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<article xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" dtd-version="3.0" article-type="research-article" xml:lang="pt">
  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">PdGgyGGg48HKW3YBtLyL5cm</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2014000200030</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">00030</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5935/abc.20140006</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigos Originais</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title xml:lang="pt">Efeito Agudo da Press&#227;o Positiva Cont&#237;nua sobre a Press&#227;o
               de Pulso na Insufici&#234;ncia Card&#237;aca Cr&#244;nica</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Quint&#227;o</surname>
            <given-names>M&#244;nica</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Chermont</surname>
            <given-names>S&#233;rgio</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02">2</xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Marchese</surname>
            <given-names>Luana</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Brand&#227;o</surname>
            <given-names>L&#250;cia</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Bernardez</surname>
            <given-names>Sabrina Pereira</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Mesquita</surname>
            <given-names>Evandro Tinoco</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Rocha</surname>
            <given-names>Nazareth de Novaes</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>N&#243;brega</surname>
            <given-names>Ant&#244;nio Claudio L.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01">1</xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff01">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal Fluminense</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="state">RJ</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country>Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Programa de P&#243;s-gradua&#231;&#227;o em Ci&#234;ncias
               Cardiovasculares/Universidade Federal Fluminense, RJ - Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff02">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Centro Universit&#225;rio Serra dos &#211;rg&#227;os</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Cl&#237;nica de Insufici&#234;ncia Card&#237;aca</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Teres&#243;polis</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">RJ</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country>Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Cl&#237;nica de Insufici&#234;ncia Card&#237;aca (CLIC)/Centro
               Universit&#225;rio Serra dos &#211;rg&#227;os, Teres&#243;polis, RJ - Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01"><bold>Correspond&#234;ncia: Sergio Chermont,</bold> Estrada da Prata s/n.
               Prata. CEP 25976-340, Teres&#243;polis, RJ - Brasil. E-mail:
                  <email>schermont@yahoo.com.br</email>
				</corresp>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potencial Conflito de Interesses</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Declaro n&#227;o haver conflito de interesses pertinentes.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date pub-type="epub-ppub">
        <day>25</day>
        <month>03</month>
        <year>2014</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>102</volume>
      <issue>2</issue>
      <fpage>181</fpage>
      <lpage>186</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>08</day>
          <month>06</month>
          <year>2013</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>10</day>
          <month>08</month>
          <year>2013</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>19</day>
          <month>09</month>
          <year>2013</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/">
          <license-p>This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative
                  Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License which permits unrestricted
                  non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the
                  original work is properly cited. </license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract xml:lang="pt">
        <sec>
          <title>Fundamento:</title>
          <p> Pacientes com insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca (IC) apresentam disfun&#231;&#227;o ventricular
                  esquerda e redu&#231;&#227;o da press&#227;o arterial m&#233;dia (PAM). O aumento do est&#237;mulo
                  adren&#233;rgico causa vasoconstri&#231;&#227;o e resist&#234;ncia dos vasos, mantendo a PAM, enquanto
                  aumenta a resist&#234;ncia vascular perif&#233;rica e a rigidez dos vasos condutores. O
                  aumento da press&#227;o de pulso (PP) reflete a complexa intera&#231;&#227;o do cora&#231;&#227;o com os
                  sistemas arteriais e venosos. O aumento da PP &#233; um importante marcador de risco em
                  pacientes com insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca cr&#244;nica (ICC). A ventila&#231;&#227;o n&#227;o invasiva
                  (VNI) tem sido utilizada para IC aguda descompensada para melhorar a congest&#227;o e a
                  ventila&#231;&#227;o pelos efeitos respirat&#243;rios e hemodin&#226;micos. No entanto, nenhum desses
                  estudos relatou o efeito da VNI na PP. </p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objetivo:</title>
          <p> O objetivo deste estudo foi determinar os efeitos agudos da VNI com CPAP (press&#227;o
                  positiva cont&#237;nua nas vias a&#233;reas) sobre a PP em pacientes ambulatoriais com ICC.
               </p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>M&#233;todos:</title>
          <p> Seguindo um protocolo randomizado, duplo-cego, cruzado e controlado com placebo,
                  23 pacientes com ICC (17 homens, 60 &#177; 11 anos, IMC 29 &#177; 5 kg/cm<sup>2</sup>,
                  classes II e III da NYHA) foram submetidos &#224; CPAP via m&#225;scara nasal durante 30
                  minutos na posi&#231;&#227;o reclinada. A press&#227;o da m&#225;scara foi de 6 cmH<sub>2</sub>O,
                  enquanto o placebo foi fixado em 0-1 cmH<sub>2</sub>O. PP e outras vari&#225;veis
                  hemodin&#226;micas n&#227;o invasivas foram avaliadas antes, durante e depois do placebo e
                  do modo CPAP. </p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Resultados: </title>
          <p>A CPAP diminuiu a frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca de repouso (pr&#233;: 72 &#177; 9; p&#243;s 5 min: 67 &#177; 10
                  bpm , p &lt; 0,01) e PAM (CPAP: 87 &#177; 11; controle 96 &#177; 11 mmHg , p &lt; 0,05 p&#243;s 5
                  min). A CPAP diminuiu a PP (CPAP: 47 &#177; 20 pr&#233; para 38 &#177; 19 mmHg p&#243;s; controle: 42
                  &#177; 12 mmHg, pr&#233; para 41 &#177; 18 p&#243;s p &lt; 0,05 p&#243;s 5 min). </p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclus&#227;o: </title>
          <p>A VNI com CPAP diminuiu a press&#227;o de pulso em pacientes com ICC est&#225;vel. Ensaios
                  cl&#237;nicos futuros devem investigar se esse efeito est&#225; associado com melhora no
                  desfecho cl&#237;nico.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <kwd>Insufici&#234;ncia Card&#237;aca</kwd>
        <kwd>Press&#227;o de Pulso</kwd>
        <kwd>CPAP</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <counts>
        <fig-count count="2"/>
        <table-count count="2"/>
        <equation-count count="0"/>
        <ref-count count="40"/>
        <page-count count="6"/>
      </counts>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
      <p>A insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca (IC) &#233; um dos principais problemas de sa&#250;de p&#250;blica nos pa&#237;ses
            em desenvolvimento e, apesar dos avan&#231;os m&#233;dicos, a mortalidade decorrente da IC
            permanece elevada<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B01">1</xref>. A ativa&#231;&#227;o neuro-humoral na
            IC leva &#224; disfun&#231;&#227;o ventricular esquerda e &#224; redu&#231;&#227;o da press&#227;o arterial m&#233;dia (PAM).
            Mecanismos compensat&#243;rios para manter a PAM causam vasoconstri&#231;&#227;o, o que aumenta a
            resist&#234;ncia vascular perif&#233;rica e a rigidez dos vasos condutores<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B02">2</xref>. Esses efeitos aumentam a press&#227;o de pulso (PP), o que demonstra a
            complexa intera&#231;&#227;o do cora&#231;&#227;o com os sistemas arterial e venoso<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B03">3</xref>
				<sup>,</sup>
				<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B04">4</xref>. A press&#227;o de
            pulso &#233; determinada por dois componentes hemodin&#226;micos: um componente direto, que &#233; um
            produto da eje&#231;&#227;o ventricular (volume sist&#243;lico e rapidez de eje&#231;&#227;o ventricular) e
            intera&#231;&#245;es das propriedades viscoel&#225;sticas dos grandes vasos, assim como um componente
            indireto resultante da onda de pulso<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B05">5</xref>
				<sup>,</sup>
				<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B06">6</xref>. Como o aumento da PP
            expressa a progress&#227;o da IC, ele tem sido relacionado a aumento da p&#243;s-carga
               ventricular<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B07">7</xref> e da demanda de oxig&#234;nio do
               mioc&#225;rdio<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B08">8</xref>, diminui&#231;&#227;o do relaxamento
               ventricular<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B09">9</xref> e isquemia subendoc&#225;rdica<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>. Portanto, o aumento da PP &#233; um importante
            marcador de risco para eventos cardiovasculares subsequentes em pacientes com
            insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca cr&#244;nica (ICC)<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref>
				<sup>,</sup>
				<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref>. Estudos anteriores
            relataram que a PP de 50 mmHg &#233; o valor m&#233;dio normal para refer&#234;ncia cl&#237;nica em homens e
               mulheres<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref>, e acima de 53 mmHg aumenta o risco
            de eventos cardiovasculares<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref>
				<sup>,</sup>
				<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref>.</p>
      <p>A ventila&#231;&#227;o n&#227;o invasiva (VNI) tem sido utilizada na IC descompensada para diminuir a
            congest&#227;o pulmonar e melhorar a ventila&#231;&#227;o atrav&#233;s de efeitos mec&#226;nicos e
               hemodin&#226;micos<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref>
				<sup>,</sup>
				<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref>. Em pacientes com ICC est&#225;vel, a VNI n&#227;o tem sido
            extensivamente estudada. Naughton e cols.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref>
            mostraram que a administra&#231;&#227;o de press&#227;o positiva cont&#237;nua das vias a&#233;reas (CPAP) em
            pacientes com insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca est&#225;vel em repouso melhorou acentuadamente o
            desempenho card&#237;aco e tamb&#233;m reduziu o trabalho de respira&#231;&#227;o. Outros estudos t&#234;m
            mostrado aumento do d&#233;bito card&#237;aco e do volume sist&#243;lico, juntamente com a diminui&#231;&#227;o
            da resist&#234;ncia vascular sist&#234;mica entre os pacientes com ICC e elevada press&#227;o de
            enchimento ventricular esquerdo<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref>
				<sup>,</sup>
				<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref>. No entanto, nenhum
            desses estudos relatou o efeito da VNI na PP, que &#233; um marcador de risco independente em
            pacientes com IC est&#225;vel<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref>
				<sup>,</sup>
				<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref>.</p>
      <p>No presente estudo, a hip&#243;tese investigada foi que, em pacientes com ICC, a VNI
            diminuiria a press&#227;o de pulso, removendo a carga dos m&#250;sculos ventilat&#243;rios e melhorando
            o desempenho card&#237;aco. Portanto, o objetivo deste estudo foi determinar os efeitos de
            uma &#250;nica sess&#227;o de VNI com CPAP sobre a press&#227;o de pulso em pacientes com ICC
            est&#225;vel.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="methods">
      <title>M&#233;todos</title>
      <p>O estudo incluiu pacientes com ICC sist&#243;lica da Cl&#237;nica de Insufici&#234;ncia Card&#237;aca do
            Hospital Universit&#225;rio. Os crit&#233;rios de inclus&#227;o foram: ICC de etiologia isqu&#234;mica ou
            idiop&#225;tica por pelo menos tr&#234;s meses; fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o ventricular esquerda (FEVE) &#8804; 45%
            nos &#250;ltimos tr&#234;s meses, documentada pelo ecocardiograma ou ventriculografia
            radioisot&#243;pica; classe II ou III da New York Heart Association; doen&#231;a est&#225;vel, sem
            interna&#231;&#227;o hospitalar nos &#250;ltimos tr&#234;s meses. A estabilidade cl&#237;nica foi definida como
            aus&#234;ncia de mudan&#231;a nos sintomas, quadro cl&#237;nico ou medicamentos nos &#250;ltimos tr&#234;s meses.
            Os pacientes eram exclu&#237;dos do estudo se tivessem doen&#231;a significativa pulmonar
            obstrutiva (VEF1/CVF &lt; 75% do previsto), angina inst&#225;vel, arritmias card&#237;acas
            significativas ou infarto do mioc&#225;rdio nos &#250;ltimos tr&#234;s meses. Os participantes
            completaram uma visita de triagem, que incluiu exame cl&#237;nico e teste de fun&#231;&#227;o pulmonar
            (Marquette Hellige, Alemanha). Esse protocolo foi aprovado pelo Comit&#234; de &#201;tica em
            Pesquisa Humana, e todos os pacientes deram consentimento informado antes de entrar no
            estudo.</p>
      <p>O protocolo do estudo consistiu em uma investiga&#231;&#227;o duplo-cega, randomizada, cruzada e
            controlada por placebo sobre os efeitos hemodin&#226;micos da VNI em ambiente controlado.
            Foram recrutados 23 pacientes, e as experi&#234;ncias foram efetuadas em dois dias diferentes
            com intervalo de 3-5 dias. O paciente n&#227;o tinha conhecimento do modo de ventila&#231;&#227;o
            randomizada anterior, e o investigador principal n&#227;o estava presente na cena da VNI. Uma
            sess&#227;o preliminar de VNI foi executada para adapta&#231;&#227;o e determina&#231;&#227;o do tamanho da
            m&#225;scara, toler&#226;ncia ao m&#233;todo e press&#227;o individual da CPAP a ser utilizada na
            experi&#234;ncia. A sensa&#231;&#227;o de desconforto respirat&#243;rio foi aferida durante todos os testes
            usando pontua&#231;&#227;o arbitr&#225;ria de conforto (0 = nenhum desconforto, at&#233; 5 = muito
            desconfort&#225;vel). Esse par&#226;metro foi utilizado para limitar o aumento ou a diminui&#231;&#227;o da
            press&#227;o da m&#225;scara sempre que a classifica&#231;&#227;o chegava a 4 ou 5 nas sess&#245;es de adapta&#231;&#227;o
            &#224; VNI.</p>
      <p>No dia da CPAP, os pacientes foram submetidos a um protocolo utilizando a press&#227;o da
            m&#225;scara e o tempo de CPAP predeterminados. No dia do controle, os pacientes foram
            submetidos &#224; CPAP com placebo, consistindo na aplica&#231;&#227;o de uma press&#227;o fixa de &#8804; 1
               cmH<sub>2</sub>O durante 30 minutos por meio de uma v&#225;lvula de deriva&#231;&#227;o (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01">Figura 1</xref>).</p>
      <fig id="f01" fig-type="other">
        <label>Figura 1</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Fluxograma do projeto do estudo. ICC: insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca cr&#244;nica; VNI:
                  ventila&#231;&#227;o n&#227;o invasiva; CPAP: press&#227;o positiva cont&#237;nua nas vias a&#233;reas.</title>
        </caption>
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-102-02-0181-40006-gf01.jpg"/></fig>
      <p>A VNI no modo CPAP (Tranquility, Healthdyne, EUA) foi aplicada por meio de uma m&#225;scara
            nasal (Sealflex, Caradyne, EUA) por 30 minutos na posi&#231;&#227;o reclinada, precedida por um
            per&#237;odo de descanso de 15 minutos de respira&#231;&#227;o espont&#226;nea. A press&#227;o na m&#225;scara foi
            fixada inicialmente em 3 cmH<sub>2</sub>O durante cinco minutos, seguida de 6
               cmH<sub>2</sub>O, de acordo com a toler&#226;ncia predeterminada de cada paciente.</p>
      <p>Durante a VNI, a frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca (FC) e a satura&#231;&#227;o de oxig&#234;nio (SpO<sub>2</sub>)
            por oximetria de pulso (Healthdyne, Marietta, GA) foram monitoradas continuamente, e a
            press&#227;o arterial (PA) foi medida manualmente no final do per&#237;odo de descanso e aos 5,
            10, 20 e 30 minutos da VNI (m&#233;todo auscultat&#243;rio obtido por pesquisador treinado, usando
            um esfigmoman&#244;metro-padr&#227;o de merc&#250;rio no bra&#231;o esquerdo). A frequ&#234;ncia respirat&#243;ria
            (FR) e a SpO<sub>2</sub> foram registradas nesses mesmos intervalos. A fim de testar se
            o efeito de CPAP persistiu ap&#243;s a cessa&#231;&#227;o da VNI, as vari&#225;veis &#8203;&#8203;hemodin&#226;micas foram
            medidas cinco minutos ap&#243;s a interrup&#231;&#227;o da VNI (p&#243;s).</p>
      <sec>
        <title>An&#225;lise Estat&#237;stica</title>
        <p>Todos os dados foram analisados pelo teste de Kolmogorov-Smirnov para determinar se
               seguiam a distribui&#231;&#227;o normal. Mudan&#231;as temporais nas vari&#225;veis &#8203;&#8203;hemodin&#226;micas e
               respirat&#243;rias (estudo randomizado, controlado com placebo) foram comparadas durante a
               VNI e o placebo pela an&#225;lise de vari&#226;ncia ANOVA de dois fatores com medidas
               repetidas, onde o modo ventilat&#243;rio (VNI ou placebo) e o tempo foram as principais
               vari&#225;veis&#8203;&#8203;. Quando os valores de F eram significativos, compara&#231;&#245;es de pares foram
               realizadas com o teste <italic>post-hoc</italic> de Bonferroni. O n&#250;mero de
               indiv&#237;duos a serem estudados foi calculado a partir da resposta de PP obtida de
               estudos anteriores, cuja diferen&#231;a m&#237;nima detect&#225;vel, em m&#233;dia, foi de 7 mmHg e o
               desvio-padr&#227;o esperado de res&#237;duos foi de 5 mmHg. Para esse efeito esperado de
               tamanho e desvio, e fixando o poder estat&#237;stico em 0,8 e o erro alfa em 0,05, o
               tamanho m&#237;nimo da amostra foi determinado em nove indiv&#237;duos. Todos os resultados s&#227;o
               expressos como m&#233;dias &#177; SEM, e p &lt; 0,05 foi considerado significativo.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="results">
      <title>Resultados</title>
      <p>Quarenta pacientes foram convidados a participar do estudo, com 23 deles concordando em
            participar e efetivamente entrando no presente estudo. As caracter&#237;sticas dos pacientes
            s&#227;o mostradas na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t01">Tabela 1</xref>.</p>
      <table-wrap id="t01">
        <label>Tabela 1</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Caracter&#237;sticas dos pacientes com insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca participantes do
                  estudo</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="rows">
          <thead>
            <tr>
              <th align="left">
                <bold>Tamanho da amostra</bold>
              </th>
              <th align="center">
                <bold>23 (17 M / 6 F)</bold>
              </th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody>
            <tr>
              <td>Idade (anos)</td>
              <td align="center">60 &#177; 10</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Peso (kg)</td>
              <td align="center">78 &#177; 18</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Altura (cm)</td>
              <td align="center">160 &#177; 0,1</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>IMC (kg/cm<sup>2</sup>)</td>
              <td align="center">29 &#177; 6</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Etiologia da IC (isqu&#234;mica/idiop&#225;tica)</td>
              <td align="center">12/11</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>NYHA</td>
              <td align="center">13 classe II/ 10 classe III</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td colspan="2">
                <bold>Medicamentos</bold>
              </td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>IECA</td>
              <td align="center">83%</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Diur&#233;ticos</td>
              <td align="center">75%</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Digoxina</td>
              <td align="center">33%</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Nitratos</td>
              <td align="center">16%</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Betabloqueadores</td>
              <td align="center">66%</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
        <table-wrap-foot>
          <fn>
            <p>IMC: &#205;ndice de massa corporal; NYHA: New York Heart Association; IC:
                     Insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca; IECA: Inibidor da enzima conversora de angiotensina; M:
                     masculino; F: feminino.</p>
          </fn>
        </table-wrap-foot>
      </table-wrap>
      <p>Um experimento controlado foi adicionado ap&#243;s protocolo randomizado, controlado com
            placebo e cruzado para reduzir o vi&#233;s na an&#225;lise dos efeitos hemodin&#226;micos da VNI aguda
            em pacientes com ICC. Dos 40 pacientes, 17 tiveram que ser exclu&#237;dos do estudo por
            instabilidade cl&#237;nica, desconforto com a m&#225;scara ou rea&#231;&#245;es claustrof&#243;bicas ou por n&#227;o
            desejarem participar. Consequentemente, o estudo incluiu 23 pacientes cujas
            caracter&#237;sticas s&#227;o apresentadas na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t01">Tabela 1</xref>. </p>
      <p>Os resultados mostraram diminui&#231;&#227;o da FC, press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica (PAS), PP e FR com
            VNI e CPAP, quando comparados aos valores pr&#233;-CPAP (p &lt; 0,05). Valores de PAS,
            press&#227;o arterial diast&#243;lica (PAD) e PAM durante CPAP foram menores do que os controles
            (p &lt; 0,05). A PP progressivamente diminuiu, atingindo o valor mais baixo em vinte
            minutos ap&#243;s CPAP (p &lt; 0,05). Por outro lado, a FC diminuiu aos cinco minutos de CPAP
            e manteve-se menor do que os valores pr&#233;vios at&#233; o final da an&#225;lise (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t02">Tabela 2</xref>).</p>
      <table-wrap id="t02">
        <label>Tabela 2</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Efeitos da ventila&#231;&#227;o n&#227;o invasiva com press&#227;o positiva cont&#237;nua nas vias
                  a&#233;reas ou placebo sobre vari&#225;veis hemodin&#226;micas em pacientes com insufici&#234;ncia
                  card&#237;aca ( n = 23)</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="rows">
          <thead>
            <tr align="center">
              <th>
                <bold>Momento</bold>
              </th>
              <th colspan="2">
                <bold>FC</bold>
              </th>
              <th colspan="2">
                <bold>PAS</bold>
              </th>
              <th colspan="2">
                <bold>PAD</bold>
              </th>
              <th colspan="2">
                <bold>PAM</bold>
              </th>
              <th colspan="2">
                <bold>PP</bold>
              </th>
              <th colspan="2">
                <bold>FR</bold>
              </th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody>
            <tr>
              <td>&#160;</td>
              <td align="center">CPAP</td>
              <td align="center">CTRL</td>
              <td align="center">CPAP</td>
              <td align="center">CTRL</td>
              <td align="center">CPAP</td>
              <td align="center">CTRL</td>
              <td align="center">CPAP</td>
              <td align="center">CTRL</td>
              <td align="center">CPAP</td>
              <td align="center">CTRL</td>
              <td align="center">CPAP</td>
              <td align="center">CTRL</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Pr&#233;</td>
              <td align="center">72 &#177; 9</td>
              <td align="center">69 &#177; 9</td>
              <td align="center">117 &#177; 17</td>
              <td align="center">115 &#177; 17</td>
              <td align="center">70 &#177; 12</td>
              <td align="center">73 &#177; 10</td>
              <td align="center">86 &#177; 10</td>
              <td align="center">87 &#177; 10</td>
              <td align="center">47 &#177; 20</td>
              <td align="center">42 &#177; 18</td>
              <td align="center">19 &#177; 4</td>
              <td align="center">20 &#177; 3</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>5 min</td>
              <td align="center">68 &#177; 11<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="t02-fn01">*</xref>
							</td>
              <td align="center">69 &#177; 11</td>
              <td align="center">112&#177;16<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="t02-fn02">&#8224;</xref>
							</td>
              <td align="center">118 &#177; 19</td>
              <td align="center">71 &#177; 12<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="t02-fn02">&#8224;</xref>
							</td>
              <td align="center">75 &#177; 10</td>
              <td align="center">85 &#177; 11<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="t02-fn02">&#8224;</xref>
							</td>
              <td align="center">89 &#177; 12</td>
              <td align="center">41 &#177; 17</td>
              <td align="center">43 &#177; 16</td>
              <td align="center">17 &#177; 3<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="t02-fn01">*</xref>
							</td>
              <td align="center">20 &#177; 3</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>10 min</td>
              <td align="center">67 &#177; 11<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="t02-fn01">*</xref>
							</td>
              <td align="center">71 &#177; 12</td>
              <td align="center">113&#177;17<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="t02-fn02">&#8224;</xref>
							</td>
              <td align="center">118 &#177; 20</td>
              <td align="center">71 &#177; 11<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="t02-fn02">&#8224;</xref>
							</td>
              <td align="center">75 &#177; 11</td>
              <td align="center">85 &#177; 11<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="t02-fn02">&#8224;</xref>
							</td>
              <td align="center">90 &#177; 13</td>
              <td align="center">42 &#177; 18</td>
              <td align="center">43 &#177; 16</td>
              <td align="center">17 &#177; 3<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="t02-fn01">*</xref>
							</td>
              <td align="center">20 &#177; 3</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>20 min</td>
              <td align="center">68 &#177; 11<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="t02-fn01">*</xref>
							</td>
              <td align="center">70 &#177; 12</td>
              <td align="center">111 &#177; 17<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="t02-fn01">*</xref>&#8224;</td>
              <td align="center">117 &#177; 19</td>
              <td align="center">73 &#177; 10</td>
              <td align="center">75 &#177; 11</td>
              <td align="center">86 &#177; 10<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="t02-fn02">&#8224;</xref>
							</td>
              <td align="center">89 &#177; 12</td>
              <td align="center">38 &#177; 17<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="t02-fn01">*</xref>&#8224;</td>
              <td align="center">42 &#177; 14</td>
              <td align="center">17 &#177; 3<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="t02-fn01">*</xref>
							</td>
              <td align="center">19 &#177; 3</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>30 min</td>
              <td align="center">67 &#177; 11<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="t02-fn01">*</xref>
							</td>
              <td align="center">70 &#177; 12</td>
              <td align="center">112 &#177; 16<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="t02-fn01">*</xref>&#8224;</td>
              <td align="center">116 &#177; 20</td>
              <td align="center">74 &#177; 9<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="t02-fn02">&#8224;</xref>
							</td>
              <td align="center">75 &#177; 9</td>
              <td align="center">86 &#177; 9<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="t02-fn02">&#8224;</xref>
							</td>
              <td align="center">88 &#177; 11</td>
              <td align="center">39 &#177; 16<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="t02-fn01">*</xref>&#8224;</td>
              <td align="center">41 &#177; 16</td>
              <td align="center">18 &#177; 3</td>
              <td align="center">19 &#177; 3</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>P&#243;s 5 min</td>
              <td align="center">67 &#177; 10<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="t02-fn01">*</xref>
							</td>
              <td align="center">72 &#177; 12</td>
              <td align="center">113 &#177; 18<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="t02-fn01">*</xref>&#8224;</td>
              <td align="center">118 &#177; 20</td>
              <td align="center">74 &#177; 10</td>
              <td align="center">77 &#177; 12</td>
              <td align="center">87 &#177; 10<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="t02-fn02">&#8224;</xref>
							</td>
              <td align="center">90 &#177; 12</td>
              <td align="center">38 &#177; 19<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="t02-fn01">*</xref>&#8224;</td>
              <td align="center">41 &#177; 18</td>
              <td align="center">19 &#177; 3</td>
              <td align="center">19 &#177; 3</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
        <table-wrap-foot>
          <fn id="t02-fn01">
            <label>*</label>
            <p>p &lt; 0,05 versus pr&#233; para o mesmo modo.</p>
          </fn>
          <fn id="t02-fn02">
            <label>&#8224;</label>
            <p>p &lt; 0,05 CPAP versus placebo no mesmo momento. CPAP: press&#227;o positiva
                     cont&#237;nua nas vias a&#233;reas; CTRL: controle; FC: frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca; FR:
                     frequ&#234;ncia respirat&#243;ria; PAD: press&#227;o arterial diast&#243;lica; PAM: press&#227;o
                     arterial m&#233;dia; PP: press&#227;o de pulso; PAS: press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica.</p>
          </fn>
        </table-wrap-foot>
      </table-wrap>
      <p>O comportamento da press&#227;o de pulso durante e depois do modo de CPAP
               <italic>versus</italic> placebo &#233; mostrado na <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02">Figura
               2</xref>.</p>
      <fig id="f02" fig-type="other">
        <label>Figura 2</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Press&#227;o de pulso (PP) de pacientes com insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca cr&#244;nica (n =
                  23), medida ap&#243;s 5, 10, 20 e 30 minutos de ventila&#231;&#227;o n&#227;o invasiva com press&#227;o
                  positiva cont&#237;nua (CPAP, tri&#226;ngulo) ou placebo (c&#237;rculo). * p &lt; 0,01 x PRE para
                  o mesmo modo de ventila&#231;&#227;o. &#8224; p &lt; 0,001 x placebo no mesmo momento.</title>
        </caption>
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-102-02-0181-40006-gf02.jpg"/></fig>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="discussion">
      <title>Discuss&#227;o</title>
      <p>Estudos anteriores avaliaram os efeitos hemodin&#226;micos da CPAP em pacientes com IC
               aguda<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref>
				<sup>,</sup>
				<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref>, enquanto outros avaliaram a relev&#226;ncia cl&#237;nica da PP<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref>
				<sup>,</sup>
				<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref>, mas poucos estudos t&#234;m avaliado os efeitos da CPAP em pacientes com IC
               cr&#244;nica<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref>
				<sup>,</sup>
				<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref>. Portanto, n&#227;o &#233; surpreendente que alguns dos achados sejam
            semelhantes &#224;s publica&#231;&#245;es anteriores envolvendo pacientes com IC descompensada<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref>
				<sup>,</sup>
				<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref>, e podem refletir intera&#231;&#245;es diretas cora&#231;&#227;o-pulm&#227;o, levando a melhora
            global do desempenho card&#237;aco e diminui&#231;&#227;o do esfor&#231;o respirat&#243;rio<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref>. No entanto, o principal objetivo do estudo foi determinar
            especificamente os efeitos da VNI com CPAP na PP, uma vez que &#233; um indicador
            hemodin&#226;mico &#250;til da rigidez dos vasos arteriais condutores<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref>
				<sup>,</sup>
				<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref>, tem
            interdepend&#234;ncia direta com fatores hemodin&#226;micos importantes, como o volume sist&#243;lico e
            o pico do fluxo sangu&#237;neo na aorta<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref>
				<sup>,</sup>
				<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref>, e carrega um poder
            preditivo independente para o desenvolvimento da disfun&#231;&#227;o ventricular esquerda<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref> e ICC em indiv&#237;duos previamente saud&#225;veis<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">32</xref>. Al&#233;m disso, existe rela&#231;&#227;o direta entre PP
            elevada e resultados adversos em pacientes com disfun&#231;&#227;o assintom&#225;tica do VE<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref> e IC<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">33</xref>.</p>
      <p>Aronson e Burger<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref>, em seu estudo, observaram que
            PP mais baixa em pacientes com insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca descompensada determinava maior
            risco de morte. Al&#233;m disso, conclu&#237;ram que a PP depende da situa&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica do paciente,
            uma vez que PP elevada em pacientes com insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca descompensada conferia
            contratilidade preservada e, em pacientes ambulatoriais, maior risco de eventos. Os
            pacientes nesse estudo estavam nas classes II e III da NYHA, h&#225; pelo menos tr&#234;s meses
            sem dar entrada na emerg&#234;ncia ou hospital, e, portanto, clinicamente est&#225;veis.</p>
      <p>Verdecchia e cols.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref> encontraram maior risco de
            eventos cardiovasculares quando a press&#227;o de pulso era maior do que 53 mmHg. Nesse
            estudo, os pacientes apresentaram PP inicial pr&#243;xima de 50 mmHg, e a CPAP reduziu esse
            par&#226;metro de forma cont&#237;nua, que persistiu ap&#243;s a retirada da VNI.</p>
      <p>O presente estudo mostrou diminui&#231;&#227;o da PP em pacientes com ICC est&#225;vel submetidos &#224; VNI
            com CPAP associada a outras altera&#231;&#245;es hemodin&#226;micas, tanto no estudo aberto como no
            protocolo cruzado duplo-cego controlado. Os pacientes inclu&#237;dos no estudo tinham FEVE &#8804;
            45% e PP basal alta, o que denota disfun&#231;&#227;o ventricular esquerda e redu&#231;&#227;o da
            complac&#234;ncia ou distensibilidade arterial, com aumento na rigidez do vaso. Esses
            resultados podem ter implica&#231;&#245;es cl&#237;nicas diretas, j&#225; que a diminui&#231;&#227;o da PP produzida
            pela CPAP pode representar melhora da eje&#231;&#227;o ventricular esquerda e reduzir resultados
            adversos.</p>
      <p>Al&#233;m dos efeitos sobre a PP, a VNI com CPAP tamb&#233;m causou efeito significativo sobre
            outras vari&#225;veis &#8203;&#8203;hemodin&#226;micas e respirat&#243;rias, o que pode indicar altera&#231;&#245;es na
            modula&#231;&#227;o auton&#244;mica ou em adi&#231;&#227;o &#224; carga ventricular e retorno venoso<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34">34</xref>. A frequ&#234;ncia respirat&#243;ria diminu&#237;da pode indicar
            melhor ventila&#231;&#227;o, explicando a sensa&#231;&#227;o subjetiva de todos os pacientes que relataram
            maior conforto respirat&#243;rio. Em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224;s vari&#225;veis &#8203;&#8203;hemodin&#226;micas, existem liga&#231;&#245;es
            auton&#244;micas reflexas entre os sistemas pulmonar e circulat&#243;rio que incluem respostas
            reflexas &#224;s altera&#231;&#245;es na parede do t&#243;rax e/ou mecanorreceptores respirat&#243;rios, e
            respostas reflexas &#224;s mudan&#231;as nas tens&#245;es da gasometria arterial<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B35">35</xref>. Com efeito, a infla&#231;&#227;o do pulm&#227;o pode levar a vasodilata&#231;&#227;o
            sist&#234;mica atrav&#233;s de um reflexo vagal mediado, o que poderia resultar em diminui&#231;&#245;es do
            volume card&#237;aco secund&#225;rio &#224; diminui&#231;&#227;o da p&#243;s-carga do VE<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B36">36</xref>. A redu&#231;&#227;o da press&#227;o arterial observada sob VNI pode ser
            explicada pelo aumento de press&#227;o nas vias a&#233;reas e press&#227;o intrator&#225;cica, levando a
            aumento do volume pulmonar e subsequente diminui&#231;&#227;o da press&#227;o ventricular esquerda
            transmural e p&#243;s-carga ventricular<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B36">36</xref>.</p>
      <p>A VNI &#233; um m&#233;todo de ventila&#231;&#227;o seguro e vi&#225;vel, facilmente aplicado no ambulat&#243;rio, mas
            a sua efic&#225;cia &#233; extremamente dependente do conforto e aceita&#231;&#227;o por parte do
               paciente<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref>
				<sup>,</sup>
				<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref>. Portanto, no presente estudo foi realizada uma sess&#227;o de NIV
            preliminar (fase 1) para a adapta&#231;&#227;o e determina&#231;&#227;o da m&#225;scara. Essa sess&#227;o preliminar
            tamb&#233;m foi empregada para determinar a press&#227;o individual da CPAP a ser usada em estudos
            seguintes, a qual foi determinada como sendo a press&#227;o mais baixa que resultou na maior
            resposta hemodin&#226;mica enquanto era confort&#225;vel para o paciente. O n&#237;vel de press&#227;o da
            CPAP que resultou em respostas hemodin&#226;micas significativas foi pr&#243;ximo de 6
               cmH<sub>2</sub>O. Esses valores de press&#227;o da CPAP foram semelhantes em estudos
            anteriores que demonstraram melhora do d&#233;bito card&#237;aco, com baixos n&#237;veis da CPAP<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref>
				<sup>,</sup>
				<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B37">37</xref>. Como as publica&#231;&#245;es anteriores tinham mostrado isquemia do mioc&#225;rdio em
            pacientes com insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca isqu&#234;mica durante a administra&#231;&#227;o de press&#227;o
            positiva de dois n&#237;veis (Bipap)<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B38">38</xref>
				<sup>,</sup>
				<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B39">39</xref>, o modo CPAP foi
            escolhido a fim de diminuir a ocorr&#234;ncia de potenciais efeitos adversos. Dessa forma,
            n&#227;o houve eventos desencadeados por CPAP nos pacientes que participaram do estudo.</p>
      <sec>
        <title>Limita&#231;&#245;es</title>
        <p>Em nosso estudo, n&#227;o foi poss&#237;vel determinar o mecanismo exato respons&#225;vel pelas
               altera&#231;&#245;es hemodin&#226;micas; no entanto, j&#225; &#233; sabido, a partir de estudos anteriores,
               que os aumentos no d&#233;bito card&#237;aco com CPAP podem ser explicados pela vasodilata&#231;&#227;o
               sist&#234;mica, possivelmente de base reflexa, levando a diminui&#231;&#227;o da p&#243;s-carga do
               ventr&#237;culo esquerdo e consequente aumento do volume sist&#243;lico e d&#233;bito card&#237;aco<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B35">35</xref>. Observou-se que os efeitos hemodin&#226;micos da
               VNI com CPAP permaneceram at&#233; cinco minutos ap&#243;s a retirada da CPAP; no entanto,
               entendemos que mais estudos s&#227;o necess&#225;rios para determinar a dura&#231;&#227;o desses efeitos
               ap&#243;s a cessa&#231;&#227;o da CPAP. Embora o presente estudo n&#227;o tenha analisado os desfechos
               cl&#237;nicos, em estudo anterior foi observada melhora na toler&#226;ncia ao exerc&#237;cio de
               pacientes com ICC ap&#243;s VNI com CPAP (placebo ' CPAP)<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B40">40</xref>.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="conclusions">
      <title>Conclus&#245;es</title>
      <p>Conclu&#237;mos que a VNI com CPAP &#233; um m&#233;todo n&#227;o farmacol&#243;gico eficaz para reduzir a
            press&#227;o de pulso em pacientes com insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca cr&#244;nica est&#225;vel, com potenciais
            implica&#231;&#245;es cl&#237;nicas para o tratamento desse grupo de pacientes.</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="con">
        <p>
          <bold>Contribui&#231;&#227;o dos autores</bold>
        </p>
        <p>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa: Quint&#227;o M, Chermont S, Mesquita ET, N&#243;brega ACL;
               Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados: Quint&#227;o M, Chermont S, Rocha NN; An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos
               dados: Quint&#227;o M, Chermont S, Marchese L, Brand&#227;o L, Bernardez SP, Mesquita ET, Rocha
               NN, N&#243;brega ACL; An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica: Quint&#227;o M, Chermont S, N&#243;brega ACL; Reda&#231;&#227;o do
               manuscrito: Quint&#227;o M, Chermont S, Marchese L, Bernardez SP, Mesquita ET, N&#243;brega
               ACL; Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual: Quint&#227;o M,
               Chermont S, Marchese L, Brand&#227;o L, Bernardez SP, Mesquita ET, N&#243;brega ACL.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="financial-disclosure">
        <p>
          <bold>Fontes de Financiamento</bold>
        </p>
        <p>O presente estudo n&#227;o teve fontes de financiamento externas.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>
          <bold>Vincula&#231;&#227;o Acad&#234;mica</bold>
        </p>
        <p>Este artigo &#233; parte de disserta&#231;&#227;o de Mestrado de M&#244;nica Quint&#227;o pela Universidade
               Federal Fluminense.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
    <ref-list>
      <title>Refer&#234;ncias</title>
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  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="SA1" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Articles</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title xml:lang="en">Acute Effects of Continuous Positive Air way Pressure on
               Pulse Pressure in Chronic Heart Failure</article-title>
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        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Quint&#227;o</surname>
            <given-names>M&#244;nica</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff03">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff04">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Chermont</surname>
            <given-names>S&#233;rgio</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff03">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff04">2</xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c02"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Marchese</surname>
            <given-names>Luana</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff03">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff04">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Brand&#227;o</surname>
            <given-names>L&#250;cia</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff04">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Bernardez</surname>
            <given-names>Sabrina Pereira</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff03">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Mesquita</surname>
            <given-names>Evandro Tinoco</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff03">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Rocha</surname>
            <given-names>Nazareth de Novaes</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff03">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>N&#243;brega</surname>
            <given-names>Ant&#244;nio Claudio L.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff03">1</xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff03">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal Fluminense</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Programa de P&#243;s-gradua&#231;&#227;o em Ci&#234;ncias
               Cardiovasculares</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Teres&#243;polis</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">RJ</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country>Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Programa de P&#243;s-gradua&#231;&#227;o em Ci&#234;ncias
               Cardiovasculares/Universidade Federal Fluminense, Teres&#243;polis, RJ - Brazil
            </institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff04">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Centro Universit&#225;rio Serra dos &#211;rg&#227;os</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Cl&#237;nica de Insufici&#234;ncia Card&#237;aca</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Teres&#243;polis</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">RJ</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country>Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Cl&#237;nica de Insufici&#234;ncia Card&#237;aca (CLIC)/Centro
               Universit&#225;rio Serra dos &#211;rg&#227;os, Teres&#243;polis, RJ - Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c02"><bold>Mailing Address: Sergio Chermont,</bold> Estrada da Prata s/n.
               Prata. CEP 25976-340, Teres&#243;polis, RJ - Brazil. E-mail:
                  <email>schermont@yahoo.com.br</email>
				</corresp>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potential Conflict of Interest</bold>
          </p>
          <p>No potential conflict of interest
                  relevant to this article was reported.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <abstract xml:lang="en">
        <sec>
          <title>Background:</title>
          <p> Patients with heart failure (HF) have left ventricular dysfunction and reduced
                  mean arterial pressure (MAP). Increased adrenergic drive causes vasoconstriction
                  and vessel resistance maintaining MAP, while increasing peripheral vascular
                  resistance and conduit vessel stiffness. Increased pulse pressure (PP) reflects a
                  complex interaction of the heart with the arterial and venous systems. Increased
                  PP is an important risk marker in patients with chronic HF (CHF). Non-invasive
                  ventilation (NIV) has been used for acute decompensated HF, to improve congestion
                  and ventilation through both respiratory and hemodynamic effects. However, none of
                  these studies have reported the effect of NIV on PP. </p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objective: </title>
          <p>The objective of this study was to determine the acute effects of NIV with CPAP on
                  PP in outpatients with CHF. </p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Methods:</title>
          <p>Following a double-blind, randomized, cross-over, and placebo-controlled protocol,
                  twenty three patients with CHF (17 males; 60 &#177; 11 years; BMI 29 &#177; 5
                     kg/cm<sup>2</sup>, NYHA class II, III) underwent CPAP via nasal mask for 30 min
                  in a recumbent position. Mask pressure was 6 cmH<sub>2</sub>O, whereas placebo was
                  fixed at 0-1 cmH<sub>2</sub>O. PP and other non invasive hemodynamics variables
                  were assessed before, during and after placebo and CPAP mode. </p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Results: </title>
          <p>CPAP decreased resting heart rate (Pre: 72 &#177; 9; vs. Post 5 min: 67 &#177; 10 bpm; p
                  &lt; 0.01) and MAP (CPAP: 87 &#177; 11; vs. control 96 &#177; 11 mmHg; p &lt; 0.05 post 5
                  min). CPAP decreased PP (CPAP: 47 &#177; 20 pre to 38 &#177; 19 mmHg post; vs. control: 42 &#177;
                  12 mmHg, pre to 41 &#177; 18 post p &lt; 0.05 post 5 min). </p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclusion:</title>
          <p> NIV with CPAP decreased pulse pressure in patients with stable CHF. Future
                  clinical trials should investigate whether this effect is associated with improved
                  clinical outcome.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>Heart Failure</kwd>
        <kwd>Pulse Pressure</kwd>
        <kwd>CPAP</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>Introduction</title>
        <p>Heart failure (HF) is one of the main public burdens in developing countries, and
               despite medical advances, the mortality of HF remains elevated <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B01">1</xref>. Neurohumoral activation in HF leads to left ventricular
               dysfunction and reduced mean arterial pressure (MAP). Compensatory mechanisms to
               maintain MAP causes vasoconstriction, which increases peripheral vascular resistance
               and conduit vessel stiffness <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B02">2</xref>. These effects
               increase pulse pressure (PP), which reflects a complex interaction of the heart with
               the arterial and venous systems <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B03">3</xref>
					<sup>,</sup>
					<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B04">4</xref>. Pulse pressure is
               determined by two hemodynamic components: a direct component, which is a product of
               ventricular ejection (stroke volume and ventricular ejection swiftness) and great
               vessel viscoelastic property interactions, as well as an indirect component resulting
               from the pulse wave <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B05">5</xref>
					<sup>,</sup>
					<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B06">6</xref>. As increased PP expresses progression of HF,
               it is has been related to increased ventricular afterload <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B07">7</xref> and myocardial oxygen demand <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B08">8</xref>, impaired ventricular relaxation <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B09">9</xref>, and subendocardial ischemia <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>.
               Therefore, increased PP is an important risk marker for subsequent cardiovascular
               events in patients with chronic HF (CHF)<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref>
					<sup>,</sup>
					<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref>. Previous studies
               have reported that a PP of 50 mm Hg is the mean normal value for clinic reference
               &#8203;&#8203;in both men and women<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref>, and above 53 mm Hg
               it increases risk of cardiovascular events <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref>
					<sup>,</sup>
					<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref>.</p>
        <p>Noninvasive ventilation (NIV) has been used in decompensated HF to decrease pulmonary
               congestion and improve ventilation through both mechanical and hemodynamic effects
                  <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref>
					<sup>,</sup>
					<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref>. In patients with stable CHF, NIV has not been extensively
               studied. Naughton et al <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref> have shown that the
               administration of continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) to patients with stable
               HF at rest acutely improved cardiac performance and also reduced the work of
               breathing. Others have shown increases in cardiac output and stroke volume along with
               decreased systemic vascular resistance among patients with CHF and elevated left
               ventricular filling pressure <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref>
					<sup>,</sup>
					<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref>. However, none of
               these studies has reported the effect of NIV on PP, which is an independent risk
               marker in patients with stable HF <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref>
					<sup>,</sup>
					<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref>. </p>
        <p>In the present study, we hypothesized that in patients with CHF, NIV would decrease
               pulse pressure by unloading the ventilatory muscles and improving cardiac
               performance. Therefore, the aim of the present study was to determine the effects of
               a single session of NIV with CPAP on pulse pressure in patients with stable CHF.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="methods">
        <title>Methods</title>
        <p>The study included patients with systolic CHF from the University Hospital Heart
               Failure Clinics. The inclusion criteria were: 1) CHF of either ischemic or idiopathic
               etiology for at least 3 months, 2) left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) &#8804; 45%
               within the previous 3 months, documented by echocardiography or radioisotope
               ventriculography, 3) New York Heart Association class II or III; 4) stable disease
               with no hospital admission in the previous 3 months. Clinical stability was defined
               as the absence of change in symptoms, clinical status, or medications in the
               preceding 3 months. Patients were excluded from the study if they had significant
               obstructive lung disease (FEV<sub>1</sub>/FVC &lt; 75% predicted), unstable angina,
               significant cardiac arrhythmias, or myocardial infarction within the previous 3
               months. The subjects completed a screening visit that included a clinical examination
               and pulmonary function testing (Marquette Hellige, Germany). This protocol was
               approved by the Human Research Ethics Committee and all patients gave informed
               consent before entering the study. </p>
        <p>The study protocol consisted of a double-blind, randomized, cross-over, and
               placebo-controlled investigation of the hemodynamic effects of NIV in a controlled
               environment. Twenty-three patients were recruited and the experiments were performed
               on two different days with an interval of 3-5 days. The patient had no knowledge of
               prior randomized ventilation mode and the principal investigator was not present at
               the scene of NIV. A preliminary NIV session was performed for adaptation and
               determination of mask size, tolerance to the method and the individual pressure of
               CPAP to be used in the experiment. The sensation of respiratory discomfort was gauged
               during all tests by using an arbitrary comfort score (0 = no discomfort, up to 5 =
               very uncomfortable). This parameter was used to limit the increase or to decrease
               mask pressure whenever the rating reached 4 or 5 in the NIV adaptation sessions.</p>
        <p>On CPAP day, patients underwent a protocol using the predetermined mask pressure and
               CPAP time. On the control day, patients underwent placebo CPAP consisting of the
               application of a fixed pressure of &#8804; 1 cmH<sub>2</sub>O for 30 min by means of a
               bypass valve (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f03">Figure 1</xref>).</p>
        <fig id="f03" fig-type="other">
          <label>Figure 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Flowchart of the study design. CHF: chronic heart failure; NIV:
                     non-invasive ventilation; CPAP: continuous positive airway pressure.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-102-02-0181-40006-gf01-en.jpg"/></fig>
        <p>NIV in the CPAP mode (Tranquility, Healthdyne, USA), was applied via nasal mask
               (Sealflex, Caradyne, USA) for 30 min in the recumbent position, preceded by a resting
               steady state period of 15 min of spontaneous breathing. Mask pressure was initially
               set to 3 cmH<sub>2</sub>O for 5 min followed to 6 cmH<sub>2</sub>O, according to each
               patient's predetermined tolerance.</p>
        <p>During NIV, heart rate (HR) and oxygen saturation (SpO<sub>2</sub>) by pulse oximetry
               (Healthdyne, Marietta, GA) were continuously monitored, and blood pressure (BP) was
               measured manually at the end of the resting period and at 5, 10, 20, and 30 min of
               NIV (auscultatory method obtained by trained researcher using a standard mercury
               sphygmomanometer on the left arm). Respiratory rate (RR) and SpO<sub>2 </sub>were
               recorded, at these same intervals. In order to test whether the effect of CPAP
               persisted after cessation of NIV, the hemodynamic variables were measured 5 min after
               discontinuation of NIV (post). </p>
        <sec>
          <title>Statistical Analysis</title>
          <p>All data were assessed by the Kolmogorov-Smirnov test to determine whether they
                  followed normal distribution. Temporal changes in hemodynamic and respiratory
                  variables (randomized, placebo controlled experiment) were compared during NIV and
                  placebo by two-way ANOVA with repeated measures, where ventilatory mode (NIV or
                  placebo) and time were the main variables. When F values were significant,
                  pairwise comparisons were performed with the Bonferroni post-hoc test. The number
                  of subjects to be studied was calculated from the PP response obtained from
                  previous studies, where the minimal detectable difference in means was 7 mmHg and
                  the expected standard deviation of residuals was 5 mmHg. For this expected size
                  effect and deviation and establishing the statistical power at 0.8 and alpha error
                  at 0.05, the minimum sample size was determined to be of at least 9 subjects. All
                  results are expressed as means &#177; SEM and p &lt; 0.05 was considered
                  significant.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="results">
        <title>Results</title>
        <p>Forty patients were invited to take part in the study and twenty-three of them agreed
               to participate and were effectively enrolled in the present study. The
               characteristics of the subjects are shown in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t03">Table
                  1</xref>. </p>
        <table-wrap id="t03">
          <label>Table 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Characteristic of heart failure patients participating in the study</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="rows">
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">
                  <bold>Sample size</bold>
                </th>
                <th>
                  <bold>23 (17M / 6F)</bold>
                </th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td> Age (years)</td>
                <td align="center"> 60 &#177; 10</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td> Weight (kg)</td>
                <td align="center"> 78 &#177; 18</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td> Height (cm)</td>
                <td align="center"> 160 &#177; 0,1</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td> BMI (kg/cm<sup>2</sup>)</td>
                <td align="center"> 29 &#177; 6</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td> HF Etiology</td>
                <td align="center"> 12/11</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td> NYHA</td>
                <td align="center"> 13 class II/ 10 class III</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td colspan="2">
                  <bold>Medications</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td> ACEI</td>
                <td align="center"> 83%</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td> Diuretics</td>
                <td align="center"> 75%</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td> Digoxin</td>
                <td align="center"> 33%</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td> Nitrates</td>
                <td align="center"> 16%</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>&#946;-blockers</td>
                <td align="center"> 66%</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn>
              <p>BMI: body mass index; NYHA: New York Heart Association; M: male; F: female;
                        ACEI: Angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <p>A controlled experiment was added following a randomized, placebo controlled and
               cross-over protocol to reduce bias in the analysis of the hemodynamic effects of
               acute NIV in patients with CHF. Of the 40 patients, 17 had to be excluded from the
               study due to: 1) clinical instability; 2) discomfort with the mask or claustrophobic
               reactions; or, 3) unwillingness to participate. Consequently the experiments involved
               23 patients, whose characteristics are depicted in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t03">Table 1</xref>.</p>
        <p>The results showed a decrease in HR, systolic blood pressure (SBP), PP, and RR with
               NIV and CPAP when compared to pre-CPAP values (p &lt; 0.05). Values for SBP,
               diastolic blood pressure (DBP), and MAP during CPAP were lower than controls (p &lt;
               0.05). PP progressively declined, reaching the lowest value at 20 min post CPAP (p
               &lt; 0.05). On the other hand, HR decreased at 5 min of CPAP and remained lower than
               pre- values until the end of the analysis (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t04">Table
                  2</xref>).</p>
        <table-wrap id="t04">
          <label>Table 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Effects of non-invasive ventilation with continuous positive airway
                     pressure or placebo on hemodynamic variables in heart failure patients (n =
                     23)</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="rows">
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th>
                  <bold>Moment</bold>
                </th>
                <th colspan="2">
                  <bold>HR</bold>
                </th>
                <th colspan="2">
                  <bold>SBP</bold>
                </th>
                <th colspan="2">
                  <bold>DBP</bold>
                </th>
                <th colspan="2">
                  <bold>MAP</bold>
                </th>
                <th colspan="2">
                  <bold>PP</bold>
                </th>
                <th colspan="2">
                  <bold>RR</bold>
                </th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td>&#160;</td>
                <td align="center"> CPAP</td>
                <td align="center"> CTRL</td>
                <td align="center"> CPAP</td>
                <td align="center"> CTRL</td>
                <td align="center"> CPAP</td>
                <td align="center"> CTRL</td>
                <td align="center"> CPAP</td>
                <td align="center"> CTRL</td>
                <td align="center"> CPAP</td>
                <td align="center"> CTRL</td>
                <td align="center"> CPAP</td>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>CTRL</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td> Pre</td>
                <td align="center"> 72 &#177; 9</td>
                <td align="center"> 69 &#177; 9</td>
                <td align="center"> 117 &#177; 17</td>
                <td align="center"> 115 &#177; 17</td>
                <td align="center"> 70 &#177; 12</td>
                <td align="center"> 73 &#177; 10</td>
                <td align="center"> 86 &#177; 10</td>
                <td align="center"> 87 &#177; 10</td>
                <td align="center"> 47 &#177; 20</td>
                <td align="center"> 42 &#177; 18</td>
                <td align="center"> 19 &#177; 4</td>
                <td align="center"> 20 &#177; 3</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td> 5min</td>
                <td align="center"> 68 &#177; 11<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="t04-fn01">*</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center"> 69 &#177; 11</td>
                <td align="center"> 112 &#177; 16<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="t04-fn02">&#8224;</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center"> 118 &#177; 19</td>
                <td align="center"> 71 &#177; 12<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="t04-fn02">&#8224;</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center"> 75 &#177; 10</td>
                <td align="center"> 85 &#177; 11<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="t04-fn02">&#8224;</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center"> 89 &#177; 12</td>
                <td align="center"> 41 &#177; 17</td>
                <td align="center"> 43 &#177; 16</td>
                <td align="center"> 17 &#177; 3<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="t04-fn01">*</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center"> 20 &#177; 3</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td> 10min</td>
                <td align="center"> 67 &#177; 11<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="t04-fn01">*</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center"> 71 &#177; 12</td>
                <td align="center"> 113 &#177; 17<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="t04-fn02">&#8224;</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center"> 118 &#177; 20</td>
                <td align="center"> 71 &#177; 11<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="t04-fn02">&#8224;</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center"> 75 &#177; 11</td>
                <td align="center"> 85 &#177; 11<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="t04-fn02">&#8224;</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center"> 90 &#177; 13</td>
                <td align="center"> 42 &#177; 18</td>
                <td align="center"> 43 &#177; 16</td>
                <td align="center"> 17 &#177; 3<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="t04-fn01">*</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center"> 20 &#177; 3</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td> 20min</td>
                <td align="center"> 68 &#177; 11<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="t04-fn01">*</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center"> 70 &#177; 12</td>
                <td align="center"> 111 &#177; 17<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="t04-fn01">*</xref>
									<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="t04-fn02">&#8224;</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center"> 117 &#177; 19</td>
                <td align="center"> 73 &#177; 10</td>
                <td align="center"> 75 &#177; 11</td>
                <td align="center"> 86 &#177; 10&#8224;</td>
                <td align="center"> 89 &#177; 12</td>
                <td align="center"> 38&#177;17<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="t04-fn01">*</xref>
									<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="t04-fn02">&#8224;</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center"> 42 &#177; 14</td>
                <td align="center"> 17 &#177; 3<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="t04-fn01">*</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center"> 19 &#177; 3</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td> 30min</td>
                <td align="center"> 67 &#177; 11<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="t04-fn01">*</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center"> 70 &#177; 12</td>
                <td align="center"> 112 &#177; 16<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="t04-fn01">*</xref>
									<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="t04-fn02">&#8224;</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center"> 116 &#177; 20</td>
                <td align="center"> 74 &#177; 9<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="t04-fn02">&#8224;</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center"> 75 &#177; 9</td>
                <td align="center"> 86 &#177; 9<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="t04-fn02">&#8224;</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center"> 88 &#177; 11</td>
                <td align="center"> 39&#177;16<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="t04-fn01">*</xref>
									<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="t04-fn02">&#8224;</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center"> 41 &#177; 16</td>
                <td align="center"> 18 &#177; 3</td>
                <td align="center"> 19 &#177; 3</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td> Post5min</td>
                <td align="center"> 67 &#177; 10<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="t04-fn01">*</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center"> 72 &#177; 12</td>
                <td align="center"> 113 &#177; 18<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="t04-fn01">*</xref>
									<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="t04-fn02">&#8224;</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center"> 118 &#177; 20</td>
                <td align="center"> 74 &#177; 10</td>
                <td align="center"> 77 &#177; 12</td>
                <td align="center"> 87 &#177; 10<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="t04-fn02">&#8224;</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center"> 90 &#177; 12</td>
                <td align="center"> 38&#177;19<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="t04-fn01">*</xref>
									<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="t04-fn02">&#8224;</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center"> 41 &#177; 18</td>
                <td align="center"> 19 &#177; 3</td>
                <td align="center"> 19 &#177; 3</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="t04-fn01">
              <label>*</label>
              <p> p &lt; 0.05 vs. Pre for the same mode;</p>
            </fn>
            <fn id="t04-fn02">
              <label>&#8224;</label>
              <p> p &lt; 0.05 CPAP vs. Placebo at the same moment; CPAP: continuous positive
                        airway pressure; CTRL: control; HR: heart rate; SBP: systolic blood
                        pressure; DBP: diastolic blood pressure; MAP: mean arterial pressure; PP:
                        pulse pressure; RR: respiratory rate.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <p>The behavior of pulse pressure during and after CPAP mode against placebo, are shown
               in <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f04">Figure 2</xref>.</p>
        <fig id="f04" fig-type="other">
          <label>Figure 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Pulse pressure (PP), of patients with chronic heart failure (n = 23)
                     measured at 5, 10, 20, and 30 minutes of non-invasive ventilation with
                     continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP; triangle symbols) or Placebo (circle
                     symbols) * p &lt; 0.01 vs. PRE for the same mode of ventilation; &#8224; p &lt; 0.001
                     vs. Placebo at the same moment.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-102-02-0181-40006-gf02-en.jpg"/></fig>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="discussion">
        <title>Discussion</title>
        <p>Previous studies evaluated the hemodynamic effects of CPAP in patients with acute HF
                  <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref>
					<sup>,</sup>
					<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref> while others evaluated the clinical relevance of PP <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref>
					<sup>,</sup>
					<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref>, but few studies have studied the effects of CPAP in patients with
               chronic HF <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref>
					<sup>,</sup>
					<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref>. Therefore, it is not surprising that some of the present
               findings are similar to previous publications involving patients with decompensated
               HF <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref>
					<sup>,</sup>
					<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref> and may reflect direct heart-lung interactions leading to an
               overall improvement in cardiac performance and decreased respiratory effort <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref>. However, the main purpose of the study was to
               determine specifically the effects of NIV with CPAP on PP since it is a useful
               hemodynamic indicator of conduit artery vascular stiffness <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref>
					<sup>,</sup>
					<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref>, has a
               direct interdependence with key hemodynamic factors, such as stroke volume and peak
               aortic blood flow <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref>
					<sup>,</sup>
					<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref>, and carries an independent predictive power
               for the development of left ventricular dysfunction <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref> and CHF in previously healthy subjects <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">32</xref>. In addition, there is a direct relationship between elevated PP and
               adverse outcome in patients with asymptomatic LV dysfunction <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref> and HF <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">33</xref>. </p>
        <p>Aronson <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref> in his study observed that a lower
               PP in patients with decompensated HF determined greater risk of death. Also, he
               concluded that PP depends on the patient's clinical setting, as a high PP in patients
               with decompensated HF conferred preserved contractility and in outpatients, it
               confers a higher risk of events. The patients in this study had been in NYHA class II
               and III for at least 3 months without admission to the emergency room or hospital and
               therefore, clinically stable.</p>
        <p>Verdecchia et al <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref> found a higher risk for
               cardiovascular events when pulse pressure was greater than 53 mmHg. In this study,
               patients showed an initial PP close to 50 mmHg and CPAP reduced this parameter
               continuously, which persisted after the withdrawal of NIV.</p>
        <p>The present study showed a PP decrease in patients with stable CHF submitted to NIV
               with CPAP associated with other hemodynamic changes, both in the open study, as well
               as in the double-blinded controlled cross-over protocol. The patients enrolled in the
               present study had LVEF &#8804;45% and high basal PP, which denotes left ventricular
               dysfunction and a reduction in arterial compliance or distensibility, with an
               increase in vessel stiffness. These results may have direct clinical implications, as
               the decrease in PP produced by CPAP may represent improved left ventricular ejection
               and reduced adverse outcomes. </p>
        <p>In addition to the effects on PP, NIV with CPAP also caused a marked effect on other
               hemodynamic and respiratory variables, which may reflect changes in autonomic
               modulation rather than or in addition to ventricular loading and venous return <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34">34</xref>. The decreased respiratory rate might reflect
               improved ventilation, explaining the subjective sensation of all the patients who
               reported greater respiratory comfort. Regarding the hemodynamic variables, there are
               a number of autonomic reflex links between the pulmonary and circulatory systems that
               include reflex responses to changes in chest wall and/or respiratory
               mechanoreceptors, and reflex responses to changes in arterial gas tensions <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B35">35</xref>. Indeed, lung inflation can lead to systemic
               vasodilatation via a vagal mediated reflex, which could result in decreases in
               cardiac volume secondary to decreased LV afterload <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B36">36</xref>. The blood pressure reduction observed under NIV could be explained by
               increased airway and intrathoracic pressure leading to increased lung volume and
               subsequent decreases in transmural left ventricular pressure and afterload <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B36">36</xref>. </p>
        <p>NIV is a safe and feasible ventilation method easily applied in the ambulatory
               setting, but its effectiveness is critically dependent on patient comfort and
               acceptance <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref>
					<sup>,</sup>
					<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref>. Therefore, in the present study, a preliminary NIV session
               (phase 1) for adaptation and determination of the mask was performed. This
               preliminary session was also employed to determine the individual CPAP pressure to be
               used in the subsequent experiments, which was determined to be the lowest pressure
               that resulted in greater hemodynamic responses, while being comfortable for the
               patient. The CPAP pressure level that resulted in significant hemodynamic responses
               was close to 6 cmH<sub>2</sub>O. These values of CPAP pressure were similar to those
               in previous studies that demonstrated improved cardiac output with low CPAP levels
                  <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref>
					<sup>,</sup>
					<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B37">37</xref>. As previous publications had shown myocardial ischemia in
               patients with ischemic heart failure during the administration of bilevel positive
               airway pressure (Bipap)<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B38">38</xref>
					<sup>,</sup>
					<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B39">39</xref>, the CPAP mode was chosen in order to decrease
               the occurrence of potential adverse outcomes. Accordingly, there were no events
               triggered by CPAP in the patients participating in the present study. </p>
        <sec>
          <title>Limitations</title>
          <p>In our study it was not possible to determine the exact mechanism responsible for
                  the hemodynamic changes; however, it is already known from previous studies that
                  increases in cardiac output with CPAP might be explained by systemic
                  vasodilatation, possibly on a reflex basis, leading to a decrease in the left
                  ventricular afterload and consequent increased stroke volume and cardiac output
                     <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B35">35</xref>. We observed that the hemodynamic
                  effects of NIV with CPAP remained up to five minutes after CPAP withdrawal;
                  however, we understand that further studies are needed to determine the duration
                  of these effects after CPAP cessation. Although in the present study clinic
                  outcomes were not measured, in a previous study an improvement was observed in the
                  exercise tolerance with CHF patients after NIV with CPAP (placebo vs. CPAP)<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B40">40</xref>.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="conclusions">
        <title>Conclusions</title>
        <p>We conclude that NIV with CPAP is an effective non-pharmacological method to reduce
               pulse pressure in patients with stable chronic heart failure with potential clinical
               implications for the management of this group of patients.</p>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>
            <bold>Study Association</bold>
          </p>
          <p>This article is part of the thesis of master submitted by M&#244;nica Quint&#227;o from
                  Universidade Federal Fluminense.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Author contributions</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Conception and design of the research: Quint&#227;o M, Chermont S, Mesquita ET, N&#243;brega
                  ACL; Acquisition of data: Quint&#227;o M, Chermont S, Rocha NN; Analysis and
                  interpretation of the data: Quint&#227;o M, Chermont S, Marchese L, Brand&#227;o L,
                  Bernardez SP, Mesquita ET, Rocha NN, N&#243;brega ACL; Statistical analysis: Quint&#227;o M,
                  Chermont S, N&#243;brega ACL; Writing of the manuscript: Quint&#227;o M, Chermont S,
                  Marchese L, Bernardez SP, Mesquita ET, N&#243;brega ACL; Critical revision of the
                  manuscript for intellectual content: Quint&#227;o M, Chermont S, Marchese L, Brand&#227;o L,
                  Bernardez SP, Mesquita ET, N&#243;brega ACL.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="financial-disclosure">
          <p>
            <bold>Sources of Funding</bold>
          </p>
          <p>There were no external funding sources for this study.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
