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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras.
					Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">V7WSp8wN5JyNWtrPRtSTnNt</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2014000200028</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="previous-pid">S0066-782X2013005030240</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">00028</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5935/abc.20130240</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigos Originais</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title xml:lang="pt">Express&#227;o g&#234;nica associada ao estresse oxidativo no
					cora&#231;&#227;o de camundongo ap&#243;s isquemia intestinal</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Somaio</surname>
            <given-names>Frederico</given-names>
            <suffix>Neto</suffix>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Ikejiri</surname>
            <given-names>Adauto Tsutomu</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Bertoletto</surname>
            <given-names>Paulo Roberto</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Chaves</surname>
            <given-names>Jos&#233; Carlos Bertoletto</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Teruya</surname>
            <given-names>Roberto</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">3</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Fagundes</surname>
            <given-names>Djalma Jos&#233;</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Taha</surname>
            <given-names>Murched Omar</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal de S&#227;o Paulo</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country>Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal de S&#227;o Paulo &#8211; UNIFESP, S&#227;o Paulo, SP
				- Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff2">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal da Grande
					Dourados</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Dourados</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">MS</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country>Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original"> Universidade Federal da Grande Dourados &#8211; UFGD, Dourados,
				MS - Brasil </institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff3">
        <label>3</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal do Mato Grosso do
					Sul</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Campo Grande</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">MS</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country>Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal do Mato Grosso do Sul &#8211; UFMS, Campo
				Grande, MS - Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01">Correspond&#234;ncia: Djalma Jos&#233; Fagundes, Rua Cam&#233;, 244, conjunto 33,
					3&#186; andar, Mooca. CEP 03121-020, S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brasil. E-mail:
						<email>fsomaio@cardiol.br</email>, <email>djfagundes.dcir@epm.br</email>
				</corresp>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potencial Conflito de Interesses</bold>
          </p>
          <p> Declaro n&#227;o haver conflito de interesses pertinentes.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date pub-type="epub">
        <day>14</day>
        <month>12</month>
        <year>2013</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date pub-type="collection">
        <month>03</month>
        <year>2014</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>102</volume>
      <issue>02</issue>
      <fpage>165</fpage>
      <lpage>174</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>06</day>
          <month>05</month>
          <year>2013</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>01</day>
          <month>09</month>
          <year>2013</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>04</day>
          <month>09</month>
          <year>2013</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/">
          <license-p>This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the
						Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License which permits
						unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any
						medium, provided the original work is properly cited. </license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract xml:lang="pt">
        <sec>
          <title>FUNDAMENTO:</title>
          <p>O fen&#244;meno da isquemia e reperfus&#227;o intestinal &#233; um evento frequente na
						cl&#237;nica e est&#225; associado a repercuss&#245;es delet&#233;rias em &#243;rg&#227;os a dist&#226;ncia, em
						especial ao cora&#231;&#227;o. </p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>OBJETIVO:</title>
          <p> Investigar a express&#227;o g&#234;nica do estresse oxidativo e defesa antioxidante no
						cora&#231;&#227;o de camundongos isog&#234;nicos, submetidos a isquemia e reperfus&#227;o
						intestinal (IR). </p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>M&#201;TODOS:</title>
          <p>Doze camundongos (C57BL/6) foram distribu&#237;dos em dois grupos: Grupo IR (GIR)
						com 60 min de oclus&#227;o da art&#233;ria mesent&#233;rica superior, seguidos de 60 min de
						reperfus&#227;o. Grupo Controle (GC) submetidos a anestesia e a laparotomia sem o
						procedimento de IR observados por 120 min. As amostras de intestino e
						cora&#231;&#227;o foram processadas pelo m&#233;todo (RT-qPCR / Reverse transcriptase -
						quantitative Polymerase Chain Reaction) para determinar a express&#227;o g&#234;nica
						de 84 genes relacionados ao estresse oxidativo ("t" de Student, p &lt;
						0,05). </p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>RESULTADOS:</title>
          <p>Observou-se no tecido intestinal (GIR) uma express&#227;o significantemente
						aumentada em 65 (74,71%) genes em rela&#231;&#227;o ao tecido normal (GC), e 37
						(44,04%) genes estiveram hiperexpressos (maior que tr&#234;s vezes o limiar
						permitido pelo algoritmo). No tocante aos efeitos da I/R intestinal a
						dist&#226;ncia no tecido card&#237;aco verificou-se a express&#227;o significantemente
						aumentada de 28 genes (33,33%), mas somente oito genes (9,52%) se
						hiperexpressaram tr&#234;s vezes acima do limiar. Quatro (7,14%) desses oito
						genes se expressaram simultaneamente nos tecidos intestinal e card&#237;aco. No
						GIR notaram-se cardiomi&#243;citos com n&#250;cleos de menor tamanho, picn&#243;ticos,
						ricos em heterocromatina e raros nucl&#233;olos, indicando sofrimento card&#237;aco.
					</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>CONCLUS&#195;O:</title>
          <p>A I/R intestinal promoveu a hiperexpress&#227;o estatisticamente significante de
						oito genes associados ao estresse oxidativo a dist&#226;ncia no tecido
						mioc&#225;rdico.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <kwd>Express&#227;o G&#234;nica</kwd>
        <kwd>Camundongos</kwd>
        <kwd>Extresse Oxidativo</kwd>
        <kwd>Intestinos / patologia</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <counts>
        <fig-count count="4"/>
        <table-count count="4"/>
        <equation-count count="0"/>
        <ref-count count="40"/>
        <page-count count="1"/>
      </counts>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
      <p>A Isquemia e Reperfus&#227;o (IR) tecidual e as altera&#231;&#245;es celulares e humorais que se
				seguem t&#234;m grande impacto na homeostasia do organismo<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B01">1</xref>. Embora as esp&#233;cies reativas de oxig&#234;nio (EROs) estejam envolvidas na
				homeostase, sua presen&#231;a em quantidades que ultrapassem os limites naturais de
				defesa celular, pelos antioxidantes e varredores, levar&#225; ao desequil&#237;brio conhecido
				como estresse oxidativo<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B02">2</xref>. Embora o oxig&#234;nio
				seja um substrato cr&#237;tico para o al&#237;vio da isquemia, paradoxalmente funciona como
				metab&#243;lito delet&#233;rio durante o per&#237;odo de reperfus&#227;o<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B02">2</xref>
				<sup>-</sup>
				<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B05">5</xref>, predispondo ao comprometimento de &#243;rg&#227;os
				distantes, al&#233;m das les&#245;es locais<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B06">6</xref>.</p>
      <p>A IR, e o consequente estresse oxidativo, est&#225; associada a condi&#231;&#245;es cl&#237;nicas e
				cir&#250;rgicas, tais como: sepse, trauma oclusivo arterial, parada card&#237;aca, trombose,
				embolia, vasoespasmo, tumores, transplantes e ressec&#231;&#245;es de &#243;rg&#227;os, acidentes
				vasculares cerebrais e infarto do mioc&#225;rdio<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B02">2</xref>
				<sup>,</sup>
				<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B06">6</xref>
				<sup>-</sup>
				<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B08">8</xref>.</p>
      <p>O estresse oxidativo no sistema cardiovascular predisp&#245;e a les&#245;es graves nos
				cardiomi&#243;citos e vasos card&#237;acos, alterando os mecanismos de contra&#231;&#227;o e
				relaxamento, tendo como consequ&#234;ncia sua desadapta&#231;&#227;o e d&#233;ficit de fun&#231;&#227;o<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B06">6</xref>.</p>
      <p>A avalia&#231;&#227;o da express&#227;o g&#234;nica associada ao estresse oxidativo em &#243;rg&#227;os a dist&#226;ncia
				oferece uma nova ferramenta para esclarecer v&#225;rios aspectos do fen&#244;meno, tanto no
				diagn&#243;stico, monitoramento quanto nos resultados de procedimentos terap&#234;uticos<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B09">9</xref>
				<sup>,</sup>
				<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>. Um recurso tecnol&#243;gico de uso recente
				permite avaliar uma grande quantidade de genes de maneira segura e relativamente
				simplificada pelo m&#233;todo da RT- qPCR (Reverse transcriptase quantitative Polymerase
				Chain Reaction)<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref>
				<sup>-</sup>
				<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref>. Desse modo, tem sido descrita em modelos
				animais a resposta gen&#244;mica do cora&#231;&#227;o ao estresse oxidativo provocado por isquemia
				renal, hep&#225;tica, mesent&#233;rica, a oclus&#227;o da aorta infrarrenal da aorta ou isquemia de
				membros inferiores<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref>
				<sup>-</sup>
				<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref>.</p>
      <p>Considerando que a isquemia espl&#226;ncnica, em especial do intestino delgado, &#233; um
				evento grave e que al&#233;m de suas manifesta&#231;&#245;es locais tem repercuss&#245;es sist&#234;micas, a
				proposta desta pesquisa foi avaliar a express&#227;o de 84 genes relacionados ao estresse
				oxidativo e defesa antioxidante no tecido card&#237;aco ap&#243;s a isquemia e reperfus&#227;o
				intestinal em um modelo em camundongos isog&#234;nicos.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="methods">
      <title>M&#233;todos</title>
      <p>A pesquisa foi aprovada pela Comiss&#227;o de &#201;tica em Pesquisa do Hospital S&#227;o Paulo
				vinculado &#224; Universidade Federal de S&#227;o Paulo-UNIFESP sob o n&#250;mero (1379-1308). O
				projeto foi ratificado pela Comiss&#227;o de &#233;tica em pesquisa da Universidade Federal da
				Grande Dourados-UFGD (protocolo 306/08). Os procedimentos experimentais seguiram as
				normas internacionais de pesquisa em animal e as orienta&#231;&#245;es normativas da Sociedade
				Brasileira de Ci&#234;ncia em Animais de Laborat&#243;rio (SBCAL) e foram mantidos segundo o
				Guia para o Cuidado e Uso de Animais de Laborat&#243;rio (Instituto de Pesquisa Animal de
				Laborat&#243;rio, 1996).</p>
      <sec>
        <title>Amostra</title>
        <p>Os animais permaneceram em condi&#231;&#245;es ambientais controladas de temperatura,
					ru&#237;dos e ciclo de doze horas para luz e escurid&#227;o. Tiveram livre acesso a &#225;gua e
					ra&#231;&#227;o pr&#243;pria para a esp&#233;cie. Os procedimentos operat&#243;rios foram efetuados nos
					laborat&#243;rios de Cirurgia Experimental, no Departamento de Cirurgia da
					Universidade Federal da Grande Dourados (UFGD). Foram selecionados 12
					camundongos machos (linhagem C57BL/6), adultos, com peso m&#233;dio de 35 g,
					procedentes do Centro de Desenvolvimento de Modelos Experimentais para Medicina
					e Biologia UNIFESP (CEDEME) e aleatoriamente distribu&#237;dos em dois grupos, Grupo
					Isquemia e Reperfus&#227;o (GIR), seis animais submetidos a 60 min de oclus&#227;o da
					art&#233;ria mesent&#233;rica superior seguida de 60 min de reperfus&#227;o e Grupo Controle
					(GC), seis animais somente anestesiados, submetidos a laparotomia mediana, sem
					realiza&#231;&#227;o do clampeamento vascular do intestino e observados por 120 min.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Procedimentos anest&#233;sico e operat&#243;rio</title>
        <p>Os animais foram anestesiados por via intramuscular com solu&#231;&#227;o de cloridrato de
					quetamina (44 mg.Kg<sup>-1</sup>, Ketamina Agener- Uni&#227;o Qu&#237;mica, S&#227;o Paulo),
					cloridrato de xilasina (2,5 mg.Kg<sup>-1</sup>, Calmium- Uni&#227;o Qu&#237;mica, S&#227;o
					Paulo) e acepromazina (0,75 mg.Kg<sup>-1</sup>, Acepran Rhobifarma). A
					temperatura ambiente foi mantida em 38&#186;C. O procedimento cir&#250;rgico foi realizado
					com laparotomia mediana e ap&#243;s a abertura da cavidade peritoneal, foram
					afastadas as v&#237;sceras abdominais, identificadas e isoladas a art&#233;ria e a veia
					mesent&#233;ricas superiores e oclu&#237;das por clampe de microcirurgia
						(<italic>clip</italic> vascular met&#225;lico). A comprova&#231;&#227;o da oclus&#227;o arterial
					foi verificada pela colora&#231;&#227;o p&#225;lida intestinal, aus&#234;ncia de batimentos
					arteriais. Ap&#243;s 60 minutos de oclus&#227;o vascular o clampe met&#225;lico foi retirado,
					iniciando a reperfus&#227;o, caracterizada pelo retorno do batimento arterial e a
					mudan&#231;a de colora&#231;&#227;o das al&#231;as.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Procedimento de coleta de material</title>
        <p>Ap&#243;s o t&#233;rmino do per&#237;odo de reperfus&#227;o do grupo (GIR) ou do per&#237;odo de
					observa&#231;&#227;o do grupo (GC) os animais ainda anestesiados foram submetidos a coleta
					de amostras de intestino delgado para avalia&#231;&#227;o dos efeitos da isquemia e
					express&#227;o g&#234;nica. Ap&#243;s esse procedimento foi realizada a toracotomia, retirado o
					cora&#231;&#227;o, ainda com batimentos, que foi imediatamente seccionado transversalmente
					ao maior eixo, ao n&#237;vel dos ventr&#237;culos. Fragmentos do cora&#231;&#227;o foram mergulhados
					em frascos individuais com formalde&#237;do a 10% e submetidos ao processamento
					histol&#243;gico padronizado de microscopia &#243;ptica para a hematoxilina e eosina (HE).
					Outro fragmento transversal do cora&#231;&#227;o e segmento com 30 mm de extens&#227;o do
					intestino foram cuidadosamente lavados com solu&#231;&#227;o salina, envolvidos em papel
					de alum&#237;nio identificados e imersos em botij&#227;o criog&#234;nico contendo nitrog&#234;nio
					l&#237;quido (196 graus Celsius negativos). As amostras assim preservadas foram
					encaminhadas para o Laborat&#243;rio de Biologia Molecular do Departamento de
					Ginecologia - UNIFESP para o processamento de express&#227;o g&#234;nica.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Procedimentos para a determina&#231;&#227;o da express&#227;o g&#234;nica</title>
        <p>O RNA dos 84 genes relacionados ao efeito do estresse oxidativo e da defesa
					antioxidante (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t01">Tabela 1</xref>) foi extra&#237;do das
					amostras de intestino delgado e cora&#231;&#227;o dos animais dos GC e GIR por meio da
					utiliza&#231;&#227;o do reagente TRIzol<sup>&#174;</sup> (Life Technologies, Grand Island, NY,
					USA) e purificados por medidas inversas (Rneasy MiniKit Qiagen, Co - USA). A
					concentra&#231;&#227;o do total de amostras de RNA foi determinada por espectrofot&#244;metro e
					a qualidade dos resultados assegurada pela mesma an&#225;lise em gel agarose a 2%. A
					primeira cadeia de DNA complementar (cDNA) foi sintetizada usando 1
						<italic>&#181;</italic>g do RNA total e o <italic>kit</italic> de Primeira Cadeia
						RT<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B02">2</xref> (SABiosciences). Quantidades
					id&#234;nticas de cDNA e do Master Mix SYBR<sup>&#174;</sup> Green qPCR Mastermix
					(SABiosciences, QIAGEN Company) foram distribu&#237;das por cada po&#231;o do PCR
						<italic>array</italic> contendo as por&#231;&#245;es dos genes espec&#237;ficos
					anteriormente escolhidos. A PCR foi realizada segundo as instru&#231;&#245;es do
					fabricante em 96 po&#231;os para detectar a express&#227;o de 84 genes ligados ao estresse
					oxidativo, cinco genes de controle end&#243;geno usados para medi&#231;&#227;o das informa&#231;&#245;es
					do PCR <italic>array</italic> (ACTB, Gapdh, Hsp90ab1, Hprt1, Gusb), e um
					controle negativo para verificar poss&#237;vel contamina&#231;&#227;o por DNA gen&#244;mico. A
					amostra prim&#225;ria do controle negativo detectou, com alto n&#237;vel de sensibilidade,
					o DNA gen&#244;mico n&#227;o transcrito e repetitivo. Tr&#234;s po&#231;os com controles de
					transcri&#231;&#227;o reversas (RTCs) foram usados para verificar a efici&#234;ncia da rea&#231;&#227;o
					RT com o teste qPCR que busca detectar moldes sintetizados do RNA controle do
					primeiro <italic>kit</italic> de s&#237;ntese de cadeia. A replica&#231;&#227;o dos controles
					PCRs positivos (PPCs) foi usada para determinar a efici&#234;ncia da pr&#243;pria rea&#231;&#227;o
					da cadeia de polimerase. Esses controles usam sequ&#234;ncia de DNA artificial
					predefinida no processo de detec&#231;&#227;o. Os po&#231;os de controle replicado (RTCs e
					PPCs) tamb&#233;m avaliam a consist&#234;ncia entre os po&#231;os e entre as placas. O
						<italic>software</italic> do aparelho (MxPro Equipment Real Time Systems,
					Stratagene, GE, Co) calculou os valores do ciclo de in&#237;cio (Ct) para todos os
					genes em an&#225;lise. Por fim, realizou uma compara&#231;&#227;o em pares por meio do c&#225;lculo
					de mudan&#231;a na express&#227;o g&#234;nica desde o ciclo inicial puro usando o m&#233;todo
							<bold>[2<sup>-&#916; &#916;C</sup>]</bold>. O m&#233;todo usado para determinar a
					express&#227;o relativa dos genes de interesse nesse estudo foram colocados na tabela
					de an&#225;lise de dados do PCR Array v3.3 (PCR Array Data Analysis
					v3.3-SABiosciences - Qiagen, Company)<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref>.</p>
        <table-wrap id="t01">
          <label>Tabela 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Distribui&#231;&#227;o dos genes pesquisados segundo o agrupamento em fam&#237;lias
							com fun&#231;&#245;es similares e suas respectivas siglas de identifica&#231;&#227;o no
							banco de genes</title>
          </caption>
          <table rules="rows" frame="hsides">
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>#</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>Fam&#237;lias</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>No. de genes</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>Genes pesquisados</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td>1</td>
                <td>Glutationa Peroxidases (GPX):</td>
                <td align="center">10</td>
                <td align="center">Gpx1, Gpx2, Gpx3, Gpx4, Gpx5, Gpx6, Gpx7, Gpx8,
									Gstk1, Gsr.</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>2</td>
                <td>Peroxiredoxinas (TPX):</td>
                <td align="center">8</td>
                <td align="center">Ehd2, Prdx1, Prdx2, Prdx3, Prdx4, Prdx5, Prdx6,
									Prdx1rs1.</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>3</td>
                <td>Peroxidases</td>
                <td align="center">16</td>
                <td align="center">Aass, Apc, Cat, Ctsb, Duox1, Epx, Lpo, Mpo,
									Ptgs1, Ptgs2, Rag2, RGD1560658 (Serpinb1b), RGD1565187 (Kif9),
									Slc41a3, Tmod1, Tpo.</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>4</td>
                <td>Esp&#233;cies Reativas de Oxig&#234;nio</td>
                <td align="center">16</td>
                <td align="center">Ccs, Cyba, Fmo2, Il19, Il22, Ncf2, Nos2, Nox1,
									Nox4, Noxa1, Noxo1, Recql4, Scd1, Sod1, Sod2, Sod3.</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>5</td>
                <td>Estresse Oxidativo</td>
                <td align="center">22</td>
                <td align="center">Als2, Apoe, Ercc2, Ercc6 Gab1, Idh1, Mpp4, Nqo1,
									Nudt15, Nxn, Park7, Ppp1r15b, Prnp, Psmb5, Srxn1, Txnip, Txnrd1,
									Txnrd2, Txnrd3, Ucp3, Xpa, Zmynd17.</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>6</td>
                <td>Transportadores de Oxig&#234;nio</td>
                <td align="center">12</td>
                <td align="center">Aqr, LOC367198 (Atr), Cygb, Dnm2, Fancc, Hbq1,
									Slb (Ift172), Mb, Ngb, Slc38a1, Vim , Xirp1.</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
        </table-wrap>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>An&#225;lise Estat&#237;stica</title>
        <p>Para dados da express&#227;o g&#234;nica cada amostra foi avaliada em triplicata. O teste
					"t" de Student (p &lt; 0,05) foi aplicado para validar a homogeneidade da rea&#231;&#227;o
					de express&#227;o de cada gene. Para compara&#231;&#227;o entre os dois grupos o programa
					computacional calculou a varia&#231;&#227;o do ciclo de quantifica&#231;&#227;o (Ct) do grupo estudo
					em rela&#231;&#227;o o ciclo de quantifica&#231;&#227;o (Ct) grupo controle expressos na base
					logar&#237;tmica (2) pela f&#243;rmula 2^(<sup>-</sup>Delta Delta Ct). Os resultados da
					express&#227;o g&#234;nica s&#227;o apresentados como express&#227;o positiva (GIR maior que GC) ou
					express&#227;o negativa (GIR menor que GC). Os n&#250;meros representam quantas vezes cada
					gene se expressou, acima [sinal positivo (+)] ou abaixo [sinal negativo (-)]. O
					programa de <italic>software</italic> estabeleceu os resultados tr&#234;s vezes acima
					(hiperexpress&#227;o) ou tr&#234;s vezes abaixo (hipoexpress&#227;o) o limiar permitido pelo
					algoritmo para signific&#226;ncia estat&#237;stica (p &lt; 0,05).</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="results">
      <title>Resultados</title>
      <sec>
        <title>Avalia&#231;&#227;o da Express&#227;o G&#234;nica</title>
        <p>Em 84 genes avaliados no intestino, 65 genes (74,71%) apresentaram express&#227;o
					positiva, e desses, 37 (44,04%) genes foram hiperexpressos, ou seja, express&#227;o
					superior a tr&#234;s vezes o limiar estabelecido pelo algoritmo em compara&#231;&#227;o com o
					grupo controle (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01">Gr&#225;fico 1</xref>).</p>
        <fig id="f01" fig-type="other">
          <label>Gr&#225;fico 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Dispers&#227;o da express&#227;o dos 84 genes no tecido card&#237;aco relacionados
							com o fen&#244;meno de isquemia e reperfus&#227;o intestinal nos animais do grupo
							GC e GIR; a linha preta indica a express&#227;o do n&#237;vel de normalidade; as
							linhas rosa indicam o limiar de tr&#234;s vezes da express&#227;o g&#234;nica permitida
							pelo algoritmo.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-102-02-0165-30240-gf01.jpg"/></fig>
        <p>Na an&#225;lise sobre o tecido card&#237;aco, ap&#243;s a I/R intestinal, ocorreu express&#227;o
					positiva em 28 (33,33%) genes (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t02">Tabela
					2</xref>). Apenas oito (9,52%) superaram em tr&#234;s vezes o limiar do algoritmo
						(<xref ref-type="table" rid="t03">Tabela 3</xref> e <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02">gr&#225;fico 2</xref>). Quatro genes (4,76%) se expressaram positiva e
					simultaneamente nos tecidos intestinal e card&#237;aco (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t04">Tabela 4</xref>).</p>
        <table-wrap id="t02">
          <label>Tabela 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Distribui&#231;&#227;o de 28 genes dentre os 84 genes investigados no cora&#231;&#227;o
							com express&#227;o positiva (+) ou express&#227;o negativa (-) 2^(- Delta Delta
							Ct) nos animais submetidos a 60 min de isquemia do intestino delgado e
							60 min de reperfus&#227;o em compara&#231;&#227;o ao grupo controle sem isquemia /
							reperfus&#227;o; (* = valor significante p &lt; 0,05)</title>
          </caption>
          <table rules="rows" frame="hsides">
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold># </bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>Base do Gene </bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>S&#237;mbolo do Gene </bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>Nome do Gene </bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>GIR Intestino </bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>P- valor </bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>GIR Cora&#231;&#227;o </bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>P- valor </bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td>1</td>
                <td>NM_013930</td>
                <td align="center">Aass</td>
                <td align="center">Aminoadipate-semialdehyde synthase</td>
                <td align="center">+19,63*</td>
                <td align="center">0,000001</td>
                <td align="center">+6,65*</td>
                <td align="center">0,01209</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>2</td>
                <td>NM_009696</td>
                <td align="center">Apoe</td>
                <td align="center">Apolipoprotein E</td>
                <td align="center">+1,76*</td>
                <td align="center">0,002533</td>
                <td align="center">+3,60*</td>
                <td align="center">0,01737</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>3</td>
                <td>NM_007985</td>
                <td align="center">Fancc</td>
                <td align="center">Fanconi anemia. complementation group C</td>
                <td align="center">+7,42*</td>
                <td align="center">0,000015</td>
                <td align="center">+1,87*</td>
                <td align="center">0,04313</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>4</td>
                <td>NM_018881</td>
                <td align="center">Fmo2</td>
                <td align="center">Flavin containing monooxygenase 2</td>
                <td align="center">+1,52*</td>
                <td align="center">0,019633</td>
                <td align="center">+4,93*</td>
                <td align="center">0,00772</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>5</td>
                <td>NM_010343</td>
                <td align="center">Gpx5</td>
                <td align="center">Glutathione peroxidase 5</td>
                <td align="center">+5,10*</td>
                <td align="center">0,001774</td>
                <td align="center">+0,50*</td>
                <td align="center">0,03717</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>6</td>
                <td>NM_027127</td>
                <td align="center">Gpx8</td>
                <td align="center">Glutathione peroxidase 8 (putative)</td>
                <td align="center">+1,43</td>
                <td align="center">0,072334</td>
                <td align="center">+2,19*</td>
                <td align="center">0,01271</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>7</td>
                <td>NM_010344</td>
                <td align="center">Gsr</td>
                <td align="center">Glutathione reductase</td>
                <td align="center">+1,64</td>
                <td align="center">0,149896</td>
                <td align="center">+2,34*</td>
                <td align="center">0,02997</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>8</td>
                <td>NM_080420</td>
                <td align="center">Lpo</td>
                <td align="center">Lactoperoxidase</td>
                <td align="center">+23,88*</td>
                <td align="center">0,00002</td>
                <td align="center">-2,28*</td>
                <td align="center">0,00326</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>9</td>
                <td>NM_010877</td>
                <td align="center">Ncf2</td>
                <td align="center">Neutrophil cytosolic factor 2</td>
                <td align="center">+4,31*</td>
                <td align="center">0,000018</td>
                <td align="center">+2,43*</td>
                <td align="center">0,02876</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>10</td>
                <td>NM_010927</td>
                <td align="center">Nos2</td>
                <td align="center">Nitric oxide synthase 2. inducible</td>
                <td align="center">+4,71*</td>
                <td align="center">0,000117</td>
                <td align="center">+1,31*</td>
                <td align="center">0,00129</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>11</td>
                <td>NM_015760</td>
                <td align="center">Nox4</td>
                <td align="center">NADPH oxidase 4</td>
                <td align="center">+12,47*</td>
                <td align="center">0,000005</td>
                <td align="center">+5,73*</td>
                <td align="center">0,02561</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>12</td>
                <td>NM_172204</td>
                <td align="center">Noxa1</td>
                <td align="center">NADPH oxidase activator 1</td>
                <td align="center">+3,06*</td>
                <td align="center">0,000083</td>
                <td align="center">+1,49*</td>
                <td align="center">0,00072</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>13</td>
                <td>NM_027988</td>
                <td align="center">Noxo1</td>
                <td align="center">NADPH oxidase organizer 1</td>
                <td align="center">+1,33*</td>
                <td align="center">0,000177</td>
                <td align="center">+2,10*</td>
                <td align="center">0,03623</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>14</td>
                <td>NM_008750</td>
                <td align="center">Nxn</td>
                <td align="center">Nucleoredoxin</td>
                <td align="center">+1,98*</td>
                <td align="center">0,002268</td>
                <td align="center">+2,53*</td>
                <td align="center">0,036</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>15</td>
                <td>NM_133819</td>
                <td align="center">Ppp1r15b</td>
                <td align="center">Protein phosphatase 1. regulatory (inhibitor)
									subunit 15b</td>
                <td align="center">+1,06</td>
                <td align="center">0,962143</td>
                <td align="center">+1,99*</td>
                <td align="center">0,04908</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>16</td>
                <td>NM_012021</td>
                <td align="center">Prdx5</td>
                <td align="center">Peroxiredoxin 5</td>
                <td align="center">-1,54*</td>
                <td align="center">0,008534</td>
                <td align="center">+2,14*</td>
                <td align="center">0,01926</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>17</td>
                <td>NM_011186</td>
                <td align="center">Psmb5</td>
                <td align="center">Proteasome (prosome. macropain) subunit. beta
									type 5</td>
                <td align="center">+1,21</td>
                <td align="center">0,078442</td>
                <td align="center">+1,32*</td>
                <td align="center">0,00488</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>18</td>
                <td>NM_008969</td>
                <td align="center">Ptgs1</td>
                <td align="center">Prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase 1</td>
                <td align="center">+1,56*</td>
                <td align="center">0,012124</td>
                <td align="center">+2,94*</td>
                <td align="center">0,00004</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>19</td>
                <td>NM_011198</td>
                <td align="center">Ptgs2</td>
                <td align="center">Prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase 2</td>
                <td align="center">+10,07*</td>
                <td align="center">0,000003</td>
                <td align="center">+3,94*</td>
                <td align="center">0,00691</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>20</td>
                <td>NM_009020</td>
                <td align="center">Rag2</td>
                <td align="center">Recombination activating gene 2</td>
                <td align="center">+15,79*</td>
                <td align="center">0,000293</td>
                <td align="center">+3,42*</td>
                <td align="center">0,04444</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>21</td>
                <td>NM_009127</td>
                <td align="center">Scd1</td>
                <td align="center">Stearoyl-Coenzyme A desaturase 1</td>
                <td align="center">+6,85*</td>
                <td align="center">0,00042</td>
                <td align="center">+31,73*</td>
                <td align="center">0,000099</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>22</td>
                <td>NM_134086</td>
                <td align="center">Slc38a1</td>
                <td align="center">Solute carrier family 38. member 1</td>
                <td align="center">+4,59*</td>
                <td align="center">0,000106</td>
                <td align="center">+8,86*</td>
                <td align="center">0,01516</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>23</td>
                <td>NM_013671</td>
                <td align="center">Sod2</td>
                <td align="center">Superoxide dismutase 2. mitochondrial</td>
                <td align="center">+1,47*</td>
                <td align="center">0,009249</td>
                <td align="center">-1,80*</td>
                <td align="center">0,02156</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>24</td>
                <td>NM_011435</td>
                <td align="center">Sod3</td>
                <td align="center">Superoxide dismutase 3. extracellular</td>
                <td align="center">+2,51*</td>
                <td align="center">0,002347</td>
                <td align="center">+1,28*</td>
                <td align="center">0,00081</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>25</td>
                <td>NM_021883</td>
                <td align="center">Tmod1</td>
                <td align="center">Tropomodulin 1</td>
                <td align="center">+15,01*</td>
                <td align="center">0,000161</td>
                <td align="center">-1,05*</td>
                <td align="center">0,00619</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>26</td>
                <td>NM_023719</td>
                <td align="center">Txnip</td>
                <td align="center">Thioredoxin interacting protein</td>
                <td align="center">+1,87*</td>
                <td align="center">0,00026</td>
                <td align="center">+2,02*</td>
                <td align="center">0,00127</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>27</td>
                <td>NM_009464</td>
                <td align="center">Ucp3</td>
                <td align="center">Uncoupling protein 3 (mitochondrial. proton
									carrier)</td>
                <td align="center">+15,85*</td>
                <td align="center">0,000102</td>
                <td align="center">+1,62*</td>
                <td align="center">0,01441</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>28</td>
                <td>NM_011701</td>
                <td align="center">Vim</td>
                <td align="center">Vimentin</td>
                <td align="center">+2,20*</td>
                <td align="center">0,000155</td>
                <td align="center">+2,59*</td>
                <td align="center">0,01509</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
        </table-wrap>
        <table-wrap id="t03">
          <label>Tabela 3</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Distribui&#231;&#227;o de oito genes hiperexpressos 2^(- Delta Delta Ct) dentre
							os 84 genes investigados no cora&#231;&#227;o de comparados aos genes expressos no
							intestino de animais submetidos a 60 min de isquemia do intestino
							delgado e 60 min de reperfus&#227;o em compara&#231;&#227;o ao grupo controle sem
							isquemia / reperfus&#227;o; (* = valor p &lt; 0,05)</title>
          </caption>
          <table rules="rows" frame="hsides">
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold># </bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>Base do Gene </bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>S&#237;mbolo do Gene </bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>Nome do Gene </bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>GIR Intestino </bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>P- valor </bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>GIR Cora&#231;&#227;o </bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>P- valor </bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td>1</td>
                <td>NM_013930</td>
                <td align="center">Aass</td>
                <td align="center">Aminoadipate-semialdehyde synthase</td>
                <td align="center">+19,64</td>
                <td align="center">0,000001*</td>
                <td align="center">+6,65</td>
                <td align="center">0,012092*</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>2</td>
                <td>NM_009696</td>
                <td align="center">Apoe</td>
                <td align="center">Apolipoprotein E</td>
                <td align="center">+1,94</td>
                <td align="center">0,002533*</td>
                <td align="center">+3,6</td>
                <td align="center">0,017365*</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>3</td>
                <td>NM_018881</td>
                <td align="center">Fmo2</td>
                <td align="center">Flavin containing monooxygenase 2</td>
                <td align="center">+1,6</td>
                <td align="center">0,019633*</td>
                <td align="center">+4,93</td>
                <td align="center">0,007719*</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>4</td>
                <td>NM_015760</td>
                <td align="center">Nox4</td>
                <td align="center">NADPH oxidase 4</td>
                <td align="center">+3,13</td>
                <td align="center">0,000005*</td>
                <td align="center">+5,73</td>
                <td align="center">0,025614*</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>5</td>
                <td>NM_011198</td>
                <td align="center">Ptgs2</td>
                <td align="center">Prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase 2</td>
                <td align="center">+14,6</td>
                <td align="center">0,000003*</td>
                <td align="center">+3,94</td>
                <td align="center">0,006908*</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>6</td>
                <td>NM_009020</td>
                <td align="center">Rag2</td>
                <td align="center">Recombination activating gene 2</td>
                <td align="center">+10,76</td>
                <td align="center">0,000293*</td>
                <td align="center">+3,42</td>
                <td align="center">0,044442*</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>7</td>
                <td>NM_009127</td>
                <td align="center">Scd1</td>
                <td align="center">Stearoyl-Coenzyme A desaturase 1</td>
                <td align="center">+1,62</td>
                <td align="center">0,000420*</td>
                <td align="center">+31,73</td>
                <td align="center">0,000099*</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>8</td>
                <td>NM_134086</td>
                <td align="center">Slc38a1</td>
                <td align="center">Solute carrier family 38, member 1</td>
                <td align="center">-1,29</td>
                <td align="center">0,000106*</td>
                <td align="center">+8,86</td>
                <td align="center">0,015159*</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
        </table-wrap>
        <fig id="f02" fig-type="other">
          <label>Gr&#225;fico 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Oito genes relacionados ao estresse oxidativo e com express&#227;o tr&#234;s
							vezes acima do limiar da permitido pelo algoritmo nos tecidos intestinal
							e card&#237;aco.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-102-02-0165-30240-gf02.jpg"/></fig>
        <table-wrap id="t04">
          <label>Tabela 4</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Quantidade e porcentagem da ocorr&#234;ncia de genes hiperexpressos com
							valores estatisticamente significantes e suas ocorr&#234;ncias simult&#226;nea nos
							tecidos intestinal e card&#237;aco</title>
          </caption>
          <table rules="rows" frame="hsides">
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <td>&#160;</td>
                <td colspan="2" align="center">
                  <bold>GIR Intestino </bold>
                </td>
                <td colspan="2" align="center">
                  <bold>GIR Cora&#231;&#227;o</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>Ocorr&#234;ncia simult&#226;nea </bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td>Genes considerados significantes (p &lt; 0,05)</td>
                <td colspan="2" align="center">65 (74,71%)</td>
                <td colspan="2" align="center">28 (33,33%)</td>
                <td align="center">24 (28,57%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Genes considerados hiperexpressos</td>
                <td colspan="2" align="center">37 (44,04%)</td>
                <td colspan="2" align="center">8 (9,52%)</td>
                <td align="center">4 (4,76%)</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
        </table-wrap>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Avalia&#231;&#227;o Histol&#243;gica</title>
        <p>Na avalia&#231;&#227;o histol&#243;gica qualitativa as amostras dos tecidos do cora&#231;&#227;o dos
					animais pertencentes aos dois grupos de estudo estavam constitu&#237;dos por v&#225;rios
					feixes de fibras musculares card&#237;acas separados uns dos outros por fibras
					col&#225;genas do tipo I. Esses feixes estavam formados por c&#233;lulas musculares
					c&#225;rdicas, de forma alongada com um ou dois n&#250;cleos em posi&#231;&#227;o central, contendo
					no citoplasma estria&#231;&#245;es transversais. Ao redor dos cardiomi&#243;citos nota-se a
					presen&#231;a de c&#233;lulas do tecido conjuntivo, fibras col&#225;genas tipo III e capilares
					sangu&#237;neos.</p>
        <p>No GC observaram-se cardiomi&#243;citos contendo um ou dois n&#250;cleos volumosos e
					nucl&#233;olos bem evidentes (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f03">Figura 1</xref>). No
					grupo GIR (uma hora de isquemia e uma hora de reperfus&#227;o) notaram-se
					cardiomi&#243;citos de menor tamanho com n&#250;cleos picn&#243;ticos mais escuros, ricos em
					heterocromatina e raros nucl&#233;olos, indicando sofrimento card&#237;aco (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f04">Figura 2</xref>).</p>
        <fig id="f03" fig-type="other">
          <label>Figura 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Fotomicrografia do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo de camundongo pertencente ao
							Grupo Controle (GC). Notar os n&#250;cleos de cardiomi&#243;citos centralizados na
							c&#233;lula, volumosos e eucrom&#225;ticos (setas amarelas); vasos &#237;ntegros sem
							extravasamento de hem&#225;cias (setas azuis); fibras card&#237;acas dispostas
							regularmente. (HE 400x).</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-102-02-0165-30240-gf03.jpg"/></fig>
        <fig id="f04" fig-type="other">
          <label>Figura 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Fotomicrografia mostrando ventr&#237;culo esquerdo de camundongo
							pertencente ao grupo isquemia e reperfus&#227;o (GIR). Notar n&#250;cleos dos
							cardiomi&#243;citos na periferia celular (seta branca), de volume diminu&#237;do e
							picn&#243;ticos (setas amarelas); c&#233;lulas edemaciadas e desestrutura&#231;&#227;o da
							dire&#231;&#227;o das fibras card&#237;acas. (HE 400x).</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-102-02-0165-30240-gf04.jpg"/></fig>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="discussion">
      <title>Discuss&#227;o</title>
      <p>Os dados coletados na pesquisa sobre estresse oxidativo e resposta antioxidante
				celular mostraram que, num modelo de isquemia intestinal em curto prazo (uma hora de
				isquemia seguida de uma hora de reperfus&#227;o) em camundongos isog&#234;nicos, ocorreu a
				express&#227;o positiva de determinados genes no tecido card&#237;aco (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t02">Tabela 2</xref> e <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01">gr&#225;fico
				1</xref>).</p>
      <p>A an&#225;lise global permite afirmar que a isquemia intestinal seguida de reperfus&#227;o &#233; um
				fen&#244;meno intimamente relacionado &#224; gera&#231;&#227;o e modula&#231;&#227;o das esp&#233;cies reativas de
				oxig&#234;nio. As altera&#231;&#245;es locais no intestino promoveram respostas humorais e
				celulares que, disseminadas pela corrente sangu&#237;nea, afetaram o aparato gen&#244;mico do
				tecido card&#237;aco induzindo respostas de express&#227;o g&#234;nica relacionadas &#224; gera&#231;&#227;o e
				modula&#231;&#227;o de EROs.</p>
      <p>O gene Aminoadipate-semialdehyde synthase (Aass) codifica uma prote&#237;na peroxidase com
				atividade catalisadora cujos substratos s&#227;o o per&#243;xido de hidrog&#234;nio e os
				hidroper&#243;xidos org&#226;nicos. Est&#225; presente na maioria dos tecidos, funcionando como uma
				enzima bifuncional degradando a lisina at&#233; acetilcoenzima A (acetil-CoA) por duas
				vias metab&#243;licas distintas (sacaropina e &#225;cido pipec&#243;lico)<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref>
				<sup>,</sup>
				<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref>. A lisina causa lipoperoxida&#231;&#227;o diminuindo
				a concentra&#231;&#227;o de glutationa peroxidases e comprometendo as defesas antioxidantes
				celulares. Atua causando a inibi&#231;&#227;o da Na<sup>+</sup>/K<sup>+</sup>-ATPase com
				altera&#231;&#245;es dos mecanismos de troca i&#244;nica na membrana celular, sendo indutora do
				estresse oxidativo<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref>
				<sup>,</sup>
				<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref>. A degrada&#231;&#227;o da lisina pela acetila&#231;&#227;o
				atua na motilidade do mioc&#225;rdio, aumentando a velocidade de deslizamento da
				actina-miosina em compara&#231;&#227;o com as suas respectivas isoformas n&#227;o acetiladas<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref>. Em raz&#227;o das atividades conhecidas da
				enzima codificada pelo gene Aass &#233; poss&#237;vel inferir que a sua hiperexpress&#227;o no
				tecido card&#237;aco esteve associada &#224; prote&#231;&#227;o do tecido card&#237;aco da a&#231;&#227;o delet&#233;ria das
				EROs.</p>
      <p>A prostaglandina-endoper&#243;xido sintetase (Ptgs-2) &#233; uma peroxidase com a fun&#231;&#227;o de
				converter o &#225;cido araquid&#244;nico em prostaglandina e est&#225; associada &#224;s les&#245;es causadas
				pelo processo inflamat&#243;rio e prolifera&#231;&#227;o celular<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref>. Ela tem duas fun&#231;&#245;es no processo inflamat&#243;rio: inicialmente
				contribui para o aparecimento da inflama&#231;&#227;o e posteriormente atua na resolu&#231;&#227;o do
					processo<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref>
				<sup>,</sup>
				<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref>. A Ptgs2 n&#227;o &#233; detect&#225;vel nas c&#233;lulas em
				condi&#231;&#245;es normais, por&#233;m est&#225; presente em resposta a citocinas inflamat&#243;rias em
				diferentes tipos celulares e situa&#231;&#245;es de estresse oxidativo. H&#225; relato de sua
				presen&#231;a no mioc&#225;rdio em v&#225;rias doen&#231;as concorrendo para a fal&#234;ncia card&#237;aca. No
				contexto desta pesquisa a hiperexpress&#227;o do gene Ptgs2 mostrou que o tecido
				mioc&#225;rdio &#233; sens&#237;vel a isquemia intestinal respondendo de modo defensivo contra o
				estresse oxidativo<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref>.</p>
      <p>Os processos de neutraliza&#231;&#227;o de xenobi&#243;ticos, entre eles aminas, sulfuretos e alguns
				compostos de f&#243;sforo e sel&#234;nio, s&#227;o executados por uma enzima da fam&#237;lia das mono
				oxigenases (Fmo2) que cont&#234;m o nucleot&#237;deo flavina. A rea&#231;&#227;o &#233; dependente da
				presen&#231;a do NADPH (nicotinamida adenina dinucle&#243;tido fosfato hidrogenase). Na
				aus&#234;ncia de NADP (nicotinamida adenina dinucle&#243;tido fosfato) a Fmo2 funcionaria como
				uma NADPH-oxidase que consome NADPH e causa estresse oxidativo, mediante a produ&#231;&#227;o
				excessiva de per&#243;xido de hidrog&#234;nio<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref>.
				Mam&#237;feros expressam cinco diferentes mono-oxigenases, e a isoforma Fmo2 &#233; a mais
				prevalente Estudo em humanos associou a Fmo2 com a maior resist&#234;ncia ao estresse
				oxidativo causado por fatores ambientais<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref>
				<sup>,</sup>
				<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref>. Nesta pesquisa a hiperexpress&#227;o do gene
				Fmo2 sugere que a isquemia intestinal induziu a codifica&#231;&#227;o da prote&#237;na para a
				defesa antioxidante do tecido card&#237;aco.</p>
      <p>A NADPH oxidase (Nox) &#233; um grupo de sete enzimas oxidases com manifesta&#231;&#227;o
				intracelular, perinuclear e presente em diversos tecidos. &#201; relevante sua presen&#231;a
				no tecido cardiovascular, embora sem distin&#231;&#227;o clara entre mi&#243;citos e demais
				componentes vasculares. A Nox4 &#233; a isoforma envolvida na produ&#231;&#227;o de EROs,
				predominantemente de per&#243;xido de hidrog&#234;nio e em menor escala do &#226;nion
					super&#243;xido<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref>. Est&#225; envolvida na detec&#231;&#227;o
				de oxig&#234;nio, controle vasomotor, prolifera&#231;&#227;o celular, diferencia&#231;&#227;o, migra&#231;&#227;o,
				apoptose, senesc&#234;ncia, fibrose e angiog&#234;nese<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref>. Citocinas inflamat&#243;rias, entre elas a TNF-alfa, funcionam como
				moduladoras da express&#227;o do gene Nox4<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref>.
				Ambas desempenham um papel relevante na patog&#234;nese das doen&#231;as cardiovasculares
				estimulando a via extr&#237;nseca na forma&#231;&#227;o de um complexo de sinaliza&#231;&#227;o indutor de
				morte celular, conduzindo &#224; ativa&#231;&#227;o da cascata de caspases. Fica evidente a
				correla&#231;&#227;o delas em doen&#231;as cardiovasculares (aterosclerose, hipertens&#227;o arterial,
				insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca e acidente vascular cerebral isqu&#234;mico)<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref>
				<sup>,</sup>
				<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref>
				<sup>,</sup>
				<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref>. A sua hiperexpress&#227;o evidencia que a
				isquemia/reperfus&#227;o intestinal teve um efeito delet&#233;rio sobre o cora&#231;&#227;o. O efeito
				p&#244;de ser constatado morfologicamente pelas altera&#231;&#245;es identificadas nas l&#226;minas
				coradas pela HE (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f04">Figura 2</xref>). </p>
      <p>A apoliprote&#237;na E (Apoe) &#233; fundamental para o metabolismo normal dos componentes
				lipoprot&#233;icos de triglic&#233;rides e colesterol. Primariamente produzida pelo f&#237;gado e
				macr&#243;fagos, atua no transporte do colesterol, prote&#231;&#227;o &#224;s c&#233;lulas endoteliais dos
				vasos, tem aparente a&#231;&#227;o em doen&#231;as neurol&#243;gicas, e exerce fun&#231;&#245;es imunomoduladoras
					<italic>in vitro</italic> diminuindo prolifera&#231;&#227;o de linf&#243;citos ap&#243;s o est&#237;mulo
					mitog&#234;nico<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref>. H&#225; relatos da sua a&#231;&#227;o ante
				a isquemia agindo como antioxidante, protegendo c&#233;lulas de diferentes tecidos, como
				o endot&#233;lio contra o efeito t&#243;xico do per&#243;xido de hidrog&#234;nio<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref>
				<sup>-</sup>
				<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34">34</xref>. Considerando as atividades da Apoe nos
				diferentes tecidos, pode-se levantar a hip&#243;tese de que ante o estresse oxidativo do
				nosso modelo experimental houve uma resposta de prote&#231;&#227;o dos efeitos delet&#233;rios das
				EROs sobre o cora&#231;&#227;o.</p>
      <p>O gene Rag2 (<italic>recombination-activating gene 2</italic>) codifica uma das
				peroxidases que desempenham papel importante no rearranjo e recombina&#231;&#227;o dos genes
				das imunoglobulinas e dos receptores moleculares de c&#233;lulas T<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref>. &#201; uma multiprote&#237;na complexa, mediadora da fase de clivagem
				de DNA durante recombina&#231;&#227;o. As prote&#237;nas RAG1 E RAG2 s&#227;o essenciais para a
				matura&#231;&#227;o dos linf&#243;citos bursa (B) e timo (T) dependentes. Os dois tipos celulares
				s&#227;o fundamentais na adapta&#231;&#227;o do sistema imunol&#243;gico<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B35">35</xref>. As peroxidases s&#227;o conhecidas por desempenhar um papel na modula&#231;&#227;o
				do estresse oxidativo<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B35">35</xref>
				<sup>,</sup>
				<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B36">36</xref>. A hiperexpress&#227;o da Rag2 pode estar
				associada &#224; necessidade de ajustes na replica&#231;&#227;o celular card&#237;aca devido &#224; presen&#231;a
				de excessiva quantidade de EROs, em especial o per&#243;xido de hidrog&#234;nio e os
				hidroper&#243;xidos org&#226;nicos, mostrando uma a&#231;&#227;o de prote&#231;&#227;o aos efeitos delet&#233;rios das
				EROs.</p>
      <p>A prote&#237;na codificada pelo gene Scd1 (Stearoyl-Coenzyme A desaturase
					<italic>1</italic>) catalisa a s&#237;ntese de &#225;cidos graxos insaturados e seu
				principal produto &#233; o &#225;cido oleico, formado pela dessatura&#231;&#227;o do &#225;cido este&#225;rico, e
				est&#225; agrupada na fam&#237;lia de enzimas relacionadas &#224;s esp&#233;cies reativas de
					oxig&#234;nio<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B37">37</xref>. A defici&#234;ncia de Scd1 aumenta
				a taxa de oxida&#231;&#227;o de &#225;cidos graxos no f&#237;gado e no m&#250;sculo esquel&#233;tico. Quanto maior
				essa taxa, maior &#233; a probabilidade de que a defici&#234;ncia de Scd1 venha a alterar o
				metabolismo card&#237;aco invertendo a propor&#231;&#227;o do substrato energ&#233;tico entre &#225;cidos
				graxos e glicose dispon&#237;vel para o cora&#231;&#227;o<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B38">38</xref>.
				A incompatibilidade entre a absor&#231;&#227;o e utiliza&#231;&#227;o de &#225;cidos graxos de cadeia longa
				pelo mioc&#225;rdio leva a concentra&#231;&#227;o anormalmente elevada de &#225;cido graxo intracelular,
				induzindo a disfun&#231;&#227;o do mioc&#225;rdio<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B37">37</xref>. Na
				presente pesquisa, a hiperexpress&#227;o do gene no tecido card&#237;aco pode estar
				relacionada &#224; necessidade de maior aproveitamento das gorduras em substitui&#231;&#227;o ao
				substrato oxid&#225;vel dependente da glicose, na tentativa de reparar o desequil&#237;brio
				metab&#243;lico card&#237;aco.</p>
      <p>A prote&#237;na codificada pelo gene Slc38a1 (Solute carrier family <italic>38</italic>) &#233;
				transportadora de amino&#225;cidos de ocorr&#234;ncia predominante no cora&#231;&#227;o, no c&#233;rebro e na
				placenta. Transportadores de soluto s&#227;o prote&#237;nas da membrana eucari&#243;tica que
				controlam a absor&#231;&#227;o e efluxo de diferentes solutos, incluindo amino&#225;cidos, a&#231;&#250;cares
				e f&#225;rmacos<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B39">39</xref>. Os amino&#225;cidos s&#227;o necess&#225;rios
				para uma ampla variedade de importantes processos biol&#243;gicos celulares como na
				produ&#231;&#227;o do tiol glutationa (GSH) catalisada pela presen&#231;a da ciste&#237;na tamb&#233;m
				necess&#225;ria para outras rea&#231;&#245;es no tecido do mioc&#225;rdio e fornecida pela prote&#237;na
				transportadora Slc38a1<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B40">40</xref>. A vig&#234;ncia do
				estresse oxidativo estimula sua capta&#231;&#227;o provocando aumentos de express&#227;o Slc38A1 no
				mioc&#225;rdio de mam&#237;feros, consequentemente com maior presen&#231;a de (GSH)<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B39">39</xref>
				<sup>,</sup>
				<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B40">40</xref>. No presente estudo a hiperexpress&#227;o do
				gene Slc38a1 corrobora a afirma&#231;&#227;o de sua a&#231;&#227;o similar em outros tecidos e mostra
				que sua presen&#231;a pode implicar uma a&#231;&#227;o protetora no mecanismo de transporte
				energ&#233;tico da c&#233;lula mioc&#225;rdica.</p>
      <p>O racional desta pesquisa foi tra&#231;ar o perfil de resposta g&#234;nica do tecido card&#237;aco
				quando submetido a est&#237;mulos provenientes de &#243;rg&#227;os a dist&#226;ncia atingidos pelo
				estresse oxidativo. Dados o ineditismo dos resultados e a complexidade da express&#227;o
				g&#234;nica, a ratifica&#231;&#227;o dos resultados fica na depend&#234;ncia de confirma&#231;&#227;o posterior
				atrav&#233;s da prote&#244;mica, onde a identifica&#231;&#227;o e a quantifica&#231;&#227;o da prote&#237;na no tecido
				poder&#227;o fornecer subs&#237;dios que permitam verificar se a express&#227;o g&#234;nica funcionou
				como est&#237;mulo real de codifica&#231;&#227;o proteica ou se a express&#227;o est&#225; relacionada &#224;
				sinaliza&#231;&#227;o ou modula&#231;&#227;o de outras vias metab&#243;licas de resposta ao estresse
				oxidativo. Como ponto de partida para futuras pesquisas o mapeamento realizado
				permitiu identificar oito genes que se mostraram mais respons&#237;veis ao estresse
				oxidativo que, portanto, devam ser inicialmente focados como novo objeto de estudo.
				A linha de pesquisa &#233; promissora, pois o entendimento da express&#227;o g&#234;nica poder&#225;
				produzir procedimentos de monitoramento da evolu&#231;&#227;o e tratamento da s&#237;ndrome de
				fal&#234;ncia de m&#250;ltiplos &#243;rg&#227;os e especificamente na participa&#231;&#227;o do tecido card&#237;aco
				nesse fen&#244;meno.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="conclusions">
      <title>Conclus&#245;es</title>
      <p>No perfil tra&#231;ado para a resposta g&#234;nica associada ao estresse oxidativo foram
				identificados oito genes no tecido card&#237;aco que respondem com hiperexpress&#227;o quando
				o intestino &#233; submetido a isquemia e reperfus&#227;o. O estudo abre perspectiva de
				organizar um protocolo de monitoramento em situa&#231;&#245;es cl&#237;nicas de isquemia e
				reperfus&#227;o a partir da express&#227;o g&#234;nica em tempo real.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec>
      <title>Contribui&#231;&#227;o dos autores</title>
      <p>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa: Somaio Neto F, Fagundes DJ; Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados,
				An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados e Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito: Somaio Neto F, Ikejiri
				AT, Bertoletto PR, Chaves JCB, Teruya R, Fagundes DJ, Taha MO; An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica:
				Somaio Neto F, Teruya R, Fagundes DJ; Obten&#231;&#227;o de financiamento: Somaio Neto F,
				Ikejiri AT, Bertoletto PR, Chaves JCB, Taha MO; Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto
				ao conte&#250;do intelectual: Fagundes DJ.</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
    <ack>
      <p>Os autores agradecem ao Prof. Dr. Ismael Dale Cotrim Guerreiro da Silva, Ginecologia
				Molecular da UNIFESP, o suporte log&#237;stico e de laborat&#243;rio. Ao Prof. Dr. Marcos
				Azevedo Junior, o suporte e realiza&#231;&#227;o dos procedimentos de determina&#231;&#227;o da
				express&#227;o g&#234;nica. Ao Prof. Manuel de Jesus Sim&#245;es, o suporte nos procedimentos de
				avalia&#231;&#227;o histol&#243;gica.</p>
    </ack>
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          <fpage>412</fpage>
          <lpage>428</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B40">
        <label>40</label>
        <mixed-citation>40. King N, Lin H, Suleiman MS. Oxidative stress increases SNAT1
					expression and stimulates cysteine uptake in freshly isolated rat
					cardiomyocytes. Amino Acids. 2011;40(2):517-26.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>King</surname>
              <given-names>N</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Lin</surname>
              <given-names>H</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Suleiman</surname>
              <given-names>MS</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title xml:lang="en">Oxidative stress increases SNAT1 expression and
						stimulates cysteine uptake in freshly isolated rat
						cardiomyocytes</article-title>
          <source>Amino Acids</source>
          <year>2011</year>
          <volume>40</volume>
          <issue>2</issue>
          <fpage>517</fpage>
          <lpage>526</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
    </ref-list>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="financial-disclosure">
        <p>
          <bold>Fontes de Financiamento</bold>
        </p>
        <p> O presente estudo foi parcialmente financiado pela Universidade Federal da
					Grande Dourados- UFGD - Mato Grosso do Sul.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>
          <bold>Vincula&#231;&#227;o Acad&#234;mica</bold>
        </p>
        <p>Este artigo &#233; parte de disserta&#231;&#227;o de Mestrado de Frederico Somaio Neto pela
					Universidade Federal de S&#227;o Paulo.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
  </back>
  <sub-article id="S01" article-type="translation" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Articles</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title xml:lang="en">Gene expression related to oxidative stress in the
					heart of mice after intestinal ischemia</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Somaio</surname>
            <given-names>Frederico</given-names>
            <suffix>Neto</suffix>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Ikejiri</surname>
            <given-names>Adauto Tsutomu</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Bertoletto</surname>
            <given-names>Paulo Roberto</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Chaves</surname>
            <given-names>Jos&#233; Carlos Bertoletto</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff6">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Teruya</surname>
            <given-names>Roberto</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff6">3</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Fagundes</surname>
            <given-names>Djalma Jos&#233;</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c02"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Taha</surname>
            <given-names>Murched Omar</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">1</xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff4"><label>1</label>
				Universidade Federal de S&#227;o Paulo &#8211; UNIFESP, S&#227;o Paulo, SP
				- Brazil </aff>
      <aff id="aff5"><label>2</label>
				Universidade Federal da Grande Dourados &#8211; UFGD, Dourados,
				MS - Brazil</aff>
      <aff id="aff6"><label>3</label>
				Universidade Federal do Mato Grosso do Sul &#8211; UFMS, Campo
				Grande, MS - Brazil</aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c02"><bold>Mailling Address:</bold> Djalma Jos&#233; Fagundes, Rua Cam&#233;, 244, conjunto 33,
					3&#186; andar, Mooca. Postal Code 03121-020, S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brazil. E-mail:
						<email>fsomaio@cardiol.br</email>, <email>djfagundes.dcir@epm.br</email>
				</corresp>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potential Conflict of Interest</bold>
          </p>
          <p> No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>06</day>
          <month>05</month>
          <year>2013</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>01</day>
          <month>09</month>
          <year>2013</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>04</day>
          <month>09</month>
          <year>2013</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <abstract xml:lang="en">
        <sec>
          <title>BACKGROUND:</title>
          <p> Intestinal ischemia-reperfusion is a frequent clinical event associated to
						injury in distant organs, especially the heart. </p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>OBJECTIVE:</title>
          <p> To investigate the gene expression of oxidative stress and antioxidant
						defense in the heart of inbred mice subjected to intestinal ischemia and
						reperfusion (IR). </p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>METHODS:</title>
          <p> Twelve mice (C57BL / 6) were assigned to: IR Group (GIR) with 60 minutes of
						superior mesenteric artery occlusion followed by 60 minutes of reperfusion;
						Control Group (CG) which underwent anesthesia and laparotomy without IR
						procedure and was observed for 120 minutes. Intestine and heart samples were
						processed using the RT-qPCR / Reverse transcriptase-quantitative Polymerase
						Chain Reaction method for the gene expression of 84 genes related to
						oxidative stress and oxidative defense (Student's "t" test, p &lt; 0.05).
					</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>RESULTS:</title>
          <p> The intestinal tissue (GIR) was noted to have an up-regulation of 65 genes
						(74.71%) in comparison to normal tissue (CG), and 37 genes (44.04%) were
						hyper-expressed (greater than three times the threshold allowed by the
						algorithm). Regarding the remote effects of intestinal I/R in cardiac tissue
						an up-regulation of 28 genes (33.33%) was seen, but only eight genes (9.52%)
						were hyper-expressed three times above threshold. Four (7.14%) of these
						eight genes were expressed in both intestinal and cardiac tissues.
						Cardiomyocytes with smaller and pyknotic nuclei, rich in heterochromatin
						with rare nucleoli, indicating cardiac distress, were observed in the GIR.
					</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>CONCLUSION:</title>
          <p> Intestinal I/R caused a statistically significant over expression of 8 genes
						associated with oxidative stress in remote myocardial tissue.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>Gene Expression</kwd>
        <kwd>Mice</kwd>
        <kwd>Oxidative Stress</kwd>
        <kwd>Intestines / pathology</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <counts>
        <fig-count count="4"/>
        <table-count count="4"/>
        <equation-count count="0"/>
        <ref-count count="40"/>
        <page-count count="1"/>
      </counts>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>Introduction</title>
        <p>Tissue ischemia and reperfusion (IR), and the cell and humoral changes that
					follow have a great impact in human homeostasis<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B01">1</xref>. Although reactive oxygen species (ROS) are involved in
					homeostasis, if a number greater than the natural limits of cell defense of
					antioxidants and sweepers is present, an unbalance will be seen, known as
					oxidative stress<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B02">2</xref>. Although the oxygen is
					a critical substrate for relieving ischemia, it paradoxically acts as a harmful
					metabolite during the reperfusion period<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B02">2</xref>
					<sup>-</sup>
					<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B05">5</xref>, creating a predisposition for injury
					in distant organs, in addition to local lesions<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B06">6</xref>.</p>
        <p>IR, and the subsequent oxidative stress, is associated to clinical and surgical
					conditions, such as: sepsis, artery occlusion, cardiac arrest, thrombosis,
					embolism, vasospasm, tumor, organ transplantation, organ excision,
					cerebrovascular accident and myocardial infarction<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B02">2</xref>
					<sup>,</sup>
					<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B06">6</xref>
					<sup>-</sup>
					<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B08">8</xref>.</p>
        <p>Oxidative stress in the cardiovascular system predisposes to severe cardiomyocyte
					and cardiac vessel injury, changing their contraction and relaxation mechanisms,
					having as consequence their disadaptation and impaired function<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B06">6</xref>.</p>
        <p>Gene expression assessment associated with oxidative stress in distant organs is
					a new tool for clarifying different aspects of the phenomenon, both related to
					diagnosis and monitoring, and therapeutic procedure results<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B09">9</xref>
					<sup>,</sup>
					<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>. A recent technological resource makes
					it possible to assess a large number of genes in a safe and relatively simple
					way, using RT-qPCR (Reverse transcriptase-quantitative Polymerase Chain
					Reaction) method<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref>
					<sup>-</sup>
					<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref>. Thus, the genomic response of the
					heart to the oxidative stress caused by renal, hepatic, and mesenteric ischemia,
					infrarenal aortic occlusion or lower limb ischemia has been described in animal
						models<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref>
					<sup>-</sup>
					<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref>.</p>
        <p>Considering splanchnic ischemia, especially of the small intestine, is a severe
					event, and that in addition to its local manifestations it has a systemic
					repercussion, this paper proposes to assess the expression of 84 genes related
					to the oxidative stress and the antioxidant defense in the cardiac tissue after
					intestinal ischemia and reperfusion in an inbred mice model.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="methods">
        <title>Methods</title>
        <p>The research was approved by the Research Ethics Committee of Hospital S&#227;o Paulo,
					bonded to Universidade Federal de S&#227;o Paulo-UNIFESP under number 1379-1308. The
					project was ratified by the Research Ethics Committee of Universidade Federal da
					Grande Dourados-UFGD (protocol 306/08). Experimental procedures followed
					international norms about animal research and the guidelines of the Brazilian
					Society of Lab Animal Science (SBCAL). The animals were kept according to the
					Guide for Caring and Using Lab Animals (Institute of Lab Animal Research,
					1996).</p>
        <sec>
          <title>Sample</title>
          <p>The animals were kept under controlled conditions of temperature and noise,
						and had a 12-hour cycle of light and darkness. They had free access to water
						and food adequate to the species. Surgical procedures were performed in the
						Experimental Surgery labs of the Surgical Department of Universidade Federal
						da Grande Dourados (UFGD). Twelve adult male mice were selected (C57BL/6
						strain), with an average weight of 35 grams. They were supplied by the
						Center for the Development of Experimental Models for Medicine and Biology
						UNIFESP (CEDEME) and randomly assigned to either one of these two groups:
						Ischemia and Reperfusion Group (GIR), where six animals were subjected to
						superior mesenteric artery occlusion for 60 minutes followed by 60 minutes
						of reperfusion; and Control Group (GC), where six animals were subjected to
						median laparotomy under anesthesia, with no vascular clamping of the
						intestine, and observed for 120 minutes.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Anesthetic and surgical procedures</title>
          <p>The mice were administered the following anesthetics intramuscularly:
						ketamine hydrochloride (44 mg.Kg<sup>-1</sup>, Ketamina Agener - Uni&#227;o
						Qu&#237;mica, S&#227;o Paulo), xylazine hydrochloride (2.5 mg.Kg<sup>-1</sup>, Calmium
						- Uni&#227;o Qu&#237;mica, S&#227;o Paulo) and acepromazine (0.75 mg.Kg<sup>-1</sup>,
						Acepran - Rhobifarma). Room temperature was kept at 38&#186;C. The surgical
						procedure included median laparotomy, and after opening of the peritoneal
						cavity, abdominal viscera were kept away and identified, and the superior
						mesenteric artery and vein were isolated and occluded by a microsurgery
						clamp (metal vascular clip). Artery occlusion was confirmed by pale
						coloration of the intestine and no pulsing of the artery. After 60 minutes
						of vascular occlusion, the metal clamp was removed, and reperfusion was
						initiated, characterized by the return of artery pulsing and different
						coloration.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Material collection procedure</title>
          <p>After the reperfusion period in the GIR group or the observation period in
						the GC group was finished, samples of the small intestine of the mice were
						collected for the assessment of ischemia effects and gene expression. Sample
						collection was performed under anesthesia. Subsequently, the heart was
						removed, still beating, and sectioned lengthwise at the larger axis, by the
						ventricles. Heart fragments were imbibed into 10% formaldehyde individually
						and subjected to standard optical microscope histological processing for
						hematoxiline and eosin (HE). Another lengthwise fragment of the heart and a
						30 mm segment of the intestine were carefully washed with saline solution,
						wrapped in aluminium foil, labeled and placed in cryogenic vials containing
						liquid nitrogen (-196&#186;C). These samples were taken to the Molecular Biology
						Lab of the Gynecology Department - UNIFESP for gene expression
						processing.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Gene expression procedures</title>
          <p>The RNA of the 84 genes related to the effect of the oxidative stress and
						antioxidant defense (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t05">Table 1</xref>) was
						extracted from the small intestine and heart samples of mice in the GC and
						GIR using TRIzol(r) (Life Technologies, Grand Island, NY, USA) reagent, and
						purified by inverse measures (Rneasy MiniKit Qiagen, Co - USA). The
						concentration of total RNA samples was determined by spectrophotometry, and
						result quality was assured by the same 2% agarose gel analysis. The first
						complementary DNA chain (cDNA) was synthesized using 1 &#181;g of total RNA and
							RT<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B02">2</xref> First Strand kit
						(SABiosciences). Identical amounts of cDNA and Master Mix SYBR(r) Green qPCR
						Mastermix (SABiosciences, QIAGEN Company) were distributed to each PCR array
						well containing portions of specific genes, which had been previously
						selected. PCR was performed according to manufacturer's instructions in 96
						wells for the expression of 84 genes related to oxidative stress, five
						endogenous control genes used for measuring PCR array information (ACTB,
						Gapdh, Hsp90ab1, Hprt1, Gusb), and one negative control for checking for
						potential contamination with genomic DNA. The negative control primary
						sample detected non-transcribed and repetitive genomic DNA with a high level
						of sensitivity. Three reverse transcription control (RTC) wells were used to
						check for RT reaction efficiency with qPCR test, which aims at detecting
						patterns synthesized by the control RNA of the first strand synthesis kit.
						Replication of positive PCR controls (PPCs) was used to determine the
						efficiency of the polimerase chain reaction. These controls use an
						artificial DNA sequence predefined in the detection process. Replicated
						control wells (RTC and PPC) also assess the consistency among wells and
						plates. The equipment software (MxPro Equipment Real Time Systems,
						Stratagene, GE, Co) calculated the values of the beginning of the cycle (Ct)
						for all genes under analysis. At last, the software compared the pair by
						calculating gene expression change from the pure initial cycle, using
								<bold>[2<sup>-&#916; &#916;C</sup>]</bold> method. The method used for
						determining the relative expression of interest genes in this study was
						shown in the data analysis table of PCR Array v3.3 (PCR Array Data Analysis
						v3.3-SABiosciences - Qiagen, Company)<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref>.</p>
          <table-wrap id="t05">
            <label>Table 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Distribution of investigated genes according to family groups
								with similar functions and their respective identification acronyms
								in the gene bank.</title>
            </caption>
            <table rules="rows" frame="hsides">
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>#</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>Families</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>Number of genes</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>Genes investigated</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td>1</td>
                  <td>Glutathione Peroxidases (GPX):</td>
                  <td align="center">10</td>
                  <td align="center">Gpx1, Gpx2, Gpx3, Gpx4, Gpx5, Gpx6, Gpx7,
										Gpx8, Gstk1, Gsr.</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>2</td>
                  <td>Peroxiredoxins (TPX):</td>
                  <td align="center">8</td>
                  <td align="center">Ehd2, Prdx1, Prdx2, Prdx3, Prdx4, Prdx5,
										Prdx6, Prdx1rs1.</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>3</td>
                  <td>Peroxidases</td>
                  <td align="center">16</td>
                  <td align="center">Aass, Apc, Cat, Ctsb, Duox1, Epx, Lpo, Mpo,
										Ptgs1, Ptgs2, Rag2, RGD1560658 (Serpinb1b), RGD1565187
										(Kif9), Slc41a3, Tmod1, Tpo.</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>4</td>
                  <td>Reactive Oxygen Species</td>
                  <td align="center">16</td>
                  <td align="center">Ccs, Cyba, Fmo2, Il19, Il22, Ncf2, Nos2,
										Nox1, Nox4, Noxa1, Noxo1, Recql4, Scd1, Sod1, Sod2,
										Sod3.</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>5</td>
                  <td>Oxidative Stress</td>
                  <td align="center">22</td>
                  <td align="center">Als2, Apoe, Ercc2, Ercc6 Gab1, Idh1, Mpp4,
										Nqo1, Nudt15, Nxn, Park7, Ppp1r15b, Prnp, Psmb5, Srxn1,
										Txnip, Txnrd1, Txnrd2, Txnrd3, Ucp3, Xpa, Zmynd17.</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>6</td>
                  <td>Oxygen Carriers</td>
                  <td align="center">12</td>
                  <td align="center">Aqr, LOC367198 (Atr), Cygb, Dnm2, Fancc,
										Hbq1, Slb (Ift172), Mb, Ngb, Slc38a1, Vim , Xirp1.</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
          </table-wrap>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Statistical Analysis</title>
          <p>Each sample was assessed in triplicate for gene expression data. Student's
						t-test (p &lt; 0.05) was used to validate the homogeneity of each gene
						expression reaction. For comparison between the two groups, the computer
						program calculated the quantification cycle variation (Ct) of the study
						group in relation to the quantification cycle (Ct) of the control group
						expressed in the logarithm basis (2) by the 2^(<sup>-</sup>Delta Delta Ct)
						formula. The gene expression results are shown as positive expression (GIR
						higher than GC) or negative expression (GIR lower than GC). The numbers
						represent how many times each gene was expressed, with the positive sign (+,
						higher) or the negative sign (-, lower). The software calculated results
						three times higher (hyper-expression) or three times lower (hypo-expression)
						than the threshold allowed by the algorithm for statistical significance (p
						&lt; 0.05).</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="results">
        <title>Results</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Gene Expression Assessment</title>
          <p>From the 84 genes assessed in the intestine, 65 genes (74.71%) had an
						up-regulation, and out of these, 37 genes (44.04%) were hyper-expressed,
						that is, the expression was three times higher than the threshold
						established by the algorithm in comparison to the control group (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f05">Chart 1</xref>).</p>
          <fig id="f05" fig-type="other">
            <label>Chart 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Disposition of the expression of 84 genes in the cardiac tissue
								related to intestine ischemia and reperfusion in the animals of GC
								and GIR groups. The black line indicates normal expression; the pink
								lines indicate three times higher than the gene expression allowed
								by the algorithm.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-102-02-0165-30240-gf01-en.jpg"/></fig>
          <p>The cardiac tissue showed an up-regulation of 28 genes (33.33%) after
						intestinal I/R (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t06">Table 2</xref>). Only 8
						genes (9.52%) were three times above the algorithm threshold (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t07">Table 3</xref> and <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f06">chart 2</xref>). Four genes (4.76%) were positively and
						simultaneously expressed in both intestinal and cardiac tissues (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t08">Table 4</xref>).</p>
          <table-wrap id="t06">
            <label>Table 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Distribution of 28 genes out of the 84 genes investigated in the
								heart with positive expression (+) or negative expression (-) 2^(-
								Delta Delta Ct) in the animals subjected to a 60-minute ischemia in
								the small intestine followed by a 60-minute reperfusion in
								comparison to the control group that was not subjected to
								ischemia/reperfusion; (* = significant p-value &lt; 0.05)</title>
            </caption>
            <table rules="rows" frame="hsides">
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold># </bold>
                  </td>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Gene Basis </bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>Gene Symbol </bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>Gene Name </bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>GIR Intestine </bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>P-value </bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>GIR Heart </bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>P-value </bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td>1</td>
                  <td>NM_013930</td>
                  <td align="center">Aass</td>
                  <td align="center">Aminoadipate-semialdehyde synthase</td>
                  <td align="center">+19.63*</td>
                  <td align="center">0.000001</td>
                  <td align="center">+6.65*</td>
                  <td align="center">0.01209</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>2</td>
                  <td>NM_009696</td>
                  <td align="center">Apoe</td>
                  <td align="center">Apolipoprotein E</td>
                  <td align="center">+1.76*</td>
                  <td align="center">0.002533</td>
                  <td align="center">+3.60*</td>
                  <td align="center">0.01737</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>3</td>
                  <td>NM_007985</td>
                  <td align="center">Fancc</td>
                  <td align="center">Fanconi anemia. complementation group C</td>
                  <td align="center">+7.42*</td>
                  <td align="center">0.000015</td>
                  <td align="center">+1.87*</td>
                  <td align="center">0.04313</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>4</td>
                  <td>NM_018881</td>
                  <td align="center">Fmo2</td>
                  <td align="center">Flavin containing monooxygenase 2</td>
                  <td align="center">+1.52*</td>
                  <td align="center">0.019633</td>
                  <td align="center">+4.93*</td>
                  <td align="center">0.00772</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>5</td>
                  <td>NM_010343</td>
                  <td align="center">Gpx5</td>
                  <td align="center">Glutathione peroxidase 5</td>
                  <td align="center">+5.10*</td>
                  <td align="center">0.001774</td>
                  <td align="center">+0.50*</td>
                  <td align="center">0.03717</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>6</td>
                  <td>NM_027127</td>
                  <td align="center">Gpx8</td>
                  <td align="center">Glutathione peroxidase 8 (putative)</td>
                  <td align="center">+1.43</td>
                  <td align="center">0.072334</td>
                  <td align="center">+2.19*</td>
                  <td align="center">0.01271</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>7</td>
                  <td>NM_010344</td>
                  <td align="center">Gsr</td>
                  <td align="center">Glutathione reductase</td>
                  <td align="center">+1.64</td>
                  <td align="center">0.149896</td>
                  <td align="center">+2.34*</td>
                  <td align="center">0.02997</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>8</td>
                  <td>NM_080420</td>
                  <td align="center">Lpo</td>
                  <td align="center">Lactoperoxidase</td>
                  <td align="center">+23.88*</td>
                  <td align="center">0.00002</td>
                  <td align="center">-2.28*</td>
                  <td align="center">0.00326</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>9</td>
                  <td>NM_010877</td>
                  <td align="center">Ncf2</td>
                  <td align="center">Neutrophil cytosolic factor 2</td>
                  <td align="center">+4.31*</td>
                  <td align="center">0.000018</td>
                  <td align="center">+2.43*</td>
                  <td align="center">0.02876</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>10</td>
                  <td>NM_010927</td>
                  <td align="center">Nos2</td>
                  <td align="center">Nitric oxide synthase 2. inducible</td>
                  <td align="center">+4.71*</td>
                  <td align="center">0.000117</td>
                  <td align="center">+1.31*</td>
                  <td align="center">0.00129</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>11</td>
                  <td>NM_015760</td>
                  <td align="center">Nox4</td>
                  <td align="center">NADPH oxidase 4</td>
                  <td align="center">+12.47*</td>
                  <td align="center">0.000005</td>
                  <td align="center">+5.73*</td>
                  <td align="center">0.02561</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>12</td>
                  <td>NM_172204</td>
                  <td align="center">Noxa1</td>
                  <td align="center">NADPH oxidase activator 1</td>
                  <td align="center">+3.06*</td>
                  <td align="center">0.000083</td>
                  <td align="center">+1.49*</td>
                  <td align="center">0.00072</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>13</td>
                  <td>NM_027988</td>
                  <td align="center">Noxo1</td>
                  <td align="center">NADPH oxidase organizer 1</td>
                  <td align="center">+1.33*</td>
                  <td align="center">0.000177</td>
                  <td align="center">+2.10*</td>
                  <td align="center">0.03623</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>14</td>
                  <td>NM_008750</td>
                  <td align="center">Nxn</td>
                  <td align="center">Nucleoredoxin</td>
                  <td align="center">+1.98*</td>
                  <td align="center">0.002268</td>
                  <td align="center">+2.53*</td>
                  <td align="center">0.036</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>15</td>
                  <td>NM_133819</td>
                  <td align="center">Ppp1r15b</td>
                  <td align="center">Protein phosphatase 1. regulatory (inhibitor)
										subunit 15b</td>
                  <td align="center">+1.06</td>
                  <td align="center">0.962143</td>
                  <td align="center">+1.99*</td>
                  <td align="center">0.04908</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>16</td>
                  <td>NM_012021</td>
                  <td align="center">Prdx5</td>
                  <td align="center">Peroxiredoxin 5</td>
                  <td align="center">-1.54*</td>
                  <td align="center">0.008534</td>
                  <td align="center">+2.14*</td>
                  <td align="center">0.01926</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>17</td>
                  <td>NM_011186</td>
                  <td align="center">Psmb5</td>
                  <td align="center">Proteasome (prosome. macropain) subunit. beta
										type 5</td>
                  <td align="center">+1.21</td>
                  <td align="center">0.078442</td>
                  <td align="center">+1.32*</td>
                  <td align="center">0.00488</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>18</td>
                  <td>NM_008969</td>
                  <td align="center">Ptgs1</td>
                  <td align="center">Prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase 1</td>
                  <td align="center">+1.56*</td>
                  <td align="center">0.012124</td>
                  <td align="center">+2.94*</td>
                  <td align="center">0.00004</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>19</td>
                  <td>NM_011198</td>
                  <td align="center">Ptgs2</td>
                  <td align="center">Prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase 2</td>
                  <td align="center">+10.07*</td>
                  <td align="center">0.000003</td>
                  <td align="center">+3.94*</td>
                  <td align="center">0.00691</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>20</td>
                  <td>NM_009020</td>
                  <td align="center">Rag2</td>
                  <td align="center">Recombination activating gene 2</td>
                  <td align="center">+15.79*</td>
                  <td align="center">0.000293</td>
                  <td align="center">+3.42*</td>
                  <td align="center">0.04444</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>21</td>
                  <td>NM_009127</td>
                  <td align="center">Scd1</td>
                  <td align="center">Stearoyl-Coenzyme A desaturase 1</td>
                  <td align="center">+6.85*</td>
                  <td align="center">0.00042</td>
                  <td align="center">+31.73*</td>
                  <td align="center">0.000099</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>22</td>
                  <td>NM_134086</td>
                  <td align="center">Slc38a1</td>
                  <td align="center">Solute carrier family 38. member 1</td>
                  <td align="center">+4.59*</td>
                  <td align="center">0.000106</td>
                  <td align="center">+8.86*</td>
                  <td align="center">0.01516</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>23</td>
                  <td>NM_013671</td>
                  <td align="center">Sod2</td>
                  <td align="center">Superoxide dismutase 2. mitochondrial</td>
                  <td align="center">+1.47*</td>
                  <td align="center">0.009249</td>
                  <td align="center">-1.80*</td>
                  <td align="center">0.02156</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>24</td>
                  <td>NM_011435</td>
                  <td align="center">Sod3</td>
                  <td align="center">Superoxide dismutase 3. extracellular</td>
                  <td align="center">+2.51*</td>
                  <td align="center">0.002347</td>
                  <td align="center">+1.28*</td>
                  <td align="center">0.00081</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>25</td>
                  <td>NM_021883</td>
                  <td align="center">Tmod1</td>
                  <td align="center">Tropomodulin 1</td>
                  <td align="center">+15.01*</td>
                  <td align="center">0.000161</td>
                  <td align="center">-1.05*</td>
                  <td align="center">0.00619</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>26</td>
                  <td>NM_023719</td>
                  <td align="center">Txnip</td>
                  <td align="center">Thioredoxin interacting protein</td>
                  <td align="center">+1.87*</td>
                  <td align="center">0.00026</td>
                  <td align="center">+2.02*</td>
                  <td align="center">0.00127</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>27</td>
                  <td>NM_009464</td>
                  <td align="center">Ucp3</td>
                  <td align="center">Uncoupling protein 3 (mitochondrial. proton
										carrier)</td>
                  <td align="center">+15.85*</td>
                  <td align="center">0.000102</td>
                  <td align="center">+1.62*</td>
                  <td align="center">0.01441</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>28</td>
                  <td>NM_011701</td>
                  <td align="center">Vim</td>
                  <td align="center">Vimentin</td>
                  <td align="center">+2.20*</td>
                  <td align="center">0.000155</td>
                  <td align="center">+2.59*</td>
                  <td align="center">0.01509</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
          </table-wrap>
          <table-wrap id="t07">
            <label>Table 3</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Distribution of 8 hyper-expressed genes 2^(- Delta Delta Ct) out
								of the 84 genes investigated in the heart compared to the genes
								expressed in the intestine of the animals subjected to a 60-minute
								ischemia in the small intestine followed by a 60-minute reperfusion
								in comparison to the control group that was not subjected to
								ischemia/reperfusion; (* = p-value &lt; 0.05)</title>
            </caption>
            <table rules="rows" frame="hsides">
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold># </bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>Gene Basis </bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>Gene Symbol </bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>Gene Name</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>GIR Intestine </bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>P-value</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>GIR Heart</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>P-value</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td>1</td>
                  <td>NM_013930</td>
                  <td align="center">Aass</td>
                  <td align="center">Aminoadipate-semialdehyde synthase</td>
                  <td align="center">+19.64</td>
                  <td align="center">0.000001*</td>
                  <td align="center">+6.65</td>
                  <td align="center">0.012092*</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>2</td>
                  <td>NM_009696</td>
                  <td align="center">Apoe</td>
                  <td align="center">Apolipoprotein E</td>
                  <td align="center">+1.94</td>
                  <td align="center">0.002533*</td>
                  <td align="center">+3.6</td>
                  <td align="center">0.017365*</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>3</td>
                  <td>NM_018881</td>
                  <td align="center">Fmo2</td>
                  <td align="center">Flavin containing monooxygenase 2</td>
                  <td align="center">+1.6</td>
                  <td align="center">0.019633*</td>
                  <td align="center">+4.93</td>
                  <td align="center">0.007719*</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>4</td>
                  <td>NM_015760</td>
                  <td align="center">Nox4</td>
                  <td align="center">NADPH oxidase 4</td>
                  <td align="center">+3.13</td>
                  <td align="center">0.000005*</td>
                  <td align="center">+5.73</td>
                  <td align="center">0.025614*</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>5</td>
                  <td>NM_011198</td>
                  <td align="center">Ptgs2</td>
                  <td align="center">Prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase 2</td>
                  <td align="center">+14.6</td>
                  <td align="center">0.000003*</td>
                  <td align="center">+3.94</td>
                  <td align="center">0.006908*</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>6</td>
                  <td>NM_009020</td>
                  <td align="center">Rag2</td>
                  <td align="center">Recombination activating gene 2</td>
                  <td align="center">+10.76</td>
                  <td align="center">0.000293*</td>
                  <td align="center">+3.42</td>
                  <td align="center">0.044442*</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>7</td>
                  <td>NM_009127</td>
                  <td align="center">Scd1</td>
                  <td align="center">Stearoyl-Coenzyme A desaturase 1</td>
                  <td align="center">+1.62</td>
                  <td align="center">0.000420*</td>
                  <td align="center">+31.73</td>
                  <td align="center">0.000099*</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>8</td>
                  <td>NM_134086</td>
                  <td align="center">Slc38a1</td>
                  <td align="center">Solute carrier family 38. member 1</td>
                  <td align="center">-1.29</td>
                  <td align="center">0.000106*</td>
                  <td align="center">+8.86</td>
                  <td align="center">0.015159*</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
          </table-wrap>
          <fig id="f06" fig-type="other">
            <label>Chart 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Eight genes related to oxidative stress and expressed three times
								above the threshold allowed by the algorithm in intestine and
								cardiac tissues.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-102-02-0165-30240-gf02-en.jpg"/></fig>
          <table-wrap id="t08">
            <label>Table 4</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Amount and percentage of genes hyper-expressed with statistically
								significant values and simultaneous occurrence in the intestine and
								heart tissues</title>
            </caption>
            <table rules="rows" frame="hsides">
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <td>&#160;</td>
                  <td colspan="2" align="center">
                    <bold>GIR Intestine </bold>
                  </td>
                  <td colspan="2" align="center">
                    <bold>GIR Heart</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>Simultaneous occurrence </bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td>Genes considered to be significant (p &lt; 0.05)</td>
                  <td colspan="2" align="center">65 (74.71%)</td>
                  <td colspan="2" align="center">28 (33.33%)</td>
                  <td align="center">24 (28.57%)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Genes considered to be hyper-expressed</td>
                  <td colspan="2" align="center">37 (44.04%)</td>
                  <td colspan="2" align="center">8 (9.52%)</td>
                  <td align="center">4 (4.76%)</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
          </table-wrap>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Histological Assessment</title>
          <p>In the qualitative histological analysis, heart tissue samples of the animals
						from both groups were formed by strips of cardiac muscle fibers separated
						from one another by type I collagen fibers. These strips contained elongated
						cardiac muscle cells with one or two nuclei at the center, and transversal
						grooves in the cytoplasm. Around the cardiomyocytes, there are connective
						tissue cells, type III collagen fibers and blood capillary.</p>
          <p>The GC was noted to have cardiomyocytes with one or two large nuclei and very
						marked nucleoli (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f07">Figure 1</xref>). The GIR
						(one hour of ischemia and one hour of reperfusion) was noted to have smaller
						cardiomyocytes with pyknotic and darker nuclei, rich in heterochromatin with
						rare nucleoli, indicating cardiac distress (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f08">Figure 2</xref>).</p>
          <fig id="f07" fig-type="other">
            <label>Figure 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Photomicrography of the left ventricle of a mouse in the Control
								Group (GC). Please note large volume and euchromatic nuclei of
								cardiomyocytes centralized in the cell (yellow arrows). Preserved
								vessels with no red blood cell extravasation (blue arrows). Cardiac
								fibers correctly positioned. (HE 400x).</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-102-02-0165-30240-gf03-en.jpg"/></fig>
          <fig id="f08" fig-type="other">
            <label>Figure 2 -</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Photomicrography of the left ventricle of a mouse in the Ischemia
								and Reperfusion Group (GIR). Please note smaller volume and pyknotic
								nuclei (yellow cell) of cardiomyocytes in the edge of the cell
								(white cell). Swollen cells and cardiac fibers in a disorganized
								direction. (HE 400x).</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-102-02-0165-30240-gf04-en.jpg"/></fig>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="discussion">
        <title>Discussion</title>
        <p>Data obtained from the research on oxidative stress and cell antioxidant response
					have showed that, in a short term model of intestinal ischemia (one hour of
					ischemia followed by one hour of reperfusion) in inbred mice, certain genes were
					positively expressed in the cardiac tissue (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t06">Table 2</xref> and <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f05">chart 1</xref>).</p>
        <p>A global analysis confirms that intestinal ischemia followed by reperfusion is a
					phenomenon closely related to the generation and modulation of reactive oxygen
					species. Local changes in the intestine promoted humoral and cell responses
					which, after being disseminated through blood flow, affected the genomic
					apparatus of the cardiac tissue, inducing gene expression responses related to
					the generation and modulation of ROS. </p>
        <p>The aminoadipate-semialdehyde synthase (Aass) gene encodes a catalyzing
					peroxidase protein whose substrates are hydrogen peroxide and organic
					hydroperoxide. It can be found in the majority of the tissues, functioning as a
					bifunctional enzyme which degradates lysine up to acetyl coenzyme A (acetyl-CoA)
					through two different metabolic pathways (saccharopine and pipecolic acid)<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref>
					<sup>,</sup>
					<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref>. Lysine causes lipid peroxidation,
					thereby reducing the concentration of glutathione peroxidases and harming cell
					antioxidant defenses. It acts by inhibiting Na<sup>+</sup>/K<sup>+</sup>-ATPase
					with changes in cell membrane ionic exchange mechanisms, inducing oxidative
						stress<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref>
					<sup>,</sup>
					<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref>. Lysine degradation by acetylation
					influences myocardial motility, increasing the actin sliding speed on myosin in
					comparison to their respective non-acetylated isoforms<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref>. In the light of the known activities of the enzyme
					encoded by the Aass gene, it is possible to infer that its hyper-expression in
					the cardiac tissue is associated with protection of cardiac tissue against the
					harmful action of ROS.</p>
        <p>Prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase (Ptgs-2) is a peroxidase that converts the
					arachidonic acid intro prostaglandin and it is associated with injuries caused
					by the inflammatory process and cell proliferation<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref>. It has two functions in the inflammatory process:
					initially, it contributes to the onset of the inflammatory response, and then it
					acts in process resolution<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref>
					<sup>,</sup>
					<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref>. Ptgs2 is not detected in normal
					cells, but it is present in responses to inflammatory cytokines in different
					types of cells and oxidative stress situations. Its presence has been reported
					in the myocardium in many different diseases which resulted in cardiac failure.
					In the context of this research paper, the hyper-expression of Ptgs2 gene has
					showed that myocardial tissue is sensitive to intestinal ischemia, reacting in a
					defensive way against oxidative stress<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref>.</p>
        <p>Xenobiotic neutralization processes, including amines, sulfides and some
					phosphorus and selenium compounds, are performed by a mono-oxygenase enzyme
					(Fmo2) containing flavin nucleotide. The reaction depends on the presence of
					NADPH (Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate) hydrogenase. In the absence
					of NADP (nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate) Fmo2, it would work as
					NADPH oxidase consuming NADPH and causing oxidative stress upon the excessive
					production of hydrogen peroxide<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref>.
					Mammals express five different mono oxygenases, and Fmo2 isoform is the most
					prevalent. A study in humans has associated Fmo2 with a higher resistance to the
					oxidative stress caused by environmental factors<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref>
					<sup>,</sup>
					<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref>. In this research paper, Fmo2 gene
					hyper expression suggests that intestinal ischemia induces protein encoding for
					antioxidant defense of the cardiac tissue.</p>
        <p>NADPH oxidase (Nox) is a group of seven oxidase enzymes with intracellular and
					perinuclear manifestation, present in different tissues. Its presence is quite
					relevant in the cardiovascular tissue, although with no clear distinction
					between myocytes and other vascular components. Nox4 is the isoforms involved in
					ROS production, especially hydrogen peroxide and superoxide anion in a smaller
						scale<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref>. It is involved in oxygen
					detection, vasomotor control, cell proliferation, differentiation, migration,
					apoptosis, senescence, fibrosis and angiogenesis<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref>. Inflammatory cytokines, including TNF-alpha, function as Nox4
					gene expression modulators<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref>. Both play
					an important role in the pathogenesis of cardiovascular diseases, stimulating
					the extrinsic pathway in the formation of a death inducing signaling complex,
					resulting in the activation of the caspase cascade. The correlation of these in
					cardiovascular diseases is clear (atherosclerosis, blood hypertension, cardiac
					failure, and ischemic cerebrovascular accident)<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref>
					<sup>,</sup>
					<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref>
					<sup>,</sup>
					<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref>. Its hyper-expression confirms
					intestinal ischemia/reperfusion had a harmful effect on the heart. This effect
					can also be morphologically confirmed by the changes identified in HE stained
					slides (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f08">Figure 2</xref>).</p>
        <p>Apolipoprotein E (Apoe) is fundamental for the regular metabolism of
					triglycerides and cholesterol lipoprotein components. Primarily produced by the
					liver and macrophages, it's a cholesterol carrier, protects vessel endothelial
					cells, has an apparent function in neurological diseases, and has <italic>in
						vitro</italic> immunomodulator functions, decreasing lymphocyte
					proliferation after mitogenic stimulus<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref>.
					This alipoprotein has been reported to act against ischemia, by acting as an
					antioxidant, protecting cells from different tissues, such as the endothelium
					against the toxic effect of hydrogen peroxide<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref>
					<sup>-</sup>
					<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34">34</xref>. Considering the activities of Apoe in
					different tissues, it is possible to construct a hypothesis on the fact there is
					a protecting response against the harmful effects of ROS on the heart after
					oxidative stress on our experimental model. </p>
        <p>Rag2 gene (recombination-activating gene 2) encodes one of the peroxidases that
					play an important role in rearranging and recombining immunoglobulin and T cell
					molecular receptor genes<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref>. It is a
					complex multiprotein, which mediates the DNA cleavage phase during
					recombination. RAG1 and RAG2 proteins are crucial for the maturation of bursal
					(B) and timic (T) lymphocytes. Both cell types are fundamental for immune system
						adaptation<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B35">35</xref>. Peroxidases are known
					to influence oxidative stress modulation<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B35">35</xref>
					<sup>,</sup>
					<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B36">36</xref>. Rag2 hyper-expression can be
					associated with the need of adjustments in cardiac cell replication due to the
					presence of excessive ROS, especially hydrogen peroxide and organic
					hydroperoxides, showing a protecting action against the harmful effects of
					ROS.</p>
        <p>The protein encoded by Scd1 gene (Stearoyl-Coenzyme A desaturase<italic>
						1</italic>) catalyzes unsaturated fatty acid synthesis and its major
					byproduct is oleic acid, formed by stearic acid desaturation, and it is part of
					the enzyme family related to reactive oxygen species<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B37">37</xref>. Scd1 deficiency increases fatty acid oxidation rate in
					the liver and skeletal muscle. The higher this rate is, the higher the chances
					that Scd1 deficiency changes cardiac metabolism, influencing in the proportion
					of energetic substrate among fatty acids and glucose available to the heart<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B38">38</xref>. Incompatibility between the absorption
					and the use of long chain fatty acids by the myocardium results in abnormally
					increased concentration of intracellular fatty acid, inducing myocardium
						dysfunction<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B37">37</xref>. In this research
					paper, hyper-expression of the gene in the cardiac tissue may be related to the
					need of a greater use of fats in the lieu of the glucose dependent oxidizable
					substrate, in an attempt to repair the cardiac metabolic unbalance.</p>
        <p>The protein encoded by Slc38a1 gene (Solute carrier family <italic>38</italic>)
					is an amino acid carrier predominantly present in the heart, brain and placenta.
					Solute carriers are proteins from the eukaryotic membrane that control the
					absorption and the outflow of different solutes, including amino acids, sugars
					and drugs<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B39">39</xref>. Amino acids are necessary
					for different important cell biological processes, such as in the production of
					thiol glutathione (GSH) catalyzed by the presence of cysteine, which is also
					necessary to other reactions in the myocardial tissue and is provided by the
					Slc38a1 carrier protein<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B40">40</xref>. The duration
					of the oxidative stress stimulates its uptaking, causing increased Slc38a1
					expression in the myocardium of mammals, consequently with a higher expression
					of GSH<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B39">39</xref>
					<sup>,</sup>
					<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B40">40</xref>. In this study, hyper expression of
					Slc38a1 corroborates with the indication of similar action in other tissues and
					shows that its presence can implicate in a protecting action in the energy
					transportation mechanism of the myocardium cell.</p>
        <p>The rationale of this research paper was developing the gene response profile of
					the cardiac tissue when subjected to stimuli from distant organs affected by
					oxidative stress. In the light of the unprecedented nature of the results and
					the complexity of the gene expression, the results can only be confirmed with a
					subsequent proteomic analysis, where protein identification and quantification
					in the tissue may provide resources to determine whether the gene expression
					acted as a real stimulus for protein encoding or whether the gene expression is
					related to signaling or modulation of other oxidative stress response metabolic
					pathways. As a starting point to future research, the mapping activity performed
					allowed eight genes to be identified, which showed to be more responsive to
					oxidative stress and can, therefore, be initially targeted as new study subject.
					This research line is very promising, because gene expression understanding may
					allow evolution monitoring procedures and treatment of multiple organ
					dysfunction syndrome, especially concerning the participation of the cardiac
					tissue in this phenomenon.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="conclusions">
        <title>Conclusions</title>
        <p>The gene response profile associated to oxidative stress has identified eight
					genes in the cardiac tissue that respond in a hyper-expressive way when the
					intestine is subjected to ischemia and reperfusion. This study presents the
					perspective of creating a monitoring protocol in ischemia and reperfusion
					scenarios from real-time gene expression.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Author contributions</title>
        <p>Conception and design of the research: Somaio Neto F, Fagundes DJ; Acquisition of
					data, Analysis and interpretation of the data and Writing of the manuscript:
					Somaio Neto F, Ikejiri AT, Bertoletto PR, Chaves JCB, Teruya R, Fagundes DJ,
					Taha MO; Statistical analysis: Somaio Neto F, Teruya R, Fagundes DJ; Obtaining
					funding: Somaio Neto F, Ikejiri AT, Bertoletto PR, Chaves JCB, Taha MO; Critical
					revision of the manuscript for intellectual content: Fagundes DJ.</p>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <ack>
        <p>The authors would like to thank Professor Dr. Ismael Dale Cotrim Guerreiro da
					Silva, UNIFESP Molecular Gynecology Department, for his logistic and lab
					support. Professor Dr. Marcos Azevedo Junior for his support and gene expression
					procedures. Professor Manuel de Jesus Sim&#245;es for his support in histological
					assessment procedures.</p>
      </ack>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="financial-disclosure">
          <p>
            <bold>Sources of Funding</bold>
          </p>
          <p> This study was partially funded by Universidade Federal da Grande Dourados-
						UFGD - Mato Grosso do Sul.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>
            <bold>Study Association</bold>
          </p>
          <p> This article is part of the thesis of master submitted by Frederico Somaio
						Neto from Universidade Federal de S&#227;o Paulo.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
