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<article xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" dtd-version="3.0" article-type="research-article" xml:lang="pt">
  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">xQrtxvVBVc96xpZg6hHXDbF</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2014000200029</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="previous-pid">S0066-782X2013005030233</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">00029</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5935/abc.20130233</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group>
          <subject>Artigos Originais</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title xml:lang="pt">Press&#227;o arterial elevada em crian&#231;as e sua correla&#231;&#227;o com
               tr&#234;s defini&#231;&#245;es de obesidade infantil</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Moraes</surname>
            <given-names>Leonardo Iezzi de</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Nicola</surname>
            <given-names>Tha&#237;s Coutinho</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Jesus</surname>
            <given-names>Julyanna Silva Ara&#250;jo de</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Alves</surname>
            <given-names>Eduardo Roberty Badiani</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Giovaninni</surname>
            <given-names>Nayara Paula Bernurdes</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Marcato</surname>
            <given-names>Daniele Gasparini</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Sampaio</surname>
            <given-names>J&#233;ssica Dutra</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Fuly</surname>
            <given-names>Jeanne Teixeira Bessa</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Costalonga</surname>
            <given-names>Everlayny Fiorot</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff1">
          <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Vila Velha</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Vila Velha</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">ES</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country>Brasil</country>
          <institution content-type="original"> Universidade Vila Velha - UVV, Vila Velha, ES - Brasil</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01"><bold>Correspond&#234;ncia:</bold> Leonardo Iezzi de Moraes - Desembargador
               Augusto Botelho, 108, apto. 303, Praia da Costa. CEP 29101-110, Vila Velha, ES -
               Brasil. E-mail: <email>leonardo.iezzi@gmail.com</email>,
                  <email>leo_iezzi@hotmail.com</email>
				</corresp>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date pub-type="epub">
        <day>09</day>
        <month>11</month>
        <year>2013</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date pub-type="collection">
        <month>03</month>
        <year>2014</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>102</volume>
      <issue>02</issue>
      <fpage>175</fpage>
      <lpage>180</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>13</day>
          <month>04</month>
          <year>2013</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>23</day>
          <month>07</month>
          <year>2013</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>16</day>
          <month>09</month>
          <year>2013</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/">
          <license-p>This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative
                  Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License which permits unrestricted
                  non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the
                  original work is properly cited. </license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract xml:lang="pt">
        <sec>
          <title>FUNDAMENTO:</title>
          <p> Diversos autores correlacionaram o aumento do risco cardiovascular com o estado
                  nutricional, por&#233;m existem diferentes crit&#233;rios para a classifica&#231;&#227;o de sobrepeso
                  e obesidade em crian&#231;as. Objetivos: Avaliar o desempenho de tr&#234;s crit&#233;rios de
                  classifica&#231;&#227;o nutricional em crian&#231;as, como definidores da presen&#231;a de obesidade e
                  preditores de n&#237;veis press&#243;ricos elevados em escolares. </p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>M&#201;TODOS:</title>
          <p> Oitocentas e dezessete crian&#231;as de 6 a 13 anos matriculadas em escolas p&#250;blicas
                  do munic&#237;pio de Vila Velha (ES) foram submetidas a avalia&#231;&#227;o antropom&#233;trica e de
                  press&#227;o arterial. A classifica&#231;&#227;o quanto ao estado nutricional foi estabelecida
                  mediante dois crit&#233;rios internacionais (CDC/NCHS 2000 e IOTF 2000) e um crit&#233;rio
                  brasileiro (Conde e Monteiro 2006). </p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>RESULTADOS:</title>
          <p> A preval&#234;ncia de excesso de peso foi maior quando utilizado o crit&#233;rio de Conde e
                  Monteiro (27%), e menor pelo crit&#233;rio do IOTF (15%). Press&#227;o arterial elevada foi
                  observada em 7,3% das crian&#231;as. Identificou-se forte associa&#231;&#227;o entre a presen&#231;a
                  de excesso de peso e a ocorr&#234;ncia de n&#237;veis press&#243;ricos elevados,
                  independentemente do crit&#233;rio utilizado (p &lt; 0,001). O crit&#233;rio que demonstrou
                  maior sensibilidade em prever PA elevada foi o de Conde e Monteiro (44%), enquanto
                  o de maior especificidade (94%), al&#233;m de maior acur&#225;cia geral (63%), foi o do CDC.
               </p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>CONCLUS&#213;ES:</title>
          <p> A preval&#234;ncia de excesso de peso em crian&#231;as brasileiras &#233; maior quando utilizado
                  o crit&#233;rio de classifica&#231;&#227;o de Conde e Monteiro, e menor quando utilizado o
                  crit&#233;rio do IOTF. O crit&#233;rio de classifica&#231;&#227;o brasileiro demonstrou ser o mais
                  sens&#237;vel como preditor de risco de PA elevada nessa amostra.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <kwd>Hipertens&#227;o</kwd>
        <kwd>Crian&#231;a</kwd>
        <kwd>Obesidade</kwd>
        <kwd>&#205;ndice de massa corporal</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <funding-group>
        <award-group>
          <funding-source>Funda&#231;&#227;o Nacional de Desenvolvimento do Ensino Superior
                  Particular</funding-source>
        </award-group>
      </funding-group>
      <counts>
        <fig-count count="3"/>
        <table-count count="1"/>
        <equation-count count="0"/>
        <ref-count count="27"/>
        <page-count count="6"/>
      </counts>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
      <p>As doen&#231;as da vida moderna t&#234;m atingindo crian&#231;as de forma preocupante. Obesidade j&#225; &#233;
            vista como epidemia mundial, o que se acompanha de aumento de fatores de risco
            cardiovasculares, como a Hipertens&#227;o Arterial Sist&#234;mica (HAS)<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B01">1</xref>
				<sup>,</sup>
				<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B02">2</xref>. N&#237;veis
            press&#243;ricos elevados em crian&#231;as preveem HAS do adulto e contribuem para a ocorr&#234;ncia de
            eventos cardiovasculares<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B01">1</xref>
				<sup>,</sup>
				<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B02">2</xref>. Assim, a identifica&#231;&#227;o e o tratamento precoce da
            hipertens&#227;o na inf&#226;ncia t&#234;m potencial de causar grande impacto contra desfechos adversos
            futuros.</p>
      <p>Atualmente se considera obrigat&#243;ria a medida da Press&#227;o Arterial (PA) a partir dos tr&#234;s
            anos de idade, anualmente, ou antes disso, quando houver fatores de risco<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B03">3</xref>
				<sup>-</sup>
				<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B05">5</xref>. No entanto, a metodologia complexa exigida para a verifica&#231;&#227;o da PA em
            crian&#231;as faz que muitos profissionais a excluam de sua rotina ou interpretem os valores
            aferidos de forma incorreta, o que pode resultar em subdiagn&#243;stico e consequ&#234;ncias
            incorrig&#237;veis para esses indiv&#237;duos<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B06">6</xref>
				<sup>,</sup>
				<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B07">7</xref>.</p>
      <p>O excesso de peso, avaliado comumente pelo &#205;ndice de Massa Corp&#243;rea (IMC), &#233; um
            importante preditor da PA elevada em crian&#231;as. O risco de PA elevada pode aumentar mais
            que o dobro a cada unidade aumentada de z-score de IMC<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B08">8</xref>
				<sup>-</sup>
				<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref>. Assim, a
            classifica&#231;&#227;o adequada do estado nutricional em crian&#231;as &#233; um instrumento de alerta para
            o risco de hipertens&#227;o.</p>
      <p>Essa classifica&#231;&#227;o pode ser estabelecida por meio de diferentes crit&#233;rios. Em 2000, o
            Centers for Disease Control (CDC) definiu os percentis 85 e 95 de distribui&#231;&#227;o na
            popula&#231;&#227;o americana como pontos de corte para sobrepeso e obesidade,
               respectivamente<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref>. No mesmo ano, Cole e
               cols.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref>
				<sup>,</sup>
				<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref>, atrav&#233;s do International Obesity Task Force (IOTF), envolvendo
            seis pa&#237;ses, estabeleceram pontos de corte de IMC para idade e sexo correpondentes aos
            valores de 25 kg/m<sup>2</sup> para sobrepeso, e 30 kg/m<sup>2</sup> para obesidade aos
            18 anos. Em 2006, Conde e Monteiro utilizaram metodologia semelhante &#224; do IOTF para
            propor pontos de corte baseados na popula&#231;&#227;o brasileira<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref>.</p>
      <p>O objetivo do presente estudo &#233; avaliar o desempenho desses crit&#233;rios como preditores de
            n&#237;veis press&#243;ricos elevados em escolares do munic&#237;pio de Vila Velha (ES).</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="methods">
      <title>M&#233;todos</title>
      <p>O estudo envolveu alunos matriculados em Escolas Municipais de Ensino Fundamental
            p&#250;blico do munic&#237;pio de Vila Velha (ES). Somente foram inclu&#237;das crian&#231;as cujos pais ou
            respons&#225;veis legais concordassem com a participa&#231;&#227;o via termo de consentimento livre e
            esclarecido, conforme aprovado pelo Comit&#234; de &#201;tica da institui&#231;&#227;o (processo n&#186;
            34/2011).</p>
      <p>O c&#225;lculo amostral foi realizado por meio do programa <italic>Epi Info</italic>, vers&#227;o
            6.04, disponibilizado livremente na internet. Para efeito de c&#225;lculo, foram considerados
            o n&#250;mero de alunos matriculados nas UMEF no ano do estudo, a preval&#234;ncia m&#233;dia de
            hipertens&#227;o em crian&#231;as de 4%, erro absoluto de 2%, intervalo de confian&#231;a de 95%, poder
            estat&#237;stico de 80% e efeito de desenho de 2, chegando a um quantitativo de 730 crian&#231;as,
            cujo n&#250;mero objetivado foi arredondado para 800, prevendo eventuais perdas.</p>
      <p>A amostragem foi do tipo complexa, em dois est&#225;gios. A primeira etapa consistiu na
            sele&#231;&#227;o aleat&#243;ria, por sorteio, de uma escola de cada uma das cinco regi&#245;es
            pol&#237;tico-geogr&#225;ficas do munic&#237;pio. Na segunda etapa, foi realizada uma sele&#231;&#227;o
            assistem&#225;tica dos alunos de cada escola, de acordo com a ades&#227;o desses e consentimento
            por escrito dos respons&#225;veis. </p>
      <p>Crian&#231;as com idade inferior a seis anos ou superior a 13 anos, que correspondiam a menos
            de 2% da amostra, foram exclu&#237;das no intuito de garantir maior homogeneidade.</p>
      <p>Os escolares foram avaliados com rela&#231;&#227;o a estatura, peso e press&#227;o arterial. As medidas
            de estatura foram realizadas atrav&#233;s da utiliza&#231;&#227;o de estadi&#244;metro fixado &#224; parede,
            graduado de 20 a 200 cm, com escala de precis&#227;o de 0,1 cm; e representadas pela m&#233;dia de
            tr&#234;s medidas consecutivas. A crian&#231;a era posicionada na posi&#231;&#227;o de ortostase, sem
            cal&#231;ados, com quadris e ombros perpendiculares ao eixo central do corpo, calcanhares
            firmemente apoiados ao ch&#227;o, joelhos pr&#243;ximos e estendidos, bra&#231;os relaxados e a cabe&#231;a
            no plano de Frankfurt. O peso corporal foi determinado atrav&#233;s de uma balan&#231;a
            antropom&#233;trica digital graduada de 0 a 150 kg, com resolu&#231;&#227;o de 0,05 kg, previamente
            calibrada. O &#205;ndice de Massa Corporal (IMC) foi calculado por meio do quociente da massa
            corporal em kg pela estatura em m<sup>2</sup> e convertido em escores - Z ajustados para
            sexo e idade.</p>
      <p>A classifica&#231;&#227;o das crian&#231;as quanto ao estado nutricional (baixo peso, eutr&#243;fico,
            sobrepeso ou obesidade) foi estabelecida atrav&#233;s dos tr&#234;s crit&#233;rios acima mencionados:
            CDC/NCHS 2000, IOTF (Cole e cols.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref>) e Conde e
               Monteiro<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref>. </p>
      <p>A metodologia de aferi&#231;&#227;o e classifica&#231;&#227;o da press&#227;o arterial seguiu as recomenda&#231;&#245;es do
            &#250;ltimo consenso internacional sobre o assunto, estabelecidas no 4th National Task Force
            on Hypertension of National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B04">4</xref>. Os n&#237;veis press&#243;ricos foram avaliados por m&#233;todo auscultat&#243;rio,
            utilizando-se um esfigmoman&#244;metro aneroide periodicamente calibrado e um estetosc&#243;pio
            posicionado sobre o pulso da art&#233;ria braquial 2 cm acima da fossa cubital. O manguito
            era selecionado conforme a circunfer&#234;ncia braquial, aferida no ponto m&#233;dio entre o
            acr&#244;mio e o cotovelo, com o bra&#231;o em flex&#227;o de 90 graus com o antebra&#231;o, conforme as
            recomenda&#231;&#245;es das diretrizes supracitadas<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B04">4</xref>. As
            aferi&#231;&#245;es foram realizadas com a crian&#231;a na posi&#231;&#227;o sentada, com o bra&#231;o direito fletido
            90 graus na altura do cora&#231;&#227;o e apoiados em uma superf&#237;cie fixa, num ambiente calmo.
            Durante o preparo, a crian&#231;a permanecia em repouso por pelo menos 5 minutos, era
            instru&#237;da a n&#227;o conversar durante a medida. A m&#233;dia de tr&#234;s aferi&#231;&#245;es realizadas com
            intervalo m&#237;nimo de 3 minutos foi utilizada para a classifica&#231;&#227;o quanto aos n&#237;veis
            press&#243;ricos e para o c&#225;lculo do Z escore de press&#227;o arterial, ajustado para idade, sexo
            e percentil de altura. As crian&#231;as com m&#233;dia de Press&#227;o Arterial Sist&#243;lica (PAS) e/ou
            Press&#227;o Arterial Diast&#243;lica (PAD) igual ou superior ao percentil 95 para sexo, idade e
            percentil de altura foram classificadas como apresentando PA elevada; j&#225; as crian&#231;as com
            m&#233;dia de PAS e/ou PAD entre os percentis 90 e 95 foram classificadas como
            pr&#233;-hipertensas.</p>
      <p>Para as an&#225;lises estat&#237;sticas, os desfechos de interesse (estado nutricional e press&#227;o
            arterial) foram analizados tanto na forma de vari&#225;veis categ&#243;ricas quanto na forma de
            vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas. Para a an&#225;lise cont&#237;nua, os valores absolutos de peso, altura e IMC
            foram convertidos em Z escores por idade e sexo, atrav&#233;s da utiliza&#231;&#227;o do programa
               <italic>Growth Analyser<sup>&#174;</sup> vers&#227;o 3.5</italic>
				<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref>. J&#225; os valores m&#233;dios de press&#227;o arterial,
            sist&#243;lica e diast&#243;lica, foram ajustados para sexo, idade e percentil de altura, de
            acordo com as recomenda&#231;&#245;es do 4th National Task Force on Hypertension of National
            Heart, Lung and Blood Institute<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B04">4</xref>.</p>
      <p>As an&#225;lises de associa&#231;&#227;o foram realizadas por meio de compara&#231;&#245;es entre grupos,
            correla&#231;&#245;es e regress&#245;es. As compara&#231;&#245;es entre os grupos com rela&#231;&#227;o a vari&#225;veis
            quantitativas foram feitas pelo teste <italic>t</italic> de Student ou teste de
            Mann-Whitney, conforme apropriado. Vari&#225;veis qualitativas foram analisadas por meio do
            teste de qui-quadrado.</p>
      <p>Utilizando-se a presen&#231;a de excesso de peso como preditor de n&#237;veis press&#243;ricos
            elevados, foram calculados os perfis de sensibilidade, especificidade e acur&#225;cia geral
            (&#225;rea sob a curva ROC) de cada um dos crit&#233;rios de classifica&#231;&#227;o nutricional com rela&#231;&#227;o
            &#224; capacidade de detec&#231;&#227;o de PA elevada nessas crian&#231;as.</p>
      <p>Todas as an&#225;lises estat&#237;sticas foram realizadas utilizando-se o programa
               <italic>SigmaStat</italic> para <italic>Windows (vers&#227;o 3.5, SPSS, Inc., San Rafael,
               CA</italic>). Foi considerado estatisticamente significante um p &lt; 0,05.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="results">
      <title>Resultados</title>
      <p>Em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224;s caracter&#237;sticas gerais da amostra estudada, obteve-se homogeneidade em
            rela&#231;&#227;o aos sexos, sendo representado por 51% (n = 417) de meninos e 49% de meninas (n =
            400). A m&#233;dia de idade foi de 8,8 &#177; 1,6 anos. Dependendo do crit&#233;rio utilizado para a
            classifica&#231;&#227;o nutricional, o percentual de crian&#231;as eutr&#243;ficas variou entre 67% e 73%, e
            o percentual de crian&#231;as apresentando excesso de peso (sobrepeso ou obesidade), entre
            21% e 27% (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01">Figura 1</xref>).</p>
      <fig id="f01" fig-type="other">
        <label>Figura 1</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Propor&#231;&#245;es de crian&#231;as com estado nutricional classificado como baixo peso,
                  eutrofia, sobrepeso ou obesidade conforme os crit&#233;rios estabelecidos por: CDC
                  2000, IOTF 2000 e Conde e Monteiro 2006. (* p &lt; 0,001; teste do
                  qui-quadrado).</title>
        </caption>
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-102-02-0175-30233-gf01.jpg"/></fig>
      <p>A maior preval&#234;ncia de excesso de peso, incluindo tanto sobrepeso quanto obesidade, foi
            observada pelo crit&#233;rio de Conde e Monteiro (27%), embora o crit&#233;rio do CDC tenha
            apresentado o maior percentual de obesidade (11%). Utilizando-se o crit&#233;rio do IOTF,
            observou-se o menor percentual de crian&#231;as classificadas como portadoras de excesso de
            peso (21%) e o maior percentual de baixo peso (12%).</p>
      <p>Observou-se que 3,4% das crian&#231;as apresentavam n&#237;veis m&#233;dios de PA, ajustados para sexo,
            idade e percentil de altura, compat&#237;veis com o diagn&#243;stico de pr&#233;-hipertens&#227;o, e 3,9%
            com o diagn&#243;stico de hipertens&#227;o. N&#227;o houve associa&#231;&#227;o significativa entre a presen&#231;a de
            press&#227;o arterial elevada e a idade. A &#250;nica correla&#231;&#227;o identificada quanto ao sexo foi a
            presen&#231;a de maiores n&#237;veis de press&#227;o diast&#243;lica no sexo masculino (p = 0,02).</p>
      <p>Houve forte correla&#231;&#227;o entre a presen&#231;a de excesso de peso e a ocorr&#234;ncia de n&#237;veis
            press&#243;ricos elevados, tal como demonstrado pela regress&#227;o linear direta altamente
            significativa (p &lt; 0,001) entre Z de IMC e Z de press&#227;o arterial, tanto sist&#243;lica
            quanto diast&#243;lica (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02">Figura 2</xref>). Al&#233;m disso, an&#225;lises
            categ&#243;ricas demonstraram que, independentemente do crit&#233;rio de classifica&#231;&#227;o nutricional
            utilizado, os n&#237;veis de Z de PA aumentam &#224; medida que se progride de classe nutricional,
            de baixo peso a obesidade (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f03">Figura 3</xref>).</p>
      <fig id="f02" fig-type="other">
        <label>Figura 2</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Regress&#227;o linear entre o Z de &#205;ndice de Massa Corp&#243;rea (calculado pelo
                  referencial do CDC 2000) e o Z de PA sist&#243;lica (A) e diast&#243;lica (B) (calculados
                  conforme as recomenda&#231;&#245;es do 4th National Task Force on Hypertension of National
                  Heart, Lung and Blood Institute 2004).</title>
        </caption>
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-102-02-0175-30233-gf02.jpg"/></fig>
      <fig id="f03" fig-type="other">
        <label>Figura 3</label>
        <caption>
          <title>M&#233;dia Z de PA sist&#243;lica (A) de acordo com a classifica&#231;&#227;o nutricional
                  estabelecida por tr&#234;s crit&#233;rios: CDC 2000, IOTF 2000 e Conde e Monteiro 2006. (* p
                  &lt; 0,001; ns: estatisticamente n&#227;o significante).</title>
        </caption>
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-102-02-0175-30233-gf03.jpg"/></fig>
      <p>Ao se utilizar da presen&#231;a de excesso de peso como preditor de n&#237;veis press&#243;ricos
            elevados, o crit&#233;rio que demonstrou maior sensibilidade (44%) foi o de Conde e Monteiro,
            enquanto o de maior especificidade foi o do CDC (94%). Este &#250;ltimo tamb&#233;m demonstrou ser
            o de maior acur&#225;cia geral (ASC = 63%) (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t01">Tabela
            1</xref>).</p>
      <table-wrap id="t01">
        <label>Tabela 1</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Sensibilidade e especificidade de cada m&#233;todo de classifica&#231;&#227;o nutricional ao
                  se utilizar o excesso de peso como marcador de risco de press&#227;o arterial elevada
                  em crian&#231;as</title>
        </caption>
        <table rules="rows" frame="hsides">
          <tbody>
            <tr>
              <td/>
              <td colspan="2" align="center">
                <bold>Sensibilidade</bold>
              </td>
              <td colspan="2" align="center">
                <bold>Especificidade</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center">
                <bold>Acur&#225;cia (ASC)<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="t01-fn01">*</xref>
								</bold>
              </td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td/>
              <td align="center">
                <bold>%</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center">
                <bold>(IC 95%)</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center">
                <bold>%</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center">
                <bold>(IC 95%)</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center">
                <bold>% (IC 95%)</bold>
              </td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td> CDC 2000</td>
              <td align="center">31</td>
              <td align="center">19 - 44</td>
              <td align="center">94</td>
              <td align="center">92 - 96</td>
              <td align="center">63 (59 - 66)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td> IOTF 2000</td>
              <td align="center">42</td>
              <td align="center">30 - 57</td>
              <td align="center">80</td>
              <td align="center">77 - 83</td>
              <td align="center">62 (58 - 65)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td> Conde 2006</td>
              <td align="center">44</td>
              <td align="center">32 - 58</td>
              <td align="center">74</td>
              <td align="center">71 - 77</td>
              <td align="center">60 (56 - 63)</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
        <table-wrap-foot>
          <fn id="t01-fn01">
            <label>*</label>
            <p>&#193;rea sobre a curva - Curva ROC; IC: intervalo de confian&#231;a.</p>
          </fn>
        </table-wrap-foot>
      </table-wrap>
      <p>Regress&#245;es lineares, utilizando-se o Z escore de press&#227;o arterial como desfecho de
            interesse, n&#227;o demonstraram superioridade de nenhum dos crit&#233;rios com rela&#231;&#227;o &#224;
            capacidade de prever n&#237;veis absolutos de Z escore de PA elevados. Essa capacidade
            preditiva permaneceu em torno de 5% para o Z de PA diast&#243;lica e de 6% para o Z de PA
            sist&#243;lica, com discretas diferen&#231;as entre os crit&#233;rios utilizados.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="discussion">
      <title>Discuss&#227;o</title>
      <p>Sobrepeso e obesidade na inf&#226;ncia s&#227;o dist&#250;rbios epid&#234;micos mundiais e sabidamente
            associados a risco cardiovascular e metab&#243;lico. Dessa forma, a classifica&#231;&#227;o nutricional
            em crian&#231;as constitui importante recurso de triagem, tanto na pr&#225;tica cl&#237;nica quanto em
            pesquisas epidemiol&#243;gicas, para a identifica&#231;&#227;o de indiv&#237;duos sob risco de uma s&#233;rie de
            comorbidades, tais como a hipertens&#227;o arterial sist&#234;mica<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref>
				<sup>,</sup>
				<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref>.</p>
      <p>Atualmente, a defini&#231;&#227;o da presen&#231;a de sobrepeso e obesidade em crian&#231;as, assim como a
            compara&#231;&#227;o de estudos desenvolvidos na &#225;rea, &#233; dificultada pela aus&#234;ncia de um consenso
            com rela&#231;&#227;o crit&#233;rio classificat&#243;rio a ser utilizado. S&#227;o v&#225;rios os m&#233;todos dispon&#237;veis,
            e, embora haja posicionamento de sociedades de classe em favor de um ou outro
               crit&#233;rio<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref>, muito se discute sobre as
            vantagens e desvantagens de cada m&#233;todo quando aplicados a uma determinada
               popula&#231;&#227;o<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref>
				<sup>-</sup>
				<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref>.</p>
      <p>Nesta amostra de crian&#231;as em idade escolar de Vila Velha, observou-se que a distribui&#231;&#227;o
            segundo os pontos de corte propostos pelo IOTF apresentou o maior percentual de baixo
            peso. Possivelmente, como citado por Barbosa e cols.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref>, a preval&#234;ncia de baixo peso foi maior por esse crit&#233;rio devido ao ponto
            de corte utilizado (18,5 kg/m<sup>2</sup>) que representa o escore-z -1, enquanto no
            crit&#233;rio do CDC o baixo peso &#233; representado pelo percentil 5 (escore-z -1,6). Da mesma
            forma, a preval&#234;ncia expressiva de sobrepeso pelo crit&#233;rio de Conde e Monteiro tamb&#233;m
            foi constatada em outros estudos<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref>
				<sup>,</sup>
				<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref>.</p>
      <p>O percentual de obesidade obtido pelo crit&#233;rio do CDC supreende pelo fato de que
            demonstra que mais de 10% das nossas crian&#231;as apresentam n&#237;veis de IMC ajustados para
            sexo e idade superiores ao percentil 95 de IMC da popula&#231;&#227;o americana. Observa&#231;&#245;es
            semelhantes foram descritas por estudos desenvolvidos na popula&#231;&#227;o brasileira<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref>, chegando a preval&#234;ncias t&#227;o altas quanto 29,7%
            de obesidade entre meninos de escolas particulares da cidade de Santos (SP)<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref>. </p>
      <p>Uma das poss&#237;veis limita&#231;&#245;es do presente estudo foi n&#227;o ter avaliado o referencial
            estabelecido pela Organiza&#231;&#227;o Mundial de Sa&#250;de (OMS) em 2006, tamb&#233;m frequentemente
            utilizado no Brasil. Tal fato decorre da indisponibilidade de sua base de dados no
            programa estat&#237;stico utilizado para c&#225;lculo dos Z escores de IMC. No entanto, as
            diferen&#231;as entre os referenciais do CDC e da OMS destacam-se, sobretudo, em crian&#231;as
            abaixo dos cinco anos, de forma que pouco afetariam os resultados do presente estudo.
            Al&#233;m disso, a aus&#234;ncia desse crit&#233;rio n&#227;o invalida os resultados demonstrados com
            rela&#231;&#227;o aos crit&#233;rios selecionados.</p>
      <p>Embora n&#227;o tenham sido observadas diferen&#231;as com rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; capacidade de cada crit&#233;rio
            em prever, de forma cont&#237;nua, os n&#237;veis press&#243;ricos, o crit&#233;rio de Conde e Monteiro foi
            o que demonstrou maior sensibilidade em prever categorias de risco de PA elevada. Na
            opini&#227;o dos autores, esse dado merece destaque ante as implica&#231;&#245;es pr&#225;ticas que
            apresenta em termos de triagem, investiga&#231;&#227;o e acompanhamento cl&#237;nico dessas
            crian&#231;as.</p>
      <p>Por fim, destacamos a import&#226;ncia de que crian&#231;as em idade escolar tenham sua press&#227;o
            arterial aferida regularmente, uma vez que hipertens&#227;o n&#227;o &#233; uma condi&#231;&#227;o rara na
            inf&#226;ncia, e que sua detec&#231;&#227;o precoce pode prevenir a ocorr&#234;ncia de danos futuros
            irrevers&#237;veis para esses indiv&#237;duos. Crian&#231;as com sobrepeso ou obesidade por quaisquer
            dos crit&#233;rios dispon&#237;veis merecem aten&#231;&#227;o redobrada quanto aos n&#237;veis press&#243;ricos, uma
            vez que o excesso de peso constitui marcador de risco indiscut&#237;vel para a manifesta&#231;&#227;o
            precoce da doen&#231;a.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec>
      <title>Contribui&#231;&#227;o dos autores</title>
      <p>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa, An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados e An&#225;lise
            estat&#237;stica: de Moraes LI, Nicola TC, Fuly JTB, Costalonga EF; Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados: de
            Moraes LI, Nicola TC, de Jesus JSA, Alves ERB, Giovaninni NPB, Marcato DG, Sampaio JD,
            Fuly JTB, Costalonga EF; Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito: de Moraes LI, Nicola TC, Costalonga EF;
            Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual: Fuly JTB, Costalonga
            EF.</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
    <ack>
      <p>Ao apoio financeiro obtido para a realiza&#231;&#227;o da pesquisa junto &#224; Universidade Vila
               Velha (ES), na forma de compra de equipamentos e bolsas de inicia&#231;&#227;o Cient&#237;fica
               oferecidas aos alunos Leonardo Iezzi de Moraes, Thais Coutinho Nicola e Julyanna S.
               A. Jesus e Eduardo Roberty B. Alves.</p>
      <p>Ao apoio financeiro da Funadesp (Funda&#231;&#227;o Nacional de Desenvolvimento do Ensino
               Superior Particular), oferecido na forma de bolsa &#224; professora Everlayny Fiorot
               Costalonga.</p>
    </ack>
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  </back>
  <sub-article id="S01" article-type="translation" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group>
          <subject>Original Articles</subject>
        </subj-group>
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      <title-group>
        <article-title xml:lang="en">High blood Pressure in children and its correlation with
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          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Fuly</surname>
            <given-names>Jeanne Teixeira Bessa</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Costalonga</surname>
            <given-names>Everlayny Fiorot</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff1">
               Universidade Vila Velha - UVV, Vila Velha, ES - Brazil
            </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c02"><bold>Mailing Address:</bold> Leonardo Iezzi de Moraes - Desembargador
               Augusto Botelho, 108, apto. 303, Praia da Costa. Postal Code 29101-110, Vila Velha,
               ES - Brazil E-mail: <email>leonardo.iezzi@gmail.com</email>,
                  <email>leo_iezzi@hotmail.com</email>
				</corresp>
      </author-notes>
      <abstract xml:lang="en">
        <sec>
          <title>BACKGROUND:</title>
          <p> Several authors have correlated the increase of cardiovascular risk with the
                  nutritional status, however there are different criteria for the classification of
                  overweight and obesity in children. </p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>OBJECTIVES:</title>
          <p> To evaluate the performance of three nutritional classification criteria in
                  children, as definers of the presence of obesity and predictors of high blood
                  pressure in schoolchildren. </p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>METHODS: </title>
          <p>Eight hundred and seventeen children ranging 6 to 13 years old, enrolled in public
                  schools in the municipality of Vila Velha (ES) were submitted to anthropometric
                  evaluation and blood pressure measurement. The classification of the nutritional
                  status was established by two international criteria (CDC/NCHS 2000 and IOTF 2000)
                  and one Brazilian criterion (Conde e Monteiro 2006). </p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>RESULTS: </title>
          <p>The prevalence of overweight was higher when the criterion of Conde e Monteiro
                  (27%) was used, and inferior by the IOTF (15%) criteria. High blood pressure was
                  observed in 7.3% of children. It was identified a strong association between the
                  presence of overweight and the occurrence of high blood pressure, regardless of
                  the test used (p &lt; 0.001). The test showing the highest sensitivity in
                  predicting elevated BP was the Conde e Monteiro (44%), while the highest
                  specificity (94%) and greater overall accuracy (63%), was the CDC criterion. </p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>CONCLUSIONS: </title>
          <p>The prevalence of overweight in Brazilian children is higher when using the
                  classification criterion of Conde e Monteiro, and lower when the criterion used is
                  IOTF. The Brazilian classification criterion proved to be the most sensitive
                  predictor of high BP risk in this sample.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>Hypertension</kwd>
        <kwd>Child</kwd>
        <kwd>Obesity</kwd>
        <kwd>Body mass index</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <counts>
        <fig-count count="3"/>
        <table-count count="1"/>
        <equation-count count="0"/>
        <ref-count count="27"/>
        <page-count count="6"/>
      </counts>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>Introduction</title>
        <p>Diseases of modern life have been worryingly affecting children. Obesity is now seen
               as a global epidemic, which is accompanied by increase of cardiovascular risk factors
               such as Systemic Hypertension (SH)<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B01">1</xref>
					<sup>,</sup>
					<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B02">2</xref>. High blood pressure
               levels in children predict SH of the adult and contribute to the occurrence of
               cardiovascular events<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B01">1</xref>
					<sup>,</sup>
					<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B02">2</xref>. Therefore, early identification and treatment
               of high blood pressure in childhood have the potential to cause a great impact on
               future adverse outcomes.</p>
        <p>Currently, it is considered mandatory the measurement of Blood Pressure (BP) since
               the age of three, annually or sooner, if there is any risk factors<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B03">3</xref>
					<sup>-</sup>
					<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B05">5</xref>. However, the complex methodology required for the verification of BP in
               children causes many professionals to exclude it from their routine or interpret the
               values measured incorrectly, which can result in underdiagnosis and incorrigible
               consequences for these individual<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B06">6</xref>
					<sup>,</sup>
					<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B07">7</xref>.</p>
        <p>Excess weight, commonly assessed by Body Mass Index (BMI) is an important predictor
               of high BP in children. The risk of high BP can increase more than twice at every
               unit increased in BMI z-score<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B08">8</xref>
					<sup>-</sup>
					<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref>. Therefore, the
               proper classification of nutritional status in children is a warning instrument for
               the risk of hypertension.</p>
        <p>This classification can be established using different criteria. In 2000, the Centers
               for Disease Control (CDC) defined the 85<sup>th</sup> and 95<sup>th</sup> percentiles
               of distribution in the U.S. population as cut-off points for overweight and obesity,
                  respectively<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref>. In the same year, Cole et
                  al<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref>
					<sup>,</sup>
					<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref>, through the International Obesity Task Force (IOTF),
               involving six countries, established BMI cut-offs for age and sex corresponding to
               values of 25 kg/m<sup>2</sup> for overweight, and 30 kg/m<sup>2</sup> for obesity at
               age 18. In 2006, Conde and Monteiro used similar methodology to propose to the IOTF
               cut-off points based on the Brazilian population<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref>.</p>
        <p>The purpose of this present study is to evaluate the performance of those criteria as
               predictors of high blood pressure levels in schoolchildren in the municipality of
               Vila Velha (ES).</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="methods">
        <title>Methods</title>
        <p>The study involved students enrolled in School District elementary public school in
               the city of Vila Velha (ES). It only included children whose parents or legal
               guardians agreed in the participation through an informed consent form, as approved
               by the Ethics Committee of the institution (procedure no. 34/2011).</p>
        <p>The sample size calculation was performed using <italic>Epi Info</italic>, version
               6.04, available for free on the internet. For calculation purposes, we considered the
               number of students enrolled in UMEF in the year of the study, the average prevalence
               of hypertension in children of 4%, the absolute error of 2%, confidence interval of
               95%, 80% statistical power and effect of design of 2, reaching an amount of 730
               children, whose objectified number was rounded to 800, predicting eventual
               losses.</p>
        <p>Sampling was the complex type, in two stages. The first stage consisted of random
               selection by draw from a school of each of the five political-geographical regions of
               the municipality. In the second stage, we conducted an unsystematic selection of
               students from each school, according to the adhesion of such and the informed consent
               form in writing of their guardians or parents.</p>
        <p>Children under the age of six years or with age superior to 13 years, which accounted
               for less than 2% of the sample, were excluded in order to ensure homogeneity.</p>
        <p>The students were assessed with respect to height, weight and blood pressure.
               Measurements of height were performed by using a wall fixed stadiometer, graduated
               20-200 cm, with scale accuracy of 0.1 cm, and represented by the average of three
               consecutive measurements. The child was placed in the standing position, without
               shoes, with hips and shoulders perpendicular to the central axis of the body, heels
               firmly planted on the ground, knees close and extended, relaxed arms and head in the
               Frankfurt plane. Body weight was determined by a digital anthropometric scale
               graduated from 0 to 150 kg, with a resolution of 0.05 kg, previously calibrated. The
               Body Mass Index (BMI) was calculated by the quotient of body weight in kilograms by
               height in m<sup>2</sup> and converted into Z-scores adjusted by age and sex.</p>
        <p>The classification of children according to nutritional status (underweight, healthy
               weight, overweight or obese) was established through the three criteria mentioned
               above: CDC / NCHS 2000 IOTF (Cole et al<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref>) and
               Conde and Monteiro<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref>.</p>
        <p>The measurement methodology and classification of blood pressure followed the
               recommendations of the last international consensus on the subject, established in
               4th National Task Force on Hypertension of the National Heart, Lung and Blood
                  Institute<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B04">4</xref>. Blood pressure levels were
               assessed by auscultation using a periodically calibrated aneroid sphygmomanometer and
               a stethoscope placed over the brachial artery pulse 2 cm above the cubital
               fossa/elbow pits. The cuff was selected according to arm circumference, measured at
               the midpoint between the acromion and the elbow, with the arm flexed at 90 degrees
               with the forear, according to the recommendations of the guidelines above<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B04">4</xref>. The measurements were performed with the child
               in a sitting position, with their right arm flexed at 90 degrees at the heart level
               and supported on a fixed surface, in a calm environment. During preparation, the
               child remained at rest for at least 5 minutes, the child was instructed not to talk
               during the measurement. The average of three measurements taken within an interval of
               3 minutes was used for classification as blood pressure levels and to calculate the
               Z-score for blood pressure, adjusted by age, sex, and height percentile. Children
               with average Systolic Blood Pressure (SBP) and/or Diastolic Blood Pressure (DBP)
               equal to or greater than the 95th percentile for sex, age and height percentile were
               classified as having high BP, whereas children with average SBP and/or DBP between
               the 90th and 95th percentiles were classified as pre-hypertensive.</p>
        <p>For statistical analyzes, the outcomes of interest (nutritional status and blood
               pressure) were analyzed both as categorical variables as continuous variables in the
               form. For continuous analysis, the absolute values of weight, height and BMI were
               converted into Z-scores by age and sex, using the software <italic>Growth
                     Analyser<sup>&#174;</sup> version 3.5</italic>
					<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref>. The values of mean blood pressure,
               systolic and diastolic blood pressure were adjusted by sex, age and height
               percentile, according to the recommendations of the 4th National Task Force on
               Hypertension of the National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B04">4</xref>.</p>
        <p>Association analyzes were performed by means of group comparisons, correlations and
               regressions. Comparisons between groups with respect to quantitative variables were
               made by Student <italic>t</italic> test or Mann-Whitney test, as appropriate.
               Qualitative variables were analyzed using the chi-square test.</p>
        <p>Using the presence of excess weight as a predictor of high blood pressure, the
               profiles of sensitivity, specificity, and overall accuracy (area under the ROC curve)
               were calculated of each nutritional classification criteria regarding detection
               capability of high BP in these children.</p>
        <p>All statistical analyzes were performed using the <italic>SigmaStat</italic> for
               Windows (version 3.5, SPSS, Inc., San Rafael, CA). It was considered statistically
               significant at p &lt; 0.05.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="results">
        <title>Results</title>
        <p>Regarding the general characteristics of the sample studied, it was obtained
               homogeneity in relation to sex, being represented by 51% (n = 417) of boys and 49%
               girls (n = 400). The mean age was 8.8 &#177; 1.6 years. Depending on the criteria used to
               evaluate nutritional status, the percentage of eutrophic children ranged between 67%
               and 73%, and the percentage of children presenting excess weight (overweight or
               obese), between 21% and 27% (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f04">Figure 1</xref>).</p>
        <fig id="f04" fig-type="other">
          <label>Figure 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Proportions of children with nutritional status classified as underweight,
                     normal weight, overweight or obese according to criteria established by: CDC
                     2000, IOTF 2000 and Conde and Monteiro 2006. (* p &lt; 0,001; chi-square
                     test).</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-102-02-0175-30233-gf01-en.jpg"/></fig>
        <p>The highest prevalence of overweight, including both overweight and obesity, was
               observed by the criterion of Conde and Monteiro (27%), although the CDC criterion has
               shown the highest percentage of obesity (11%). Using the IOTF criterion, we observed
               the lowest percentage of children classified as having excess weight (21%) and the
               highest percentage of underweight (12%).</p>
        <p>It was observed that 3.4% of the children had average levels of BP, adjusted by age,
               sex and height percentile, consistent with the diagnosis of pre-hypertension, and
               3.9% diagnosed with hypertension. There was no significant association between the
               presence of high blood pressure and age. The only correlation identified as to sex
               was the presence of higher levels of diastolic blood pressure in males (p = 0.02)</p>
        <p>There was a strong correlation between the presence of overweight and the occurrence
               of high blood pressure, as shown by highly significant direct linear regression (p
               &lt; 0.001) between BMI Z and blood pressure Z, both systolic and diastolic blood
               pressure (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f05">Figure 2</xref>). Furthermore, categorical
               analyzes demonstrated that, regardless of the nutritional classification criterion
               used, levels of BP Z increase as one progresses of nutrition class, from low weight
               to obesity (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f06">Figure 3</xref>).</p>
        <fig id="f05" fig-type="other">
          <label>Figure 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Linear regression between Z of Body Mass Index (calculated by reference of
                     CDC 2000) and Z of Systolic BP (A) and diastolic BP (B) (calculated according
                     to the recommendations of the 4<sup>th</sup> National Task Force on
                     Hypertension of the National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute 2004).</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-102-02-0175-30233-gf02-en.jpg"/></fig>
        <fig id="f06" fig-type="other">
          <label>Figure 3</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Average of Z of Systolic BP (A) in accordance to the nutritional
                     classification established by three criteria: CDC 2000, IOTF 2000 and Conde and
                     Monteiro 2006. (* p &lt; 0,001; ns: statistically not significant).</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-102-02-0175-30233-gf03-en.jpg"/></fig>
        <p>When using the presence of excess weight as a predictor of high blood pressure, the
               criterion demonstrating the highest sensitivity (44%) was the Conde and Monteiro,
               while the highest specificity was the CDC criterion (94%). The latter also proved to
               have the highest overall accuracy (AUC = 63%) (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t02">Table
                  1</xref>).</p>
        <table-wrap id="t02">
          <label>Table 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Sensitivity and specificity of each nutritional classification method when
                     using excess weight as a marker of risk of high blood pressure in
                     children</title>
          </caption>
          <table rules="rows" frame="hsides">
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="center"/>
                <td colspan="2" align="center">
                  <bold>Sensitivity</bold>
                </td>
                <td colspan="2" align="center">
                  <bold>Specificity</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>Accuracy (ASC)<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="t02-fn01">*</xref>
									</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center"/>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>%</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>(CI 95%)</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>%</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>(CI 95%)</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>% (CI 95%)</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td> CDC 2000</td>
                <td align="center">31</td>
                <td align="center">19 - 44</td>
                <td align="center">94</td>
                <td align="center">92 - 96</td>
                <td align="center">63 (59 - 66)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td> IOTF 2000</td>
                <td align="center">42</td>
                <td align="center">30 - 57</td>
                <td align="center">80</td>
                <td align="center">77 - 83</td>
                <td align="center">62(58 - 65)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td> Conde 2006</td>
                <td align="center">44</td>
                <td align="center">32 - 58</td>
                <td align="center">74</td>
                <td align="center">71 - 77</td>
                <td align="center">60 (56 - 63)</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="t02-fn01">
              <label>*</label>
              <p>Area under the curve - Curve ROC; CI: confidence interval.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <p>Linear regressions, using the Z scores of blood pressure as the outcome of interest,
               did not demonstrate superiority of any one of the criteria with respect to the
               ability to predict absolute levels of BP Z score high. This predictive ability
               remained around 5% for Z of diastolic BP and 6% for Z of systolic BP, with slight
               differences in the criteria used.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="discussion">
        <title>Discussion</title>
        <p>Overweight and obesity in childhood are known to be global and epidemic disorders
               associated with cardiovascular and metabolic risk. Therefore, the nutritional
               classification in children is an important characteristic of the screening, both in
               clinical practice and in epidemiological studies in order to identify individuals at
               risk for a number of comorbidities, such as hypertension<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref>
					<sup>,</sup>
					<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref>.</p>
        <p>Currently, the definition of overweight and obesity in children, as well as the
               comparison of studies in the area, is made difficult by the absence of a consensus on
               classification criteria to be used. There are several methods available, and although
               there is a standing of class societies in favor of either one or another
                  criterion<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref>, many discussions about the
               advantages and disadvantages of each method when applied to a given population<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref>
					<sup>-</sup>
					<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref>.</p>
        <p>In this sample of schoolchildren from Vila Velha, it was observed that the
               distribution according to the cut-off points proposed by the IOTF had the highest
               percentage of low birth weight. Possibly, as mentioned by Barbosa et al<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref>, the prevalence of underweight was higher for
               this criterion due to the cut-off used (18.5 kg/m<sup>2</sup>) that represents the
               z-score -1, while in the CDC criterion the low weight is represented by the 5th
               percentile (score z -1.6). Similarly, the significant prevalence of overweight by the
               Conde and Monteiro criterion was also observed in other studies<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref>
					<sup>,</sup>
					<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref>.</p>
        <p>The percentage of obesity obtained by the CDC criteria surprises due to the fact that
               it demonstrates that over 10% of our children have BMI levels adjusted by sex and age
               greater than the 95th percentile of BMI for the American population. Similar
               observations were described by studies conducted in the Brazilian population<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref>, reaching prevalence rates as high as 29.7% of
               obesity among boys private school in the city of Santos (SP)<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref>.</p>
        <p>One of the possible limitations of the present study was not evaluating the benchmark
               established by the World Health Organization (WHO) in 2006, also frequently used in
               Brazil. This is due to the unavailability of a database on the statistical program
               used to calculate the Z scores of BMI. However, the differences between the
               referential of CDC and WHO stand out particularly in children under five, so that
               little affect the results of the present study. Furthermore, the absence of this
               criterion does not invalidate the results demonstrated with respect to selected
               criteria.</p>
        <p>Although no differences have been observed with respect to the ability of each
               criterion to predict, continuously, blood pressure levels, the criterion of Conde and
               Monteiro was demonstrated to have the highest sensitivity in predicting risk
               categories of high BP. In our opinion, this fact should be highlighted in the
               practical implications that it presents in terms of screening, research and clinical
               follow-up of these children.</p>
        <p>Finally, we highlight the importance of school-age children having their blood
               pressure verified regularly, since hypertension is not a rare condition in childhood,
               and early detection can prevent the occurrence of future irreversible damage to these
               individuals. Overweight or obese by any of the available criteria deserve careful
               attention as to blood pressure levels, since excess weight is indisputable a risk
               marker for early manifestation of the disease.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Author contributions</title>
        <p>Conception and design of the research, Analysis and interpretation of the data and
               Statistical analysis: de Moraes LI, Nicola TC, Fuly JTB, Costalonga EF; Acquisition
               of data: de Moraes LI, Nicola TC, de Jesus JSA, Alves ERB, Giovaninni NPB, Marcato
               DG, Sampaio JD, Fuly JTB, Costalonga EF; Writing of the manuscript: de Moraes LI,
               Nicola TC, Costalonga EF; Critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual
               content: Fuly JTB, Costalonga EF.</p>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <ack>
        <p>Financial support from Funadesp (Funda&#231;&#227;o Nacional de Desenvolvimento do Ensino
                  Superior Particular), offered in the form of scholarship to professor Everlayny
                  Fiorot Costalonga.</p>
        <p>Financial support was obtained in order to carry out this research with the
                  University of Vila Velha (ES), in the form of equipment purchase and scholarships
                  of Undergraduate Research offered to students Leonardo Iezzi de Moraes, Thais
                  Coutinho Nicola e Julyanna S. A. Jesus e Eduardo Roberty B. Alves.</p>
      </ack>
      <fn-group>
        <fn id="fn04" fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potential Conflict of Interest</bold>
          </p>
          <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn id="fn05" fn-type="financial-disclosure">
          <p>
            <bold>Sources of Funding</bold>
          </p>
          <p>There were no external funding sources for this study.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn id="fn06" fn-type="other">
          <p>
            <bold>Study Association:</bold>
          </p>
          <p>This article is part of the thesis of master submitted by Jeanne Teixeira Bessa
                  Fuly, from Universidade Vila Velha.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
