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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">pwBM96jNHMvbKn7n7VBVH8R</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2014000200026</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">00026</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5935/abc.20140005</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigos Originais</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title xml:lang="pt">Tempo de Exerc&#237;cio como Indicador de Controle de Qualidade
               em Servi&#231;os de Ergometria</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Meneghelo</surname>
            <given-names>Romeu Sergio</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02">2</xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Morhy</surname>
            <given-names>Samira Saady</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Zucchi</surname>
            <given-names>Paola</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01">1</xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff01">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal de S&#227;o Paulo</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Grupo Interdepartamental de Economia da
               Sa&#250;de</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country>Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Grupo Interdepartamental de Economia da
               Sa&#250;de-GRIDES - Universidade Federal de S&#227;o Paulo-UNIFESP, S&#227;o Paulo, SP -
               Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff02">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein S&#227;o
               Paulo</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country>Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein S&#227;o Paulo, S&#227;o
               Paulo, SP - Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01"><bold>Correspond&#234;ncia: Romeu Sergio Meneghelo,</bold> Rua Nicolau de
               Souza Queiroz, 194/161, Vila Mariana. CEP 04105-000. S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brasil E-mail:
                  <email>meneghelo@cardiol.br</email>, <email>rsmeneg@einstein.br</email>
				</corresp>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date pub-type="epub-ppub">
        <day>25</day>
        <month>03</month>
        <year>2014</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>102</volume>
      <issue>2</issue>
      <fpage>151</fpage>
      <lpage>156</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>03</day>
          <month>05</month>
          <year>2013</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>01</day>
          <month>09</month>
          <year>2013</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>19</day>
          <month>09</month>
          <year>2013</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/">
          <license-p>This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative
                  Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License which permits unrestricted
                  non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the
                  original work is properly cited. </license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract xml:lang="pt">
        <sec>
          <title>Fundamento:</title>
          <p> A busca pela qualidade exige ferramentas de avalia&#231;&#227;o nas diversas subdivis&#245;es de
                  um complexo de sa&#250;de. Na medicina diagn&#243;stica eles s&#227;o escassos e em ergometria
                  n&#227;o foram encontradas sugest&#245;es de indicadores. </p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objetivo: </title>
          <p>Estabelecer indicador para controle de qualidade em ergometria baseado nas III
                  Diretrizes da Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia Sobre Teste Ergom&#233;trico;
                  verificar o percentual dos testes que apresentaram o indicador dentro da
                  conformidade em dois servi&#231;os de uma mesma institui&#231;&#227;o, antes e ap&#243;s a publica&#231;&#227;o
                  do documento. </p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>M&#233;todos:</title>
          <p> Foi realizada an&#225;lise cr&#237;tica das diretrizes em busca de indicador que
                  apresentasse: exatid&#227;o, confiabilidade, simplicidade, validade, sensibilidade e
                  capacidade de medir quantitativamente as varia&#231;&#245;es no comportamento dos crit&#233;rios
                  de qualidade e que fosse aplic&#225;vel a todos os testes. O indicador foi aplicado nos
                  testes de 2010, anterior &#224; publica&#231;&#227;o e 2011, depois que ele foi adotado, por dois
                  servi&#231;os de uma mesma institui&#231;&#227;o. </p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Resultados:</title>
          <p> O indicador que preencheu os crit&#233;rios foi o de percentual de exames ergom&#233;tricos
                  com dura&#231;&#227;o do exerc&#237;cio entre 8 e 12 minutos. Nos anos 2010 e 2011,
                  respectivamente, os percentuais de testes ergom&#233;tricos dentro da conformidade
                  foram 85,5% e 86,1% (p = 0,068) no Hospital Geral, e 81,5% e 85,7% (p &lt; 0,001)
                  no Servi&#231;o de Avalia&#231;&#227;o Peri&#243;dica de Sa&#250;de. </p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclus&#227;o:</title>
          <p> O tempo do exerc&#237;cio entre 8 e 12 minutos pode ser utilizado como crit&#233;rio de
                  qualidade em ergometria e nos servi&#231;os onde ele foi aplicado, pelo menos 80% dos
                  testes ergom&#233;tricos estiveram conformes.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <kwd>Ergometria</kwd>
        <kwd>Medidas</kwd>
        <kwd>Exerc&#237;cio</kwd>
        <kwd>Indicadores de qualidade em assist&#234;ncia &#224; sa&#250;de</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <counts>
        <fig-count count="1"/>
        <table-count count="2"/>
        <equation-count count="0"/>
        <ref-count count="15"/>
        <page-count count="6"/>
      </counts>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
      <p>A implanta&#231;&#227;o de programas de qualidade<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B01">1</xref> nos
            servi&#231;os p&#250;blicos e privados de sa&#250;de, bem como o seu incremento nos que j&#225; est&#227;o em
            curso, &#233; crescente no Brasil. A ado&#231;&#227;o de indicadores, como ferramentas para controles
            dos programas, &#233; necess&#225;ria nesse contexto, mas as institui&#231;&#245;es, pelas suas
            complexidades e m&#250;ltiplas subdivis&#245;es, nem sempre apresentam indicadores espec&#237;ficos
            para cada uma de suas &#225;reas. A busca pela qualidade exige que ferramentas de avalia&#231;&#227;o
            devam existir em cada subdivis&#227;o de um complexo de sa&#250;de. &#192; exce&#231;&#227;o dos laborat&#243;rios
            cl&#237;nicos e de anatomia patol&#243;gica que h&#225; anos possuem indicadores nos seus processos,
            existe uma car&#234;ncia deles para as demais &#225;reas de medicina diagn&#243;stica<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B02">2</xref>. Especificamente, no &#226;mbito dos testes
            ergom&#233;tricos, n&#227;o foi poss&#237;vel encontrar a proposi&#231;&#227;o de indicadores para essa &#225;rea em
            publica&#231;&#245;es indexadas. Considerando que o exame &#233; n&#227;o invasivo, mas de risco, e
            necessita consentimento p&#243;s-informado para sua realiza&#231;&#227;o, deduz-se que ferramentas de
            controle de sua qualidade possam ser &#250;teis e devam ser implementadas. </p>
      <p>Nos &#250;ltimos anos, as publica&#231;&#245;es de Diretrizes para a pr&#225;tica m&#233;dica, pelas sociedades
            de especialidades, tem sido crescente. As ado&#231;&#245;es de suas recomenda&#231;&#245;es t&#234;m sido
            fortemente estimuladas por representarem a s&#237;ntese de revis&#245;es e an&#225;lises da literatura
            dispon&#237;vel, segundo as melhores evid&#234;ncias cient&#237;ficas. </p>
      <p>O objetivo prim&#225;rio do presente estudo foi estabelecer um &#250;nico indicador como
            ferramenta para controle de qualidade em servi&#231;os de ergometria, baseado nas III
            Diretrizes da Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia sobre Teste Ergom&#233;trico<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B03">3</xref>, que norteiam a pr&#225;tica brasileira na &#225;rea.
            Secundariamente, a investiga&#231;&#227;o pretendeu registrar a mensura&#231;&#227;o do indicador escolhido
            antes e ap&#243;s a publica&#231;&#227;o das diretrizes, objetivando verificar seus valores basais e as
            eventuais mudan&#231;as determinadas pela sua ado&#231;&#227;o como refer&#234;ncia para a pr&#225;tica m&#233;dica na
            &#225;rea. Para essa avalia&#231;&#227;o foram analisados testes ergom&#233;tricos de um Hospital Geral e de
            Servi&#231;o de Avalia&#231;&#227;o Peri&#243;dica de Sa&#250;de, de uma mesma institui&#231;&#227;o privada. </p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="methods">
      <title>M&#233;todos</title>
      <sec>
        <title>Caracter&#237;sticas e crit&#233;rio de escolha do indicador</title>
        <p>Foram estabelecidas, inicialmente, as caracter&#237;sticas dos indicadores a serem
               identificados, segundo os crit&#233;rios sugeridos por Saraceno e Levav<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B04">4</xref>. Eles preconizam que o indicador deve medir
               quantitativamente as varia&#231;&#245;es no comportamento dos crit&#233;rios de qualidade
               anteriormente estabelecidos e descrever uma realidade, devendo para isso ter as
               caracter&#237;sticas de uma medida v&#225;lida em termos estat&#237;sticos. Com a finalidade de
               tornar essas premissas mais objetivas foram incorporados para a presente investiga&#231;&#227;o
               tamb&#233;m os crit&#233;rios sugeridos por Kl&#252;ck e cols.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B05">5</xref> que s&#227;o: exatid&#227;o, ou seja, possibilidade m&#237;nima de erro;
               confiabilidade, medidas iguais se forem feitas por outros servi&#231;os com a mesma
               metodologia; simplicidade, podendo ser coletado por pessoal administrativo;
               pertin&#234;ncia, capacidade de medir a qualidade dos exames; validade, ou seja, medir
               efetivamente o fen&#244;meno e a sensibilidade, a capacidade de detectar as varia&#231;&#245;es no
               comportamento do fen&#244;meno que examina.</p>
        <p>O indicador escolhido foi o que preenchesse o maior n&#250;mero das caracter&#237;sticas
               consideradas: ser uma medida quantitativa capaz de indicar a qualidade de um teste
               ergom&#233;trico, ter exatid&#227;o, confiabilidade, simplicidade, pertin&#234;ncia, validade e
               sensibilidade, e ser aplic&#225;vel a todos os exames realizados. </p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Fluxograma da escolha</title>
        <p>Leituras cuidadosas das III Diretrizes da Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia sobre
               Teste Ergom&#233;trico<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B03">3</xref> foram realizadas &#224; procura
               de poss&#237;veis indicadores de qualidade que fossem derivados de suas recomenda&#231;&#245;es
               explicitas e impl&#237;citas. Os indicadores identificados foram analisados segundo as
               caracter&#237;sticas estabelecidas previamente e apenas um que preenchesse o maior n&#250;mero
               de crit&#233;rios considerados foi escolhido.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Avalia&#231;&#227;o dos valores do indicador antes e ap&#243;s a publica&#231;&#227;o das
               Diretrizes</title>
        <p>O indicador escolhido foi aplicado nos testes ergom&#233;tricos realizados em dois
               momentos: de janeiro a setembro de 2010, per&#237;odo anterior &#224; publica&#231;&#227;o das
               Diretrizes, e de janeiro a dezembro de 2011, momento em que as diretrizes foram
               adotadas como padr&#227;o. Os dados foram coletados no Setor de Ergometria de Hospital
               Geral e no Servi&#231;o espec&#237;fico de Avalia&#231;&#227;o Peri&#243;dica de Sa&#250;de, ambos de uma &#250;nica
               institui&#231;&#227;o. Finalmente foi feita uma compara&#231;&#227;o dos valores do indicador nos dois
               per&#237;odos considerados. Nenhuma instru&#231;&#227;o espec&#237;fica foi dada aos m&#233;dicos que
               executavam os testes, ap&#243;s a publica&#231;&#227;o das Diretrizes, a n&#227;o ser a informa&#231;&#227;o de que
               elas deveriam ser lidas, compreendidas e aplicadas. Nos dois servi&#231;os os executores
               do teste sempre tiveram a liberdade de escolher o protocolo que julgassem pertinente.
            </p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</title>
        <p>Avaliou-se, ap&#243;s a defini&#231;&#227;o do indicador para controle de qualidade em ergometria, o
               percentual de exames considerados em conformidade realizados nos dois servi&#231;os (Setor
               de Ergometria de Hospital Geral e servi&#231;o de Avalia&#231;&#227;o Peri&#243;dica de Sa&#250;de) em dois
               per&#237;odos: antes da publica&#231;&#227;o das Diretrizes (2010) e ap&#243;s a padroniza&#231;&#227;o conforme as
               Diretrizes (2011). Os resultados foram resumidos em frequ&#234;ncias absolutas e relativas
               (porcentagens). Para a compara&#231;&#227;o entre os dois per&#237;odos quanto &#224; conformidade dos
               exames, foi aplicado um teste qui-quadrado de Pearson com corre&#231;&#227;o de continuidade de
               Yates sob a suposi&#231;&#227;o que os exames realizados nos dois per&#237;odos dentro de um mesmo
               setor eram independentes. Foi considerado o n&#237;vel de signific&#226;ncia usual de 0,05. O
               programa estat&#237;stico foi o SPSS, vers&#227;o 19.0. </p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="results">
      <title>Resultados</title>
      <sec>
        <title>Indicador escolhido</title>
        <p>As leituras e an&#225;lises das III Diretrizes da Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia
               sobre Teste Ergom&#233;trico<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B03">3</xref> permitiram
               identificar apenas dois poss&#237;veis indicadores, considerando-se os crit&#233;rios
               previamente escolhidos. Foram eles: o tempo de exerc&#237;cio de 10 minutos, com varia&#231;&#245;es
               aceit&#225;veis entre 8 de 12 minutos recomendado para um teste ergom&#233;trico, de acordo com
               o item "5.6 - Escolha do erg&#244;metro e do protocolo" do documento, e outro descrito no
               "item "6.3.1 - Frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca", onde se define que o comportamento normal no
               teste &#233; o paciente atingir a frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca preconizada para sua idade. O
               percentual de testes ergom&#233;trico realizados com o exerc&#237;cio durando de 8 a 12 minutos
               foi o que preencheu todos os crit&#233;rios previamente determinados e foi o
                  escolhido<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B04">4</xref>
					<sup>,</sup>
					<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B05">5</xref>.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Avalia&#231;&#227;o dos valores do indicador antes e ap&#243;s a publica&#231;&#227;o das
               Diretrizes</title>
        <p>Os resultados da an&#225;lise retrospectiva dos testes realizados em 2010 e 2011 no Setor
               de Ergometria de Hospital Geral est&#227;o expostos na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t01">tabela 1</xref>. Estavam dispon&#237;veis os dados de 4.255 testes sequenciais em
               2010, e 2.698 em 2011. Pode-se observar que o indicador escolhido esteve na faixa
               ideal considerada em 84,55% e 86,1% dos testes ergom&#233;tricos realizados nos anos 2010
               e 2011, respectivamente (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01">figura 1</xref>). Embora se
               tenha observado redu&#231;&#227;o dos percentuais de testes fora da faixa de 15,5% em 2010 para
               14,9% em 2011, essa diferen&#231;a n&#227;o foi estatisticamente significante (p = 0,068).
               Considerando apenas os testes abaixo do tempo m&#237;nimo de 8 minutos para a dura&#231;&#227;o do
               exerc&#237;cio, os percentuais reduziram de 11,5% em 2010, para 8,8% em 2011. Entretanto,
               houve aumento dos percentuais de testes acima de 12 minutos de dura&#231;&#227;o. O percentual
               de 4% observado em 2010 subiu para 5,1% em 2011. </p>
        <fig id="f01" fig-type="other">
          <label>Figura 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Percentagens de testes considerados em conformidade, de acordo com o
                     indicador de qualidade escolhido (dura&#231;&#227;o do exerc&#237;cio do teste ergom&#233;trico
                     entre 8 e 12 minutos), nos dois servi&#231;os pesquisados, nos anos de 2010 e
                     2011.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-102-02-0151-40005-gf01.jpg"/></fig>
        <table-wrap id="t01">
          <label>Tabela 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Valores absolutos e percentuais dos testes ergom&#233;tricos de 2010 e 2011,
                     classificados de acordo com o tempo de exerc&#237;cio, total de exames e n&#250;mero
                     absoluto e percentual de testes fora da faixa ideal em Servi&#231;o de Ergometria de
                     Hospital Geral</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="rows">
            <thead>
              <tr align="center">
                <th>&#160;</th>
                <th colspan="2">
                  <bold>Per&#237;odo de avalia&#231;&#227;o</bold>
                </th>
              </tr>
              <tr align="center">
                <th align="left">
                  <bold>Tempo de esfor&#231;o</bold>
                </th>
                <th>
                  <bold>2010</bold>
                </th>
                <th>
                  <bold>2011</bold>
                </th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td>Abaixo de 8 minutos</td>
                <td align="center">491 (11,5%)</td>
                <td align="center">237 (8,8%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Acima de 12 minutos</td>
                <td align="center">168 (4%)</td>
                <td align="center">137 (5,1%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Entre 8 -12 minutos</td>
                <td align="center">3596 (84,5%)</td>
                <td align="center">2324 (86,1%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Total de exames</td>
                <td align="center">4255 (100%)</td>
                <td align="center">2698 (100%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Testes fora da faixa</td>
                <td align="center">659 (15,5%)</td>
                <td align="center">374 (14,9%)</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
        </table-wrap>
        <p>Os resultados da aplica&#231;&#227;o, retrospectiva, do indicador escolhido nos testes
               ergom&#233;tricos realizados nos anos 2010 e 2011, em servi&#231;o de Avalia&#231;&#227;o Peri&#243;dica de
               Sa&#250;de, s&#227;o mostrados na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t02">tabela 2</xref>. Estavam
               dispon&#237;veis os dados de 3.763 testes sequenciais em 2010, e de 6.458 em 2011. </p>
        <table-wrap id="t02">
          <label>Tabela 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Valores absolutos e percentuais dos testes ergom&#233;tricos de 2010 e 2011,
                     classificados de acordo com o tempo de exerc&#237;cio, total de exames e n&#250;mero
                     absoluto e percentual de testes fora da faixa ideal em Servi&#231;o de Avalia&#231;&#227;o
                     Peri&#243;dica de Sa&#250;de</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="rows">
            <thead>
              <tr align="center">
                <th>&#160;</th>
                <th colspan="2">
                  <bold>Per&#237;odo de avalia&#231;&#227;o</bold>
                </th>
              </tr>
              <tr align="center">
                <th align="left">
                  <bold>Tempo de esfor&#231;o</bold>
                </th>
                <th>
                  <bold>2010</bold>
                </th>
                <th>
                  <bold>2011</bold>
                </th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td>Abaixo de 8 minutos</td>
                <td align="center">401 (10,6%)</td>
                <td align="center">458 (7,1%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Acima de 12 minutos</td>
                <td align="center">296 ( 7,9%)</td>
                <td align="center">468 (7,2%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Entre 8 -12 minutos</td>
                <td align="center">3066 (81,5%)</td>
                <td align="center">5532 (85,7%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Total de exames</td>
                <td align="center">3763 (100%)</td>
                <td align="center">6458 (100%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Testes fora da faixa</td>
                <td align="center">697 (18,5%)</td>
                <td align="center">926 (14,3%)</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
        </table-wrap>
        <p>O indicador, nesse servi&#231;o, no ano de 2010, esteve na faixa ideal considerada em
               81,5% dos testes ergom&#233;tricos realizados, aumentando para 85,7% em 2011 (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01">figura 1</xref>). Ap&#243;s a padroniza&#231;&#227;o segundo as
               diretrizes, houve redu&#231;&#227;o do percentual de testes fora da faixa (de 18,5% em 2010,
               para 14,3% em 2011, p &lt; 0,001). Considerando-se apenas os testes abaixo do tempo
               m&#237;nimo de 8 minutos para a dura&#231;&#227;o do teste, os percentuais reduziram de 10,6% em
               2010, para 7,1% em 2011. Houve tamb&#233;m redu&#231;&#227;o dos percentuais de testes com dura&#231;&#227;o
               acima de 12 minutos, entre 2010 e 2011. O percentual de 7,9% em 2010 passou para 7,2%
               em 2011. Foi observado, em ambos os per&#237;odos e nos dois servi&#231;os, os seguintes
               protocolos aplicados: Bruce modificado, Bruce original, Ellestad e Naughton.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="discussion">
      <title>Discuss&#227;o</title>
      <p>O progresso da medicina, aperfei&#231;oando o arsenal diagn&#243;stico e terap&#234;utico, tem
            aumentado, de modo expressivo, os custos da sa&#250;de no mundo<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B01">1</xref>, incluindo o nosso pa&#237;s. No Brasil, com mais evid&#234;ncia no Sistema
            &#218;nico de Sa&#250;de (SUS) e no supletivo, os recursos dispon&#237;veis s&#227;o limitados, o que gera a
            obrigatoriedade de otimiza&#231;&#227;o plena da assist&#234;ncia, para atender o maior n&#250;mero poss&#237;vel
            de pessoas. A implanta&#231;&#227;o de programas de qualidade em sa&#250;de, iniciados no nosso meio, a
            partir da d&#233;cada de 1990, pode ser uma arma importante, para que essa otimiza&#231;&#227;o seja
            perseguida, sem deteriora&#231;&#227;o da assist&#234;ncia<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B01">1</xref>. Por
            outro lado, o consumidor dos servi&#231;os privados, do sistema complementar e do SUS tem
            cada vez mais anseios por um atendimento de boa qualidade na sa&#250;de. Isso faz que os
            servi&#231;os de sa&#250;de, cada vez mais, busquem a qualidade. &#192; medida que o processo avan&#231;a,
            em busca da qualidade assistencial, h&#225; uma tend&#234;ncia de que ferramentas para avalia&#231;&#227;o
            da qualidade em sa&#250;de n&#227;o se restrinjam aos aspectos gerais de uma institui&#231;&#227;o, mas que
            essa qualidade seja perseguida, nos seus diversos setores, obedecendo &#224;s suas
            particularidades e construindo indicadores de estrutura, processos e resultados<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B06">6</xref>. Os laborat&#243;rios cl&#237;nicos e de anatomia patol&#243;gica
            foram os primeiros a buscar melhoria de qualidade, padronizando seus processos e obtendo
            certifica&#231;&#245;es. Nas demais &#225;reas, no &#226;mbito da medicina diagn&#243;stica, h&#225; ainda uma
            car&#234;ncia de ferramentas capazes de exercer controle da qualidade nas suas diversas
               subdivis&#245;es<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B02">2</xref>. Especificamente na &#225;rea de
            testes ergom&#233;tricos, n&#227;o foi encontrada nenhuma publica&#231;&#227;o indexada que sugerisse
            indicadores espec&#237;ficos para controle de qualidade. Essa investiga&#231;&#227;o, portanto, parece
            ter um car&#225;ter pioneiro. </p>
      <p>A escolha do documento III Diretrizes da Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia sobre Teste
            Ergom&#233;trico, publicada em setembro de 2010, ocorreu pelo fato de elas terem como base a
            an&#225;lise da literatura dispon&#237;vel at&#233; ent&#227;o. Considerando-se que esse documento
            representa importante guia para a execu&#231;&#227;o e interpreta&#231;&#227;o de testes ergom&#233;tricos, ele
            foi considerado uma fonte ideal para a busca de indicadores para servi&#231;os de ergometria.
            A escolha de um indicador pode sempre merecer cr&#237;ticas e vieses. O percentual de testes
            ergom&#233;trico realizados com o exerc&#237;cio durando de 8 a 12 minutos, que preencheu todos os
            crit&#233;rios previamente determinados<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B04">4</xref>
				<sup>,</sup>
				<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B05">5</xref>, representa a
               <italic>expertise</italic> do m&#233;dico que realiza o exame, ap&#243;s analisar dados de
            anamnese que permitem avaliar a capacidade funcional de um paciente individualmente. &#201;
            uma medida quantitativa capaz de indicar a qualidade de um teste ergom&#233;trico, tem
            exatid&#227;o, confiabilidade, simplicidade, pertin&#234;ncia, validade e sensibilidade.</p>
      <p>O tempo de execu&#231;&#227;o do esfor&#231;o, idealmente de 10 minutos, com varia&#231;&#245;es aceit&#225;veis de 8
            a 12 minutos, tem justificativas na literatura que n&#227;o foram profundamente comentadas
            nas III Diretrizes da Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia, talvez por se tratar de
            documento sint&#233;tico e de f&#225;cil leitura para facilitar sua desejada ampla divulga&#231;&#227;o.
            Desde 1973 j&#225; se sabe que exerc&#237;cio de carga intensa pode desencadear
            infradesnivelamento do segmento ST, compat&#237;vel com resposta isqu&#234;mica do mioc&#225;rdio<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B07">7</xref>. </p>
      <p>Barnard e cols.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B07">7</xref>, aplicando uma corrida de apenas
            30 segundos, sem aquecimento, em 10 bombeiros normais, descobriram infradesnivelamento
            discreto do segmento ST em tr&#234;s, significativo infradesnivelamento em tr&#234;s e resposta
            eletrocardiogr&#225;fica normal em quatro. Ap&#243;s aquecimento, com teste ergom&#233;trico habitual
            de cargas crescentes, a repeti&#231;&#227;o do experimento mostrou infradesnivelamento muito
            discreto em apenas dois bombeiros e resposta normal em oito. Desde ent&#227;o se sabe que
            testes ergom&#233;tricos, com curto per&#237;odo de dura&#231;&#227;o, significam uma imposi&#231;&#227;o de carga
            inadequada ao paciente em quest&#227;o, podendo gerar resultados falsamente positivos. Com
            base na investiga&#231;&#227;o que mediu, concomitantemente, press&#227;o intra-arterial na art&#233;ria
            braquial, a justificativa para o surgimento do infradesnivelamento do segmento ST foi
            uma redu&#231;&#227;o do fluxo coronariano subendoc&#225;rdico por falta de ajustes cardiocirculat&#243;rios
            adequados ante um esfor&#231;o intenso e s&#250;bito.</p>
      <p>Tamb&#233;m desde 1991 sabe-se que testes ergom&#233;tricos prolongados podem minimizar eventuais
            manifesta&#231;&#245;es eletrocardiogr&#225;ficas isqu&#234;micas em coronariopatas<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B08">8</xref>. Panza e cols.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B08">8</xref> realizaram
            dois testes em esteira rolante, em 70 pacientes com doen&#231;a arterial coronariana
            conhecida, ap&#243;s suspens&#227;o da medica&#231;&#227;o em uso, com protocolo de Bruce e com protocolo de
            incremento de cargas, de modo mais atenuado, do National Institutes of Health (NIH), em
            Bethesda, nos Estados Unidos. O tempo de exerc&#237;cio foi de 6,8 minutos (DP+2) no
            protocolo de Bruce e de 14,1 minutos (DP+5) no protocolo do NIH. Tiveram testes
            ergom&#233;tricos positivos 82% dos pacientes com o protocolo de Bruce e apenas 67% com o
            protocolo mais atenuado e de maior dura&#231;&#227;o. Essa publica&#231;&#227;o valorizou os achados de
            Bruchfuhrer e cols.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B09">9</xref> publicados em 1983, que
            testaram 10 indiv&#237;duos saud&#225;veis, em diferentes protocolos na esteira rolante e na
            bicicleta ergom&#233;trica, encontrando, em ambos os erg&#244;metros, o tempo de 10 minutos como a
            dura&#231;&#227;o ideal do esfor&#231;o para se obter o maior consumo de oxig&#234;nio para cada indiv&#237;duo.
            Testes com dura&#231;&#227;o menor que 8 minutos determinaram uma redu&#231;&#227;o m&#233;dia do maior consumo
            de oxig&#234;nio em 10%, e os com dura&#231;&#227;o maior que 17 minutos, uma redu&#231;&#227;o de 5%. </p>
      <p>Todas essas publica&#231;&#245;es nortearam as Diretrizes<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>
				<sup>,</sup>
				<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref> sobre teste
            ergom&#233;trico, e a Diretriz da American Heart Association recomenda valores entre 6 e 12
               minutos<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>, e a brasileira, de 8 a 12 minutos.
            Como se viu, o tempo de dura&#231;&#227;o do esfor&#231;o durante um teste ergom&#233;trico representa
            vari&#225;vel importante na qualidade do exame, podendo gerar falsos resultados diagn&#243;sticos
            negativos e positivos, caso n&#227;o seja a adequada; portanto, mede a qualidade efetiva do
            processo de realiza&#231;&#227;o de um teste ergom&#233;trico. </p>
      <p>Tornar um teste ergom&#233;trico dentro da conformidade, de acordo com o indicador, implica
            que o m&#233;dico executor tenha <italic>expertises</italic> para escolher o protocolo
            adequado dentre os recomendados pelas Diretrizes que s&#227;o os de Bruce original,
            modificados ou rampeados, Ellestad, Balke e Naughton. Esses protocolos t&#234;m diferentes
            intensidades de incremento de trabalho permitindo que pacientes com muito baixa
            capacidade f&#237;sica, at&#233; os bem condicionados, realizem o esfor&#231;o entre 8 e 12 minutos.
            Resta ainda a possibilidade de se aplicar protocolo do tipo em rampa, cujos princ&#237;pios
            advogam que o esfor&#231;o deva estar na faixa de 8 a 12 minutos, sendo 10 minutos o tempo
               ideal<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref>.</p>
      <p>Question&#225;rios est&#227;o dispon&#237;veis na literatura para a estimativa da capacidade funcional
            pr&#233;via e podem ser de utilidade para que os objetivos seja atingidos<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref>
				<sup>-</sup>
				<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref>. </p>
      <p>O indicador escolhido cumpre as recomenda&#231;&#245;es de Saraceno e Lavav<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B04">4</xref>, pois, como se viu, ele mede quantitativamente as varia&#231;&#245;es no
            comportamento dos crit&#233;rios de qualidade e descreve uma realidade, podendo ser
            considerado como medida v&#225;lida em termos estat&#237;sticos. </p>
      <p>Considerando-se as recomenda&#231;&#245;es tidas como objetivas de Kl&#252;ck e cols.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B05">5</xref> pode-se afirmar que o indicador &#233; exato por se
            tratar de uma medida de tempo facilmente obtida nos sistemas computadorizados para a
            realiza&#231;&#227;o do exame; &#233; confi&#225;vel, permitindo que seja aferido por outros servi&#231;os com a
            mesma metodologia; &#233; simples, pois pode ser coletado por pessoal administrativo apenas
            com a observa&#231;&#227;o do laudo, sem uso de subjetividade, sem necessidade de conhecimentos
            t&#233;cnicos espec&#237;ficos; &#233; pertinente, por medir a qualidade de um teste ergom&#233;trico com
            amplo respaldo na literatura m&#233;dica pertinente; &#233; valido, pois mede efetivamente uma
            qualidade do exame; e, finalmente, &#233; sens&#237;vel pois pode detectar as varia&#231;&#245;es no
            comportamento do fen&#244;meno que examina.</p>
      <p>O outro poss&#237;vel indicador identificado, atingir-se a frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca m&#225;xima
            predita, &#233; baseado nas f&#243;rmulas (220 - idade em anos) (DP=11) e (208-0,7 x idade em
            anos) &#233; tamb&#233;m uma medida quantitativa capaz de indicar a qualidade de um teste
            ergom&#233;trico; tem exatid&#227;o, confiabilidade, simplicidade, pertin&#234;ncia, validade e
            sensibilidade. Entretanto, v&#225;rias condi&#231;&#245;es podem influenciar o comportamento da
            frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca no exerc&#237;cio: a capacidade funcional do paciente, a presen&#231;a de
            ansiedade, distonia neurovegetativa, hipotireoidismo, hipertireoidismo, doen&#231;a de
            Chagas, anemia, al&#233;m de outras, e, principalmente, a a&#231;&#227;o de agentes que atuam no
            cronotropismo. Por essas influ&#234;ncias, n&#227;o podendo ser aplicado a todos os testes
            realizados, o indicador foi preterido. Embora possa ser considerado simples, podendo ser
            aplicado por pessoal administrativo, sua utiliza&#231;&#227;o implica a aplica&#231;&#227;o de f&#243;rmulas. </p>
      <p>A ado&#231;&#227;o de um indicador como ferramenta para controle da qualidade, uma vez implantado,
            necessita do estabelecimento de algum grau de limites para sua aceitabilidade,
            especialmente nas fases iniciais de implanta&#231;&#227;o. Na presente investiga&#231;&#227;o procurou-se
            estabelecer com o indicador escolhido, no mundo real da pr&#225;tica ergom&#233;trica, os valores
            obtidos em testes diagn&#243;sticos e em servi&#231;o de avalia&#231;&#227;o peri&#243;dica de sa&#250;de. Existiram
            diferen&#231;as nas indica&#231;&#245;es dos testes ergom&#233;tricos entre os dois servi&#231;os escolhidos, na
            maioria dos pacientes estudados. No Hospital Geral predominaram as indica&#231;&#245;es visando
            diagn&#243;stico de doen&#231;a coronariana em paciente com alguma suspeita, sintomas a esclarecer
            ou portadores de fatores de risco para doen&#231;a arterial coronariana. </p>
      <p>A maioria dos pacientes avaliados no servi&#231;o de avalia&#231;&#227;o peri&#243;dica de sa&#250;de foi
            constitu&#237;da de indiv&#237;duos assintom&#225;ticos, pertencentes a empresas que contrataram o
            servi&#231;o para avalia&#231;&#227;o de sa&#250;de de seus funcion&#225;rios. Os servi&#231;os escolhidos t&#234;m como
            escopo a busca da qualidade e s&#227;o constitu&#237;dos de m&#233;dicos com experi&#234;ncia no m&#233;todo e
            com conhecimento da literatura. Os resultados obtidos de 85% e 81% em 2010 permitem
            sugerir que essas possam ser metas poss&#237;veis para o indicador em servi&#231;os com a mesma
            caracter&#237;stica. </p>
      <p>A aplica&#231;&#227;o do indicador, depois da publica&#231;&#227;o das III Diretrizes da Sociedade
            Brasileira de Cardiologia sobre Teste Ergom&#233;trico<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B03">3</xref>, adotadas como refer&#234;ncia para a realiza&#231;&#227;o de testes ergom&#233;trico nos dois
            servi&#231;os, demonstrou aumento dos testes dentro da faixa de 8 a 12 minutos de exerc&#237;cio
            em um deles, podendo-se especular que isso tenha ocorrido por influ&#234;ncia do documento. A
            compara&#231;&#227;o, entretanto, deu-se de janeiro a setembro, no ano 2010, e durante todo o ano
            2011. A exclus&#227;o dos dados dos tr&#234;s &#250;ltimos meses de 2010 deveu-se ao fato de as
               Diretrizes<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B03">3</xref> terem sido disponibilizadas na
            internet em outubro daquele ano, e o seu conhecimento poderia contaminar a avalia&#231;&#227;o
            basal pretendida. </p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="conclusions">
      <title>Conclus&#245;es</title>
      <p>O percentual de realiza&#231;&#227;o do teste ergom&#233;trico com tempo do exerc&#237;cio entre 8 e 12
            minutos pode ser utilizado como indicador de qualidade em servi&#231;os de ergometria. Nos
            locais onde ele foi aplicado, uma incid&#234;ncia de, pelo menos, 80% dos testes ergom&#233;tricos
            estiveram dentro da conformidade estabelecida pelo indicador. A ado&#231;&#227;o das III
            Diretrizes da Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia Sobre Teste Ergom&#233;trico pode ter tido
            apenas discreta influ&#234;ncia no aumento do n&#250;mero de testes dentro da conformidade em um
            dos dois servi&#231;os pesquisados.</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>
          <bold>Vincula&#231;&#227;o Acad&#234;mica</bold>
        </p>
        <p>Este artigo &#233; parte de conclus&#227;o do curso de especializa&#231;&#227;o de Romeu S. Meneghelo
               pela Universidade Federal de S&#227;o Paulo - UNIFESP</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="con">
        <p>
          <bold>Contribui&#231;&#227;o dos autores</bold>
        </p>
        <p>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa, Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados e Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito
               quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual e An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados: Meneghelo RS,
               Morhy SS, Zucchi P; An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica e Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito: Meneghelo RS, Zucchi
               P.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="conflict">
        <p>
          <bold>Potencial Conflito de Interesses</bold>
        </p>
        <p>Declaro n&#227;o haver conflito de interesses pertinentes.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="financial-disclosure">
        <p>
          <bold>Fontes de Financiamento</bold>
        </p>
        <p>O presente estudo n&#227;o teve fontes de financiamento externas.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
    <ack>
      <title>Agradecimentos</title>
      <p>Os autores agradecem &#224; Dra. Mariza Kl&#252;ck as suas valiosas sugest&#245;es, que foram
            incorporadas ao presente trabalho.</p>
    </ack>
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  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="SA1" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Articles</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title xml:lang="en">Time of Exercise as Indicator of Quality Control in
               Ergometry Services</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Meneghelo</surname>
            <given-names>Romeu Sergio</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff04">2</xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c02"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Morhy</surname>
            <given-names>Samira Saady</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff04">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Zucchi</surname>
            <given-names>Paola</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff03">1</xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff03">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal de S&#227;o Paulo</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Grupo Interdepartamental de Economia da
               Sa&#250;de</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country>Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Grupo Interdepartamental de Economia da
               Sa&#250;de-GRIDES - Universidade Federal de S&#227;o Paulo-UNIFESP, S&#227;o Paulo, SP -
               Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff04">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein S&#227;o
               Paulo</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country>Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein S&#227;o Paulo, S&#227;o
               Paulo, SP - Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c02"><bold>Mailing Address: Romeu Sergio Meneghelo,</bold> Rua Nicolau de
               Souza Queiroz, 194/161, Vila Mariana. Postal Code - 04105-000. S&#227;o Paulo, SP -
               Brazil. E-mail: meneghelo@cardiol.br , rsmeneg@einstein.br</corresp>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potential Conflict of Interest</bold>
          </p>
          <p> No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <abstract xml:lang="en">
        <sec>
          <title>Background: </title>
          <p>The search for quality requires assessment tools in the various subdivisions of a
                  health complex. In diagnostic medicine, they are scarce and in ergometry
                  suggestions of indicators were not found. </p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objective: </title>
          <p>To establish indicator for quality control on ergometry based on III Guidelines of
                  the Brazilian Cardiology Society About Ergometric Test; to verify the percentage
                  of tests that have presented the indicator within the compliance in two services
                  of the same institution before and after the publication of the document. </p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Methods: </title>
          <p>A critical analysis of the guidelines in the search for indicator that would
                  present: accuracy, reliability, simplicity, validity, sensitivity and ability to
                  quantitatively measure the variations in the behavior of quality criteria and that
                  would be applicable to all tests. The indicator was applied in tests of 2010 and
                  2011 prior to the publication, and after it was adopted by two services of the
                  same institution. </p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Results: </title>
          <p>The indicator that has met the criteria was the percentage of ergometric tests
                  with exercise duration between 8 and 12 minutes. In the years 2010 and 2011,
                  respectively, the percentage of ergometric tests within compliance were 85.5% and
                  86.1% (p = 0.068) at the General Hospital, and 81.5% and 85.7% (p &lt;0.001) the
                  Service of Periodic Health Assessment. </p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclusion:</title>
          <p> The exercise time between 8 and 12 minutes can be used as a quality criterion in
                  ergometric and services where it was applied, at least 80% of the ergometric tests
                  were compliant.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>Ergometry</kwd>
        <kwd>Measures</kwd>
        <kwd>Exercise</kwd>
        <kwd>Quality indicators, health care</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>Introduction</title>
        <p>The implementation of quality programs<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B01">1</xref> in
               public and private health services, as well as its increase in those that are already
               in course, is growing in Brazil. The adoption of indicators as tools for control of
               programs is necessary in this context, but the institutions, due to their
               complexities and multiple subdivisions, not always present specific indicators for
               each one of their areas. The search for quality requires that assessment tools should
               exist in each subdivision of a complex of health. Except for clinical laboratories
               and pathology anatomy that for years have indicators in their processes, there is a
               shortage of them to other areas of diagnostic medicine<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B02">2</xref>. Particularly, in the context of the ergometric tests, it was not
               possible to find the proposition of indicators for this area in indexed publications.
               Whereas examination is noninvasive, but of risk, and it requires the informed consent
               form for its conduction, one deducts that tools of quality control can be useful and
               should be implemented.</p>
        <p>In recent years, publications of Guidelines for medical practice, by specialty
               societies, have been increasing. The adoption of its recommendations has been
               strongly encouraged by representing the synthesis of reviews and analyzes of the
               available literature, according to the best scientific evidence.</p>
        <p>The primary objective of this study was to establish a single indicator as a tool for
               quality control in ergometric testing, based on III Guidelines of the Brazilian
               Society of Cardiology about Ergometric Test<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B03">3</xref>,
               which guides the Brazilian practice in the area. Secondly, the research sought to
               record the measurement of the chosen indicator before and after the publication of
               the guidelines in order to verify their baseline and any changes determined by its
               adoption as a reference for medical practice in the area. For this evaluation,
               ergometric tests were analyzed in a General Hospital and Service of Periodic Health
               Assessment, the same private institution.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="methods">
        <title>Methods</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Characteristics and criterion of choice of the indicator</title>
          <p>Initially, the characteristics of the indicators to be identified according to the
                  criteria suggested by Saraceno and Levav<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B04">4</xref>
                  were established. They preconize that the indicator should measure quantitatively
                  the variations in the behavior of the quality criteria previously established and
                  describe a reality, there it must have the characteristics of a valid measure in
                  statistical terms. In order to make these assumptions more objective, the criteria
                  suggested by Kluck et al<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B05">5</xref> were also
                  incorporated into the present investigation, which are: accuracy, i.e., minimal
                  chance of error, reliability, equal measures if they are made by other services
                  with same methodology, simplicity, they may be collected by administrative staff;
                  relevance, ability to measure the quality of the tests, validity, i.e., to
                  effectively measure the phenomenon and sensitivity, the ability to detect
                  variations in the behavior of the phenomenon that is examined.</p>
          <p>The indicator chosen was the one that meet the highest number of characteristics
                  considered: to be a quantitative measure able to indicate the quality of an
                  ergometric test, to have accuracy, reliability, simplicity, relevance, validity
                  and sensitivity, and to be applicable to all examinations.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Chartflow of the choice</title>
          <p>Careful readings of the III Guidelines of the Brazilian Society of Cardiology for
                  Ergometric Test<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B03">3</xref> were made for the search
                  of possible indicators of quality that would be derived from explicit and implicit
                  recommendations. The indicators were analyzed according to the identified
                  characteristics established beforehand and only one that would meet the highest
                  number of criteria considered was chosen.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Evaluation of indicator values before and after the publication of
                  Guidelines</title>
          <p>The indicator chosen was applied in ergometric tests carried out at two moments:
                  from January to September 2010, period prior to the publication of the Guidelines,
                  and January-December 2011, at which time the guidelines were adopted as a
                  standard. Data were collected in the Ergometry Sector of the General Hospital and
                  in the specific Service of Periodic Health Assessment, both at a sole institution.
                  Finally, a comparison was made of the indicator values at the two periods
                  considered. No specific instruction was given to the physicians who performed the
                  tests, after the publication of the Guidelines, except for the information that
                  they should have read, understood and applied. In both systems, the executors of
                  the test have always had the freedom to choose the protocol they deemed
                  pertinent.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Statistical Analysis</title>
          <p>After the definition of the indicator for quality control in ergometric testing,
                  it was evaluated the percentage of tests considered complaint performed in both
                  services (Ergometry Sector of the General Hospital and Service of Periodic Health
                  Assessment) in two periods: before the publication of guidelines (2010) and after
                  standardization according to the Guidelines (2011). The results were summarized as
                  absolute and relative frequencies (percentages). For comparison between the two
                  periods for compliance examinations, we applied a Pearson's chi-square test with
                  Yates correction for continuity under the assumption that the tests performed in
                  the two periods within the same sector were independent. It was considered the
                  usual significance level of 0.05. The statistical software was SPSS, version
                  19.0.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="results">
        <title>Results</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Indicator chosen</title>
          <p>Readings and analysis of III Guidelines of the Brazilian Society of Cardiology on
                  Ergometric Test<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B03">3</xref> enabled to identify only
                  two possible indicators, considering the criteria previously chosen. They were:
                  exercise time of 10 minutes, with acceptable variations between 8 and 12 minutes
                  recommended for an ergometric test, according to the item "5.6 - Choose the
                  ergometer and protocol" of the document, and others described in "Item" 6.3.1 -
                  Heart Rate", where it is defined that normal behavior in the test is the patient
                  achieve the recommended heart rate for its related age. The percentage of tests
                  performed with treadmill exercise lasting 8 to 12 minutes was the one which met
                  all criteria previously determined and was the chosen one<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B04">4</xref>
						<sup>,</sup>
						<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B05">5</xref>.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Evaluation of indicator values before and after the publication of
                  Guidelines.</title>
          <p>The results of the retrospective analysis of tests conducted in 2010 and 2011 in
                  the Ergometry Sector of the General Hospital are shown in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t03">table 1</xref>. Data were available for 4,255 sequential tests in
                  2010, and 2,698 in 2011. It can be seen that the indicator chosen was considered
                  optimal in the range 84.55% to 86.1% of the ergometric tests performed in 2010 and
                  2011, respectively (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02">figure 1</xref>). We observed a
                  reduction in the percentage of tests outside the range of 15.5% in 2010 to 14.9%
                  in 2011, this difference was not statistically significant (p = 0.068).
                  Considering only the tests below, the minimum time of 8 minutes for the duration
                  of the exercise, the percentage decreased from 11.5% in 2010 to 8.8% in 2011.
                  However, there was an increase in the percentage of tests over 12 minutes long.
                  The percentage of 4% observed in 2010 rose to 5.1% in 2011.</p>
          <fig id="f02" fig-type="other">
            <label>Figure 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Percentages of tests considered in compliance, according to the chosen
                        quality indicator (duration of ergometric test exercise between 8 and 12
                        minutes), at the two services researched in years of 2010 and 2011.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-102-02-0151-40005-gf01-en.jpg"/></fig>
          <table-wrap id="t03">
            <label>Table 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Absolute and percentage values of the ergometric tests in 2010 and 2011,
                        classified according to the time of exercise, total of examinations and
                        absolute number and percentage of tests out of the ideal range in the
                        Ergonometry Service of the General Hospital</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="rows">
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th>&#160;</th>
                  <th colspan="2" align="center">
                    <bold>Period of Assessment</bold>
                  </th>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left">
                    <bold>Stress Time</bold>
                  </th>
                  <th align="center">
                    <bold>2010</bold>
                  </th>
                  <th align="center">
                    <bold>2011</bold>
                  </th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td> Under 8 minutes</td>
                  <td align="center"> 491 (11.5%)</td>
                  <td align="center"> 237 (8.8%)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td> Above 12 minutes</td>
                  <td align="center"> 168 (4%)</td>
                  <td align="center"> 137 (5.1%)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td> Between 8-12 minutes</td>
                  <td align="center"> 3596 (84.5%)</td>
                  <td align="center"> 2324 (86.1%)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td> Total of examinations</td>
                  <td align="center"> 4255 (100%)</td>
                  <td align="center"> 2698 (100%)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td> Tests out of range</td>
                  <td align="center"> 659 (15.5%)</td>
                  <td align="center"> 374 (14.9%)</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
          </table-wrap>
          <p>The results of the application, retrospective, of the chosen indicator in
                  ergometric tests performed in the years 2010 and 2011, in the Service of Periodic
                  Health Assessment, are shown in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t04">Table 2</xref>.
                  Data were available for 3,763 sequential tests in 2010, and 6,458 in 2011.</p>
          <table-wrap id="t04">
            <label/>
            <caption>
              <title>Absolute and percentages values of the ergometric tests in 2010 and
                        2011, classified according to the time of exercise, total of examinations
                        and absolute number and percentage of tests out of the ideal range in the
                        Service of Periodic Health Assessment</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="rows">
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th>&#160;</th>
                  <th colspan="2" align="center">
                    <bold>Period of Assessment</bold>
                  </th>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left">
                    <bold>Stress Time</bold>
                  </th>
                  <th align="center">
                    <bold>2010</bold>
                  </th>
                  <th align="center">
                    <bold>2011</bold>
                  </th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td> Under 8 minutes</td>
                  <td align="center">401 (10.6%)</td>
                  <td align="center">458 (7.1%)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td> Above 12 minutes</td>
                  <td align="center">296 (7.9%)</td>
                  <td align="center">468 (7.2%)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td> Between 8-12 minutes</td>
                  <td align="center">3066 (81.5%)</td>
                  <td align="center">5532 (85.7%)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td> Total of examinations</td>
                  <td align="center">3763 (100%)</td>
                  <td align="center">6458 (100%)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td> Tests out of range</td>
                  <td align="center">697 (18.5%)</td>
                  <td align="center">926 (14.3%)</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
          </table-wrap>
          <p>The indicator in this service in 2010, was in the optimal range considered in
                  81.5% of the ergometric tests performed, increasing to 85.7% in 2011 (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02">figure 1</xref>). After standardization according to
                  the guidelines, there was a reduction in the percentage of tests out of range
                  (18.5% in 2010 to 14.3% in 2011, p &lt;0.001). Considering only the tests below,
                  the minimum time of 8 minutes for the duration of the test, the percentage
                  decreased from 10.6% in 2010 to 7.1% in 2011. There was also a reduction of the
                  percentage of tests lasting over 12 minutes between 2010 and 2011. The percentage
                  of 7.9% in 2010 increased to 7.2% in 2011. It was observed in both periods and
                  both services, the following protocols applied: Bruce modified, original Bruce,
                  Ellestad and Naughton.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="discussion">
        <title>Discussion</title>
        <p>Medical progress, improving diagnostic and therapeutic arsenal has increased, so
               expressively, the health care costs in the world<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B01">1</xref>, including our country. In Brazil, most evidently in the Unified Health
               System (SUS) and the suppletive, available resources are limited, which leads to the
               requirement for full optimization of assistance to assist as many people as possible.
               The implementation of quality programs in health, started in our country, since the
               1990s, it can be an important weapon, so this optimization is pursued without
               deterioration of assistance<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B01">1</xref>. On the other
               hand, the consumer of private services of the complementary system and SUS system
               have an increasingly desire for a good health assistance. This causes health services
               to more and more seek for quality. As the process moves forward, searching quality of
               care, there is a tendency that tools for quality assessment in health care are not
               restricted to the general aspects of an institution, rather that such quality is
               pursued in its various sectors, according to their particularities and constructing
               indicators of structure, process and results<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B06">6</xref>.
               Clinical laboratories and pathology anatomy were the first to seek quality
               improvement, standardizing their processes and obtaining certifications. In other
               areas, in medical diagnosis, there is still a lack of tools capable of performing
               quality control in its various subdivisions<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B02">2</xref>.
               Particularly in the area of ergometric tests, it was found no indexed publication to
               suggest specific indicators for quality control. Therefore, this research seems to
               have a pioneering nature.</p>
        <p>The choice of the document III Guidelines of the Brazilian Society of Cardiology on
               Ergometric Test, published in September 2010, happened due to the fact that they have
               based on the analysis of the available literature so far. Considering that this
               document represents an important guide to the implementation and interpretation of
               ergometric tests, it was considered an ideal source to search for indicators for
               ergometric tests. The choice of an indicator can always deserve criticism and biases.
               The percentage of tests performed with treadmill exercise lasting 8 to 12 minutes,
               which meets all the criteria previously determined<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B04">4</xref>
					<sup>,</sup>
					<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B05">5</xref>, represents the
               expertise of the physician performing the examination, after analyzing anamnesis data
               for assessing the functional capacity of an individual patient. It is a quantitative
               measurement able to indicate the quality of an ergometric test having accuracy,
               reliability, simplicity, relevance, validity and sensitivity.</p>
        <p>The stress time execution, ideally of 10 minutes, with acceptable variations from 8
               to 12 minutes have justifications in the literature that have not been thoroughly
               commented in the III Guidelines of the Brazilian Society of Cardiology, perhaps
               because it is synthetic document and easy to read to facilitate its intended full
               dissemination. Since 1973 it is already known that load exercise may trigger intense
               ST segment depression, compatible with myocardial ischemic response<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B07">7</xref>.</p>
        <p>Barnard et al<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B07">7</xref>, applying a run of only 30
               seconds, no heating, in 10 normal firefighters discovered slight depression of the ST
               segment in three of them, significant depression in three of them and four of them
               with normal electrocardiographic response. After heating, with normal ergometric test
               with of increasing load, the repetition of the experiment showed very slight
               depression in just two firefighters and normal response in eight firefighters. Since
               then it is known that ergometric tests with short duration mean an imposition of
               improper load to the patient in question, which can generate false positive results.
               Based on research that measured concomitantly intra-arterial pressure in the brachial
               artery, the rationale for the onset of ST segment depression was a reduction of the
               subendocardial coronary flow due to lack of adequate cardio-circulatory adjustments
               before a sudden and intense stress.</p>
        <p>Also since 1991, it is known that prolonged ergometric tests can minimize possible
               ischemic electrocardiographic manifestations in patients with coronary artery
                  disease<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B08">8</xref>. Panza et al<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B08">8</xref> have performed two tests on a treadmill in 70 patients with
               known coronary artery disease after discontinuation of medication in use, using the
               Bruce protocol and increment loads protocol, in a more attenuated manner, of the
               National Institutes of Health (NIH) in Bethesda, United States. The exercise time was
               6.8 minutes (SD +2) in Bruce Protocol and 14.1 minutes (SD +5) in the NIH protocol.
               They have had positive ergometric tests of 82% of patients with the Bruce protocol
               and only 67 % with the protocol in a more attenuated manner and of longer duration.
               This publication assessed the findings of Bruchfuhrer et al<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B09">9</xref> published in 1983, which tested 10 healthy subjects in
               different protocols on a treadmill and stationary bike, finding in both ergometers
               the time of 10 minutes as the optimal duration of stress to obtain the highest oxygen
               consumption for each individual. Tests lasting less than eight minutes led to an
               average reduction of higher oxygen consumption by 10%, and when lasting more than 17
               minutes it has a reduction of 5%.</p>
        <p>All these publications have guided the Guidelines<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>
					<sup>,</sup>
					<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref> on ergometic tests
               and the Guideline from the American Heart Association recommends values between 6 and
               12 minutes<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>, and the Brazilian one recommends
               8 to 12 minutes. As seen, the duration of stress during ergometric test is an
               important variable in the quality of the examination and it may generate false
               positive and negative diagnostic results, if not proper, therefore it measures the
               actual quality of the process of conducting an ergometric test.</p>
        <p>To make an ergometric test to be within compliance, according to the indicator
               implies that the performer has medical expertise to choose the appropriate protocol
               from among those recommended by the Guidelines, which are the original Bruce,
               modified Bruce or ramped, Ellestad, Balke and Naughton. These protocols have
               different intensities of work increase, enabling patients with very low physical
               ability until those well-conditioned, to perform exercise between 8 and 12 minutes.
               There is still the possibility of applying a ramp type protocol, the principles
               advocate that the stress should be in the range of 8 to 12 minutes, whereas 10
               minutes is the ideal time<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref>.</p>
        <p>Questionnaires are available in the literature for the estimate of prior functional
               capacity and they can be of use in order to reach such objectives<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref>
					<sup>-</sup>
					<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref>.</p>
        <p>The indicator chosen meets the recommendations of Saraceno and Lavav<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B04">4</xref> because, as it was seen, it quantitatively
               measures the variations in the behavior of the quality criteria and describes a
               reality, which can be considered as a valid measurement in statistical terms.</p>
        <p>Considering the recommendations has as objective from Kluck et al<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B05">5</xref> one may affirm that the indicator is accurate
               because it is a measure of time easily obtained in computerized systems for testing;
               it is reliable, enabling it to be measured by other services with the same
               methodology, it is simple, it can be collected by administrative staff only by
               observation of the report, without the use of subjectivity, without specific
               technical knowledge, it is relevant for measuring the quality of an ergometric test
               with broad support in the pertinent medical literature, it is valid because it
               measures effectively a <italic>quality</italic> of the test, and, finally, it is
               sensitive because it can detect the changes in the phenomenon behavior that is
               examined.</p>
        <p>Another possible indicator identified to achieve maximal predicted heart rate, is
               based on the formula (220 - age in years) (SD = 11) and (208 to 0.7 x age in years)
               is also a quantitative measure capable of indicate the quality of an ergometric test;
               it has accuracy, reliability, simplicity, relevance, validity and sensitivity.
               However, several conditions can influence the behavior of heart rate in ergometric
               test: the patient's functional capacity, the presence of anxiety, neurovegetative
               dystonia, hypothyroidism, hyperthyroidism, Chagas disease, anemia, among others, and
               particularly the action of agents operating in chronotropism. Due to these
               influences, which cannot be applied to all tests, the indicator is deprecated.
               Although it might be considered simple and it can be applied by administrative staff,
               their use implies the application of formulas.</p>
        <p>The adoption of such an indicator tool for quality control, once implemented,
               requires the establishment of limits to some degree of acceptability, particularly in
               the early stages of implementation. In the present investigation it was sought to
               establish with the chosen indicator, the actual world of the ergometric practice, the
               values obtained in diagnostic and in the service of periodic health assessment. There
               were differences in the indications of the ergometric tests between two selected
               services in most patients. At the General Hospital, it was predominant the
               indications targeting diagnosis of coronary artery disease in patients with any
               suspicious symptoms to clarify or patients with risk factors for coronary artery
               disease.</p>
        <p>Most of the patients in the service of periodic health assessment consisted of
               asymptomatic individuals belonging to companies that hired the service to assess the
               health of their employees. The selected services has the scope of pursuing quality
               and are composed by physicians experienced in the method and knowledge of literature.
               The results of 85% and 81% in 2010 may suggest that these may be possible goals for
               the indicator in services with the same characteristic.</p>
        <p>The application of the indicator, after the publication of the III Guidelines of the
               Brazilian Society of Cardiology on Ergometric Test<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B03">3</xref>, adopted as a reference for the ergometric test in both services,
               demonstrated increased of tests within the range of 8 and 12 minutes of exercise in
               one of them, therefore one may speculate that this occurred under the influence of
               the document. The comparison, however, took place from January to September 2010, and
               throughout the year 2011. The exclusion of data from the last three months of 2010
               was due to the fact that the Guidelines<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B03">3</xref> were
               available on the Internet in October of that year, and their knowledge could
               contaminate the desired baseline.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="conclusions">
        <title>Conclusions</title>
        <p>The percentage of realization of the ergometric test with exercise time between 8 and
               12 minutes may be used as a quality indicator in ergometry services. At places where
               it was applied, an incidence of at least 80% of ergometric tests were within
               compliance provided by the indicator. The adoption of the III Guidelines of the
               Brazilian Society of Cardiology on Ergometric Test may has had only a discrete
               influence in the increase of number of tests within compliance in one out of the two
               services researched.</p>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Author contributions</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Conception and design of the research, Acquisition of data, Critical revision of
                  the manuscript for intellectual content and Analysis and interpretation of the
                  data: Meneghelo RS, Morhy SS, Zucchi P; Statistical analysis and Writing of the
                  manuscript: Meneghelo RS, Zucchi P.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="financial-disclosure">
          <p>
            <bold>Sources of Funding</bold>
          </p>
          <p>There were no external funding sources for this study.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>
            <bold>Study Association</bold>
          </p>
          <p>This article is part submitted by Romeu S. Meneghelo&#180;s specialization course in
                  Universidade Federal de S&#227;o Paulo - UNIFESP.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
      <ack>
        <title>Acknowledgement</title>
        <p>Authors thank Dr. Mariza Kl&#252;ck for her valuable suggestions, which has been
               incorporated to this paper.</p>
      </ack>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
