname>
              <given-names>G</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Bagato</surname>
              <given-names>F</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Resta</surname>
              <given-names>R</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Daliento</surname>
              <given-names>L</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title xml:lang="en">Physical exercise in young patients with congenital
                  heart disease</article-title>
          <source>Minerva Cardioangiol</source>
          <year>2011</year>
          <volume>59</volume>
          <issue>6</issue>
          <fpage>555</fpage>
          <lpage>567</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B30">
        <label>30</label>
        <mixed-citation>30. Moola F, Fusco C, Kirsh JA. The perceptions of caregivers toward
               physical activity and health in youth with congenital heart disease. Qual Health Res.
               2011;21(2):278-91.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Moola</surname>
              <given-names>F</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Fusco</surname>
              <given-names>C</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Kirsh</surname>
              <given-names>JA</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title xml:lang="en">The perceptions of caregivers toward physical activity
                  and health in youth with congenital heart disease</article-title>
          <source>Qual Health Res</source>
          <year>2011</year>
          <volume>21</volume>
          <issue>2</issue>
          <fpage>278</fpage>
          <lpage>291</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B31">
        <label>31</label>
        <mixed-citation>31. Reid GJ, Siu SC, McCrindle BW, Irvine MJ, Webb GD. Sexual behavior
               and reproductive concerns among adolescents and young adults with congenital heart
               disease. Int J Cardiol. 2008;125(3):332-8.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Reid</surname>
              <given-names>GJ</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Siu</surname>
              <given-names>SC</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>McCrindle</surname>
              <given-names>BW</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Irvine</surname>
              <given-names>MJ</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Webb</surname>
              <given-names>GD</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title xml:lang="en">Sexual behavior and reproductive concerns among
                  adolescents and young adults with congenital heart disease</article-title>
          <source>Int J Cardiol</source>
          <year>2008</year>
          <volume>125</volume>
          <issue>3</issue>
          <fpage>332</fpage>
          <lpage>338</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B32">
        <label>32</label>
        <mixed-citation>32. McMurray RL, Parsons JM, Quirk J, Veldtman GR, Lewin RJ, Sloper P. A
               life less ordinary: growing up and coping with congenital heart disease. Coron Health
               Care. 2001;5(1):51-7.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>McMurray</surname>
              <given-names>RL</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Parsons</surname>
              <given-names>JM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Quirk</surname>
              <given-names>J</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Veldtman</surname>
              <given-names>GR</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Lewin</surname>
              <given-names>RJ</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Sloper</surname>
              <given-names>P</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title xml:lang="en">A life less ordinary: growing up and coping with
                  congenital heart disease</article-title>
          <source>Coron Health Care</source>
          <year>2001</year>
          <volume>5</volume>
          <issue>1</issue>
          <fpage>51</fpage>
          <lpage>57</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B33">
        <label>33</label>
        <mixed-citation>33. Lee S, Kim SS. [The life of adolescent patients with complex
               congenital heart disease]. J Korean Acad Nurs. 2010;40(3):411-22.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Lee</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Kim</surname>
              <given-names>SS</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <trans-title xml:lang="en">The life of adolescent patients with complex congenital
                  heart disease</trans-title>
          <source>J Korean Acad Nurs</source>
          <year>2010</year>
          <volume>40</volume>
          <issue>3</issue>
          <fpage>411</fpage>
          <lpage>422</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B34">
        <label>34</label>
        <mixed-citation>34. Moons P, De Geest S, Budts W. Comprehensive care for adults with
               congenital heart disease: expanding roles for nurses. Eur J Cardiovasc Nurs.
               2002;1(1):23-8.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Moons</surname>
              <given-names>P</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>De Geest</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Budts</surname>
              <given-names>W</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title xml:lang="en">Comprehensive care for adults with congenital heart
                  disease: expanding roles for nurses</article-title>
          <source>Eur J Cardiovasc Nurs</source>
          <year>2002</year>
          <volume>1</volume>
          <issue>1</issue>
          <fpage>23</fpage>
          <lpage>28</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B35">
        <label>35</label>
        <mixed-citation>35. Janiec I, Werner B, Sieminska J, Ravens-Sieberer U. Quality of life
               of children with mitral valve prolapse. Qual Life Res.
               2011;20(4):537-41.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Janiec</surname>
              <given-names>I</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Werner</surname>
              <given-names>B</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Sieminska</surname>
              <given-names>J</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Ravens-Sieberer</surname>
              <given-names>U</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title xml:lang="en">Quality of life of children with mitral valve
                  prolapse</article-title>
          <source>Qual Life Res</source>
          <year>2011</year>
          <volume>20</volume>
          <issue>4</issue>
          <fpage>537</fpage>
          <lpage>541</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B36">
        <label>36</label>
        <mixed-citation>36. Krol Y, Grootenhuis MA, Destr&#233;e-Vonk A, Lubbers LJ, Koopman HM, Last
               BF. Health related quality of life in children with congenital heart disease. Psychol
               Health. 2003;18(2):251-60.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Krol</surname>
              <given-names>Y</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Grootenhuis</surname>
              <given-names>MA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Destr&#233;e-Vonk</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Lubbers</surname>
              <given-names>LJ</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Koopman</surname>
              <given-names>HM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Last</surname>
              <given-names>BF</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title xml:lang="en">Health related quality of life in children with
                  congenital heart disease</article-title>
          <source>Psychol Health</source>
          <year>2003</year>
          <volume>18</volume>
          <issue>2</issue>
          <fpage>251</fpage>
          <lpage>260</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B37">
        <label>37</label>
        <mixed-citation>37. Uzark K, Jones K, Slusher J, Limbers CA, Burwinkle TM, Varni JW.
               Quality of life in children with heart disease as perceived by children and parents.
               Pediatrics. 2008;121(5):e1060-7.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Uzark</surname>
              <given-names>K</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Jones</surname>
              <given-names>K</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Slusher</surname>
              <given-names>J</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Limbers</surname>
              <given-names>CA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Burwinkle</surname>
              <given-names>TM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Varni</surname>
              <given-names>JW</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title xml:lang="en">Quality of life in children with heart disease as
                  perceived by children and parents</article-title>
          <source>Pediatrics</source>
          <year>2008</year>
          <volume>121</volume>
          <issue>5</issue>
          <fpage>e1060</fpage>
          <lpage>e1067</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B38">
        <label>38</label>
        <mixed-citation>38. Dahan-Oliel N, Majnemer A, Mazer B. Quality of life of adolescents
               and young adults born at high risk. Phys Occup Ther Pediatr.
               2011;31(4):362-89.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Dahan-Oliel</surname>
              <given-names>N</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Majnemer</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Mazer</surname>
              <given-names>B</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title xml:lang="en">Quality of life of adolescents and young adults born at
                  high risk</article-title>
          <source>Phys Occup Ther Pediatr</source>
          <year>2011</year>
          <volume>31</volume>
          <issue>4</issue>
          <fpage>362</fpage>
          <lpage>389</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B39">
        <label>39</label>
        <mixed-citation>39. Landolt MA, Valsangiacomo Buechel ER, Latal B. Health-related
               quality of life in children and adolescents after open-heart surgery. J Pediatr.
               2008;152(3):349-55.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Landolt</surname>
              <given-names>MA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Valsangiacomo Buechel</surname>
              <given-names>ER</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Latal</surname>
              <given-names>B</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title xml:lang="en">Health-related quality of life in children and
                  adolescents after open-heart surgery</article-title>
          <source>J Pediatr</source>
          <year>2008</year>
          <volume>152</volume>
          <issue>3</issue>
          <fpage>349</fpage>
          <lpage>355</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B40">
        <label>40</label>
        <mixed-citation>40. Spijkerboer AW, Utens EM, De Koning WB, Bogers AJ, Helbing WA,
               Verhulst FC. Health-related quality of life in children and adolescents after
               invasive treatment for congenital heart disease. Qual Life Res.
               2006;15(4):663-73.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Spijkerboer</surname>
              <given-names>AW</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Utens</surname>
              <given-names>EM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>De Koning</surname>
              <given-names>WB</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Bogers</surname>
              <given-names>AJ</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Helbing</surname>
              <given-names>WA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Verhulst</surname>
              <given-names>FC</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title xml:lang="en">Health-related quality of life in children and
                  adolescents after invasive treatment for congenital heart disease</article-title>
          <source>Qual Life Res</source>
          <year>2006</year>
          <volume>15</volume>
          <issue>4</issue>
          <fpage>663</fpage>
          <lpage>673</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B41">
        <label>41</label>
        <mixed-citation>41. Latal B, Helfricht S, Fischer JE, Bauersfeld U, Landolt MA.
               Psychological adjustment and quality of life in children and adolescents following
               open-heart surgery for congenital heart disease: a systematic review. BMC Pediatr.
               2009;9:6.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Latal</surname>
              <given-names>B</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Helfricht</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Fischer</surname>
              <given-names>JE</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Bauersfeld</surname>
              <given-names>U</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Landolt</surname>
              <given-names>MA</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title xml:lang="en">Psychological adjustment and quality of life in children
                  and adolescents following open-heart surgery for congenital heart disease: a
                  systematic review</article-title>
          <source>BMC Pediatr</source>
          <year>2009</year>
          <volume>9</volume>
          <fpage>6</fpage>
          <lpage>6</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B42">
        <label>42</label>
        <mixed-citation>42. Goldbeck L, Melches J. Quality of life in families of children with
               congenital heart disease. Qual Life Res. 2005;14(8):1915-24.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Goldbeck</surname>
              <given-names>L</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Melches</surname>
              <given-names>J</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title xml:lang="en">Quality of life in families of children with congenital
                  heart disease</article-title>
          <source>Qual Life Res</source>
          <year>2005</year>
          <volume>14</volume>
          <issue>8</issue>
          <fpage>1915</fpage>
          <lpage>1924</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B43">
        <label>43</label>
        <mixed-citation>43. Arafa MA, Zaher SR, El-Dowaty AA, Moneeb DE. Quality of life among
               parents of children with heart disease. Health Qual Life Outcomes.
               2008;6:91.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Arafa</surname>
              <given-names>MA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Zaher</surname>
              <given-names>SR</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>El-Dowaty</surname>
              <given-names>AA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Moneeb</surname>
              <given-names>DE</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title xml:lang="en">Quality of life among parents of children with heart
                  disease</article-title>
          <source>Health Qual Life Outcomes</source>
          <year>2008</year>
          <volume>6</volume>
          <fpage>91</fpage>
          <lpage>91</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B44">
        <label>44</label>
        <mixed-citation>44. Montalvo Prieto A, Romero Massa E, Fl&#243;rez Torres IE. Quality of life
               of caregivers of children with cardiopathy in Cartagena, Colombia. Investigaci&#243;n y
               Educaci&#243;n en Enfermer&#237;a. 2011;29(1):9-18.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Montalvo Prieto</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Romero Massa</surname>
              <given-names>E</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Fl&#243;rez Torres</surname>
              <given-names>IE</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title xml:lang="en">Quality of life of caregivers of children with
                  cardiopathy in Cartagena, Colombia</article-title>
          <source>Investigaci&#243;n y Educaci&#243;n en Enfermer&#237;a</source>
          <year>2011</year>
          <volume>29</volume>
          <issue>1</issue>
          <fpage>9</fpage>
          <lpage>18</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B45">
        <label>45</label>
        <mixed-citation>45. Majnemer A, Limperopoulos C, Shevell M, Rohlicek C, Rosenblatt B,
               Tchervenkov C. Health and well-being of children with congenital cardiac
               malformations, and their families, following open-heart surgery. Cardiol Young.
               2006;16(2):157-64.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Majnemer</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Limperopoulos</surname>
              <given-names>C</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Shevell</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Rohlicek</surname>
              <given-names>C</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Rosenblatt</surname>
              <given-names>B</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Tchervenkov</surname>
              <given-names>C</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title xml:lang="en">Health and well-being of children with congenital
                  cardiac malformations, and their families, following open-heart
                  surgery</article-title>
          <source>Cardiol Young</source>
          <year>2006</year>
          <volume>16</volume>
          <issue>2</issue>
          <fpage>157</fpage>
          <lpage>164</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B46">
        <label>46</label>
        <mixed-citation>46. Teixeira FM, Coelho RM, Proenca C, Silva AM, Vieira D, Vaz C, et al.
               Quality of life experienced by adolescents and young adults with congenital heart
               disease. Pediatr Cardiol. 2011;32(8):1132-8.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Teixeira</surname>
              <given-names>FM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Coelho</surname>
              <given-names>RM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Proenca</surname>
              <given-names>C</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Silva</surname>
              <given-names>AM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Vieira</surname>
              <given-names>D</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Vaz</surname>
              <given-names>C</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal>et al</etal>
          </person-group>
          <article-title xml:lang="en">Quality of life experienced by adolescents and young
                  adults with congenital heart disease</article-title>
          <source>Pediatr Cardiol</source>
          <year>2011</year>
          <volume>32</volume>
          <issue>8</issue>
          <fpage>1132</fpage>
          <lpage>1138</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B47">
        <label>47</label>
        <mixed-citation>47. Culbert EL, Ashburn DA, Cullen-Dean G, Joseph JA, Williams WG,
               Blackstone EH, et al; Congenital Heart Surgeons Society. Quality of life of children
               after repair of transposition of the great arteries. Circulation.
               2003;108(7):857-62.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Culbert</surname>
              <given-names>EL</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Ashburn</surname>
              <given-names>DA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Cullen-Dean</surname>
              <given-names>G</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Joseph</surname>
              <given-names>JA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Williams</surname>
              <given-names>WG</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Blackstone</surname>
              <given-names>EH</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal>et al</etal>
            <collab>Congenital Heart Surgeons Society</collab>
          </person-group>
          <article-title xml:lang="en">Quality of life of children after repair of
                  transposition of the great arteries</article-title>
          <source>Circulation</source>
          <year>2003</year>
          <volume>108</volume>
          <issue>7</issue>
          <fpage>857</fpage>
          <lpage>862</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B48">
        <label>48</label>
        <mixed-citation>48. Laane KM, Meberg A, Otterstad JE, Froland G, Sorland S, Lindstrom B,
               et al. Quality of life in children with congenital heart defects. Acta Paediatrica.
               1997;85(9):975-80.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Laane</surname>
              <given-names>KM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Meberg</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Otterstad</surname>
              <given-names>JE</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Froland</surname>
              <given-names>G</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Sorland</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Lindstrom</surname>
              <given-names>B</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal>et al</etal>
          </person-group>
          <article-title xml:lang="en">Quality of life in children with congenital heart
                  defects</article-title>
          <source>Acta Paediatrica</source>
          <year>1997</year>
          <volume>85</volume>
          <issue>9</issue>
          <fpage>975</fpage>
          <lpage>980</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B49">
        <label>49</label>
        <mixed-citation>49. Dunbar-Masterson C, Wypij D, Bellinger DC, Rappaport LA, Baker AL,
               Jonas RA, et al. General health status of children with D-transposition of the great
               arteries after the arterial switch operation. Circulation. 2001;104(12 Suppl
               1):I138-42.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Dunbar-Masterson</surname>
              <given-names>C</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Wypij</surname>
              <given-names>D</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Bellinger</surname>
              <given-names>DC</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Rappaport</surname>
              <given-names>LA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Baker</surname>
              <given-names>AL</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Jonas</surname>
              <given-names>RA</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal>et al</etal>
          </person-group>
          <article-title xml:lang="en">General health status of children with D-transposition
                  of the great arteries after the arterial switch operation</article-title>
          <source>Circulation</source>
          <year>2001</year>
          <volume>104</volume>
          <issue>12</issue>
          <supplement>Suppl 1</supplement>
          <fpage>I138</fpage>
          <lpage>I142</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B50">
        <label>50</label>
        <mixed-citation>50. Kwon EN, Mussatto K, Simpson PM, Brosig C, Nugent M, Samyn MM.
               Children and adolescents with repaired tetralogy of fallot report quality of life
               similar to healthy peers. Congenit Heart Dis. 2011;6(1):18-27.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Kwon</surname>
              <given-names>EN</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Mussatto</surname>
              <given-names>K</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Simpson</surname>
              <given-names>PM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Brosig</surname>
              <given-names>C</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Nugent</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Samyn</surname>
              <given-names>MM</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title xml:lang="en">Children and adolescents with repaired tetralogy of
                  fallot report quality of life similar to healthy peers</article-title>
          <source>Congenit Heart Dis</source>
          <year>2011</year>
          <volume>6</volume>
          <issue>1</issue>
          <fpage>18</fpage>
          <lpage>27</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B51">
        <label>51</label>
        <mixed-citation>51. Silva AM, Vaz C, Areias ME, Vieira D, Proen&#231;a C, Viana V, et al.
               Quality of life of patients with congenital heart diseases. Cardiol Young.
               2011;21(6):670-6.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Silva</surname>
              <given-names>AM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Vaz</surname>
              <given-names>C</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Areias</surname>
              <given-names>ME</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Vieira</surname>
              <given-names>D</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Proen&#231;a</surname>
              <given-names>C</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Viana</surname>
              <given-names>V</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal>et al</etal>
          </person-group>
          <article-title xml:lang="en">Quality of life of patients with congenital heart
                  diseases</article-title>
          <source>Cardiol Young</source>
          <year>2011</year>
          <volume>21</volume>
          <issue>6</issue>
          <fpage>670</fpage>
          <lpage>676</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B52">
        <label>52</label>
        <mixed-citation>52. Moons P, Norekv&#229;l T. Is sense of coherence a pathway for improving
               the quality of life of patients who grow up with chronic diseases? A hypothesis. Eur
               J Cardiovasc Nurs. 2006;5(1):16-20.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Moons</surname>
              <given-names>P</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Norekv&#229;l</surname>
              <given-names>T</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title xml:lang="en">Is sense of coherence a pathway for improving the
                  quality of life of patients who grow up with chronic diseases? A
                  hypothesis</article-title>
          <source>Eur J Cardiovasc Nurs</source>
          <year>2006</year>
          <volume>5</volume>
          <issue>1</issue>
          <fpage>16</fpage>
          <lpage>20</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B53">
        <label>53</label>
        <mixed-citation>53. Apers S, Luyckx K, Rassart J, Goossens E, Budts W, Moons P. Sense of
               coherence is a predictor of perceived health in adolescents with congenital heart
               disease: a cross-lagged prospective study. Int J Nurs Stud.
               2013;50(6):776-85.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Apers</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Luyckx</surname>
              <given-names>K</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Rassart</surname>
              <given-names>J</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Goossens</surname>
              <given-names>E</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Budts</surname>
              <given-names>W</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Moons</surname>
              <given-names>P</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title xml:lang="en">Sense of coherence is a predictor of perceived health in
                  adolescents with congenital heart disease: a cross-lagged prospective
                  study</article-title>
          <source>Int J Nurs Stud</source>
          <year>2013</year>
          <volume>50</volume>
          <issue>6</issue>
          <fpage>776</fpage>
          <lpage>785</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B54">
        <label>54</label>
        <mixed-citation>54. Luyckx K, Missotten L, Goossens E, Moons P; i-DETACH Investigators.
               Individual and contextual determinants of quality of life in adolescents with
               congenital heart disease. J Adolesc Health. 2012;51(2):122-8.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Luyckx</surname>
              <given-names>K</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Missotten</surname>
              <given-names>L</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Goossens</surname>
              <given-names>E</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Moons</surname>
              <given-names>P</given-names>
            </name>
            <collab>i-DETACH Investigators</collab>
          </person-group>
          <article-title xml:lang="en">Individual and contextual determinants of quality of
                  life in adolescents with congenital heart disease</article-title>
          <source>J Adolesc Health</source>
          <year>2012</year>
          <volume>51</volume>
          <issue>2</issue>
          <fpage>122</fpage>
          <lpage>128</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B55">
        <label>55</label>
        <mixed-citation>55. Luyckx K, Goossens E, Missotten L, Moons P; i-DETACH Investigators.
               Adolescents with congenital heart disease: the importance of perceived parenting for
               psychosocial and health outcomes. J Dev Behav Pediatr.
               2011;32(9):651-9.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Luyckx</surname>
              <given-names>K</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Goossens</surname>
              <given-names>E</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Missotten</surname>
              <given-names>L</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Moons</surname>
              <given-names>P</given-names>
            </name>
            <collab>i-DETACH Investigators</collab>
          </person-group>
          <article-title xml:lang="en">Adolescents with congenital heart disease: the
                  importance of perceived parenting for psychosocial and health
                  outcomes</article-title>
          <source>J Dev Behav Pediatr</source>
          <year>2011</year>
          <volume>32</volume>
          <issue>9</issue>
          <fpage>651</fpage>
          <lpage>659</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B56">
        <label>56</label>
        <mixed-citation>56. Luyckx K, Goossens E, Van Damme C, Moons P; i-DETACH Investigators.
               Identity formation in adolescents with congenital cardiac disease: a forgotten issue
               in the transition to adulthood. Cardiol Young. 2011;21(4):411-20.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Luyckx</surname>
              <given-names>K</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Goossens</surname>
              <given-names>E</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Van Damme</surname>
              <given-names>C</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Moons</surname>
              <given-names>P</given-names>
            </name>
            <collab>i-DETACH Investigators</collab>
          </person-group>
          <article-title xml:lang="en"> Identity formation in adolescents with congenital
                  cardiac disease: a forgotten issue in the transition to adulthood </article-title>
          <source>Cardiol Young</source>
          <year>2011</year>
          <volume>21</volume>
          <issue>4</issue>
          <fpage>411</fpage>
          <lpage>420</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B57">
        <label>57</label>
        <mixed-citation>57. Luyckx K, Goossens E, Rassart J, Apers S, Vanhalst J, Moons P.
               Parental support, internalizing symptoms, perceived health status, and quality of
               life in adolescents with congenital heart disease: influences and reciprocal effects.
               J Behav Med. 2012 Nov. [Epub ahead of print].</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="book">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Luyckx</surname>
              <given-names>K</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Goossens</surname>
              <given-names>E</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Rassart</surname>
              <given-names>J</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Apers</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Vanhalst</surname>
              <given-names>J</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Moons</surname>
              <given-names>P</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <source xml:lang="en">Parental support, internalizing symptoms, perceived health
                  status, and quality of life in adolescents with congenital heart disease:
                  influences and reciprocal effects.</source>
          <publisher-name>J Behav Med</publisher-name>
          <month>Nov</month>
          <year>2012</year>
          <comment>[Epub ahead of print]</comment>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
    </ref-list>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="financial-disclosure">
        <p><bold>Fontes de Financiamento</bold> O presente estudo n&#227;o teve fontes de
               financiamento externas.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
  </back>
  <sub-article id="SA1" article-type="translation" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Review Article</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title xml:lang="en">Quality of Life and Congenital Heart Disease in Childhood
               and Adolescenc</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Bertoletti</surname>
            <given-names>Juliana</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Marx</surname>
            <given-names>Giovana Caroline</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Hattge</surname>
            <given-names>S&#233;rgio Pedro</given-names>
            <suffix>J&#250;nior</suffix>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Pellanda</surname>
            <given-names>Lucia Campos</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">2</xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c02"/>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff3"><label>1</label>
           Instituto de Cardiologia/Funda&#231;&#227;o Universit&#225;ria de Cardiologia
            - IC/FUC, Porto Alegre, RS - Brazil </aff>
      <aff id="aff4"><label>2</label>
             Universidade Federal de Ci&#234;ncias da Sa&#250;de de Porto Alegre,
            Porto Alegre, RS - Brazil</aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c02"><bold>Mailling Address:</bold> Lucia Campos Pellanda, Instituto de Cardiologia do Rio
               Grande do Sul / Funda&#231;&#227;o Universit&#225;ria de Cardiologia e Universidade Federal de
               Ci&#234;ncias da Sa&#250;de de Porto Alegre, Av. Princesa Isabel, 370, 3&#186; andar, Santana.
               Postal Code 99620-000, Porto Alegre, RS - Brazil. E-mail:
                  <email>lupellanda@gmail.com</email>
				</corresp>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p><bold>Potential Conflict of Interest</bold> No potential conflict of interest
                  relevant to this article was reported.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p><bold>Study Association</bold> This article is part of the thesis of master
                  submitted by Juliana Bertoletti from Instituto de Cardiologia/Funda&#231;&#227;o
                  Universit&#225;ria de Cardiologia.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <abstract xml:lang="en">
        <p>Advances in cardiac surgery techniques and early diagnosis have enabled the increased
               survival of individuals with congenital heart disease. The investigation of the
               quality of life in children and adolescents with congenital heart disease provides
               complementary information to clinical data that can assist in decision making on the
               part of health professionals. Although many studies have been conducted to
               investigate the quality of life of children and adolescents with congenital heart
               disease, the results prove to be contradictory; while some studies show that
               congenital heart disease can impact the quality of life, others describe a better
               perception of quality of life among children and adolescents who suffer from the
               disease when compared with healthy control subjects. The purpose of this study is to
               review the literature on the assessment of health related quality of life in children
               and adolescents with congenital heart disease, in order to systematize the existing
               knowledge on this topic today. It is observed that research seeks to investigate
               aspects of personality in cardiac patients, their coping strategies used and
               perceived social support, aiming at better understanding the association of these
               variables with the level of quality of life in this population.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>Quality of life</kwd>
        <kwd>heart disease</kwd>
        <kwd>congenital abnormalities</kwd>
        <kwd>childhood</kwd>
        <kwd>adolescence</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>Introduction</title>
        <p>Advances in treatments and the effective possibilities of control of
               chronic-degenerative and congenital diseases have resulted in longer life time to
               people afflicted by these diseases<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B01">1</xref>. In
               relation to cardiac malformations, it is estimated that about 10 out of 1000 newborns
               alive are affected by some sort of congenital anomaly, being one-third of these with
               critical diagnoses requiring surgical intervention<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B01">1</xref>
					<sup>,</sup>
					<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B02">2</xref>. In the last
               decades, early diagnosis has contributed to the increase of incidence in the
                  findings<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B03">3</xref>, and the advance of surgical
               techniques has led to the increase in the number of heart disease children and
               adolescents. </p>
        <p>In face of this context, it is important to consider the repercussions of physical,
               psychological and social order that accompany congenital heart disease (CHD) and that
               can bring losses to these patients' quality of life. The Health related quality of
               life (HRQoL) initially investigated further in the adult population, has gained
               special attention in childhood and adolescence due to the impact that its injury can
               cause in long-term, in addition to the benefit that early interventions focusing on
               its improvement can provide, especially in chronic diseases.</p>
        <p>The assessment of HRQoL in children and adolescents with heart disease has been used
               as an important health outcome, to identify groups and subgroups that are at risk,
               track health habits and to better understand the impact of different diagnoses of
               heart disease on the quality of life of this population. The objective of this study
               is to review the current literature on the evaluation of health related quality of
               life in childhood and adolescence, with emphasis on the patient with congenital heart
               disease.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="methods">
        <title>Method</title>
        <p>A search was conducted in Pubmed and Scielo databases for articles published between
               2000 and 2012. The following key-words were used: "quality of life", "congenital
               heart disease", "children", "adolescents". 350 articles were found, of which 58 were
               selected for this review according to the following selection criteria:
               cross-sectional studies, longitudinal and systematic reviews, whose methodological
               procedures were well described, as well as statistical analysis, studies using
               measurement instruments valid and recognized; studies performed with children and
               adolescents with significant sample size. Additionally, references were sought in
               books authored by specialists in the field of literature review articles with
               adequate theoretical quality for the discussion of the topic, in order to complement
               and deepen the analysis of the current literature.</p>
        <sec>
          <title>Review results and discussion</title>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Health related quality of life in children and adolescents</title>
          <p>While the quality of life (QoL) in adults has been investigated in the past
                  decade, this study among children and adolescents is a recent area. The difficulty
                  of defining and conceptualizing QoL becomes a constant challenge for researchers
                  in this area, especially in the construction of valid and reliable instruments,
                  including all its scales and considering the perception of the individual under
                  development.</p>
          <p>In general, the QoL assessment tools in childhood have little congruence in
                  relation to the content covered, with different conceptions about normal childhood
                  development in different age groups and the importance of family function and
                  social context as factors necessary for their well being. The broad spectrum of
                  contents and the variety of scales and items envisaged in the QoL instruments in
                  childhood reflect the differences in their process of preparation, in the
                  theoretical line used, in the target population and in the objectives of
                  application of the instrument<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B04">4</xref>
						<sup>,</sup>
						<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B05">5 </xref>.</p>
          <p>Some areas of discussion of an ideal model of QoL in childhood and adolescence, as
                  highlighted by Kuczynski<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B04">4</xref> , suggest that it
                  is important to assess the global sphere (related to society and its macro
                  environment) and external sphere (related to socioeconomic conditions) on top of
                  personal and interpersonal aspects as children need, overall, to develop
                  themselves in adequate and health-promoting conditions. Reinforcing this idea,
                  Matza et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B06">6</xref> consider that in general
                  children do not have the choice to significantly change an environmental problem,
                  unlike adults, who have financial resources and adequate social support, for
                  example, to leave a job or an unsatisfactory marriage.</p>
          <p>Contextual factors, therefore, may have an influence in the long-term on social
                  and psychological development of children, and it is important to consider
                  variables such as family, peers, school and community when assessing their QoL. In
                  the case of children with chronic disease, there are few attempts at developing
                  methods and tools for assessment of HRQoL, and it still is uncommon concern in
                  apprehending the perception and impact of the disease from the point of view of
                  the patient, resulting in large discrepancies as to the response and clinical
                     evolution<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B04">4</xref>.</p>
          <p>To Lawford and Eiser<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B07">7</xref> , the child's ability
                  to adapt to their experiences and how they interpret adverse experiences will have
                  impact on their QoL. The reactions of each child to face adverse experience, such
                  as dealing with the disease, show that there is a level of individual adjustment
                  and coping styles that are related to their perception of QoL. The concept of
                  resilience, understood as the process of positive adaptation of the individual in
                  contexts of extreme adversity, has been used to explain individual differences
                  found in children who show high levels of action in some domains of QoL despite
                  facing adverse life conditions.</p>
          <p>In a systematic review of instruments to assess the QoL for children and
                  adolescents, Solans et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B05">5</xref> have identified
                  the existence of 30 generic and 64 specific-disease instruments, published between
                  years 2001 and 2005. Samples of generic instruments for pediatric population are:
                  "Pediatric Quality of Life Inventory (PedsQL)<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B08">8</xref> ", "Autoquestionnaire de Qualit&#233; de Vie Enfant Imag&#233;" (AUQUEI)<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B09">9</xref> , "Child Health Questionnaire (CHQ)<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref> and Kidscreen<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref>. The specific measures are tools capable of detecting the
                  improvement or worsening of symptoms and functioning of the health condition under
                  study, with higher sensitivity to measure changes to effects of the treatments of
                  certain diseases<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref>
						<sup>,</sup>
						<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13 </xref>. In the pediatric population, health
                  conditions that have a higher number of specific measuring instruments are asthma,
                  cancer and epilepsy, and the countries that mostly develop this type of instrument
                  are the United States, UK and Canada<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B05">5</xref>. </p>
          <p>Although the study of Solans et al. where most of the instruments present
                  acceptable standards in relation to psychometric properties, few presented
                  criterion validity analyses (n = 5), structure validity (n = 15) or sensitivity to
                  change (n = 14). The challenge in accessing child perception is also revealed in
                  the study, since 26% of the disease-specific instruments are destined exclusively
                  to the parents as respondents (Proxy)<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B05">5</xref>. </p>
          <p>With regard to measures of HRQoL for children and adolescents, Matza et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B06">6</xref> point out some methodological aspects that
                  must be considered in the preparation of the instruments. According to the authors
                  one must consider the minimum age at which children can answer questions about
                  their quality of life as well as the appropriateness of the format of the
                  instrument to the level of understanding of each age group. In addition, there is
                  disagreement among researchers about the need to evaluate the agreement between
                  the assessment of parents and that of children as respondents, especially when
                  evaluating younger children who may not be able to respond on more subjective
                  domains. Thus, before drawing a measure of HRQoL for children, it is essential for
                  researchers to assess the adequacy of the tool to age, including vocabulary,
                  instructions, question structure, content and response options.</p>
          <p>In congenital heart disease, specific HRQoL measures have begun to emerge recently
                  and are still in the process of being tested and validated in different cultural
                  contexts. In the UK, the development of ConQol Index (CQI) occurred from a
                  multicenter study involving 730 children from five pediatric cardiology centers,
                  funded by the British Heart Foundation. It is an instrument to measure HRQoL for
                  children with congenital heart disease at the age of 8 to 16 years old, and seeks
                  to assess the impact of heart disease on daily life measured from the perspective
                  of the child or adolescent. Two versions are available for different age groups:
                  the first, for children 8-11 years old, it includes the scales, symptoms,
                  activities and relationships, and second, for teens 12-16 years old, it adds a
                  scale to the others on coping and control<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref>.</p>
          <p>In the United States<italic>, </italic>the project of creating the Pediatric
                  Cardiac Quality of Life Inventory (PCQLI) aimed at the development of an inventory
                  covering a wider age group - children 8-12 years old and adolescents aged 13 to 18
                  years old - including versions for patients and parents (Proxy), having the
                  ability to discriminate the different types of congenital and acquired heart
                  diseases. The results of the pilot study, conducted in three cardiac clinics with
                  655 pairs of parents and patients, showed content validity, good internal
                  consistency and construct validity of the instrument, with a good correlation
                  between the components that measure the impact of the disease and the psychosocial
                     impact<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref>.</p>
          <p>In Brazil, Soares et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref> analyzed the
                  national scientific production on QoL of children and adolescents, finding 30
                  articles published between 1990 and 2008. The results showed predominance of
                  quantitative approach research (70%) and a higher index of research with quality
                  of life evaluation instruments related to health (66.7%) than generic instruments
                  (28.6%). It was also observed a greater number of articles published in the field
                  of Medicine (40%), followed by Nursing (30%) and Psychology (26.6%). Regarding the
                  assessment of QoL in chronic diseases, Brazil stood out in pioneering studies
                  conducted by the Faculty of Medical Sciences, State University of Campinas
                  (UNICAMP) on QoL and epilepsy, which served as a starting point for the
                  advancement of discussions on the theme. </p>
          <p>Although 50% of national publications found in the study by Soares et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref> the QoL of children and adolescents from
                  the perspective of their parents and caregivers, the authors concluded that the
                  scientific community is looking to enhance the perception of children and
                  adolescents as reporters of their experience, considering the particularities of
                  this period of life in the application of adequate research methodologies. Despite
                  all the difficulties encountered in developing tools for the pediatric population,
                  it is important to remember, as pointed out by Kuczynski<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17 </xref> , that "the individual under development can express
                  himself, it is we who cannot (or are not willing) to understand him." </p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Congenital heart diseases in childhood and adolescence</title>
          <p>Cardiac malformations are considered one of the most frequent forms of congenital
                  anomalies at birth. Studies performed in the Brazilian population evaluated the
                  predominance of CHD in live newborns, identifying the ratio of 5.5:1000 live
                  newborns between the years of 1889 and 1998 in the state of Paran&#225;<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref> , and 9.58:1000 newborns between the years
                  of 1990 and 2003 in the state of Minas Gerais<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B01">1</xref>. To Huber et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B03">3</xref> , early
                  diagnosis and detection of cardiac malformations in the prenatal period have
                  contributed to the increase of incidence in the findings, both in national and
                  international studies.</p>
          <p>In childhood, there is evidence that the presence of CHD can affect physical and
                  ponderal development, motor, cognitive and neurological operation<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref>
						<sup>,</sup>
						<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20 </xref> , and there is even a higher incidence of academic difficulties,
                  behavioral problems, speech delay, lack of attention and hyperactivity in patients
                  with complex congenital heart disease<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref>
						<sup>,</sup>
						<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref>. In addition to
                  such clinical evidence, the need for ongoing medical monitoring, use of medication
                  and recurrent hospitalizations may affect self-esteem and self-image of this group
                  of children and adolescents, resulting in delays in normal development tasks<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22 </xref>. The maintenance of health in children
                  with CHD still requires care from parents and medical staff with nutrition,
                  immunization, winter disease prevention and prophylaxis of bacterial endocarditis,
                  all these aspects vital to their long-term survival<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref>.</p>
          <p>Upon entering adolescence, patients with CHD face the challenge of autonomy in the
                  face of parental overprotection, usually exercised during childhood. Furthermore,
                  adolescence is a crucial consolidation phase of health healthy behavior, such as
                  for instance, the adoption of good food practices and exercises, but also a period
                  in which risk behavior is manifested for the first time, such as the use of drugs
                  and alcohol and risk sexual practices<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref>
						<sup>,</sup>
						<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref>. Some studies
                  highlight the importance of a transition program in assisting health<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref>
						<sup>,</sup>
						<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref>
						<sup>-</sup>
						<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref> , with the
                  objective to educate adolescents with CHD on their medical condition and guide
                  them with regard to physical exercises<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref>
						<sup>,</sup>
						<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref> ,
                     sexuality<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref> and entrance into the labor
                  market. </p>
          <p>Some qualitative studies conducted with adolescents with CHD<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">32</xref>
						<sup>,</sup>
						<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">33</xref> ,
                  using semi-structured interview and in-depth techniques, pointed out some
                  difficulties faced by these patients, such as: coping with the illness and
                  physical limitations, social exclusion, discrimination and bullying, in addition
                  to the challenge of normality, becoming independent, the uncertainty about the
                  future and how to use coping strategies to develop self-esteem, among other
                  dilemmas. Thus, health care to patients with congenital heart disease should
                  include the care of their psychological and social needs as well as the
                  physiological, as a means of improving their quality of life.</p>
          <p>Although many cardiac patients acquire a stable health condition, some of them
                  have residual defects and important sequelae in adulthood, even after numerous
                  surgical corrections. CHDs are considered chronic conditions, due to the factors
                  that accompany them in the long term and that interfere with the daily life of
                  these patients, including uncertainty about the course of the disease, prognosis,
                  signs and symptoms, and restrictions on physical activity<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34">34 </xref>. The investigation of the quality of life in this
                  population in all age groups, has gained increased attention as an important
                  health outcome, not only related to symptoms and clinical conditions, but also in
                  terms of their level of well-being and satisfaction with life as a whole.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Congenital Heart Diseases and Quality of Life</title>
          <p>Studies conducted to evaluate the QoL of children and adolescents with CHD have
                  yielded inconclusive results, possibly due to a lack of conceptual and
                  methodological rigor in research, according Moons et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34">34</xref>. Methodological differences among the studies, such as
                  outline, inclusion criteria, evaluation tools used, follow-up and outcome measures
                  make it difficult to compare results.</p>
          <p>However, one can ascertain that a large part of the studies performed is at a
                  lower level of HRQoL among children and adolescents with CHD when compared to
                  healthy control<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B35">35</xref>
						<sup>-</sup>
						<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B37">37</xref>. According the findings of a systematic
                  review conducted by Dahan-Oliel, Majnemer and Mazer<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B38">38</xref> , such results are related in part to the physical limitations -
                  actual or perceived - in subjects with CHD, which can lead to unnecessary
                  restrictions and overprotective behavior that possibly interfere in their
                  perception over QoL. </p>
          <p>Janiec et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B35">35</xref> report that children and
                  adolescents with mitral valve prolapse have a lower QoL than the healthy
                  population only in the scale of physical well-being, although among the group with
                  CHD the frequency and severity of clinical symptoms have a negative impact on
                  other scales assessed. The study of Krol et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B36">36</xref> found that children with CHD had worsening in motor functioning and
                  autonomy compared to healthy children; however, the severity of the diagnosis was
                  not associated with the level of QoL of the heart disease population.</p>
          <p>In the study by Uzark et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B37">37</xref> , one in
                  five children with CHD refers significant worsening in psychosocial functioning
                  when compared to the control group, including those with mild or corrected heart
                  disease; on the other hand, in the CHD group, children with more serious injuries
                  presented lower results only in physical function, and there is no relation
                  between the disease severity and psychosocial functioning. These findings show
                  that the association between severity of diagnosis and QoL has not yet been
                  elucidated among children and adolescents with CHD, possibly due to the
                  methodological differences mentioned above.</p>
          <p>Studies by Landolt et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B39">39</xref> and Spijkerboer
                  et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B40">40</xref> investigated the QoL of children
                  and adolescents after cardiac surgery and/or invasive treatment by catheterization
                  for CHD, respectively, using the same measuring instrument. Their results were
                  similar, indicating worse motor cognitive, social and emotional functioning than
                  healthy children. Multivariate analysis in the study Landolt et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B39">39</xref> further disclosed that the duration of
                  cardiopulmonary bypass, time of hospitalization, need for medication and adverse
                  family relationships had a negative impact on QoL of the children, only in
                  accordance with the evaluation of their parents and caregivers. </p>
          <p>In the systematic review conducted by Latal et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B41">41 </xref> studies published between 1990 and 2008 on psychological adjustment
                  and QoL in children and adolescents submitted to cardiac surgery were included in
                  order to check the current knowledge on the outcomes in this population. Although
                  there is great variability between studies, the results show that QoL is impaired
                  in some children, especially those with more complex CHDs. The results also show
                  that there are differences in the perception of parents and children regarding the
                  psychological adjustment: while children are evaluated positively in this aspect,
                  parents in general consider that psychological adjustment of their children has
                  impairments, relating them mainly to the severity of the CHD and developmental
                  delays. </p>
          <p>Other studies corroborate and expand these findings, indicating that the QoL of
                  parents and caregivers of children with CHD can also be affected due to the impact
                  of the diagnosis on the level of stress and adjustment of these families<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B42">42</xref>
						<sup>-</sup>
						<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B45">45 </xref>. Current literature on QoL of children with special health care
                  needs indicates important factors of positive adaptation to motivation and
                  attitudes of the child as well as the resources and social support available to
                  the family. Such factors are considered more important predictors for a good QoL
                  than the complexity of the medical condition, so strategies that strengthen family
                  welfare and building of social support networks should be valued and offered in
                  health care services<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B45">45</xref>.</p>
          <p>Contrary to studies that showed impairment of QoL in children and adolescents with
                  CHD, some authors found surprising results. Teixeira et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B46">46</xref> evaluated adolescents and young adults with CHD and their
                  findings indicated a level of QoL higher than the general population, especially
                  in the environmental and social relationship scale. Culbert et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B47">47</xref> studies evaluated the QoL of 306 children
                  diagnosed with Transposition of the Great Arteries (TGA) using the Child Health
                  Questionnaire, and found significantly higher results between the group with CHD
                  when compared to the general population, with the exception of self-esteem scale.
                  Other studies found a small difference between the QL of congenital heart disease
                  patients, when compared to population standards<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B48">48</xref>
						<sup>-</sup>
						<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B50">50</xref>.</p>
          <p>Silva et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B51">51</xref> investigated the variables
                  that would have a negative impact on the Quality of Live in adolescents and young
                  adults with CHD, applying the WHOQoL-BREF tool, and found a better perception of
                  QoL in this group when compared to the general population. The presence of
                  cyanosis was not associated with worsening of QoL; however, the number of surgical
                  procedures and moderate to severe residual lesions had a significant impact on it.
                  It was also highlighted, among the findings, the importance of social support as a
                  variable related to increased resilience among heart disease patients, which
                  consequently promotes better adaptation to the disease.</p>
          <p>But how to explain these findings? Surprised by research that found a higher QoL
                  in CHDs, Moons et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B52">52</xref> introduced the term
                  "sense of coherence" as a hypothesis to understand why patients that grow with
                  chronic diseases may be satisfied with their life. The term Sense of Coherence
                  (SOC) was developed by Antonovsky in 1987 to explain why some people get sick when
                  they are under stress, while others remain healthy. Contrary to the pathogenic
                  model with focus on disease, it was based on the premise that the individual
                  should focus positively on his resources and capabilities to maintain his health
                  and well-being. </p>
          <p>So, the term Sense of Coherence can be defined as an expression of the world view
                  of the individual, a global orientation based on a dynamic and enduring feeling of
                  confidence in themselves and in their environment. It consists of three
                  components: 1) understandability, or how much the internal and external stimuli
                  received during childhood are structured, predictable and explicable; 2)
                  management, which refers to the perception of the resources available to deal with
                  stressful situations, such as for instance living with heart disease and 3)
                  meaning, or the ability of the individual to believe that his life has meaning,
                  find motivation and assume the control over his life<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B52">52</xref>.</p>
          <p>In a longitudinal study performed by Apers et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B53">53 </xref> , with 429 adolescents with congenital heart disease, the Sense of
                  Coherence showed up as a positive predictor of all domains of perceived general
                  health (physical, emotional, social and school functioning), also positively
                  associated with specific aspects of the disease, such as symptoms, physical
                  appearance and cognitive problems. In another study on the individual and
                  contextual determinants of quality of life in adolescents with heart disease,
                  Luyckx et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B54">54</xref> concluded that the
                  perceived level of health, the Sense of Coherence and parental support correlated
                  positively with quality of life over time. These results confirm the importance of
                  considering the biopsychosocial functioning of the adolescent with heart disease
                  in the evaluation of their QoL, and the Sense of Coherence emerges as a valuable
                  resource to be developed.</p>
          <p>Studies performed by Luyckx et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B55">55</xref>
						<sup>-</sup>
						<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B57">57</xref> have advanced
                  in the investigation of QoL as a variable of the outcome of other predictors, such
                  as perceived parental styles<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B55">55</xref> and the
                  process of formation of identity of the adolescents with CDH<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B56">56</xref> , to explain their functioning and describe the main
                  variables that interact in their perception of QoL.</p>
          <p>With regard to parental styles, no significant differences were found between
                  adolescents with heart disease and the control group. The democratic style
                  obtained better results among adolescents with heart disease, while the
                  controlling style showed the worst among the evaluated outcomes (depressive
                  symptoms, loneliness, quality of life, health status, and substance abuse)<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B55">55</xref>. The process of identity formation in
                  adolescents with heart disease proved to be similar to the one of control
                  subjects, in a standard within average. Individuals with a strong sense of
                  identity presented better results in terms of quality of life and psychosocial
                  functioning, while those with a diffuse sense of identity had higher scores on
                  depressive symptoms and loneliness, and lower in quality of life<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B56">56</xref>.</p>
          <p>It is possible that children with chronic diseases, which include children with
                  cardiac disease, are challenged to develop a Sense of Coherence earlier than
                  healthy children, by experiences that derive from the disease and require a great
                  capacity for adaptation. Growing with CHD requires attention to medical treatment
                  and often living with some restrictions on activities that are part of any child's
                  life. Perhaps because they do not know a different reality these children acquire
                  a greater sense of appreciation for life and expectations consistent with their
                  capabilities and limitations, which will influence their perception of QoL in the
                  course of their development.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="conclusions">
        <title>Conclusion</title>
        <p>The number of studies on quality of life in children and adolescents with congenital
               heart disease has increased in recent years due to increased survival in this
               population. Studies show conflicting results, and currently, there is a tendency to
               investigate factors such as parental styles, social support and coping strategies to
               better understand the quality of life in these patients. All of these variables that
               interact in the perception of quality of life are difficult to grasp by a single
               measuring instrument.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Author contributions</title>
        <p>Conception and design of the research and Writing of the manuscript: Bertoletti J,
               Pellanda LC; Acquisition of data, Analysis and interpretation of the data,
               Statistical analysis and Critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual
               content: Bertoletti J, Marx GC, Hattge Jr SP, Pellanda LC; Obtaining funding:
               Pellanda LC.</p>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="financial-disclosure">
          <p><bold>Sources of Funding</bold> There were no external funding sources for this
                  study.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
