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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">BM5m68WbVQJMwkx3vtTcJrj</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2014000200027</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="previous-pid">S0066-782X2013005030232</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">00027</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5935/abc.20130232</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group>
          <subject>Artigos Originais</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title xml:lang="pt">Influ&#234;ncia do tempo de exposi&#231;&#227;o &#224; obesidade induzida por
               dieta hiperlip&#237;dica sobre os col&#225;genos tipo I e III mioc&#225;rdico</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Silva</surname>
            <given-names>Danielle Cristina Tomaz da</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Lima-Leopoldo</surname>
            <given-names>Ana Paula</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Leopoldo</surname>
            <given-names>Andr&#233; Soares</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Campos</surname>
            <given-names>Dijon Henrique Salom&#233; de</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Nascimento</surname>
            <given-names>Andr&#233; Ferreira do</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Oliveira</surname>
            <given-names>S&#237;lvio Assis de</given-names>
            <suffix>Junior</suffix>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">3</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Padovani</surname>
            <given-names>Carlos Roberto</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">4</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Cicogna</surname>
            <given-names>Antonio Carlos</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c01"/>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv2">Departamento de Cl&#237;nica M&#233;dica</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Faculdade de Medicina de Botucatu</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Estadual Paulista</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Botucatu</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country>Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original"> Departamento de Cl&#237;nica M&#233;dica, Faculdade de Medicina de
            Botucatu, Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), Botucatu, SP</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff2">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv2">Departamento de Esportes</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Centro de Educa&#231;&#227;o F&#237;sica e Desportos</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal do Esp&#237;rito Santo</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Vit&#243;ria</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">ES</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country>Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Departamento de Esportes, Centro de Educa&#231;&#227;o F&#237;sica e
            Desportos da Universidade Federal do Esp&#237;rito Santo (UFES), Vit&#243;ria, ES</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff3">
        <label>3</label>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Escola de Fisioterapia</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso do
               Sul</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Campo Grande</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">MS</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country>Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Escola de Fisioterapia da Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso
            do Sul (UFMS), Campo Grande, MS </institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff4">
        <label>4</label>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv2">Departamento de Bioestat&#237;stica</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Instituto de Ci&#234;ncias Biol&#243;gicas</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Estadual Paulista</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Botucatu</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country>Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">epartamento de Bioestat&#237;stica do Instituto de Ci&#234;ncias
            Biol&#243;gicas da Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), Botucatu, SP - Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01"><bold>Correspond&#234;ncia:</bold> Antonio Carlos Cicogna - Universidade Estadual de S&#227;o
               Paulo (UNESP), Departamento de Cl&#237;nica M&#233;dica, Faculdade de Medicina de Botucatu,
               Rubi&#227;o J&#250;nior, S/N. CEP 18618-000, Botucatu, SP - Brasil. E-mail:
                  <email>dany.tomaz@gmail.com</email>
				</corresp>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date pub-type="epub">
        <day>09</day>
        <month>11</month>
        <year>2013</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date pub-type="collection">
        <month>03</month>
        <year>2014</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>102</volume>
      <issue>02</issue>
      <fpage>157</fpage>
      <lpage>164</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>02</day>
          <month>04</month>
          <year>2013</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>21</day>
          <month>08</month>
          <year>2013</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>22</day>
          <month>08</month>
          <year>2013</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/">
          <license-p>This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative
                  Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License which permits unrestricted
                  non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the
                  original work is properly cited. </license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract xml:lang="pt">
        <sec>
          <title>FUNDAMENTO:</title>
          <p>A obesidade &#233; um fator de risco para muitas complica&#231;&#245;es m&#233;dicas; a pesquisa
                  m&#233;dica demonstrou que as altera&#231;&#245;es hemodin&#226;micas, morfol&#243;gicas e funcionais est&#227;o
                  correlacionadas com a dura&#231;&#227;o e gravidade da obesidade. </p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>OBJETIVO:</title>
          <p> O presente estudo determinou a influ&#234;ncia do tempo de exposi&#231;&#227;o &#224; obesidade
                  induzida por dieta com alto teor de gordura no col&#225;genos tipo I e III mioc&#225;rdico.
               </p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>M&#201;TODOS:</title>
          <p> Ratos machos com trinta dias de idade, da ra&#231;a <italic>Wistar</italic>, foram
                  distribu&#237;dos aleatoriamente em dois grupos: um grupo de controle (C) alimentado
                  com ra&#231;&#227;o padr&#227;o e um grupo de ratos obesos (Ob) alternadamente alimentados com
                  uma de quatro dietas palat&#225;veis ricas em gordura. Cada dieta foi mudada
                  diariamente, e os ratos foram mantidos em suas respectivas dietas por 15
                     (C<sub>15</sub> e Ob<sub>15</sub>) e 30 (C<sub>30</sub> e Ob<sub>30</sub>)
                  semanas consecutivas. A obesidade foi determinada pelo &#237;ndice de adiposidade. </p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>RESULTADOS:</title>
          <p> O grupo Ob<sub>15</sub> foi similar ao grupo C<sub>15</sub> em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224;
                  express&#227;o de col&#225;geno mioc&#225;rdico tipo I; contudo, a express&#227;o no grupo
                     Ob<sub>30</sub> foi menor do que no grupo C<sub>30</sub>. O tempo de exposi&#231;&#227;o
                  &#224; obesidade foi associado com uma redu&#231;&#227;o de col&#225;geno do tipo I no grupo
                     Ob<sub>30</sub>, quando comparado com o Ob<sub>15</sub>. A obesidade n&#227;o afetou
                  a express&#227;o do col&#225;geno tipo III. </p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>CONCLUS&#195;O:</title>
          <p> Este estudo mostrou que o tempo de exposi&#231;&#227;o &#224; obesidade por 30 semanas induzida
                  por uma dieta rica em gordura insaturada causou uma redu&#231;&#227;o na express&#227;o do
                  col&#225;geno mioc&#225;rdico tipo I em ratos obesos. No entanto, nenhum efeito foi
                  observado em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; express&#227;o do col&#225;geno mioc&#225;rdico tipo III</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <kwd>Obesidade</kwd>
        <kwd>Dieta hiperlip&#237;dica / normas</kwd>
        <kwd>Col&#225;geno Tipo I</kwd>
        <kwd>Col&#225;geno Tipo III</kwd>
        <kwd>Mioc&#225;rdio</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <funding-group>
        <award-group>
          <funding-source>FAPESP</funding-source>
          <award-id>07/53267-3</award-id>
          <award-id>08/50172-4</award-id>
        </award-group>
      </funding-group>
      <counts>
        <fig-count count="3"/>
        <table-count count="0"/>
        <equation-count count="0"/>
        <ref-count count="40"/>
        <page-count count="8"/>
      </counts>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
      <p>A obesidade &#233; uma doen&#231;a metab&#243;lica cr&#244;nica, caracterizada por um ac&#250;mulo excessivo de
            tecido adiposo em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; massa magra. Atualmente, &#233; uma epidemia global e um
            importante problema de sa&#250;de p&#250;blica, que afeta tanto os pa&#237;ses desenvolvidos quanto os
            em desenvolvimento<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B01">1</xref>
				<sup>,</sup>
				<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B02">2</xref>. Comportamentos associados a uma sociedade
            industrializada moderna, incluindo um estilo de vida sedent&#225;rio, h&#225;bitos alimentares
            inadequados ou uma combina&#231;&#227;o de ambos, levaram a um aumento da preval&#234;ncia da
               obesidade<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B03">3</xref>.</p>
      <p>A obesidade tamb&#233;m &#233; considerada um fator de risco para muitas complica&#231;&#245;es m&#233;dicas,
            entre elas as doen&#231;as cardiovasculares<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B04">4</xref>
				<sup>,</sup>
				<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B05">5</xref>. Altera&#231;&#245;es
            hemodin&#226;micas associadas a altera&#231;&#245;es hormonais alteram a express&#227;o g&#234;nica do mioc&#225;rdio,
            promovendo o remodelamento da matriz extracelular mioc&#225;rdica<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B06">6</xref>. Estudos usando coelhos tornados obesos tanto atrav&#233;s de uma dieta
            rica em gordura<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B07">7</xref> ou atrav&#233;s de engenharia
            gen&#233;tica, ratos Zucker<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B08">8</xref>, relataram um aumento no
            col&#225;geno mioc&#225;rdico tipo I e III ao longo de 12 e 24 semanas, respectivamente. Em
            contraste, Carroll e cols.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B09">9</xref> n&#227;o encontraram
            nenhuma mudan&#231;a na fra&#231;&#227;o de col&#225;geno total em ratos obesos submetidos a uma dieta rica
            em gordura durante 12 semanas. Estudos anteriores realizados em nosso laborat&#243;rio
            demonstraram que ratos <italic>Wistar</italic> tornados obesos por uma dieta de 15
            semanas rica em gordura<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref> e ratos <italic>Wistar-
               Kyoto</italic> tornados obesos por uma dieta de 20 semanas com alto teor de gordura e
               carboidratos<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref> mostraram aumento de col&#225;geno
            total mioc&#225;rdico. Nesses estudos, no entanto, as fra&#231;&#245;es de col&#225;geno tipos I e II n&#227;o
            foram avaliadas.</p>
      <p>A pesquisa m&#233;dica demonstrou que anormalidades hemodin&#226;micas, morfol&#243;gicas e funcionais
            est&#227;o correlacionadas com a dura&#231;&#227;o e a gravidade da obesidade<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref>
				<sup>-</sup>
				<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref>. Por causa
            da escassez de estudos que avaliaram o efeito do tempo de exposi&#231;&#227;o &#224; obesidade induzida
            por dieta rica em gordura nas fra&#231;&#245;es de col&#225;geno tipo I e III mioc&#225;rdico, o presente
            estudo foi planejado para testar a hip&#243;tese de que o tempo de exposi&#231;&#227;o &#224; obesidade
            promove um aumento progressivo da quantidade de col&#225;geno tipo I e tipo III
            mioc&#225;rdico.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="methods">
      <title>M&#233;todos</title>
      <sec>
        <title>Animais e Protocolo Experimental</title>
        <p>Depois de um per&#237;odo de 7 dias para aclimata&#231;&#227;o, ratos machos de 30 dias de idade da
               ra&#231;a <italic>Wistar</italic> foram divididos aleatoriamente em dois grupos: controle
               (C) e obeso (Ob). O grupo C foi alimentado com uma ra&#231;&#227;o padr&#227;o (RC Focus 1765,
                  Agroceres<sup>&#174;</sup>, Rio Claro, SP, Brasil), contendo 12,3% de quilocalorias de
               gordura, 57,9% de carboidratos e 29,8% de prote&#237;na, enquanto o grupo Ob foi
               alimentado com uma de quatro dietas alternadas, ricas em gordura (RC Focus 2413,
               2414, 2415 e 2416, Agroceres <sup>&#174;</sup>, Rio Claro, SP, Brasil), contendo 49,2% de
               quilocalorias de gordura, 28,9% de carboidratos e 21,9 % de prote&#237;na. Cada dieta foi
               mudada diariamente, e os ratos foram mantidos em suas respectivas dietas por 15
                  (Ob<sub>15</sub> e C<sub>15</sub>, n = 22) e 30 (C<sub>30</sub> e Ob<sub>30</sub>,
               n = 25) semanas consecutivas. A dieta rica em gorduras foi caloricamente mais rica em
               compara&#231;&#227;o com a dieta padr&#227;o (3,65 kcal/g vs. 2,95 kcal/g) devido &#224; composi&#231;&#227;o mais
               elevada de gordura. A dieta rica em gorduras consistiu em &#225;cidos graxos saturados e
               insaturados, que proporcionava 20% e 80% das calorias derivadas da gordura,
               respectivamente. </p>
        <p>Os ratos foram alojados em gaiolas individuais em uma sala com ar limpo em ambiente
               controlado a 23 (&#177; 3)&#186;C com ciclo de 12 horas de luz/escurid&#227;o e 60 (&#177; 5)% de umidade
               relativa. Todos os experimentos e os procedimentos foram realizados de acordo com o
               Guia para o Cuidado e Uso de Animais de Laborat&#243;rio, publicado pelo Conselho Nacional
               de Pesquisa (1996) e foram aprovados pelo Comit&#234; de &#201;tica da Faculdade de Medicina de
               Botucatu (UNESP, Botucatu, SP, Brasil).</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Perfis nutricionais, metab&#243;licos e end&#243;crinos</title>
        <p>Os perfis nutricionais e metab&#243;licos inclu&#237;ram o &#237;ndice de adiposidade, peso corporal
               final (PCF) e toler&#226;ncia &#224; glicose; os perfis end&#243;crinos inclu&#237;ram as concentra&#231;&#245;es
               de leptina e insulina. Como a obesidade &#233; definida como uma quantidade excessiva de
               gordura corporal em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; massa magra<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref>
               foi utilizado um crit&#233;rio baseado no &#237;ndice de adiposidade para determinar a
               obesidade, de acordo com dados de estudos anteriores<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B09">9</xref>
					<sup>,</sup>
					<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref>.</p>
        <p>Ap&#243;s um jejum de 12 a 15 horas, os animais foram anestesiados (por via
               intraperitoneal com pentobarbital de s&#243;dio 50 mg/kg), decapitados, e toracotomizados;
               as dep&#243;sitos de gordura de tecido adiposo foram dissecadas e pesadas. O &#237;ndice de
               adiposidade foi calculado pela seguinte f&#243;rmula: &#237;ndice de adiposidade = (gordura
               corporal [GC]/PCF) &#215; 100<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref>. A gordura corporal
               foi calculada como a soma do peso das dep&#243;sitos de gordura individuais, conforme
               indicado a seguir: GC = gordura epididimal + gordura retroperitoneal + gordura
               visceral.</p>
        <p>Como a obesidade pode ser acompanhada por altera&#231;&#245;es metab&#243;licas e end&#243;crinas<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref>, todos os animais foram submetidos a testes de
               toler&#226;ncia &#224; glicose, leptinemia e hiperinsulinemia. Depois de 15 e 30 semanas de
               tratamento, a toler&#226;ncia &#224; glicose e a resist&#234;ncia &#224; insulina foram avaliadas em
               todos os animais com um teste de toler&#226;ncia &#224; glicose (TTG). Ap&#243;s 4 a 6 horas de
               jejum, uma amostra de sangue foi tirada a partir da ponta da cauda do animal e
               coletada em um tubo heparinizado. A concentra&#231;&#227;o da glicose no sangue (como a
               condi&#231;&#227;o basal) de cada animal foi imediatamente determinada usando um glicos&#237;metro
               port&#225;til (Accuchek Advantage; Roche Diagnostics Co., Indianapolis, IN, EUA).
               Subsequentemente, 2 g/kg de glicose (Sigma-Aldrich<sup>&#174;</sup>, St. Louis, MO, EUA)
               foi administrada por via intravenosa, e as concentra&#231;&#245;es de glicose no sangue foram
               medidas ap&#243;s 15, 30, 60, 90, e 120 minutos<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref>.
               A intoler&#226;ncia &#224; glicose foi avaliada utilizando a &#225;rea sob a curva (AUC) para a
               glicose.</p>
        <p>Para an&#225;lises hormonais, o sangue do tronco foi recolhido em tubos heparinizados e
               centrifugado a 3000 g por 15 minutos a 4&#186;C. As concentra&#231;&#245;es s&#233;ricas de leptina e
               insulina foram determinadas por ensaio imunoenzim&#225;tico (ELISA), utilizando kits
               dispon&#237;veis comercialmente (Linco Research Inc., St. Louis, MO, EUA).</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Perfil cardiovascular</title>
        <p>Como a obesidade pode estar associada &#224; comorbidades cardiovasculares, o perfil
               cardiovascular dos animais tamb&#233;m foi avaliado, usando a press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica,
               morfologia do tecido card&#237;aco e a express&#227;o da prote&#237;na do col&#225;geno tipo I e III do
               ventr&#237;culo esquerdo.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica</title>
        <p>Ao final da experi&#234;ncia, a press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica foi avaliada usando o m&#233;todo
               n&#227;o invasivo de manguito de cauda, com um eletro-esfigmoman&#244;metro Narco
                  BioSystems<sup>&#174;</sup> (International Biom&#233;dica, Austin, TX, EUA) <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref>. A m&#233;dia de duas leituras foi registrada para
               cada medi&#231;&#227;o.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Estudos morfol&#243;gicos</title>
        <p>O cora&#231;&#227;o foi removido e dissecado no momento da eutan&#225;sia. Os pesos do ventr&#237;culo
               esquerdo, bem como suas respectivas raz&#245;es com a t&#237;bia foram determinados como &#237;ndice
               de remodelamento card&#237;aco.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Express&#227;o da prote&#237;na do col&#225;geno mioc&#225;rdico tipo I e III</title>
        <p>O tecido ventricular esquerdo foi analisado por Western Blot<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B07">7</xref> para quantificar a express&#227;o da prote&#237;na do col&#225;geno tipo I e
               III. Resumidamente, os ventr&#237;culos isolados dos ratos controle (C<sub>15</sub> e
                  C<sub>30</sub>, n = 6 em cada grupo) e obesos (Ob<sub>15</sub> e Ob<sub>30</sub>,
               n = 6 em cada grupo) foram congelados com nitrog&#234;nio l&#237;quido e homogeneizados em um
               buffer contendo 10 mM Tris (pH 7,4), 100 mM de NaCl, 1 mM de EDTA , 1 mM de EGTA, 1%
               de Triton X -100, glicerol a 10%, dodecilsulfato de s&#243;dio (SDS) a 0,1% e 0,5% de
               desoxicolato. O homogeneizado foi centrifugado a 4&#186;C por 20 minutos a 12000 rpm. O
               sobrenadante foi recolhido e o conte&#250;do total de prote&#237;na foi determinado pelo m&#233;todo
               de Bradford (Bradford, 1976). As amostras foram submetidas a eletroforese em gel de
               poliacrilamida-SDS (SDS-PAGE) em g&#233;is de poliacrilamida (6% ou 10%, dependendo do
               peso molecular de prote&#237;na). Ap&#243;s a eletroforese, as prote&#237;nas foram
               eletro-transferidas para a membrana de nitrocelulose (BioRad Biosciences; NJ, USC ).
               Os pesos das amostras (50 ug) e as transfer&#234;ncias foram monitorados em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224;
               igualdade e efici&#234;ncia, respectivamente, com a utiliza&#231;&#227;o de 0,5% de corante de
               Ponceau S na membrana de <italic>blot</italic>. A membrana de <italic>blot</italic>
               foi ent&#227;o bloqueada (usando 5% de leite em p&#243; desnatado, 10 mmol/L Tris-HCl [pH 7,6],
               150 mmol/L de NaCl, e 0,1% de Tween 20) por 2 horas &#224; temperatura ambiente e incubada
               durante a noite com anticorpos espec&#237;ficos a 4&#186;C. A liga&#231;&#227;o do anticorpo prim&#225;rio foi
               detectado com a utiliza&#231;&#227;o de anticorpos secund&#225;rios conjugados com peroxidase
               (anti-coelho ou anti-camundongo, dependendo da prote&#237;na a uma dilui&#231;&#227;o de 1:10000 e
               incubados por 1,5 horas &#224; temperatura ambiente), desenvolvidos por quimiluminesc&#234;ncia
               aumentada (Amersham Biosciences, NJ, EUA) e detectados por autorradiografia. A
               an&#225;lise de quantifica&#231;&#227;o dos blots foi realizada com a utiliza&#231;&#227;o do software Scion
               Image (Scion, com base em imagem NIH). Anticorpos monoclonais de camundongos para
               col&#225;geno tipo I e III (1:10000) e anticorpos monoclonais de camundongos para &#946;-actina
               (1:1000) foram obtidos de Abcam (Reino Unido, Cambridge) e Santa Cruz Biotechnology
               (CA, EUA), respectivamente. Bandas alvo foram normalizadas para a express&#227;o da
               &#946;-actina card&#237;aca.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>A an&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</title>
        <p>Todos os resultados foram apresentados como m&#233;dia &#177; desvio padr&#227;o e os grupos foram
               avaliados atrav&#233;s da an&#225;lise de vari&#226;ncia (ANOVA) de dois fatores para amostras
               independentes. Quando encontradas diferen&#231;as significativas (p &lt; 0,05), foi
               realizado o teste de Bonferroni <italic>post hoc</italic> para compara&#231;&#245;es
                  m&#250;ltiplas<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref>. O n&#237;vel de signific&#226;ncia foi
               de 5% (&#945; = 0,05).</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="results">
      <title>Resultados</title>
      <p>A <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01">Figura 1</xref> mostra as caracter&#237;sticas gerais dos
            animais nos grupos C<sub>15</sub>, C<sub>30</sub>, Ob<sub>15</sub> e Ob<sub>30</sub>. A
            dieta de alto teor de gordura causou um aumento no PCF e no &#237;ndice de adiposidade em
            animais obesos em compara&#231;&#227;o com os respectivos controles em todos os tempos avaliados.
            A dura&#231;&#227;o da exposi&#231;&#227;o &#224; obesidade n&#227;o resultou em uma diferen&#231;a significativa no PCF e
            &#237;ndice de adiposidade entre os grupos C<sub>15</sub> e C<sub>30</sub> e entre os grupos
               Ob<sub>15</sub> e Ob<sub>30</sub>. N&#227;o houve diferen&#231;a na press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica
            entre os grupos C e Ob nos dois per&#237;odos de estudo, e isso tamb&#233;m n&#227;o se alterou com o
            tempo de exposi&#231;&#227;o &#224; obesidade. A AUC para a glicose foi maior nos grupos Ob em
            compara&#231;&#227;o com os controles; o tempo de exposi&#231;&#227;o n&#227;o afetou os n&#237;veis de glicose. A
            obesidade promoveu um aumento nos n&#237;veis de insulina e leptina nos grupos Ob em rela&#231;&#227;o
            aos respectivos controles. Os n&#237;veis de insulina n&#227;o se alteraram com o tempo de
            exposi&#231;&#227;o &#224; obesidade; o n&#237;vel de leptina foi maior no grupo Ob<sub>30</sub> em
            compara&#231;&#227;o com os grupos Ob<sub>15</sub>.</p>
      <fig id="f01" fig-type="other">
        <label>Figura 1</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Peso corporal final (A), &#237;ndice de adiposidade (B), leptina (C), insulina (D),
                  &#225;rea sob a curva (AUC) do teste de toler&#226;ncia &#224; glicose intraperitoneal (E),
                  press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica (PAS) (F) em ratos controle (barras brancas) e obesos
                  (barras pretas) ap&#243;s 15 e 30 semanas de tratamento. Os dados s&#227;o apresentados em
                  m&#233;dia &#177; DP, teste de Bonferroni post hoc e ANOVA de 2 fatores. *p &lt; 0,05 vs.
                  grupo controle; # p &lt; 0,05 Ob<sub>15</sub> vs Ob<sub>30</sub>.</title>
        </caption>
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-102-02-0157-30232-gf01.jpg"/></fig>
      <p>Como mostrado na <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02">Figura 2</xref>, a presen&#231;a de obesidade
            aumentou o peso do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo, assim como a raz&#227;o VE/comprimento da t&#237;bia no
            grupo Ob<sub>15</sub>, em compara&#231;&#227;o com o grupo C<sub>15</sub>. No entanto, a raz&#227;o
            VE/comprimento da t&#237;bia foi semelhante nos grupos Ob<sub>30</sub> e C<sub>30</sub>,
            sugerindo que a exposi&#231;&#227;o &#224; obesidade n&#227;o t&#234;m qualquer efeito sobre esta vari&#225;vel.</p>
      <fig id="f02" fig-type="other">
        <label>Figura 2</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Dimens&#245;es do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo. Peso do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo (VE) (A), e
                  raz&#227;o peso do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo/t&#237;bia (B) nos ratos controle (barras brancas) e
                  obesos (barras pretas) ap&#243;s 15 e 30 semanas de tratamento. Os dados s&#227;o
                  apresentados em m&#233;dia &#177; DP, teste de Bonferroni post hoc e ANOVA de 2 fatores. *p
                  &lt; 0,05 vs. grupo de controle.</title>
        </caption>
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-102-02-0157-30232-gf02.jpg"/></fig>
      <p>N&#227;o houve diferen&#231;a na express&#227;o do col&#225;geno mioc&#225;rdico tipo I entre os grupos
               Ob<sub>15</sub> e C<sub>15</sub> (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f03">Figura 3</xref>); no
            entanto, a express&#227;o da prote&#237;na foi menor no grupo Ob<sub>30 </sub>comparada com o
            grupo C<sub>30</sub>. O tempo de exposi&#231;&#227;o a obesidade tamb&#233;m resultou em uma redu&#231;&#227;o da
            express&#227;o do col&#225;geno tipo I no grupo Ob<sub>30</sub> em compara&#231;&#227;o com o grupo
               Ob<sub>15</sub>. A obesidade n&#227;o alterou a express&#227;o do col&#225;geno tipo III, e o tempo
            de exposi&#231;&#227;o &#224; obesidade n&#227;o influenciou a express&#227;o desse col&#225;geno.</p>
      <fig id="f03" fig-type="other">
        <label>Figura 3</label>
        <caption>
          <title>An&#225;lise Western blot do col&#225;geno tipo I e III no cora&#231;&#227;o de ratos controle
                  (barras brancas) e obesos (barras pretas) ap&#243;s 15 e 30 semanas de tratamento.
                  Blots foram escaneados. Apresenta&#231;&#227;o histogr&#225;fica das raz&#245;es col&#225;geno I/&#946;-actina
                  (A) e col&#225;geno III/&#946;-actina. (B) Dados s&#227;o apresentados em m&#233;dias &#177; DP de seis
                  animais diferentes por grupo; ANOVA de 2 fatores e teste de Bonferroni post hoc.
                  *p &lt; 0,05 vs. Grupo controle; # p &lt; 0,05 Ob<sub>15</sub> vs
                     Ob<sub>30</sub>
					</title>
        </caption>
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-102-02-0157-30232-gf03.jpg"/></fig>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="discussion">
      <title>Discuss&#227;o</title>
      <p>O principal achado desse estudo foi que o tempo de exposi&#231;&#227;o &#224; obesidade induzida por
            uma dieta rica em gordura insaturada afetou a express&#227;o do col&#225;geno tipo I no mioc&#225;rdio,
            mas n&#227;o teve efeito sobre o col&#225;geno mioc&#225;rdico tipo III. A obesidade induzida
            experimentalmente pela dieta &#233; a que mais se assemelha &#224; obesidade encontrada na
            popula&#231;&#227;o humana, e tem sido frequentemente utilizada para reproduzir as poss&#237;veis
            altera&#231;&#245;es morfol&#243;gicas, moleculares, bioqu&#237;micas e funcionais em diferentes &#243;rg&#227;os do
            corpo humano<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B09">9</xref>
				<sup>,</sup>
				<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref>
				<sup>,</sup>
				<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref>.</p>
      <p>A dieta de alto teor cal&#243;rico usada nessa experi&#234;ncia continha uma quantidade suficiente
            de calorias e sua dura&#231;&#227;o foi suficiente para promover a obesidade em ratos; isso
            provavelmente ocorreu devido ao alto teor de gorduras insaturadas da dieta, que cont&#234;m
            uma densidade energ&#233;tica mais elevada e uma maior capacidade de armazenagem no
            corpo.</p>
      <p>Esse estudo mostrou que o peso corporal final e o &#237;ndice de adiposidade de animais
            obesos estavam aumentados em compara&#231;&#227;o com os respectivos controles em todos os
            momentos avaliados, e esses dados s&#227;o consistentes com a literatura<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref>. No entanto, o tempo de exposi&#231;&#227;o &#224; dieta n&#227;o alterou essas duas
            vari&#225;veis, que foram semelhantes nos dois per&#237;odos de tempo estudados - 15 e 30
            semanas.</p>
      <p>A carga de glicose nos grupos obesos resultou em intoler&#226;ncia &#224; glicose durante os dois
            per&#237;odos de tratamento, 15 e 30 semanas. Outro aspecto importante &#233; que o tempo de
            exposi&#231;&#227;o &#224; obesidade n&#227;o influenciou o perfil da glicemia entre os animais obesos, pois
            a intoler&#226;ncia &#224; glicose vista nas primeiras 15 semanas manteve-se est&#225;vel at&#233; a 30&#170;
            semana do protocolo experimental. A diminui&#231;&#227;o da toler&#226;ncia &#224; glicose, uma fase
            intermedi&#225;ria entre a homeostase normal da glicose e diabetes mellitus<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref> tipo 2 pode estar relacionada com o
            desenvolvimento de resist&#234;ncia &#224; insulina nos animais obesos. Em apoio a essa hip&#243;tese,
            os nossos dados mostram que a obesidade levou &#224; hiperinsulinemia em ambas as avalia&#231;&#245;es.
            Os resultados desse estudo est&#227;o de acordo com os autores que observaram que a obesidade
            induzida por uma dieta rica em gordura insaturada promove a intoler&#226;ncia &#224; glicose,
            hiperinsulinemia e resist&#234;ncia &#224; insulina em um curto per&#237;odo de tempo<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref>
				<sup>-</sup>
				<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref> e que esses efeitos s&#227;o prolongados<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref>.</p>
      <p>Um aumento das concentra&#231;&#245;es s&#233;ricas de leptina ap&#243;s 15 e 30 semanas foi observado em
            animais obesos em compara&#231;&#227;o com os respectivos controles. O tempo de exposi&#231;&#227;o &#224;
            obesidade influenciou o n&#237;vel desse horm&#244;nio, com aumentos observados a partir de 15
            semanas. As concentra&#231;&#245;es de leptina est&#227;o correlacionadas com a gordura corporal,
            influenciando tanto a lipog&#234;nese quanto a lip&#243;lise<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref>. Nesse estudo, embora o &#237;ndice de adiposidade permanecesse o mesmo nos
            grupos Ob<sub>15</sub> e Ob<sub>30</sub>, as concentra&#231;&#245;es de leptina foram mais
            elevadas no grupo Ob<sub>30</sub> comparado com o Ob<sub>15</sub>. Esse fato
            provavelmente ocorreu devido ao surgimento da resist&#234;ncia &#224; a&#231;&#227;o desse horm&#244;nio ap&#243;s a
            30&#170; semana. Outros estudos t&#234;m mostrado que longos per&#237;odos de obesidade promovem a
            resist&#234;ncia &#224; leptina, o que consequentemente conduz ao aumento desse horm&#244;nio<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref>
				<sup>,</sup>
				<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref>
				<sup>,</sup>
				<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref>.</p>
      <p>Embora o aumento no tecido adiposo tenha levado a altera&#231;&#245;es metab&#243;licas e hormonais, a
            obesidade n&#227;o resultou em aumento na press&#227;o arterial ap&#243;s 15 e 30 semanas, que se
            manteve est&#225;vel durante os dois per&#237;odos de estudo. Os mecanismos respons&#225;veis pela
            altera&#231;&#227;o da press&#227;o arterial incluem a hiperatividade do sistema nervoso simp&#225;tico<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref>, aumento da atividade do sistema
            renina-angiotensina-aldosterona (RAAS)<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref>
				<sup>,</sup>
				<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">32</xref>
				<sup>,</sup>
				<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">33</xref> e estresse oxidativo<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref>, que pode resultar em vasoconstri&#231;&#227;o perif&#233;rica e aumento da
            reabsor&#231;&#227;o renal de s&#243;dio. A aus&#234;ncia de efeito sobre a press&#227;o arterial sugere que a
            obesidade n&#227;o altera os fatores envolvidos no controle da press&#227;o arterial. Esses
            resultados est&#227;o de acordo com alguns autores que n&#227;o observaram altera&#231;&#245;es na press&#227;o
            arterial em animais obesos<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B09">9</xref>; mas diferem dos
            estudos que mostraram n&#237;veis elevados da mesma<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">32</xref>
				<sup>-</sup>
				<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34">34</xref>. No entanto, apesar
            de a obesidade n&#227;o ter alterado a press&#227;o arterial, houve uma ligeira remodela&#231;&#227;o do
            ventr&#237;culo esquerdo, provavelmente devido a um aumento dos fatores neuro-hormonais
            mencionados acima.</p>
      <p>O achado mais importante desse estudo foi que o tempo de exposi&#231;&#227;o &#224; obesidade provocou
            uma redu&#231;&#227;o na express&#227;o do col&#225;geno mioc&#225;rdico tipo I no grupo Ob<sub>30</sub>
            comparado com o grupo Ob<sub>15</sub> e, em contraste, n&#227;o alterou a express&#227;o do
            col&#225;geno mioc&#225;rdio tipo III. N&#227;o encontramos estudos que tenham investigado a associa&#231;&#227;o
            entre a dura&#231;&#227;o da obesidade e a express&#227;o do col&#225;geno mioc&#225;rdico tipo I e III. O(s)
            mecanismo(s) respons&#225;vel(eis) pela diminui&#231;&#227;o da express&#227;o do col&#225;geno tipo I permanecem
            obscuros. Uma poss&#237;vel explica&#231;&#227;o para essa redu&#231;&#227;o pode ser a diminui&#231;&#227;o da s&#237;ntese
            e/ou um aumento da degrada&#231;&#227;o do col&#225;geno. O tecido adiposo secreta v&#225;rias subst&#226;ncias
            que est&#227;o envolvidas na regula&#231;&#227;o do col&#225;geno mioc&#225;rdico, incluindo o horm&#244;nio leptina,
            que &#233; produzido principalmente nos adip&#243;citos e tamb&#233;m &#233; sintetizado por v&#225;rios tecidos,
            incluindo o cora&#231;&#227;o<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B35">35</xref>. Os efeitos da leptina no
            cora&#231;&#227;o n&#227;o foram completamente elucidados, mas acredita-se que influenciam a
            hipertrofia de cardiomi&#243;citos e a regula&#231;&#227;o da produ&#231;&#227;o de v&#225;rios componentes da matriz
            extracelular do mioc&#225;rdio que agem sobre os fibroblastos card&#237;acos<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B35">35</xref>. Embora haja controv&#233;rsia sobre a associa&#231;&#227;o entre a leptina e o
            col&#225;geno mioc&#225;rdico tipo I tais como o aumento da express&#227;o de procol&#225;geno<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B35">35</xref>
				<sup>-</sup>
				<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B37">37</xref> e a diminui&#231;&#227;o da s&#237;ntese<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B38">38</xref>, h&#225; um
            consenso entre os autores de que a leptina aumenta a atividade das metaloproteinases
            (MMP) 2<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B35">35</xref>
				<sup>-</sup>
				<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B38">38</xref> e a express&#227;o do mRNA do MMP-9<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B39">39</xref>
				<sup>,</sup>
				<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B40">40</xref>, participantes da
            degrada&#231;&#227;o do col&#225;geno do tipo I. Portanto, &#233; poss&#237;vel que o aumento da atividade tanto
            de MMP -2 e MMP-9 seja respons&#225;vel pela redu&#231;&#227;o do col&#225;geno tipo I no mioc&#225;rdio. Como
            referido acima, o col&#225;geno mioc&#225;rdico tipo III n&#227;o se alterou na obesidade. Nenhuma
            informa&#231;&#227;o foi encontrada na literatura como uma poss&#237;vel explica&#231;&#227;o para esse
            achado.</p>
      <p>&#201; importante mencionar que o nosso achado pode ter relev&#226;ncia cl&#237;nica, uma vez que
            demonstra que a obesidade de longa dura&#231;&#227;o, comum em pacientes, n&#227;o acompanhada de
            hipertens&#227;o arterial, pode causar uma diminui&#231;&#227;o na complac&#234;ncia ventricular devido &#224;
            redu&#231;&#227;o do col&#225;geno tipo I. Esse fen&#244;meno pode resultar em uma melhor adapta&#231;&#227;o do
            cora&#231;&#227;o &#224; obesidade, devido ao fato dessa patologia estar associada ao aumento do volume
            de sangue.</p>
      <p>Como conclus&#227;o, o presente estudo mostra que o tempo de exposi&#231;&#227;o &#224; obesidade induzida
            por uma dieta rica em gordura insaturada provoca uma redu&#231;&#227;o na express&#227;o do col&#225;geno
            mioc&#225;rdico tipo I ap&#243;s 30 semanas, mas n&#227;o se verificaram altera&#231;&#245;es no col&#225;geno
            mioc&#225;rdico tipo III. Estudos futuros s&#227;o necess&#225;rios para determinar o mecanismo
            respons&#225;vel pela diminui&#231;&#227;o do col&#225;geno mioc&#225;rdico tipo I e a aus&#234;ncia de efeito sobre o
            col&#225;geno tipo III.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec>
      <title>Fontes de Financiamento</title>
      <p>FAPESP - processo n&#186; 07/53267-3 e 08/50172-4.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec>
      <title>Contribui&#231;&#227;o dos autores</title>
      <p>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa: da Silva DCT, Padovani CR, Cicogna AC; Obten&#231;&#227;o de
            dados: da Silva DCT, Lima-Leopoldo AP, Leopoldo AS, de Campos DHS; An&#225;lise e
            interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados: da Silva DCT, Lima-Leopoldo AP, Leopoldo AS, de Campos DHS,
            Nascimento AF, Oliveira Junior SA, Padovani CR, Cicogna AC; An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica: da
            Silva DCT, Padovani CR; Obten&#231;&#227;o de financiamento: Cicogna AC; Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito: da
            Silva DCT; Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual: da Silva DCT,
            Lima-Leopoldo AP, Nascimento AF, Oliveira Junior SA, Cicogna AC.</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
    <ack>
      <p>Somos gratos a Jos&#233; C. Georgette, M&#225;rio B. Bruno, Sandra A. Fabio, Elenize J. Pereira,
            Sueli A. Clara, Vitor M. Souza, Camila RC Camacho e Corina J. Correa por seu aux&#237;lio
            t&#233;cnico. Esse manuscrito foi revisado e editado por nativos da l&#237;ngua inglesa com
            experi&#234;ncia biom&#233;dica no BioMed Proofreading (Cleveland, Ohio, EUA).</p>
    </ack>
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          <volume>93</volume>
          <issue>1</issue>
          <fpage>170</fpage>
          <lpage>180</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
    </ref-list>
    <fn-group>
      <fn id="fn01" fn-type="conflict">
        <p>
          <bold>Potencial Conflito de Interesses</bold>
        </p>
        <p>Declaro n&#227;o haver conflito de interesses pertinentes.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn id="fn02" fn-type="financial-disclosure">
        <p>
          <bold>Fontes de Financiamento</bold>
        </p>
        <p>O presente estudo foi financiado pela FAPESP.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn id="fn03" fn-type="other">
        <p>
          <bold>Vincula&#231;&#227;o Acad&#234;mica</bold>
        </p>
        <p>N&#227;o h&#225; vincula&#231;&#227;o deste estudo com disserta&#231;&#245;es e teses de p&#243;s-gradua&#231;&#227;o.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
  </back>
  <sub-article id="S01" article-type="translation" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group>
          <subject>Original Articles</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title xml:lang="en">Influence of Term of Exposure to High-Fat Diet-Induced
               Obesity on Myocardial Collagen Type I and III</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Silva</surname>
            <given-names>Danielle Cristina Tomaz da</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Lima-Leopoldo</surname>
            <given-names>Ana Paula</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff6">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Leopoldo</surname>
            <given-names>Andr&#233; Soares</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff6">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Campos</surname>
            <given-names>Dijon Henrique Salom&#233; de</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Nascimento</surname>
            <given-names>Andr&#233; Ferreira do</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Oliveira</surname>
            <given-names>S&#237;lvio Assis de</given-names>
            <suffix>Junior</suffix>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff7">3</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Padovani</surname>
            <given-names>Carlos Roberto</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff8">4</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Cicogna</surname>
            <given-names>Antonio Carlos</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c02"/>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff5"><label>1</label> Departamento de Cl&#237;nica M&#233;dica, Faculdade de Medicina de Botucatu,
            Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), Botucatu, SP </aff>
      <aff id="aff6"><label>2</label> Departamento de Esportes, Centro de Educa&#231;&#227;o F&#237;sica e Desportos da
            Universidade Federal do Esp&#237;rito Santo (UFES), Vit&#243;ria, ES</aff>
      <aff id="aff7"><label>3</label> Escola de Fisioterapia da Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso do Sul
            (UFMS), Campo Grande, MS </aff>
      <aff id="aff8"><label>4</label> Departamento de Bioestat&#237;stica do Instituto de Ci&#234;ncias Biol&#243;gicas da
            Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), Botucatu, SP - Brazil </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c02"><bold>Mailing Address:</bold> Antonio Carlos Cicogna - Universidade Estadual de S&#227;o
               Paulo (UNESP), Departamento de Cl&#237;nica M&#233;dica, Faculdade de Medicina de Botucatu,
               Rubi&#227;o J&#250;nior, S/N. Postal Code 18618-000, Botucatu, SP - Brazil. E-mail:
                  <email>dany.tomaz@gmail.com</email>
				</corresp>
      </author-notes>
      <abstract xml:lang="en">
        <sec>
          <title>BACKGROUND:</title>
          <p> Obesity is a risk factor for many medical complications; medical research has
                  shown that hemodynamic, morphological and functional abnormalities are correlated
                  with the duration and severity of obesity. </p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>OBJECTIVE:</title>
          <p> Present study determined the influence of term of exposure to high-fat
                  diet-induced obesity on myocardial collagen type I and III. </p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>METHODS:</title>
          <p> Thirty-day-old male Wistar rats were randomly distributed into two groups: a
                  control (C) group fed a standard rat chow and an obese (Ob) group alternately fed
                  one of four palatable high-fat diets. Each diet was changed daily, and the rats
                  were maintained on their respective diets for 15 (C<sub>15</sub> and
                     Ob<sub>15</sub>) and 30 (C<sub>30</sub> and Ob<sub>30</sub>) consecutive weeks.
                  Obesity was determined by adiposity index. </p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>RESULTS:</title>
          <p> The Ob<sub>15</sub> group was similar to the C<sub>15</sub> group regarding the
                  expression of myocardial collagen type I; however, expression in the
                     Ob<sub>30</sub> group was less than C<sub>30</sub> group. The time of exposure
                  to obesity was associated with a reduction in collagen type I in Ob<sub>30</sub>
                  when compared with Ob<sub>15</sub>. Obesity did not affect collagen type III
                  expression. </p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>CONCLUSION:</title>
          <p> This study showed that the time of exposure to obesity for 30 weeks induced by
                  unsaturated high-fat diet caused a reduction in myocardial collagen type I
                  expression in the obese rats. However, no effect was seen on myocardial collagen
                  type III expression.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>Obesity</kwd>
        <kwd>High-fat diet</kwd>
        <kwd>Collagen Type I</kwd>
        <kwd>Collagen Type III</kwd>
        <kwd>Myocardium</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <counts>
        <fig-count count="3"/>
        <table-count count="0"/>
        <equation-count count="0"/>
        <ref-count count="40"/>
        <page-count count="8"/>
      </counts>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>Introduction</title>
        <p>Obesity is a chronic metabolic disorder characterized by excessive accumulation of
               adipose tissue in relation to lean tissue. Currently, it is a global epidemic and a
               major public health problem that affects developed as well as developing
                  countries<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B01">1</xref>
					<sup>,</sup>
					<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B02">2</xref>. Behaviors associated with a modern industrialized society,
               including a sedentary lifestyle, inadequate eating habits or a combination of both,
               have led to an increasing prevalence of obesity<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B03">3</xref>.</p>
        <p>Obesity is also considered a risk factor for many medical complications, among them
               cardiovascular diseases<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B04">4</xref>
					<sup>,</sup>
					<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B05">5</xref>. Hemodynamic changes associated with hormonal
               ones alter myocardial gene expression, promoting myocardial extracellular matrix
                  remodeling<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B06">6</xref>. Studies using either rabbits
               made obese by a high-fat diet<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B07">7</xref> or by genetic
               engineering, Zucker rats<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B08">8</xref>, have reported an
               increase in myocardial collagen types I and III over 12 and 24 weeks, respectively.
               In contrast, Carroll et al<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B09">9</xref>, found no change
               in the fraction of total collagen in obese rats subjected to a high-fat diet for 12
               weeks. Previous studies carried out in our laboratory showed that
                  <italic>Wistar</italic> rats made obese by a 15-week high fat diet<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref> and <italic>Wistar-Kyoto</italic> rats made
               obese by 20-week high fat and carbohydrate diet<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref> showed increased myocardial total collagen. In these studies, however,
               the fractions of collagen types I and III were not evaluated.</p>
        <p>Medical research has shown that hemodynamic, morphological and functional
               abnormalities are correlated with the duration and severity of obesity<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref>
					<sup>-</sup>
					<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref>. Because of the scarcity of studies that have evaluated the influence
               of time of exposure to high fat diet-induced obesity on the fractions of myocardial
               collagen types I and III, this current study was designed to test the hypothesis that
               the time of exposure to obesity promotes a progressive increase in the amount of type
               I and type III myocardial collagen.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="methods">
        <title>Methods</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Animals and Experimental Protocol</title>
          <p>After a 7-day period for acclimatization, 30-day-old male <italic>Wistar</italic>
                  rats were randomly assigned to one of two groups: control (C) and obese (Ob). The
                  C group was fed a standard rat chow (RC Focus 1765, Agroceres<sup>&#174;</sup>, Rio
                  Claro, SP, Brazil) containing 12.3% of kilocalories from fat, 57.9% from
                  carbohydrates, and 29.8% from protein, whereas the Ob group were fed one of four
                  alternating high-fat diets (RC Focus 2413, 2414, 2415, and 2416,
                     Agroceres<sup>&#174;</sup>, Rio Claro, SP, Brazil) containing 49.2% of kilocalories
                  from fat, 28.9% from carbohydrates, and 21.9% from protein. Each diet was changed
                  daily, and the rats were maintained on their respective diets for 15
                     (C<sub>15</sub> and Ob<sub>15</sub>; n = 22) and 30 (C<sub>30</sub> and
                     Ob<sub>30</sub>; n = 25) consecutive weeks. The high-fat diet was calorically
                  rich compared to the standard diet (3.65 kcal/g vs. 2.95 kcal/g) due to the higher
                  fat composition. The high-fat diet consisted of saturated and unsaturated fatty
                  acids, which provided 20% and 80% of the fat-derived calories, respectively.</p>
          <p>Rats were housed in individual cages in an environmentally-controlled clean-air
                  room at 23 (&#177; 3)&#186;C with a 12-hour light/dark cycle and 60 (&#177; 5)% relative
                  humidity. All experiments and procedures were performed in accordance with the
                  Guide for the Care and Use of Laboratory Animals, published by the National
                  Research Council (1996) and were approved by the Faculdade de Medicina de Botucatu
                  Ethics Committee (UNESP, Botucatu, SP, Brazil).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Nutritional, metabolic and endocrine profiles</title>
          <p>Nutritional and metabolic profiles included adiposity index, final body weight
                  (FBW), and glucose tolerance; endocrine profiles included leptin and insulin
                  concentrations. As obesity is defined as an excessive amount of body fat in
                  relation to lean mass<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref>, a criterion based
                  on the adiposity index was used to determine obesity, according to data from
                  earlier studies<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B09">9</xref>
						<sup>,</sup>
						<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref>.</p>
          <p>After fasting for 12 to 15 hours, animals were anesthetized (using intraperitoneal
                  sodium pentobarbital 50 mg/kg), decapitated, and thoracotomized; the fat pads of
                  adipose tissue were dissected and weighed. The adiposity index was calculated by
                  the following formula: adiposity index = (body fat [BF]/FBW) &#215; 100<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref>. Body fat was calculated as the sum the
                  weight of the individual fat pads as follows: BF = epididymal fat +
                  retroperitoneal fat + visceral fat.</p>
          <p>As obesity can be accompanied by metabolic and endocrine disturbances<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref>, all animals underwent testing for glucose
                  tolerance, leptinemia and insulinemia. After 15 and 30 weeks of treatment, glucose
                  tolerance and insulin resistance were evaluated in all animals through the glucose
                  tolerance test (GTT). After a 4-to 6-hour fast, a blood sample was taken from the
                  tip of the animal's tail and collected in a heparinized tube. The blood glucose
                  (as the basal condition) concentration of each animal was immediately determined
                  using a handheld glucometer (Accuchek Advantage; Roche Diagnostics Co.,
                  Indianapolis, IN, USA). Subsequently, 2 g/kg of glucose
                  (Sigma-Aldrich<sup>&#174;</sup>, St Louis, MO, USA) was given intravenously and blood
                  glucose concentrations were measured after 15, 30, 60, 90, and 120 minutes<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref>. Glucose intolerance was evaluated using
                  the area under the curve (AUC) for glucose.</p>
          <p>For hormonal analysis, trunk blood was collected in heparinized tubes and
                  centrifuged at 3000 g for 15 minutes at 4&#186;C. Serum leptin and insulin
                  concentrations were determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) using
                  commercially available kits (Linco Research Inc., St. Louis, MO, USA).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Cardiovascular profile</title>
          <p>As obesity can be associated with cardiovascular comorbidities, the cardiovascular
                  profile of the animals was also assessed, using systolic blood pressure, cardiac
                  tissue morphology and left ventricular collagen types I and III protein
                  expression.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Systolic blood pressure</title>
          <p>At the end of the experiment, the systolic blood pressure was assessed using the
                  non-invasive tail-cuff method with a Narco
                  BioSystems<sup>&#174;</sup>Electro-Sphygmomanometer (International Biomedical, Austin,
                  TX, USA)<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref>. The average of two readings was
                  recorded for each measurement. </p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Morphological studies</title>
          <p>The heart was removed and dissected at the time of euthanasia. LV weights, as well
                  as their respective ratios with the tibia were determined as indexes of cardiac
                  remodeling. </p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Myocardial collagen types I and III protein expression</title>
          <p>Left ventricular tissue was analyzed by Western Blot<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B07">7</xref> to quantify collagen types I and III protein expression.
                  Briefly, ventricles isolated from control (C<sub>15</sub> and C<sub>30</sub>; n =
                  6 each group) and obese (Ob<sub>15</sub> and Ob<sub>30</sub>; n = 6 each group)
                  rats were frozen with liquid nitrogen and homogenized in a buffer containing 10 mM
                  Tris (pH 7.4), 100 Mm NaCl, 1 mM EDTA, 1 Mm EGTA, 1% Triton X-100, 10% glycerol,
                  0.1% sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS), and 0.5% deoxycholate. The homogenate was
                  centrifuged at 4&#186;C for 20 minutes at 12000 rpm. The supernatant was collected and
                  total protein content was determined by the Bradford Method (Bradford 1976).
                  Samples were subjected to SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) in
                  polyacrylamide gels (6% or 10% depending on protein molecular weight). After
                  electrophoresis, proteins were electro-transferred to nitrocellulose membrane
                  (BioRad Biosciences; NJ, USC). Sample weights (50 &#181;g) and transfers were monitored
                  for equality and efficiency, respectively, with the use of 0.5% Ponceau S staining
                  of the blot membrane. The blotted membrane was then blocked (using 5% nonfat dry
                  milk, 10 mmol/L Tris-HCl [pH 7.6], 150 mmol/L NaCl, and 0.1% Tween 20) for 2 hours
                  at room temperature and incubated with specific antibodies overnight at 4&#186;C.
                  Binding of the primary antibody was detected with the use of peroxidase-conjugated
                  secondary antibodies (anti-rabbit or anti-mouse depending on the protein at a
                  1:10000 dilution and incubated for 1.5 hours at room temperature), developed by
                  enhanced chemiluminescence (Amersham Biosciences, NJ, USA) and detected by
                  autoradiography. Quantification analysis of the blots was performed with use of
                  Scion Image software (Scion, based on NIH Image). Mouse monoclonal antibodies to
                  collagen types I and III (1:10000) and mouse monoclonal antibodies to &#946;-actin
                  (1:1000) were obtained from Abcam (UK, Cambridge) and Santa Cruz Biotechnology
                  (CA, USA), respectively. Targeted bands were normalized to the expression of
                  cardiac &#946;-actin.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Statistical analysis</title>
          <p>All results were reported as mean &#177; standard deviation and groups were evaluated
                  using two-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) for independent samples. When
                  significant differences were found (p &lt; 0.05), Bonferroni <italic>post
                     hoc</italic> test for multiple comparisons was carried out<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref>. The level of significance considered was 5% (&#945; = 0.05).
               </p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="results">
        <title>Results</title>
        <p><xref ref-type="fig" rid="f04">Figure 1</xref> shows the general characteristics of
               animals in groups C<sub>15</sub>, C<sub>30</sub>, Ob<sub>15</sub> and
               Ob<sub>30</sub>. The high-fat diet caused an increase in FBW and in the index of
               adiposity in obese animals compared to respective controls at all times evaluated.
               The duration of exposure to obesity did not result in a significant difference in FBW
               and adiposity index between the C<sub>15</sub> and C<sub>30</sub> groups and between
               the Ob<sub>15</sub> and Ob<sub>30</sub> groups. There was no difference in systolic
               blood pressure between the C and Ob groups in the two study periods and that did not
               change with the time of exposure to obesity. The glucose AUC was higher in Ob groups
               compared with controls; the time of exposure did not affect glucose levels. Obesity
               promoted an increase in insulin and leptin levels in Ob groups compared to respective
               controls. Insulin levels did not change with the time of exposure to obesity; leptin
               levels were higher in the Ob<sub>30</sub> group compared with the Ob<sub>15</sub>
               groups.</p>
        <fig id="f04" fig-type="other">
          <label>Figure 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Final body weight (A), adiposity index (B), leptin (C), insulin (D), area
                     under curve (AUC) of intraperitoneal glucose tolerance test (E), systolic blood
                     pressure (SBP) (F) in control (white bars) and obese rats (black bars) after 15
                     and 30 weeks of treatment. Date are mean &#177; SD; two-way ANOVA and Bonferroni
                     post hoc test. *p &lt; 0.05 vs control group; # p &lt; 0,05 Ob<sub>15</sub>
                     vs Ob<sub>30</sub>
						</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-102-02-0157-30232-gf01-en.jpg"/></fig>
        <p>As shown in <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f05">Figure 2</xref>, the presence of obesity
               increased the weight of the left ventricle and as well as LV/tibia length ratio in
               the Ob<sub>15</sub> group as compared to the C<sub>15</sub> group. However, the
               LV/tibia length ratio was similar in the Ob<sub>30</sub> and C<sub>30</sub> groups,
               suggesting that exposure to obesity did not have any effect on this variable.</p>
        <fig id="f05" fig-type="other">
          <label>Figure 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Left ventricle dimensions. Left ventricle (LV) weight (A), and left
                     ventricle weight/t&#237;bia ratio (B) in control (white bars) and obese rats (black
                     bars) after 15 and 30 weeks of treatment. Data are mean &#177; SD; two-way ANOVA and
                     Bonferroni post hoc test. *p &lt; 0.05 vs control group.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-102-02-0157-30232-gf02-en.jpg"/></fig>
        <p>There was no difference in myocardial type I collagen expression between the groups
                  Ob<sub>15</sub> and C<sub>15</sub> (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f06">Figure
               3</xref>); however, protein expression was lower in the Ob<sub>30</sub> group
               compared with the C<sub>30</sub> group. The time of exposure to obesity also resulted
               in a reduction of collagen type I expression in the Ob<sub>30</sub> group as compared
               with the Ob<sub>15</sub> group. Obesity did not alter collagen type III expression,
               and the time of exposure to obesity did not influence expression of this
               collagen.</p>
        <fig id="f06" fig-type="other">
          <label>Figure 3</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Westem bolt analysis of collagen I and III in the heart of control (white
                     bars) and obese rats (black bars) after 15 and 30 weeks of treatment. Blots
                     were scanned. Histographic presentation of collagen I/&#946;-actin (A) and collagen
                     III/&#946;-actin ratios. (B). Data are mean &#177; SD from different animals per group;
                     two-way ANOVA and Bonferroni post hoc test. *p &lt; 0.05 vc control group; #
                     p &lt; 0,05 Ob<sub>15</sub> vs Ob<sub>30</sub>.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-102-02-0157-30232-gf03-en.jpg"/></fig>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="discussion">
        <title>Discussion</title>
        <p>The main finding of this study was that the time of exposure to obesity induced by an
               unsaturated high-fat diet affected the expression of myocardial collagen type I, but
               had no effect on myocardial collagen type III. Obesity that is experimentally induced
               by diet most closely resembles obesity found in the human population and it has been
               frequently used to reproduce possible morphological, molecular, biochemical and
               functional changes in different organs of the human body<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B09">9</xref>
					<sup>,</sup>
					<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref>
					<sup>,</sup>
					<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref>.</p>
        <p>The high-calorie diet used in this experiment contained enough calories and was of
               sufficient duration to promote obesity in rats; it was likely due to the high
               unsaturated fat content of the diet, which has a higher energy density and greater
               storage capacity in the body. This study showed that the final body weight and the
               index of adiposity of obese animals were increased as compared to respective controls
               at all times evaluated, and these data are consistent with the literature<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref>. However, the time of exposure to the diet did
               not alter these two variables, which were similar in the two time periods studied -
               15 and 30 weeks.</p>
        <p>The glucose load in the obese groups resulted in glucose intolerance during the two
               treatment periods, 15 and 30 weeks. Another important aspect is that time of exposure
               to obesity did not influence the glycemic profile between obese animals, as glucose
               intolerance seen in the first 15 weeks remained stable until the 30<sup>th</sup> week
               of the experimental protocol. Impaired glucose tolerance, an intermediate stage
               between normal glucose homeostasis and type 2 diabetes mellitus<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref>, may be related to the development of insulin resistance in
               obese animals. In support of this assumption, our data show that obesity led to
               hyperinsulinemia at both evaluations. The results of this study are in agreement with
               authors who observed that obesity induced by a diet high in unsaturated fat promotes
               glucose intolerance, hyperinsulinemia and insulin resistance in a short period of
                  time<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref>
					<sup>-</sup>
					<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref> and these effects are prolonged<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref>.</p>
        <p>An increase in leptin serum concentrations after 15 and 30 weeks was seen in obese
               animals compared with their controls. The time of exposure to obesity influenced the
               level of this hormone, with increases seen from 15 weeks onward. Leptin
               concentrations are correlated with body fat, thereby influencing both lipogenesis and
                  lipolysis<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref>. In this study, although the
               index of adiposity remained the same in the Ob<sub>15</sub> and Ob<sub>30</sub>
               groups, leptin concentrations were higher in the Ob<sub>30</sub> compared with the
                  Ob<sub>15</sub>. This fact was likely due to the emergence of resistance to the
               action of this hormone after the 30<sup>th</sup> week. Other studies have shown that
               long periods of obesity promote leptin resistance, which consequently leads to an
               increase in this hormone<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref>
					<sup>,</sup>
					<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref>
					<sup>,</sup>
					<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref>.</p>
        <p>Although the increase in adipose tissue led to metabolic and hormonal alterations,
               obesity did not result in an increase in blood pressure after 15 and 30 weeks, which
               remained stable over the two periods studied. The mechanisms responsible for altering
               blood pressure include hyperactivity of the sympathetic nervous system<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref>, increased activity of the
               renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS)<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref>
					<sup>,</sup>
					<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">32</xref>
					<sup>,</sup>
					<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">33</xref> and oxidative stress<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref>, which can result in peripheral vasoconstriction and increased
               renal sodium reabsorption. The lack of effect on blood pressure suggests that obesity
               does not alter those factors involved in blood pressure control. These results are in
               agreement with some authors who observed no change in blood pressure in obese
                  animals<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B09">9</xref>; but differ from studies that
               showed elevated levels of this parameter<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">32</xref>
					<sup>-</sup>
					<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34">34</xref>. However, although
               obesity did not alter blood pressure, there was a slight remodeling of the left
               ventricle, probably due to an increase in the neurohormonal factors mentioned
               above.</p>
        <p>The most important finding of this study was that the time of exposure to obesity
               caused a reduction in myocardial collagen type I expression in the Ob<sub>30</sub>
               group compared with the Ob<sub>15</sub> group and, in contrast, did not modify the
               expression of myocardial collagen type III. We found no studies that investigated the
               association between the duration of obesity and expression of myocardial collagen
               types I and III. The mechanisms responsible for the decrease in collagen type I
               expression remain unclear. A possible explanation for this reduction may be due to
               the decrease in synthesis and/or an increase in degradation of collagen. Adipose
               tissue secretes several substances that are involved in the regulation of myocardial
               collagen, including the hormone leptin, which is produced mainly by adipocytes and is
               also synthesized by various tissues including the heart<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B35">35</xref>. The effects of leptin on the heart have not been fully
               elucidated, but it has been thought to influence cardiomyocyte hypertrophy and
               regulate production of various components of the extracellular matrix of the
               myocardium that act on cardiac fibroblasts<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B35">35</xref>.
               Although there is controversy about the association between leptin and myocardial
               collagen type I, such as increased expression of procollagen<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B35">35</xref>
					<sup>-</sup>
					<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B37">37</xref> and
               decreased synthesis<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B38">38</xref>, there is an agreement
               among authors that leptin increases the activity of metalloproteinases (MMP-2) 2<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B35">35</xref>
					<sup>-</sup>
					<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B38">38</xref> and mRNA expression of MMP-9<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B39">39</xref>
					<sup>,</sup>
					<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B40">40</xref>, participants in
               myocardial collagen type I degradation. Therefore, it is possible that increased
               activity of both MMP-2 and MMP-9 is responsible for the reduction in myocardial
               collagen type I. As stated above, myocardial collagen type III did not change in
               obesity. No information was found in the literature as a possible explanation for
               this finding.</p>
        <p>Importantly, our finding may have clinical relevance, as it shows that long-term
               obesity, common in patients, not accompanied by arterial hypertension, can cause a
               decrease in ventricular compliance due to the reduction in collagen type I. This
               phenomenon may result in a better adaptation of the heart to obesity because this
               pathology is associated with increased blood volume.</p>
        <p>In conclusion, this study shows that the time of exposure to obesity induced by an
               unsaturated high-fat diet causes a reduction in myocardial collagen type I expression
               after 30 weeks, but no changes were seen in myocardial collagen type III. Future
               studies are needed to determine the mechanism responsible for the decrease in
               myocardial collagen type I and the lack of effect on collagen type III.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Sources of Funding:</title>
        <p>FAPESP - process n. 07/53267-3 and 08/50172-4.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Author contributions</title>
        <p>Conception and design of the research: da Silva DCT, Padovani CR, Cicogna AC;
               Acquisition of data: da Silva DCT, Lima-Leopoldo AP, Leopoldo AS, de Campos DHS;
               Analysis and interpretation of the data: da Silva DCT, Lima-Leopoldo AP, Leopoldo AS,
               de Campos DHS, Nascimento AF, Oliveira Junior SA, Padovani CR, Cicogna AC;
               Statistical analysis: da Silva DCT, Padovani CR; Obtaining funding: Cicogna AC;
               Writing of the manuscript: da Silva DCT; Critical revision of the manuscript for
               intellectual content: da Silva DCT, Lima-Leopoldo AP, Nascimento AF, Oliveira Junior
               SA, Cicogna AC.</p>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <ack>
        <p>We are grateful to Jos&#233; C. Georgette, M&#225;rio B. Bruno, Sandra A. Fabio, Elenize J.
               Pereira, Sueli A. Clara, Vitor M. Souza, Camila R. C. Camacho and Corina J. Correa
               for their technical assistance. This manuscript has been proofread and edited by
               native English speakers with a related biomedical background in BioMed Proofreading
               (Cleveland, Ohio, USA).</p>
      </ack>
      <fn-group>
        <fn id="fn04" fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potential Conflict of Interest</bold>
          </p>
          <p>No potential conflict of interest
                  relevant to this article was reported.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn id="fn05" fn-type="financial-disclosure">
          <p>
            <bold>Sources of Funding</bold>
          </p>
          <p> This study was funded by FAPESP.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn id="fn06" fn-type="other">
          <p>
            <bold>Study Association</bold>
          </p>
          <p>This study is not associated with any thesis or dissertation work.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
