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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">9xv4g6tpSYhGP3FKqBD6LJp</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2014000200024</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="previous-pid">S0066-782X2013005030242</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">00024</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5935/abc.20130242</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigos Originais</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title xml:lang="pt">Reserva de Velocidade de Fluxo Coronariano durante o
               Ecocardiograma sob Estresse com Dobutamina</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Abreu</surname>
            <given-names>Jos&#233; Sebasti&#227;o de</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">2</xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">3</xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Lima</surname>
            <given-names>Jos&#233; Wellington Oliveira</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">4</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Di&#243;genes</surname>
            <given-names>Tereza Cristina Pinheiro</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Siqueira</surname>
            <given-names>Jordana Magalh&#227;es</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">3</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Pimentel</surname>
            <given-names>Nayara Lima</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">3</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Gomes Neto</surname>
            <given-names>Pedro Sabino</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">3</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Abreu</surname>
            <given-names>Mar&#237;lia Esther Benevides de</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Paes J&#250;nior</surname>
            <given-names>Jos&#233; Nogueira</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">2</xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Prontoc&#225;rdio - Pronto Atendimento Cardiol&#243;gico SC
               Ltda</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Fortaleza</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">CE</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country>Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original"> Prontoc&#225;rdio - Pronto Atendimento Cardiol&#243;gico SC Ltda,
            Fortaleza, CE - Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff2">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Clinic&#225;rdio - JAC M&#233;todos Diagn&#243;sticos
               SS</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Fortaleza</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">CE</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country>Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original"> Clinic&#225;rdio - JAC M&#233;todos Diagn&#243;sticos SS, Fortaleza, CE -
            Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff3">
        <label>3</label>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Faculdade de Medicina</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal do Cear&#225;</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Fortaleza</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">CE</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country>Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade Federal do Cear&#225;,
            Fortaleza, CE - Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff4">
        <label>4</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Estadual do Cear&#225;</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Fortaleza</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">CE</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country>Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade Estadual do Cear&#225;, Fortaleza, CE - Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01"><bold>Correspond&#234;ncia:</bold> Jos&#233; Sebastiao de Abreu, Rua Dr. Jos&#233; Louren&#231;o,
               500/700, Meireles. CEP 60115-280, Fortaleza, CE - Brasil. E-mail:
                  <email>jsabreu@cardiol.br</email>, <email>jsabreu10@yahoo.com.br</email>
				</corresp>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p><bold>Potencial Conflito de Interesses</bold> Declaro n&#227;o haver conflito de
                  interesses pertinentes.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p><bold>Vincula&#231;&#227;o Acad&#234;mica</bold> N&#227;o h&#225; vincula&#231;&#227;o deste estudo com disserta&#231;&#245;es
                  e teses de p&#243;s-gradua&#231;&#227;o.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date pub-type="epub">
        <day>21</day>
        <month>12</month>
        <year>2013</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date pub-type="collection">
        <month>03</month>
        <year>2014</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>102</volume>
      <issue>02</issue>
      <fpage>134</fpage>
      <lpage>142</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>21</day>
          <month>05</month>
          <year>2013</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>11</day>
          <month>08</month>
          <year>2013</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>20</day>
          <month>08</month>
          <year>2013</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/">
          <license-p>This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative
                  Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License which permits unrestricted
                  non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the
                  original work is properly cited. </license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract xml:lang="pt">
        <sec>
          <title>Fundamento:</title>
          <p> A reserva de velocidade de fluxo coronariano (RVFC) &#8805; 2 &#233; adequada para inferir
                  bom progn&#243;stico ou aus&#234;ncia de coronariopatia importante. </p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objetivo:</title>
          <p> Identificar par&#226;metros relevantes na obten&#231;&#227;o da RVFC (adequada ou inadequada) na
                  descendente anterior (ADA), durante o ecocardiograma sob estresse com dobutamina
                  (EED). </p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>M&#233;todos:</title>
          <p> Avalia&#231;&#227;o de 100 pacientes encaminhados para pesquisa de isquemia mioc&#225;rdica
                  atrav&#233;s do EED, orientados para suspender o betabloqueador 72 horas antes do
                  exame. Calculou-se a RVFC pela divis&#227;o do pico de velocidade (cm/s) diast&#243;lica
                  (PVD) verificado no EED (PVD-EED) pelo de repouso (PVD-REP). No grupo I, a RVFC
                  &lt; 2 e no grupo II a RVFC &#8805; 2. Foram utilizados o teste t de Student e o exato
                  de Fisher. Signific&#226;ncia estat&#237;stica quando p &lt; 0,05. </p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Resultados:</title>
          <p> Em repouso, o tempo (segundos) para obter o Doppler na ADA nos grupos I e II n&#227;o
                  diferiu (53 &#177; 31 vs. 45 &#177; 32; p = 0,23). No EED, registrou-se a ADA em 92
                  pacientes. O grupo I evidenciou pacientes mais velhos (65,9 &#177; 9,3 vs. 61,2 &#177; 10,8
                  anos; p = 0,04), menor fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o (61 &#177; 10 vs. 66 &#177; 6%; p = 0,005), maior
                  PVD-REP (36,81 &#177; 08 vs. 25,63 &#177; 06 cm/s; p &lt; 0,0001) e menor RVFC (1,67 &#177; 0,24
                  vs. 2,53 &#177; 0,57; p &lt; 0,0001), entretanto o PVD-EED n&#227;o diferiu (61,40 &#177; 16 vs.
                  64,23 &#177; 16 cm/s; p = 0,42). A suspens&#227;o do betabloqueador associou-se &#224; chance 4
                  vezes maior de ocorrer RVFC &lt; 2 (OR = 4; 95% IC [1,171 - 13,63], p = 0,027).
               </p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclus&#227;o:</title>
          <p> O PVD-REP foi o principal par&#226;metro para determinar uma RVFC adequada. A
                  suspens&#227;o do betabloqueador associou-se significativamente com RVFC inadequada. A
                  elevada exequibilidade e o tempo para registro da ADA favorecem a utiliza&#231;&#227;o dessa
                  metodologia.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <kwd>Doen&#231;a da art&#233;ria coronariana</kwd>
        <kwd>Ecocardiografia sob estresse / m&#233;todos</kwd>
        <kwd>Reserva de velocidade de fluxo coronariano</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <counts>
        <fig-count count="2"/>
        <table-count count="5"/>
        <equation-count count="0"/>
        <ref-count count="37"/>
        <page-count count="9"/>
      </counts>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
      <p>O ecocardiograma sob estresse farmacol&#243;gico constitui um m&#233;todo seguro e acurado para a
            avalia&#231;&#227;o n&#227;o invasiva da doen&#231;a arterial coronariana (DAC)<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B01">1</xref>
				<sup>-</sup>
				<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B04">4</xref>,
            constatando-se que a exacerba&#231;&#227;o do componente diast&#243;lico do fluxo determinada pela
            dobutamina, dipiridamol ou adenosina, pode ser utilizada para o c&#225;lculo da reserva de
            velocidade do fluxo coronariano (RVFC)<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B05">5</xref>
				<sup>-</sup>
				<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref>. </p>
      <p>A verifica&#231;&#227;o da RVFC atrav&#233;s do ecocardiograma transtor&#225;cico j&#225; foi validada para a
            avalia&#231;&#227;o dos sistemas coronarianos esquerdo e direito<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref>
				<sup>,</sup>
				<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref>
				<sup>,</sup>
				<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref>, tornando-se ferramenta importante na an&#225;lise
            funcional da art&#233;ria coron&#225;ria descendente anterior (ADA). Estudos t&#234;m demonstrado que
            uma RVFC &#8805; 2 &#233; adequada e relevante para inferir aus&#234;ncia de estenose coronariana
            significativa, bem como relacionar-se a bom progn&#243;stico, no contexto da coron&#225;ria
               examinada<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B07">7</xref>
				<sup>,</sup>
				<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>
				<sup>-</sup>
				<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref>
				<sup>,</sup>
				<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref>
				<sup>,</sup>
				<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref>
				<sup>-</sup>
				<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref>. V&#225;rias publica&#231;&#245;es evidenciam que os autores conseguem registrar o fluxo
            da ADA em aproximadamente 90% dos casos, o que permite elevada exequibilidade da medida
            da RVFC por meio da ecocardiografia, favorecendo a utiliza&#231;&#227;o de um m&#233;todo seguro,
            validado e reprodut&#237;vel na pr&#225;tica cl&#237;nica<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B05">5</xref>
				<sup>-</sup>
				<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref>.</p>
      <p>Na verifica&#231;&#227;o invasiva da RVFC, constata-se que o valor obtido pode sofrer influ&#234;ncia
            de fatores, tais como idade, press&#227;o arterial, frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca, hipertrofia
            ventricular esquerda e grau de comprometimento coronariano, dentre outros<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref>. </p>
      <p>A literatura &#233; pobre quanto &#224; avalia&#231;&#227;o do estado funcional da ADA por meio da
            ecocardiografia transtor&#225;cica utilizando a dobutamina, mas, independentemente do f&#225;rmaco
            administrado, o c&#225;lculo da RVFC pode ser comprometido por diversas raz&#245;es. Dessa forma,
            o objetivo deste estudo foi identificar par&#226;metros relevantes na obten&#231;&#227;o da RVFC
            adequada (&#8805; 2) ou n&#227;o adequada na ADA, durante o ecocardiograma sob estresse com
            dobutamina (EED). </p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="methods">
      <title>M&#233;todos</title>
      <sec>
        <title>Pacientes do Estudo</title>
        <p>Foi realizado um estudo transversal de 100 pacientes encaminhados por seus m&#233;dicos
               assistentes para pesquisa de isquemia mioc&#225;rdica por meio do EED, com pr&#233;via
               orienta&#231;&#227;o para suspender o uso de betabloqueador (&#946;-bloq) 72 horas antes do dia do
               exame. </p>
        <p>Ap&#243;s obter-se a hist&#243;ria cl&#237;nica, verificaram-se os fatores de risco para DAC e a
               presen&#231;a de poss&#237;vel contraindica&#231;&#227;o para o EED. Hipertens&#227;o arterial<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref> foi definida como press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica
               &gt; 140 mmHg ou diast&#243;lica &gt; 90 mmHg. Diabetes melito<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref> foi determinado por glicemia em jejum &gt; 126 mg/dL. A
                  dislipidemia<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref> foi considerada quando
               colesterol total &gt; 220 mg/dL. O uso de anti-hipertensivos, hipoglicemiantes orais,
               insulina ou hipolipemiantes tamb&#233;m definiam os fatores de risco supracitados como
               presentes. Como tabagistas, consideramos aqueles que n&#227;o tivessem parado de fumar h&#225;
               menos de um ano do estudo.</p>
        <p>Os crit&#233;rios de exclus&#227;o foram hipertens&#227;o arterial n&#227;o controlada, angina inst&#225;vel,
               insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca congestiva, infarto do mioc&#225;rdio (IM) recente (ocorrido h&#225;
               menos de um m&#234;s da realiza&#231;&#227;o do EED), doen&#231;a valvular importante, doen&#231;a prost&#225;tica
               ou glaucoma com contraindica&#231;&#227;o para o uso de atropina e ritmo n&#227;o sinusal.</p>
        <p>Todos os pacientes foram esclarecidos sobre os riscos e os objetivos do exame, o qual
               s&#243; era iniciado ap&#243;s a concord&#226;ncia verbal do paciente.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Ecocardiograma sob Estresse com Dobutamina</title>
        <p>Foi utilizado o ecocardi&#243;grafo Vivid 7 (GE Healthcare) com imagem em segunda
               harm&#244;nica e o transdutor multifrequencial M4S com a frequ&#234;ncia variando de 2 a 4 MHz.
               O ventr&#237;culo esquerdo (VE) foi visualizado nos registros apicais (4 e 2 c&#226;maras) e
               paraesternais (eixos longo e curto) em repouso e durante o uso de dobutamina, nas
               doses de 10 (baixa dose), 20, 30 at&#233; 40 &#181;g/kg/min em intervalos de 3 minutos, sendo
               as imagens de repouso, baixa dose, pico e recupera&#231;&#227;o comparadas em tela qu&#225;drupla. A
               atropina podia ser associada ap&#243;s o segundo est&#225;gio em al&#237;quotas de 0,25 mg, at&#233; a
               m&#225;xima dose cumulativa de 2 mg, com a finalidade de concluir o exame. Considerava-se
               o EED conclu&#237;do quando se atingia frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca (FC) alvo maior que 85% da FC
               m&#225;xima (220 &#8722; idade) e/ou determinava-se isquemia mioc&#225;rdica. Considerou-se isquemia
               o relato de angina t&#237;pica, nova anormalidade contr&#225;til ou piora de uma pr&#233;-existente
               (exceto de acinesia para discinesia). O exame seria interrompido em caso de
               intoler&#226;ncia &#224; medica&#231;&#227;o, pico hipertensivo (press&#227;o arterial &gt; 230 x 120 mmHg) ou
               arritmia card&#237;aca<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B03">3</xref>
					<sup>,</sup>
					<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">32</xref>.</p>
        <p>O VE foi dividido em 16 segmentos, verificando-se na pontua&#231;&#227;o para contra&#231;&#227;o de cada
               segmento, os padr&#245;es normal = 1, hipocin&#233;tico = 2, acin&#233;tico = 3 ou discin&#233;tico = 4.
               No c&#225;lculo do &#237;ndice de escore da contra&#231;&#227;o segmentar (IECS), dividiu-se a pontua&#231;&#227;o
               obtida por 16<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B01">1</xref>
					<sup>,</sup>
					<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B05">5</xref>
					<sup>,</sup>
					<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B06">6</xref>
					<sup>,</sup>
					<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>
					<sup>,</sup>
					<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref>.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Registro da Coron&#225;ria Descendente Anterior e da Reserva de Velocidade de Fluxo
               Coronariano</title>
        <p>Na mesma posi&#231;&#227;o de dec&#250;bito lateral esquerdo em que se realizava o EED,
               registrava-se a ADA em sua regi&#227;o m&#233;dio-distal com um <italic>preset</italic>
               espec&#237;fico pr&#233;-estabelecido. A partir do registro do eixo longo paraesternal baixo,
               com a rota&#231;&#227;o hor&#225;ria do transdutor, determinava-se o desaparecimento do ventr&#237;culo
               direito, visualizando-se o sulco interventricular, regi&#227;o na qual a imagem da ADA
               seria obtida. Outras op&#231;&#245;es eram a visualiza&#231;&#227;o a partir da posi&#231;&#227;o de tr&#234;s c&#226;maras
               modificadas ou de duas c&#226;maras, concomitantes, com pequenos ajustes de angula&#231;&#227;o ou
               rota&#231;&#227;o do transdutor.</p>
        <p>Utilizando-se uma pequena caixa de Doppler colorido com limite Nyquist de
               aproximadamente 20 cm/s, a ADA aparecia como uma imagem tubular, na qual se
               determinava o maior alongamento e extens&#227;o poss&#237;veis, bem como a menor angula&#231;&#227;o com
               o cursor do Doppler, cujo volume de amostra media 2 mm. Por meio do Doppler puls&#225;til,
               o fluxo avaliado caracterizava-se pelo espectro bif&#225;sico com predom&#237;nio diast&#243;lico,
               registrando-se curvas anter&#243;gradas e acima da linha de base. Inicialmente, a escala
               de velocidade do Doppler estava limitada em 80 cm/s e podia ser ampliada durante o
               EED, permitindo captar os subsequentes aumentos das velocidades das curvas do
               Doppler.</p>
        <p>No Doppler da ADA sincronizado com o eletrocardiograma, foram registrados os picos
               das velocidades diast&#243;licas (PVD), selecionando-se em repouso e, durante o estresse,
               tr&#234;s curvas espectrais n&#227;o necessariamente cont&#237;nuas, contudo com boa qualidade e
               maiores velocidades. A RVFC foi obtida pela divis&#227;o do PVD (m&#233;dia de tr&#234;s picos)
               ocorrido durante o EED pelo PVD (m&#233;dia de tr&#234;s picos) basal registrado em
                  repouso<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B06">6</xref>
					<sup>-</sup>
					<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B08">8</xref>
					<sup>,</sup>
					<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>
					<sup>,</sup>
					<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref>
					<sup>,</sup>
					<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref>
					<sup>,</sup>
					<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref>
					<sup>,</sup>
					<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref>. </p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Protocolo do Estudo</title>
        <p>Ap&#243;s a avalia&#231;&#227;o ecocardiogr&#225;fica para medidas de rotina, efetuava-se o estudo da
               ADA. Imediatamente ap&#243;s a coloca&#231;&#227;o da caixa de cor na tela do ecocardi&#243;grafo,
               iniciava-se a contagem de tempo expendido para obter o registro da ADA pela cor e
               pelo Doppler puls&#225;til. Apenas os casos com os registros das curvas espectrais do
               Doppler obtidos em menos de 180 segundos seriam mantidos no estudo. Atrav&#233;s do mesmo
               transdutor, alternava-se a visualiza&#231;&#227;o da imagem bidimensional do VE e do Doppler da
               ADA. Dessa forma, a tela qu&#225;drupla do EED era preenchida nos diversos est&#225;gios,
               concomitante &#224;s diversas medidas dos PVDs at&#233; a conclus&#227;o do exame. Logo que o exame
               era finalizado, definia-se o resultado do EED e calculava-se a RVFC. Os casos em que
               a RVFC &lt; 2 constituiriam o grupo I (GI) e aqueles com RVFC adequada (&#8805; 2)
               constituiriam o grupo II (GII). O IECS seria calculado em etapa posterior.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>An&#225;lise Estat&#237;stica</title>
        <p>A propor&#231;&#227;o de indiv&#237;duos com reserva coronariana adequada foi comparada nas diversas
               categorias de uma mesma vari&#225;vel independente atrav&#233;s do teste exato de Fisher. Da
               mesma forma, as distribui&#231;&#245;es das vari&#225;veis independentes cont&#237;nuas, segundo a
               presen&#231;a ou n&#227;o de reserva coronariana adequada, foram comparadas atrav&#233;s do teste
                  <italic>t</italic> de Student.</p>
        <p>Modelos de regress&#227;o log&#237;stica univariada entre as vari&#225;veis independentes e a
               reserva coronariana (adequada e n&#227;o adequada) foram elaborados, e as vari&#225;veis que
               apresentaram um valor p &lt; 0,250 foram inclu&#237;das nos modelos multivariados. O
               objetivo da an&#225;lise multivariada foi descrever a rela&#231;&#227;o entre a suspens&#227;o do &#946;-bloq
               e a reserva coronariana, ajustada para potenciais confundidores.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="results">
      <title>Resultados</title>
      <sec>
        <title>Exequibilidade</title>
        <p>Dentre os 110 casos inicialmente avaliados, 10 foram exclu&#237;dos por ultrapassar o
               per&#237;odo de 180 segundos para registrar o Doppler da ADA. Consequentemente, a
               exequibilidade para o registro em repouso no per&#237;odo de tempo estabelecido foi de
               91%.</p>
        <p>Os EEDs transcorreram sem complica&#231;&#227;o e foi poss&#237;vel verificar o PVD em 92% (92/100)
               dos pacientes. Dos oito pacientes n&#227;o avaliados durante o EED, o
                  <italic>twist</italic> do VE determinado pelo bloqueio de ramo esquerdo prejudicou
               a visualiza&#231;&#227;o em dois casos, e, nos outros seis, a vigorosa movimenta&#231;&#227;o do cora&#231;&#227;o
               n&#227;o permitiu o registro. A atropina foi adicionada em 93% dos pacientes,
               utilizando-se dose m&#233;dia de 0,68 &#177; 0,53 mg .</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Caracter&#237;sticas Cl&#237;nicas</title>
        <p>Constituiu-se o GI de 32 pacientes (RVFC &lt; 2) e o GII de 60 pacientes com RVFC &#8805; 2
                  (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01">Figuras 1</xref> e <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02">2</xref>), constatando-se que o GI apresentou pacientes mais velhos (66 &#177; 9
                  <italic>vs</italic>. 61 &#177; 11 anos; p = 0,04).</p>
        <fig id="f01" fig-type="other">
          <label>Figura 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Pico de velocidade diast&#243;lica (PVD), reserva de velocidade de fluxo
                     coronariano (RVFC) e a frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca (FC) correlata. Grupo I: PVD = 45
                     cm/s e FC = 65 bpm em repouso (A) com PVD = 77 cm/s e FC = 139 bpm durante o
                     estresse (B), determinando RVFC = 1,71 ap&#243;s atingir a FC alvo (138). Grupo II:
                     PVD = 34 cm/s e FC = 90 bpm em repouso (C) com PVD = 89 cm/s e FC = 137 bpm
                     durante o estresse (D), determinando RVFC = 2,61 ap&#243;s atingir a FC alvo
                     (131).</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-102-02-0134-30242-gf01.jpg"/></fig>
        <fig id="f02" fig-type="other">
          <label>Figura 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>A RVFC = 3 foi obtida de forma precoce (FC= 118 bpm) com rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; FC alvo
                     (140 bpm).</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-102-02-0134-30242-gf02.jpg"/></fig>
        <p>Os grupos n&#227;o diferiram (p = NS) quanto &#224; distribui&#231;&#227;o por sexo, hipertens&#227;o
               arterial, dislipidemia, diabetes, hist&#243;rico de DAC, interven&#231;&#227;o coron&#225;ria (cir&#250;rgica
               ou por cateter) ou IM pr&#233;vios. Dentre os pacientes que tomavam AAS, 48,5% deles
               tinham RVFC inadequada; entre os que n&#227;o tomavam, a propor&#231;&#227;o foi de 27% (p = 0,044)
                  (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t01">Tabela 1</xref>).</p>
        <table-wrap id="t01">
          <label>Tabela 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Caracter&#237;sticas de uma amostra (N = 92) de pacientes submetidos ao
                     ecocardiograma sob estresse com dobutamina, segundo categoria de reserva de
                     velocidade de fluxo coronariano (RVFC)</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="rows">
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <td rowspan="3" style="border-right-style:hidden">
                  <bold>Caracter&#237;sticas
                              clinicas</bold>
                </td>
                <td rowspan="2" align="center" style="border-right-style:hidden">
                  <bold>Total</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center" style="border-right-style:hidden">
                  <bold>Grupo
                           I</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center" style="border-right-style:hidden">
                  <bold>Grupo
                           II</bold>
                </td>
                <td rowspan="3" align="center">
                  <bold>p</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td style="border-right-style:hidden">
                  <bold>(RVFC &lt; 2)</bold>
                </td>
                <td style="border-right-style:hidden">
                  <bold>(RVFC &gt; 2)</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td/>
                <td>
                  <bold>N (%)</bold>
                </td>
                <td>
                  <bold>N (%)</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td>Masculino</td>
                <td align="center">53 </td>
                <td align="center">14 (45)</td>
                <td align="center">39(65)</td>
                <td rowspan="2" align="center">0,07</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Feminino</td>
                <td align="center">39</td>
                <td align="center">18 (46)</td>
                <td align="center">21 (54)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Hipertens&#227;o</td>
                <td colspan="3" align="center"/>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>- Ausente</td>
                <td align="center">26</td>
                <td align="center">6 (23)</td>
                <td align="center">20(77)</td>
                <td align="center" style="border-bottom:hidden; border-top:hidden">0,155</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>- Presente</td>
                <td align="center">66</td>
                <td align="center">26 (39,4)</td>
                <td align="center">40 (60,6)</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Dislipidemia</td>
                <td align="center"/>
                <td align="center"/>
                <td align="center"/>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>- Ausente</td>
                <td align="center">33</td>
                <td align="center">12 (36,4)</td>
                <td align="center">21 (63,6)</td>
                <td align="center" style="border-bottom:hidden; border-top:hidden">0,823</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>- Presente</td>
                <td align="center">59</td>
                <td align="center">20 (34)</td>
                <td align="center">39(66)</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Diabetes</td>
                <td align="center"/>
                <td align="center"/>
                <td align="center"/>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>- Ausente</td>
                <td align="center">75</td>
                <td align="center">26 (34,7)</td>
                <td align="center">49 (65,3)</td>
                <td align="center" style="border-bottom:hidden; border-top:hidden">1,000</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>- Presente</td>
                <td align="center">17</td>
                <td align="center">6(35,3)</td>
                <td align="center">11 (64,7)</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Uso de AAS</td>
                <td align="center"/>
                <td align="center"/>
                <td align="center"/>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>- N&#227;o</td>
                <td align="center">59</td>
                <td align="center">16 (27)</td>
                <td align="center">43(73)</td>
                <td align="center" style="border-bottom:hidden; border-top:hidden">0,044</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>- Sim</td>
                <td align="center">33</td>
                <td align="center">16 (48,5)</td>
                <td align="center">17 (51,5)</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Uso de Estatina</td>
                <td align="center"/>
                <td align="center"/>
                <td align="center"/>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>- N&#227;o</td>
                <td align="center">49</td>
                <td align="center">17 (34,7)</td>
                <td align="center">32 (65,3)</td>
                <td align="center" style="border-bottom:hidden; border-top:hidden">1,000</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>- Sim</td>
                <td align="center">43</td>
                <td align="center">15 (35)</td>
                <td align="center">28(65)</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Uso de Inibidor da ECA ou ARA</td>
                <td align="center"/>
                <td align="center"/>
                <td align="center"/>
                <td rowspan="3" align="center">1,000</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>- N&#227;o</td>
                <td align="center">45</td>
                <td align="center">16 (35,6)</td>
                <td align="center">29 (64,4)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>- Sim</td>
                <td align="center">47</td>
                <td align="center">16 (34)</td>
                <td align="center">31 (66)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Uso de Nitrato</td>
                <td align="center"/>
                <td align="center"/>
                <td align="center"/>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>- N&#227;o</td>
                <td align="center">86</td>
                <td align="center">29 (34)</td>
                <td align="center">57(66)</td>
                <td align="center" style="border-bottom:hidden; border-top:hidden">0,416</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>- Sim</td>
                <td align="center">6</td>
                <td align="center">3 (50)</td>
                <td align="center">3 (50)</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Betabloqueador</td>
                <td align="center"/>
                <td align="center"/>
                <td align="center"/>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>- N&#227;o tomou ou n&#227;o suspendeu</td>
                <td align="center">70</td>
                <td align="center">18 (26)</td>
                <td align="center">52(74)</td>
                <td align="center" style="border-bottom:hidden; border-top:hidden">0,002</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>- Suspendeu o uso</td>
                <td align="center">22</td>
                <td align="center">14 (64)</td>
                <td align="center">8 (36)</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Hist&#243;rico de DAC</td>
                <td align="center"/>
                <td align="center"/>
                <td align="center"/>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>- Ausente</td>
                <td align="center">67</td>
                <td align="center">20 (30)</td>
                <td align="center">47(70)</td>
                <td align="center" style="border-bottom:hidden; border-top:hidden">0,140</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>- Presente</td>
                <td align="center">25</td>
                <td align="center">12 (48)</td>
                <td align="center">13 (52)</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>IC Pr&#233;via</td>
                <td align="center"/>
                <td align="center"/>
                <td align="center"/>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>- Ausente</td>
                <td align="center">72</td>
                <td align="center">24 (33)</td>
                <td align="center">48(67)</td>
                <td align="center" style="border-bottom:hidden; border-top:hidden">0,603</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>- Presente</td>
                <td align="center">20</td>
                <td align="center">8 (40)</td>
                <td align="center">12 (60)</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>IM Pr&#233;vio</td>
                <td align="center"/>
                <td align="center"/>
                <td align="center"/>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>- Ausente</td>
                <td align="center">87</td>
                <td align="center">31 (35,6)</td>
                <td align="center">56 (64,4)</td>
                <td align="center" style="border-bottom:hidden; border-top:hidden">0,655</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>- Presente</td>
                <td align="center">5</td>
                <td align="center">1 (20)</td>
                <td align="center">4 (80)</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn>
              <p>AAS: &#193;cido acetilsalic&#237;lico; ECA: Enzima de convers&#227;o da angiotensina; ARA:
                        Antagonista do receptor da angiotensina; DAC: Doen&#231;a arterial coronariana;
                        IC: Interven&#231;&#227;o coronariana; IM: Infarto do mioc&#226;rdio.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <p>Todos os pacientes foram orientados a suspender o &#946;-bloq por 72 horas antes do EED e
               apenas dois deles n&#227;o o fizeram. Ambos eram do GI e conclu&#237;ram o EED com resultado
               negativo para isquemia. Considerando os 22 pacientes que suspenderam essa medica&#231;&#227;o,
               o &#946;-bloq foi classificado como seletivo em 8 (57%) dos 14 pacientes do GI, enquanto
               no GII o &#946;-bloq foi seletivo em 3 (37,5%) dos 8 casos deste grupo. Entre os 22
               pacientes que suspenderam o &#946;-bloq, 64% tinham RVFC inadequada, enquanto, dentre os
               que n&#227;o tomavam ou n&#227;o suspenderam, o percentual de inadequadas foi de 26% (p =
               0,002).</p>
        <p>O IMC n&#227;o diferiu entre os grupos (27,7 &#177; 6,7 <italic>vs.</italic> 27,5 &#177; 3,8
                  kg/m<sup>2</sup> ; p = 0,87), sendo verificado nos 92 pacientes 40 (43,5%) casos
               com sobrepeso (IMC &#8805; 25 kg/m<sup>2</sup>), 22 (24,5%) obesos (IMC &#8805;30
                  kg/m<sup>2</sup>) e um caso com obesidade m&#243;rbida (IMC &#8805; 40 kg/m<sup>2</sup>)
                  <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref>
					<sup>,</sup>
					<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">33</xref>.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Registros Ecocardiogr&#225;ficos e Dados Hemodin&#226;micos</title>
        <p>A fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do VE no GI e no GII foram diferentes (61 &#177; 10
                  <italic>vs.</italic> 65,8 &#177; 5,7%; p = 0,005). Os grupos n&#227;o diferiram (p = NS)
               quanto &#224; massa do VE, press&#227;o arterial (sist&#243;lica e diast&#243;lica) em repouso e no EED,
               nem quanto ao duplo produto (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t02">Tabela 2</xref>). No
               GII, atingiram-se maiores n&#237;veis de FC durante o EED (148 &#177; 12 <italic>vs</italic>.
               141 &#177; 20 bpm; p = 0,04), contudo, apenas em 20% (18 casos) de todos pacientes do
               estudo, o EED foi conclu&#237;do com FC m&#225;xima. Dentre os que alcan&#231;aram esse n&#237;vel de FC
               m&#225;xima, 66,7% deles apresentavam RVFC &lt; 2, ao passo que, entre os que n&#227;o a
               atingiram, a ocorr&#234;ncia de RVFC inadequada foi de 27% (p = 0,002).</p>
        <table-wrap id="t02">
          <label>Tabela 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Registros ecocardiogr&#225;ficos e hemodin&#226;micos, segundo categorias (Grupos I e
                     II) de reserva de velocidade de fluxo coronariano</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="rows">
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <td rowspan="2">&#160;</td>
                <td rowspan="2">
                  <bold>Par&#226;metros</bold>
                </td>
                <td colspan="2" align="center">
                  <bold>Grupo I (N= 32)</bold>
                </td>
                <td colspan="2" align="center">
                  <bold>Grupo II (N = 60)</bold>
                </td>
                <td rowspan="2" align="center">
                  <bold>p</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>M&#233;dia</bold>
                </td>
                <td>
                  <bold>Erro Padr&#227;o</bold>
                </td>
                <td>
                  <bold>M&#233;dia</bold>
                </td>
                <td>
                  <bold>Erro Padr&#227;o</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td colspan="7">Ventr&#237;culo Esquerdo</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>&#160;</td>
                <td>Fra&#231;&#227;o de Eje&#231;&#227;o (%)</td>
                <td align="center">61</td>
                <td align="center">1,8</td>
                <td align="center">65,8</td>
                <td align="center">0,7</td>
                <td align="center">0,005</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>&#160;</td>
                <td>Massa (gr)</td>
                <td align="center">250,5</td>
                <td align="center">17,5</td>
                <td align="center">232,4</td>
                <td align="center">8,9</td>
                <td align="center">0,30</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>&#160;</td>
                <td>Massa / SC (gr/m<sup>2</sup>)</td>
                <td align="center">142,5</td>
                <td align="center">9,2</td>
                <td align="center">128,5</td>
                <td align="center">4,7</td>
                <td align="center">0,13</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td colspan="7">Frequ&#234;ncia Card&#237;aca (bpm)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>&#160;</td>
                <td>Basal</td>
                <td align="center">72</td>
                <td align="center">2,3</td>
                <td align="center">67</td>
                <td align="center">1,4</td>
                <td align="center">0,058</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>&#160;</td>
                <td>Durante o EED</td>
                <td align="center">141</td>
                <td align="center">3,5</td>
                <td align="center">148</td>
                <td align="center">1,5</td>
                <td align="center">0,04</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td colspan="7">Press&#227;o Arterial (mmHg)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>&#160;</td>
                <td>Sist&#243;lica (Basal)</td>
                <td align="center">131</td>
                <td align="center">3,3</td>
                <td align="center">126</td>
                <td align="center">1,8</td>
                <td align="center">0,17</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>&#160;</td>
                <td>Sist&#243;lica (EED)</td>
                <td align="center">151</td>
                <td align="center">3,1</td>
                <td align="center">152</td>
                <td align="center">2,1</td>
                <td align="center">0,08</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>&#160;</td>
                <td>Diast&#243;lica (Basal)</td>
                <td align="center">78</td>
                <td align="center">1,3</td>
                <td align="center">78</td>
                <td align="center">0,8</td>
                <td align="center">0,85</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>&#160;</td>
                <td>Diast&#243;lica (EED)</td>
                <td align="center">83</td>
                <td align="center">1,7</td>
                <td align="center">80</td>
                <td align="center">1,2</td>
                <td align="center">0,25</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>&#160;</td>
                <td>Duplo Produto (mmHg x bpm) durante o EED</td>
                <td align="center">21263</td>
                <td align="center">685</td>
                <td align="center">22423</td>
                <td align="center">380</td>
                <td align="center">0,11</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn>
              <p>SC: Superf&#237;cie corporal; EED: Ecocardiograma sob estresse com dobutamina;
                        Duplo produto: press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica x frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <p>Foi constatada a ocorr&#234;ncia de cinco EEDs inconclusivos (todos no GI) e seis
               positivos para isquemia mioc&#225;rdica, sendo tr&#234;s em cada grupo, e apenas um caso
               evidenciou comprometimento da parede anterior (GI). O IECS n&#227;o diferiu entre os
               grupos (1,05 &#177; 0,2 <italic>vs</italic>. 1,02 &#177; 0,7; p = 0,24) durante o EED.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Registro do Doppler na ADA</title>
        <p>O tempo m&#233;dio para obter o espectro do Doppler da ADA nos dois grupos foi menor que
               um minuto e n&#227;o foi diferente entre eles (p = 0,23). Da mesma forma, as FC m&#233;dias dos
               momentos das obten&#231;&#245;es dos PVDs, quer no registro basal, quer durante o EED, tamb&#233;m
               n&#227;o foram significativamente diferentes entre os grupos. Em 33 (55%) dos pacientes do
               GII, obtivemos RVFC adequada antes de atingir a FC alvo estabelecida.</p>
        <p>O PVD basal do GI foi maior que do GII (36,8 &#177; 8,4 <italic>vs</italic>. 25,6 &#177; 5,7
               cm/s; p &lt; 0,0001), no entanto n&#227;o houve diferen&#231;a entre os PVDs obtidos durante o
               EED (61,4 &#177; 16,6 <italic>vs</italic>. 64,2 &#177; 15,9 cm/s; p =0,42), resultando em RVFC
               de GI &lt; GII (1,66 &#177; 0,24 <italic>vs</italic>. 2,53 &#177; 5,7; p &lt; 0,0001) (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t03">Tabela 3</xref>).</p>
        <table-wrap id="t03">
          <label>Tabela 3</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Medidas obtidas durante o Doppler na art&#233;ria coron&#225;ria descendente
                     anterior</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="rows">
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <td/>
                <td align="center"/>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>GI</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center"/>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>GII</bold>
                </td>
                <td rowspan="2" align="center">
                  <bold>p</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td style="border-top:hidden"/>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>M&#233;dia</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>Erro Padr&#227;o</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>M&#233;dia</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>Erro Padr&#227;o</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td>Tempo (segundos) para obter o Doppler na ADA</td>
                <td align="center">53</td>
                <td align="center">5,5</td>
                <td align="center">45</td>
                <td align="center">4,1</td>
                <td align="center">0,23</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td colspan="6">FC ao registrar PVD</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Basal (bpm)</td>
                <td align="center">72</td>
                <td align="center">2,3</td>
                <td align="center">67</td>
                <td align="center">1,4</td>
                <td align="center">0,058</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Durante o EED (bpm)</td>
                <td align="center">123</td>
                <td align="center">5,0</td>
                <td align="center">119</td>
                <td align="center">2,7</td>
                <td align="center">0,47</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>PVD (cm/s) Basal</td>
                <td align="center">36,8</td>
                <td align="center">0,014</td>
                <td align="center">25,6</td>
                <td align="center">0,07</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0,0001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>PVD (cm/s) no EED</td>
                <td align="center">61,4</td>
                <td align="center">0,029</td>
                <td align="center">64,2</td>
                <td align="center">0,020</td>
                <td align="center">0,42</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>RVFC(PVD no EED&#247;PVD basal)</td>
                <td align="center">1,67</td>
                <td align="center">0,042</td>
                <td align="center">2,53</td>
                <td align="center">0,073</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0,0001</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn>
              <p>ADA: Art&#233;ria coron&#225;ria descendente anterior; FC: Frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca; PVD:
                        Pico de velocidade diast&#243;lica; EED: Ecocardiograma sob estresse com
                        dobutamina; RVFC: Reserva de velocidade de fluxo coronariano.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>An&#225;lise multivariada dos par&#226;metros</title>
        <p>No modelo multivariado, a an&#225;lise de regress&#227;o log&#237;stica para RVFC &lt; 2 mostrou
               signific&#226;ncia para idade e para a suspens&#227;o do &#946;-bloq (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t04">Tabela 4</xref>). O modelo multivariado foi ajustado para potenciais
               confundidores, constatando-se que os pacientes que suspenderam o &#946;-bloq apresentaram
               uma chance quatro vezes maior de apresentar RVFC inadequada (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t05">Tabela 5</xref>).</p>
        <table-wrap id="t04">
          <label>Tabela 4</label>
          <caption>
            <title>An&#225;lise de regress&#227;o log&#237;stica multivariada para RVFC &lt; 2</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="rows">
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <td rowspan="2">
                  <bold>Par&#226;metros</bold>
                </td>
                <td rowspan="2" align="center">
                  <bold>OR</bold>
                </td>
                <td rowspan="2" align="center">
                  <bold>p</bold>
                </td>
                <td colspan="2" align="center">
                  <bold>IC 95% para OR</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>LI</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>LS</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td>Idade</td>
                <td align="center">1,053882</td>
                <td align="center">0,037</td>
                <td align="center">1,003145</td>
                <td align="center">1,107185</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>F. Eje&#231;&#227;o</td>
                <td align="center">0,9426074</td>
                <td align="center">1,181</td>
                <td align="center">0,8644104</td>
                <td align="center">1,027878</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Massa VE /SC</td>
                <td align="center">1,004491</td>
                <td align="center">0,517</td>
                <td align="center">0,9909688</td>
                <td align="center">1,018197</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Betabloqueador</td>
                <td align="center">3,997332</td>
                <td align="center">0,027</td>
                <td align="center">1,17166</td>
                <td align="center">13,63763</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>AAS</td>
                <td align="center">1,460583</td>
                <td align="center">0,598</td>
                <td align="center">0,3569187</td>
                <td align="center">5,976994</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>HAS</td>
                <td align="center">1,07366</td>
                <td align="center">0,913</td>
                <td align="center">0,3009711</td>
                <td align="center">3,830089</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>DAC</td>
                <td align="center">0,778762</td>
                <td align="center">0,747</td>
                <td align="center">0,1709659</td>
                <td align="center">3,547317</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn>
              <p>OR: Odds ratio; IC: Intervalo de confian&#231;a; LI: Limite inferior; LS: Limite
                        superior; Massa VE/SC: massa do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo indexada pela superf&#237;cie
                        corporal; AAS: &#225;cido acetilsalic&#237;lico; HAS: hipertens&#227;o arterial sist&#234;mica;
                        DAC: doen&#231;a arterial coronariana.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <table-wrap id="t05">
          <label>Tabela 5</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Modelos multivariados da rela&#231;&#227;o entre vari&#225;veis e reserva de velocidade de
                     fluxo coronariano medida pelo ecocardiograma sob estresse com
                     dobutamina</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="rows">
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>Modelo multivariado</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>OR</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>Erro Padr&#227;o</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>IC. 95% OR</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold> p</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td>Betabloqueador<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="t05-fn01">&#163;</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center">5,05</td>
                <td align="center">2,6</td>
                <td align="center">1,82 - 14,03</td>
                <td align="center"> 0,002</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Betabloqueador<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="t05-fn01">&#165;</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center">3,9</td>
                <td align="center">2,5</td>
                <td align="center">1,17 - 13,64</td>
                <td align="center"> 0,027</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Betabloqueador<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="t05-fn01">&#8364;</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center">4,17</td>
                <td align="center">2,4</td>
                <td align="center">1,35 - 12,82</td>
                <td align="center"> 0,013</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="t05-fn01">
              <label>&#163;</label>
              <p>Modelo n&#227;o ajustado.</p>
            </fn>
            <fn id="t05-fn02">
              <label>&#165;</label>
              <p>Modelo completo, ajustado para idade, fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o, massa do ventr&#237;culo
                        esquerdo/superf&#237;cie corporal, uso de AAS, hipertens&#227;o arterial, doen&#231;a
                        arterial coronariana.</p>
            </fn>
            <fn id="t05-fn03">
              <label>&#8364;</label>
              <p>Modelo ajustado para idade e fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o. As demais vari&#225;veis, quando
                        retiradas do modelo completo, modificaram o OR em menos de 10%.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="discussion">
      <title>Discuss&#227;o</title>
      <p>Na pr&#225;tica di&#225;ria, &#233; importante considerar o tempo expendido para efetuar os
            procedimentos, raz&#227;o pela qual limitamos em 180 segundos (per&#237;odo de um est&#225;gio do EED)
            o tempo para obter o registro do Doppler (colorido e puls&#225;til) da ADA em repouso,
            ocorrendo uma significativa taxa (91%) de sucesso. Durante o EED, foi mantido o elevado
            desempenho (92%) de registro do Doppler da ADA, sendo as taxas de exequibilidade
            compar&#225;veis &#224;s de outros estudos utilizando a dobutamina ou vasodilatadores.</p>
      <p>No presente estudo, procuramos verificar par&#226;metros cl&#237;nicos, ecocardiogr&#225;ficos ou
            hemodin&#226;micos associados ao ponto de corte de RVFC estabelecido como adequado. A
            inclus&#227;o dos pacientes n&#227;o foi limitada pela presen&#231;a de fatores de risco cardiovascular
            e estes fatores n&#227;o se associaram significativamente com RVFC adequada ou n&#227;o adequada.
            Os pacientes do GI eram mais velhos e apresentavam a m&#233;dia de fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o mais
            baixa, fatores que podem relacionar-se a uma RVFC baixa.</p>
      <p>Na an&#225;lise univariada, o uso do AAS denotou associa&#231;&#227;o com a RVFC inadequada,
            entretanto, na an&#225;lise multivariada, isso n&#227;o foi evidenciado (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t04">Tabela 4</xref>).</p>
      <p>Os &#946;-bloq diminuem a possibilidade de ocorrer isquemia ao reduzirem o trabalho card&#237;aco.
            Assim, a suspens&#227;o do uso favorece a obten&#231;&#227;o de FCs mais elevadas, o que poderia
            aumentar a probabilidade de verificarmos maior ocorr&#234;ncia de EEDs com FC alvo atingidas
            ou compat&#237;veis com isquemia mioc&#225;rdica. Dados pr&#233;vios sugerem que o &#946;-bloq n&#227;o seletivo
            aumenta a resist&#234;ncia vascular coronariana<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34">34</xref>. Por
            outro lado, o uso de &#946;-bloq seletivo favorece a perfus&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica e melhora a reserva
            coronariana, reduzindo a possibilidade de isquemia<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B35">35</xref>
				<sup>,</sup>
				<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B36">36</xref>. Em metodologias de
            publica&#231;&#245;es relacionadas &#224; ecocardiografia sob estresse, h&#225; autores que n&#227;o interferem
            quanto ao uso do &#946;-bloq<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B05">5</xref>
				<sup>,</sup>
				<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B08">8</xref> e os que suspendem seu uso no per&#237;odo de 24 a 48
            horas antes do EED<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B03">3</xref>
				<sup>,</sup>
				<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B07">7</xref>
				<sup>,</sup>
				<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">32</xref>. Em nosso estudo, orientou-se a suspens&#227;o por 72 horas com a finalidade de
            reduzir a ocorr&#234;ncia de EED inconclusivos. Os dados denotaram, todavia, uma import&#226;ncia
            adicional quanto ao efeito desse f&#225;rmaco, visto que significativa associa&#231;&#227;o entre a
            suspens&#227;o do &#946;-bloq e a ocorr&#234;ncia de RVFC inadequada foi observada (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t01">Tabela 1</xref>). Tal achado poderia estar relacionado &#224;
            perda de um efeito protetor do &#946;-bloq, apesar de n&#227;o podermos descartar que esse
            resultado tenha decorrido de caracter&#237;sticas peculiares da amostra em estudo.</p>
      <p>No modelo multivariado, a an&#225;lise estat&#237;stica mostrou signific&#226;ncia para idade e a
            suspens&#227;o do &#946;-bloq (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t04">Tabelas 4</xref> e <xref ref-type="table" rid="t05">5</xref>). Nessa janela de tempo de suspens&#227;o do &#946;-bloq,
            os pacientes apresentaram quatro vezes mais chances de evidenciar uma RVFC inadequada.
            Essa observa&#231;&#227;o &#233; instigante e sugere que devemos estar atentos &#224; seletividade do &#946;-bloq
            em uso, &#224;s doses administradas (caracter&#237;sticas que n&#227;o foram registradas em todos os
            pacientes), bem como questionar se h&#225; um melhor intervalo de tempo de suspens&#227;o do
            &#946;-bloq, quando queremos avaliar a RVFC pela ecocardiografia transtor&#225;cica utilizando a
            dobutamina.</p>
      <p>No artigo de Meimon e cols.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B07">7</xref>, a RVFC obtida na
            popula&#231;&#227;o geral com adenosina (2,5) e dobutamina (2,4) foi similar &#224; que encontramos no
            grupo II do nosso estudo (2,53). Os pacientes do estudo de Meimon e cols.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B07">7</xref> com anormalidade contr&#225;til compat&#237;vel com isquemia
            no EED apresentavam RVFC baixa com adenosina (1,5) e dobutamina (1,6), valores pr&#243;ximos
            aos que encontramos em nosso grupo com RVFC baixa (1,67), no entanto, n&#227;o obtivemos
            correla&#231;&#227;o com anormalidade contr&#225;til. Ressaltamos que 91% (43/47) dos pacientes do
            estudo de Meimon e cols.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B07">7</xref> apresentavam DAC
            conhecida. &#201; poss&#237;vel que, al&#233;m das distintas popula&#231;&#245;es, o tempo de suspens&#227;o, dose e
            seletividade do &#946;-bloq, e a FC alcan&#231;ada possam ter determinado diferentes resultados
            dos dois estudos. </p>
      <p>A RVFC pode aumentar progressivamente com o aumento da FC em casos sem anormalidade
            contr&#225;til compat&#237;vel com isquemia durante o EED<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B07">7</xref>
            ou casos de baixo risco para DAC com EED sem resposta isqu&#234;mica<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref>. De outra forma, a RVFC pode ter seu incremento limitado ou at&#233;
            reduzido, quando ocorre anormalidade contr&#225;til compat&#237;vel com isquemia na parede
               anterior<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B05">5</xref>
				<sup>,</sup>
				<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B08">8</xref>. Apesar de o GI registrar menor RVFC, n&#227;o verificamos durante os
            registros redu&#231;&#227;o nos valores do PVD no transcorrer do EED. </p>
      <p>As m&#233;dias dos PVDs obtidos durante o EED nos dois grupos do nosso estudo n&#227;o foram
            diferentes, sendo importante ressaltar que as FC m&#233;dias dos momentos dos registros
            destes PVDs tamb&#233;m n&#227;o diferiram. Este dado &#233; relevante, visto que, em princ&#237;pio,
            sabemos que os PVDs aumentam concomitante ao aumento da FC. As FCs m&#233;dias registradas ao
            final dos EEDs foram maiores, e isso sugere uma dificuldade para obter o Doppler da ADA
            em per&#237;odos mais pr&#243;ximos das m&#225;ximas FCs obtidas.</p>
      <p>De grande relev&#226;ncia foi constatar que os pacientes do GII apresentaram PVDs mais baixos
            no repouso, por&#233;m os PVDs foram similares entre os dois grupos durante o EED, tornando o
            valor obtido em repouso o fator determinante para resultar numa RVFC adequada.</p>
      <sec>
        <title>Limita&#231;&#245;es</title>
        <p>A curva de aprendizado foi uma etapa importante a ser resolvida antes de iniciarmos
               este estudo, visto que o registro da ADA durante o EED &#233; mais laborioso.</p>
        <p>Apesar de o n&#250;mero de pacientes do estudo ser satisfat&#243;rio quando comparado aos de
               outros manuscritos, uma maior amostra talvez pudesse propiciar mais informa&#231;&#245;es
               quanto aos par&#226;metros avaliados. Al&#233;m disso, n&#227;o foi registrada a posologia de &#946;-bloq
               utilizada. Assim como em outras publica&#231;&#245;es<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B05">5</xref>
					<sup>,</sup>
					<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B08">8</xref>
					<sup>,</sup>
					<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref>, os pacientes n&#227;o foram submetidos &#224;
               coronariografia, o que impossibilita saber se a RVFC, adequada ou n&#227;o, estaria
               relacionada com comprometimento de grandes coron&#225;rias epic&#225;rdicas esten&#243;ticas e/ou da
               microcircula&#231;&#227;o. O menor n&#250;mero de EEDs em n&#237;vel de FC m&#225;xima pode ter comprometido a
               acur&#225;cia da avalia&#231;&#227;o de isquemia pela anormalidade contr&#225;til, o que poderia
               favorecer uma ocorr&#234;ncia de EEDs falso-negativos<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B37">37</xref>. Outra importante limita&#231;&#227;o foi n&#227;o ter sido efetuado o c&#225;lculo da
               varia&#231;&#227;o inter e intraobservador para as medidas dos PVDs. Uma condi&#231;&#227;o que n&#227;o pode
               ser descartada, embora seja pouco prov&#225;vel, &#233; o registro de um ramo diagonal ser
               confundido como ADA.</p>
        <p>Assim como em outros artigos, o estudo avaliou apenas a ADA. Calculamos a reserva
               coron&#225;ria por meio da velocidade e n&#227;o pelo fluxo, por&#233;m este fato torna-se menos
               relevante, j&#225; que a an&#225;lise da velocidade do fluxo pode representar o estado
               funcional do vaso, e o c&#225;lculo da RVFC &#233; o resultado de uma raz&#227;o.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Aplica&#231;&#245;es Cl&#237;nicas</title>
        <p>A literatura evidencia que a verifica&#231;&#227;o da RVFC adequada reveste-se de grande valor
               diagn&#243;stico ou progn&#243;stico, tornando-se uma relevante informa&#231;&#227;o complementar para a
               decis&#227;o de uma terap&#234;utica cl&#237;nica, intervencionista ou cir&#250;rgica. </p>
        <p>Considerando o territ&#243;rio perfundido pela ADA, &#233; importante perceber que, mesmo nos
               casos de EEDs inconclusivos pelo crit&#233;rio de FC atingida, &#233; poss&#237;vel obter uma RVFC &#8805;
               2 e inferir que h&#225; satisfat&#243;ria perfus&#227;o daquela regi&#227;o. Da mesma forma, a obten&#231;&#227;o
               de uma RVFC adequada, concomitante &#224; contra&#231;&#227;o segmentar normal da parede anterior ao
               final de um EED conclu&#237;do, poder&#225; contribuir para o diagn&#243;stico ecocardiogr&#225;fico da
               aus&#234;ncia de isquemia neste segmento mioc&#225;rdico, principalmente nos exames nos quais a
               FC m&#225;xima n&#227;o &#233; atingida.</p>
        <p>A disponibilidade, baixo custo, reprodutibilidade e acur&#225;cia fazem desse m&#233;todo uma
               importante ferramenta para avalia&#231;&#227;o funcional da coron&#225;ria. Neste estudo, avaliamos
               par&#226;metros pass&#237;veis de se relacionarem ou n&#227;o com uma RVFC adequada. Em tal
               contexto, condi&#231;&#245;es como o PVD em repouso, idade, fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o e o uso de
               medica&#231;&#227;o podem associar-se de forma significativa.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="conclusions">
      <title>Conclus&#245;es</title>
      <p>O PVD obtido em repouso &#233; um importante par&#226;metro na determina&#231;&#227;o de uma RVFC adequada.
            A suspens&#227;o de &#946;-bloq associou-se significativamente &#224; RVFC inadequada. A elevada
            exequibilidade e o curto intervalo de tempo expendido para o registro da ADA favorecem a
            aplica&#231;&#227;o deste m&#233;todo na pr&#225;tica di&#225;ria.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec>
      <title>Contribui&#231;&#227;o dos autores</title>
      <p>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa: Abreu JS; Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados: Abreu JS, Di&#243;genes TCP,
            Gomes Neto OS; An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados: Abreu JS, Lima JWO, Siqueira JM, Paes
            J&#250;nior JN; An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica:Lima JWO; Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito: Abreu JS, Lima JWO,
            Siqueira JM, Pimentel NL, Gomes Neto PS, Abreu MEB, Paes J&#250;nior JN; Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do
            manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual: Abreu JS, Lima JWO.</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
    <ref-list>
      <title>Refer&#234;ncias</title>
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    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="financial-disclosure">
        <p><bold>Fontes de Financiamento</bold> O presente estudo n&#227;o teve fontes de
               financiamento externas.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
  </back>
  <sub-article id="SA1" article-type="translation" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Articles</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title xml:lang="en">Coronary Flow Velocity Reserve during Dobutamine Stress
               Echocardiography</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Abreu</surname>
            <given-names>Jos&#233; Sebasti&#227;o de</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff6">2</xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff7">3</xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c02"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Lima</surname>
            <given-names>Jos&#233; Wellington Oliveira</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff8">4</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Di&#243;genes</surname>
            <given-names>Tereza Cristina Pinheiro</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff6">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Siqueira</surname>
            <given-names>Jordana Magalh&#227;es</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff7">3</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Pimentel</surname>
            <given-names>Nayara Lima</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff7">3</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Gomes Neto</surname>
            <given-names>Pedro Sabino</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff7">3</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Abreu</surname>
            <given-names>Mar&#237;lia Esther Benevides de</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff6">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Paes J&#250;nior</surname>
            <given-names>Jos&#233; Nogueira</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff6">2</xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff5"><label>1</label>
            Prontoc&#225;rdio - Pronto Atendimento Cardiol&#243;gico SC Ltda,
            Fortaleza, CE - Brazil</aff>
      <aff id="aff6"><label>2</label>
            Clinic&#225;rdio - JAC M&#233;todos Diagn&#243;sticos SS, Fortaleza, CE -
            Brazil</aff>
      <aff id="aff7"><label>3</label>
            Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade Federal do Cear&#225;,
            Fortaleza, CE - Brazil</aff>
      <aff id="aff8"><label>4</label>
             Universidade Estadual do Cear&#225;, Fortaleza, CE - Brazil</aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c02"><bold>Mailing Address:</bold> Jos&#233; Sebastiao de Abreu, Rua Dr. Jos&#233; Louren&#231;o,
               500/700, Meireles. Postal Code 60115-280, Fortaleza, CE - Brazil. E-mail:
                  <email>jsabreu@cardiol.br</email>, <email>jsabreu10@yahoo.com.br</email>
				</corresp>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p><bold>Potential Conflict of Interest</bold> No potential conflict of interest
                  relevant to this article was reported.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p><bold>Study Association</bold> This study is not associated with any thesis or
                  dissertation work.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <abstract xml:lang="en">
        <sec>
          <title>Background:</title>
          <p> A coronary flow velocity reserve (CFVR) &#8805; 2 is adequate to infer a favorable
                  prognosis or the absence of significant coronary artery disease. </p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objective:</title>
          <p> To identify parameters which are relevant to obtain CFVR (adequate or inadequate)
                  in the left anterior descending coronary artery (LAD) during dobutamine stress
                  echocardiography (DSE). </p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Methods:</title>
          <p> 100 patients referred for detection of myocardial ischemia by DSE were evaluated;
                  they were instructed to discontinue the use of &#946;-blockers 72 hours prior to the
                  test. CFVR was calculated as a ratio of the diastolic peak velocity (cm/s) (DPV)
                  on DSE (DPV-DSE) to baseline DPV at rest (DPV-Rest). In group I, CFVR was &lt; 2
                  and, in group II, CFVR was &#8805; 2. The Fisher's exact test and Student's t test were
                  used for the statistical analyses. P values &lt; 0.05 were considered
                  statistically significant. </p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Results:</title>
          <p> At rest, the time (in seconds) to obtain Doppler in LAD in groups I and II was
                  not different (53&#177;31 vs. 45&#177;32; p=0.23). During DSE, LAD was recorded in 92
                  patients. Group I patients were older (65.9&#177;9.3 vs. 61.2&#177;10.8 years; p=0.04), had
                  lower ejection fraction (61&#177;10 vs. 66&#177;6%; p=0.005), higher DPV-Rest (36.81&#177;08 vs.
                  25.63 &#177; 06cm/s; p&lt;0.0001) and lower CFVR (1.67 &#177; 0.24 vs. 2.53 &#177; 0.57;
                  p&lt;0.0001), but no difference was observed regarding DPVDSE (61.40&#177;16 vs.
                  64.23&#177;16cm/s; p=0.42). &#946;-blocker discontinuation was associated with a 4-fold
                  higher chance of a CFVR &lt; 2 (OR= 4; 95% CI [1.171-13.63], p=0.027). </p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclusion:</title>
          <p> DPV-Rest was the main parameter to determine an adequate CFVR. &#946;-blocker
                  discontinuation was significantly associated with inadequate CFVR. The high
                  feasibility and the time to record the LAD corroborate the use of this
                  methodology.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>Coronary artery disease</kwd>
        <kwd>Echocardiography, stress / methods</kwd>
        <kwd>Coronary flow velocity reserve</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <counts>
        <fig-count count="2"/>
        <table-count count="5"/>
        <equation-count count="0"/>
        <ref-count count="37"/>
        <page-count count="9"/>
      </counts>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>Introduction</title>
        <p>Pharmacological-stress echocardiography is a safe and accurate noninvasive method for
               the evaluation of coronary artery disease (CAD)<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B01">1</xref>
					<sup>-</sup>
					<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B04">4</xref>. It has been
               verified that enhancement of the diastolic component of the flow determined by
               dobutamine, dipyridamole or adenosine may be used for the calculation of the coronary
               flow velocity reserve (CFVR)<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B05">5</xref>
					<sup>-</sup>
					<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref>. </p>
        <p>Measurement of the CFVR by transthoracic echocardiography has already been validated
               for the assessment of the right and left coronary systems<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref>
					<sup>,</sup>
					<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref>
					<sup>,</sup>
					<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref>, and has become an
               important tool in the functional analysis of the anterior descending coronary artery
               (LAD). Studies have demonstrated that a CFVR &#8805; 2 is adequate and relevant to infer
               the absence of significant coronary occlusion, and is correlated with a favorable
               prognosis in the context of the coronary artery analyzed<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B07">7</xref>
					<sup>,</sup>
					<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>
					<sup>-</sup>
					<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref>
					<sup>,</sup>
					<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref>
					<sup>,</sup>
					<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref>
					<sup>-</sup>
					<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref>. Several
               publications have shown that the authors succeed in recording the LAD flow in
               approximately 90% of cases; this allows high feasibility of the measurement of CFVR
               by echocardiography, thus corroborating the use of a safe, validated and reproducible
               method in the clinical practice<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B05">5</xref>
					<sup>-</sup>
					<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref>.</p>
        <p>It has been verified that the invasive assessment of CFVR may be influenced by
               factors such as age, blood pressure, heart rate, left ventricular hypertrophy, degree
               of coronary impairment, and others<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref>.</p>
        <p>Few data are available in the literature regarding the assessment of the functional
               status of the LAD using dobutamine transthoracic echocardiography. However,
               regardless of the drug used, the CFVR calculation may be affected for different
               reasons. Thus, the objective of this study was to identify relevant parameters to
               obtain an adequate (&#8805; 2) or inadequate CFVR in the LAD during dobutamine stress
               echocardiography (DSE).</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="methods">
        <title>Methods</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Study patients</title>
          <p>This is a cross-sectional study of 100 patients referred by their physicians for
                  the investigation of myocardial ischemia by means of DSE. The patients had been
                  previously instructed to discontinue the use of betablockers (&#946;-blocker) 72 hours
                  before undergoing the test.</p>
          <p>After history taking, the presence of risk factors for CAD and of possible
                  contraindications for DSE was verified. Arterial hypertension<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref> was defined as a systolic blood pressure &gt; 140mmHg or
                  diastolic blood pressure &gt; 90mmHg. Diabetes mellitus<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref> was confirmed by a fasting plasma glucose &gt; 126mg/dL.
                     Dyslipidemia<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref> was considered when total
                  cholesterol &gt; 220mg/dL. The use of antihypertensive drugs, oral hypoglycemic
                  agents, insulin or lipid-lowering drugs was also considered a risk factor for CAD.
                  Patients who had not quit smoking for less than one year prior to the study were
                  considered smokers.</p>
          <p>Exclusion criteria were uncontrolled hypertension, unstable angina, congestive
                  heart failure, recent myocardial infarction (MI) (occurring less than one month
                  prior to DSE), significant heart valve disease, prostate disease, or glaucoma with
                  contraindication for the use of atropine, and non-sinus rhythm. </p>
          <p>All patients were given information on the risks and objectives of the test, which
                  was only performed after their giving verbal consent. </p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Dobutamine Stress Echocardiography</title>
          <p>The Vivid 7 (GE Healthcare) ultrasound system with second-harmonic imaging and the
                  M4S multifrequency transducer with frequency ranging from 2 to 4MHz were used. The
                  left ventricle (LV) was visualized in the apical views (4 and 2-chamber) and
                  parasternal views (long and short axes) at rest and during the use of dobutamine
                  at the doses of 10 (low dose), 20, 30, up to 40&#181;g/kg/min at 3-min intervals; the
                  rest, low-dose, peak and recovery images were compared in a four-division screen.
                  Atropine could be associated after the second stage at up-titration doses of
                  0.25mg, up to the maximum cumulative dose of 2mg, with the purpose of terminating
                  the test. DSE was considered terminated when a target heart rate (HR) higher than
                  85% of the maximum HR (220 - age) was achieved, and/or myocardial ischemia had
                  been determined. Ischemia was considered in the presence of a report of typical
                  angina, new wall motion abnormality, or worsening of a pre-existing wall motion
                  abnormality (except from akinesia to dyskinesia). Tests should be interrupted in
                  the presence of intolerance to medication, hypertensive peak (blood pressure &gt;
                  230 x 120 mmHg) or cardiac arrhythmia<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B03">3</xref>
						<sup>,</sup>
						<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">32</xref>.</p>
          <p>The LV was divided into 16 segments. For the wall motion scoring of each segment,
                  the following patterns were observed: normal = 1; hypokinesia = 2; akinesia = 3;
                  or dyskinesia = 4. For the calculation of the segmental wall motion score index
                  (SWMSI), the points obtained were divided by 16<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B01">1</xref>
						<sup>,</sup>
						<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B05">5</xref>
						<sup>,</sup>
						<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B06">6</xref>
						<sup>,</sup>
						<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>
						<sup>,</sup>
						<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref>.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Anterior Descending Coronary Artery and Coronary Flow Reserve Velocity
                  Recordings</title>
          <p>In the same left lateral position in which DSE was performed, the LAD was recorded
                  at its mid-distal portion with a specific pre-established preset. From the low
                  parasternal long axis recording, with clockwise rotation of the transducer,
                  disappearance of the right ventricle was determined, with visualization of the
                  interventricular sulcus, region in which the LAD imaging would be obtained. Other
                  options were visualization from the position of three modified chambers or two
                  concomitant chambers, with slight angle adjustments or transducer rotation.</p>
          <p>Using a small color-Doppler box with Nyquist limit of approximately 20 cm/s, the
                  LAD was identified as a tubular image in which the greatest possible stretching
                  and extension were determined, as well as the lowest angle with the Doppler
                  cursor, whose sample volume measured 2mm. Using pulsed Doppler, the flow assessed
                  was characterized by the biphasic spectrum with diastolic predominance, and
                  antegrade curves above baseline were recorded. Initially, the Doppler velocity
                  scale was limited to 80 cm/s and could be amplified during DSE, thus permitting
                  caption of the subsequent increases in the velocities of the Doppler curves.</p>
          <p>In the electrocardiogram-gated Doppler of the LAD, diastolic peak velocities (DPV)
                  were recorded, and three spectral curves, not necessarily continuous, but with
                  good quality and higher velocities were selected at rest and during stress. The
                  CFVR was obtained by dividing DPV (mean of three peaks) found during DSE by the
                  baseline DPV (mean of three peaks) recorded at rest<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B06">6</xref>
						<sup>-</sup>
						<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B08">8</xref>
						<sup>,</sup>
						<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>
						<sup>,</sup>
						<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref>
						<sup>,</sup>
						<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref>
						<sup>,</sup>
						<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref>
						<sup>,</sup>
						<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref>.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Study protocol</title>
          <p>After echocardiographic assessment for routine measurements, the LAD was studied.
                  Immediately after placement of the color box in the ultrasound scanner screen, the
                  time spent to obtain the LAD recording by color and pulsed Doppler was counted.
                  Only cases with recordings of Doppler spectral curves obtained in less than 180
                  seconds would remain in the study. Using the same transducer, visualization of
                  two-dimensional LV imaging was alternated with Doppler of the LAD. Thus, the DSE
                  four-division screen was filled in the different stages, concomitantly with the
                  different DPV measurements until termination of the test. As soon as the test was
                  terminated, the DSE result was defined and the CFVR was calculated. Patients with
                  a CFVR &lt; 2 comprised group I (GI) and those with an adequate CFVR (&#8805; 2)
                  comprised group II (GII). SWMSI was calculated in a further stage.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Statistical Analysis</title>
          <p>The proportion of individuals with an adequate coronary reserve was compared in
                  the different categories of one same independent variable using the Fisher's exact
                  test. Likewise, the distributions of continuous independent variables, according
                  to the presence or absence of an adequate coronary reserve, were compared using
                  the Student's t test.</p>
          <p>Univariate logistic regression models between independent variables and coronary
                  reserve (adequate and inadequate) were made, and variables with a p value &lt;
                  0.250 were included in the multivariate models. The objective of the multivariate
                  analysis was to describe the relationship between &#946;-blocker discontinuation and
                  coronary reserve, adjusted for potential confounders.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="results">
        <title>Results</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Feasibility</title>
          <p>Of the 110 cases initially assessed, 10 were excluded because the time for LAD
                  recording by Doppler exceeded 180 seconds. Consequently, the feasibility for
                  recordings at rest to be obtained within the established time was 91%.</p>
          <p>DSEs were performed uneventfully, and DPV could be verified in 92% (92/100) of
                  patients. Of the eight patients not assessed during DSE, the LV twist determined
                  by left bundle branch block impaired visualization in two cases; in the other six,
                  the vigorous heart movements did not allow the recording. Atropine was added in
                  93% of patients, at a mean dose of 0.68 &#177; 0.53 mg.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Clinical Characteristics</title>
          <p>GI was comprised of 32 patients (CFVR &lt; 2) and GII of 60 patients with CFVR &#8805; 2
                     (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f03">Figures 1</xref> and <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f04">2</xref>); patients in GI were older (66&#177;9 vs. 61&#177;11 years; p=0.04). </p>
          <fig id="f03" fig-type="other">
            <label>Figure 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Diastolic peak velocity (DPV), coronary flow velocity reserve (CFVR) and
                        correlated heart rate (HR). Group I: DPV= 45cm/s and HR= 65bpm at rest (A)
                        with DPV= 77cm/s and HR= 139bpm during stress (B), determining CFVR= 1.71
                        after achieving the target HR (138). Group II: DPV= 34cm/s and HR= 90bpm at
                        rest (C) with DPV = 89cm/s and HR= 137bpm during stress (D), determining
                        CFVR= 2.61 after achieving the target HR (131).</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-102-02-0134-30242-gf01-en.jpg"/></fig>
          <fig id="f04" fig-type="other">
            <label>Figure 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>CFVR = 3 was obtained early (HR= 118bpm) in relation to the target HR
                        (140bpm).</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-102-02-0134-30242-gf02-en.jpg"/></fig>
          <p>There was no difference between the groups (p=NS) as regards the distribution by
                  gender, arterial hypertension, dyslipidemia, diabetes, history of CAD, and
                  previous coronary intervention (whether surgical or by catheterization) or MI.
                  Among patients receiving ASA, 48.5% had an inadequate CFVR; among those not
                  receiving ASA, the proportion was 27% (p = 0.044) (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t06">Table 1</xref>).</p>
          <table-wrap id="t06">
            <label>Table 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Characteristics of a sample (N=92) of patients undergoing dobutamine
                        stress echocardiography, according to the category of coronary flow velocity
                        reserve (CFVR)</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="rows">
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <td rowspan="3" style="border-right-style:hidden">
                    <bold>Clinical
                                 characteristics</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td rowspan="2" align="center" style="border-right-style:hidden">
                    <bold>Total</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center" style="border-right-style:hidden">
                    <bold>Group
                              I</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center" style="border-right-style:hidden">
                    <bold>Group
                                 II</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td rowspan="3" align="center">
                    <bold>p</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td style="border-right-style:hidden">
                    <bold>(CFVR &lt; 2)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td style="border-right-style:hidden">
                    <bold>(CFVR &#8805; 2)</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td/>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>N (%)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>N (%)</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td>Male</td>
                  <td align="center">53 </td>
                  <td align="center">14 (45)</td>
                  <td align="center">39(65)</td>
                  <td rowspan="2" align="center">0.07</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Female</td>
                  <td align="center">39</td>
                  <td align="center">18 (46)</td>
                  <td align="center">21 (54)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Hypertension</td>
                  <td colspan="3" align="center"/>
                  <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>- Absent</td>
                  <td align="center">26</td>
                  <td align="center">6 (23)</td>
                  <td align="center">20(77)</td>
                  <td align="center" style="border-bottom:hidden; border-top:hidden">0.155</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>- Present</td>
                  <td align="center">66</td>
                  <td align="center">26 (39.4)</td>
                  <td align="center">40 (60.6)</td>
                  <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Dyslipidemia</td>
                  <td align="center"/>
                  <td align="center"/>
                  <td align="center"/>
                  <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>- Absent</td>
                  <td align="center">33</td>
                  <td align="center">12 (36.4)</td>
                  <td align="center">21 (63.6)</td>
                  <td align="center" style="border-bottom:hidden; border-top:hidden">0.823</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>- Present</td>
                  <td align="center">59</td>
                  <td align="center">20 (34)</td>
                  <td align="center">39(66)</td>
                  <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Diabetes</td>
                  <td align="center"/>
                  <td align="center"/>
                  <td align="center"/>
                  <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>- Absent</td>
                  <td align="center">75</td>
                  <td align="center">26 (34.7)</td>
                  <td align="center">49 (65.3)</td>
                  <td align="center" style="border-bottom:hidden; border-top:hidden">1.000</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>- Present</td>
                  <td align="center">17</td>
                  <td align="center">6(35.3)</td>
                  <td align="center">11 (64.7)</td>
                  <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Use of ASA</td>
                  <td align="center"/>
                  <td align="center"/>
                  <td align="center"/>
                  <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>- No</td>
                  <td align="center">59</td>
                  <td align="center">16 (27)</td>
                  <td align="center">43(73)</td>
                  <td align="center" style="border-bottom:hidden; border-top:hidden">0.044</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>- Yes</td>
                  <td align="center">33</td>
                  <td align="center">16 (48.5)</td>
                  <td align="center">17 (51.5)</td>
                  <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Use of Statin</td>
                  <td align="center"/>
                  <td align="center"/>
                  <td align="center"/>
                  <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>- No</td>
                  <td align="center">49</td>
                  <td align="center">17 (34.7)</td>
                  <td align="center">32 (65.3)</td>
                  <td align="center" style="border-bottom:hidden; border-top:hidden">1.000</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>- Yes</td>
                  <td align="center">43</td>
                  <td align="center">15 (35)</td>
                  <td align="center">28(65)</td>
                  <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Use of ACE or ARA Inhibitor</td>
                  <td align="center"/>
                  <td align="center"/>
                  <td align="center"/>
                  <td rowspan="3" align="center">1.000</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>- No</td>
                  <td align="center">45</td>
                  <td align="center">16 (35.6)</td>
                  <td align="center">29 (64.4)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>- Yes</td>
                  <td align="center">47</td>
                  <td align="center">16 (34)</td>
                  <td align="center">31 (66)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Use of Nitrate</td>
                  <td align="center"/>
                  <td align="center"/>
                  <td align="center"/>
                  <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>- No</td>
                  <td align="center">86</td>
                  <td align="center">29 (34)</td>
                  <td align="center">57(66)</td>
                  <td align="center" style="border-bottom:hidden; border-top:hidden">0.416</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>- Yes</td>
                  <td align="center">6</td>
                  <td align="center">3 (50)</td>
                  <td align="center">3 (50)</td>
                  <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Betablocker</td>
                  <td align="center"/>
                  <td align="center"/>
                  <td align="center"/>
                  <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>- Did not take or did not discontinue</td>
                  <td align="center">70</td>
                  <td align="center">18 (26)</td>
                  <td align="center">52(74)</td>
                  <td align="center" style="border-bottom:hidden; border-top:hidden">0.002</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>- Discontinued</td>
                  <td align="center">22</td>
                  <td align="center">14 (64)</td>
                  <td align="center">8 (36)</td>
                  <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>History of CAD</td>
                  <td align="center"/>
                  <td align="center"/>
                  <td align="center"/>
                  <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>- Absent</td>
                  <td align="center">67</td>
                  <td align="center">20 (30)</td>
                  <td align="center">47(70)</td>
                  <td align="center" style="border-bottom:hidden; border-top:hidden">0.140</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>- Present</td>
                  <td align="center">25</td>
                  <td align="center">12 (48)</td>
                  <td align="center">13 (52)</td>
                  <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Previous CI</td>
                  <td align="center"/>
                  <td align="center"/>
                  <td align="center"/>
                  <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>- Absent</td>
                  <td align="center">72</td>
                  <td align="center">24 (33)</td>
                  <td align="center">48(67)</td>
                  <td align="center" style="border-bottom:hidden; border-top:hidden">0.603</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>- Present</td>
                  <td align="center">20</td>
                  <td align="center">8 (40)</td>
                  <td align="center">12 (60)</td>
                  <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Previous IM</td>
                  <td align="center"/>
                  <td align="center"/>
                  <td align="center"/>
                  <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>- Absent</td>
                  <td align="center">87</td>
                  <td align="center">31 (35.6)</td>
                  <td align="center">56 (64.4)</td>
                  <td align="center" style="border-bottom:hidden; border-top:hidden">0.655</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>- Present</td>
                  <td align="center">5</td>
                  <td align="center">1 (20)</td>
                  <td align="center">4 (80)</td>
                  <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn>
                <p>ASA: Acetyl salicylic acid; ACE: Angiotensin converting enzyme; ARA:
                           Angiotensin receptor antagonist; CAD: Coronary artery disease; CI:
                           Coronary intervention; MI: Myocardial infarction.</p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
          <p>All patients were instructed to discontinue &#946;-blocker for 72 hours prior to DSE,
                  and only two of them failed to do so. Both were from GI and their DSE was negative
                  for ischemia. Considering the 22 patients who discontinued the medication,
                  &#946;-blocker was classified as selective in 8 (57%) of the 14 GI patients, whereas in
                  GII, &#946;-blocker was selective in 3 (37.5%) of the 8 cases. Among the 22 patients
                  who discontinued &#946;-blocker, 64% had an inadequate CFVR, whereas among those who
                  did not take or did not discontinue &#946;-blocker, the percentage of inadequate CFVR
                  was 26% (p = 0.002).</p>
          <p>There was no difference between the groups as regards their BMI (27.7&#177;6.7
                     <italic>vs</italic>. 27.5&#177;3.8 kg/m<sup>2</sup>; p= 0.87). Among the 92
                  patients, 40 (43.5%) were overweight (BMI&#8805; 25 kg/m<sup>2)</sup>, 22 (24.5%) were
                  obese (BMI &#8805;30 kg/m<sup>2)</sup> and one had morbid obesity (BMI &#8805; 40
                     kg/m<sup>2)</sup>
						<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref>
						<sup>,</sup>
						<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">33</xref>.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Echocardiographic Recordings and Hemodynamic Data </title>
          <p>LV ejection fraction in GI and GII were different (61&#177;10 vs<italic>.</italic>
                  65.8&#177;5.7%; p= 0.005). There were no differences (p = NS) between the groups
                  regarding LV mass, blood pressure (systolic and diastolic) at rest and in DSE, or
                  the double product (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t07">Table 2</xref>). In GII,
                  higher HR were achieved during DSE (148&#177;12 vs. 141&#177;20bpm; p= 0.04); however, in
                  only 20% (18 cases) of the study patients the DSE was terminated with maximum HR.
                  Among patients who achieved maximum HR, 66.7% showed CFVR &lt; 2, whereas CFVR was
                  inadequate in 27% of those who did not achieve maximum HR (p = 0.002).</p>
          <table-wrap id="t07">
            <label>Table 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Echocardiographic and hemodynamic recordings, according to categories
                        (Groups I and II) of coronary flow velocity reserve</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="rows">
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <td rowspan="2">&#160;</td>
                  <td rowspan="2">
                    <bold>Parameters</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td colspan="2" align="center">
                    <bold>Group I (N = 32)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td colspan="2" align="center">
                    <bold>Group II (N = 60)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td rowspan="2" align="center">
                    <bold>p</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Mean</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Standard Deviation</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Mean</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Standard Deviation</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td colspan="7">Left ventricle</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>&#160;</td>
                  <td>Ejection fraction (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">61</td>
                  <td align="center">1.8</td>
                  <td align="center">65.8</td>
                  <td align="center">0.7</td>
                  <td align="center">0.005</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>&#160;</td>
                  <td>Mass (gr)</td>
                  <td align="center">250.5</td>
                  <td align="center">17.5</td>
                  <td align="center">232.4</td>
                  <td align="center">8.9</td>
                  <td align="center">0.30</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>&#160;</td>
                  <td>Mass / BS (gr/m<sup>2</sup>)</td>
                  <td align="center">142.5</td>
                  <td align="center">9.2</td>
                  <td align="center">128.5</td>
                  <td align="center">4.7</td>
                  <td align="center">0.13</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td colspan="7">Heart rate (bpm)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>&#160;</td>
                  <td>Baseline</td>
                  <td align="center">72</td>
                  <td align="center">2.3</td>
                  <td align="center">67</td>
                  <td align="center">1.4</td>
                  <td align="center">0.058</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>&#160;</td>
                  <td>During DSE</td>
                  <td align="center">141</td>
                  <td align="center">3.5</td>
                  <td align="center">148</td>
                  <td align="center">1.5</td>
                  <td align="center">0.04</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td colspan="7">Blood pressure (mmHg)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>&#160;</td>
                  <td>Systolic (Baseline)</td>
                  <td align="center">131</td>
                  <td align="center">3.3</td>
                  <td align="center">126</td>
                  <td align="center">1.8</td>
                  <td align="center">0.17</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>&#160;</td>
                  <td>Systolic (DSE)</td>
                  <td align="center">151</td>
                  <td align="center">3.1</td>
                  <td align="center">152</td>
                  <td align="center">2.1</td>
                  <td align="center">0.08</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>&#160;</td>
                  <td>Diastolic (Baseline)</td>
                  <td align="center">78</td>
                  <td align="center">1.3</td>
                  <td align="center">78</td>
                  <td align="center">0.8</td>
                  <td align="center">0.85</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>&#160;</td>
                  <td>Diastolic (DSE)</td>
                  <td align="center">83</td>
                  <td align="center">1.7</td>
                  <td align="center">80</td>
                  <td align="center">1.2</td>
                  <td align="center">0.25</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>&#160;</td>
                  <td>Double Product (mmHg x bpm) during DSE</td>
                  <td align="center">21263</td>
                  <td align="center">685</td>
                  <td align="center">22423</td>
                  <td align="center">380</td>
                  <td align="center">0.11</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn>
                <p>BS: Body surface; DSE: Dobutamine stress echocardiography; Double
                           product: systolic blood pressure x heart rate.</p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
          <p>Five DSEs were inconclusive (all in GI); six were positive for myocardial
                  ischemia, three in each group; and only in one case the anterior wall was affected
                  (GI). SWMSI was not different between the groups (1.05&#177;0.2 vs. 1.02&#177;0.7; p= 0.24)
                  during DSE.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Doppler recording of the LAD</title>
          <p>The mean time to obtain Doppler spectrum of the LAD in both groups was shorter
                  than one minute, with no differences between them (p = 0.23). Likewise, the mean
                  HR at the moment the DPVs were obtained, whether at baseline or during DSE, were
                  not significantly different between the groups either. In 33 (55%) of GII
                  patients, an adequate CFVR was obtained before achieving the established target
                  HR.</p>
          <p>The baseline DPV in GI was higher than in GII (36.8 &#177; 8.4 vs. 25.6&#177;5.7cm/s; p&lt;
                  0.0001). However, there was no difference between DPVs obtained during DSE
                  (61.4&#177;16.6 vs. 64.2&#177;15.9cm/s; p=0.42), thus resulting in CFVR of GI &lt; GII
                  (1.66&#177;0.24 vs. 2.53&#177;5.7; p&lt; 0.0001) (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t08">Table
                     3</xref>).</p>
          <table-wrap id="t08">
            <label>Table 3</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Measurements obtained during Doppler in the anterior descending coronary
                        artery</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="rows">
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <td/>
                  <td colspan="2" align="center">
                    <bold>GI</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td colspan="2" align="center">
                    <bold>GII</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td rowspan="2" align="center">
                    <bold>p</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td style="border-top:hidden"/>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>Mean</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>Standard Deviation</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>Mean</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>Standard Deviation</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td>Tempo (segundos) para obter o Doppler na ADA</td>
                  <td align="center">53</td>
                  <td align="center">5.5</td>
                  <td align="center">45</td>
                  <td align="center">4.1</td>
                  <td align="center">0.23</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td colspan="6">FC ao registrar PVD</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Basal (bpm)</td>
                  <td align="center">72</td>
                  <td align="center">2.3</td>
                  <td align="center">67</td>
                  <td align="center">1.4</td>
                  <td align="center">0.058</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Durante o EED (bpm)</td>
                  <td align="center">123</td>
                  <td align="center">5.0</td>
                  <td align="center">119</td>
                  <td align="center">2.7</td>
                  <td align="center">0.47</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>PVD (cm/s) Basal</td>
                  <td align="center">36.8</td>
                  <td align="center">0.014</td>
                  <td align="center">25.6</td>
                  <td align="center">0.07</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt; 0.0001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>PVD (cm/s) no EED</td>
                  <td align="center">61.4</td>
                  <td align="center">0.029</td>
                  <td align="center">64.2</td>
                  <td align="center">0.020</td>
                  <td align="center">0.42</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>RVFC(PVD no EED&#247;PVD basal)</td>
                  <td align="center">1.67</td>
                  <td align="center">0.042</td>
                  <td align="center">2.53</td>
                  <td align="center">0.073</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt; 0.0001</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn>
                <p>LAD: Left anterior descending coronary artery; HR: heart rate, DPV:
                           Diastolic peak velocity; DSE: Dobutamine stress echocardiography; CFVR:
                           Coronary flow velocity reserve.</p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Multivariate analysis of parameters </title>
          <p>In the multivariate model, the logistic regression analysis for CFVR &lt; 2 showed
                  significance for age and for &#946;-blocker discontinuation (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t09">Table 4</xref>). The multivariate model was adjusted for potential
                  confounders, and patients who had discontinued &#946;-blocker had a four-fold higher
                  chance of showing an inadequate CFVR (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t10">Table
                     5</xref>).</p>
          <table-wrap id="t09">
            <label>Table 4</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Multivariate logistic regression analysis for CFVR &lt; 2</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="rows">
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <td rowspan="2">
                    <bold>Parameters</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td rowspan="2" align="center">
                    <bold>OR</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td rowspan="2" align="center">
                    <bold>p</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td colspan="2" align="center">
                    <bold>CI 95%</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>IL</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>SL</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td>Age</td>
                  <td align="center">1.053882</td>
                  <td align="center">0.037</td>
                  <td align="center">1.003145</td>
                  <td align="center">1.107185</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Ejection F.</td>
                  <td align="center">0.9426074</td>
                  <td align="center">1.181</td>
                  <td align="center">0.8644104</td>
                  <td align="center">1.027878</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>LV Mass /BS</td>
                  <td align="center">1.004491</td>
                  <td align="center">0.517</td>
                  <td align="center">0.9909688</td>
                  <td align="center">1.018197</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Betablocker</td>
                  <td align="center">3.997332</td>
                  <td align="center">0.027</td>
                  <td align="center">1.17166</td>
                  <td align="center">13.63763</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>ASA</td>
                  <td align="center">1.460583</td>
                  <td align="center">0.598</td>
                  <td align="center">0.3569187</td>
                  <td align="center">5.976994</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>SH</td>
                  <td align="center">1.07366</td>
                  <td align="center">0.913</td>
                  <td align="center">0.3009711</td>
                  <td align="center">3.830089</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>CAD</td>
                  <td align="center">0.778762</td>
                  <td align="center">0.747</td>
                  <td align="center">0.1709659</td>
                  <td align="center">3.547317</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn>
                <p>OR: Odds ratio; CI: Confidence interval; LL: Lower limit; UL: Upper
                           limit; LV Mass/BS: left ventricular mass indexed for body surface; ASA:
                           acetyl salicylic acid; SH: systemic hypertension; CAD: coronary artery
                           disease.</p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
          <table-wrap id="t10">
            <label>Table 5</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Multivariate models of the relationship between variables and coronary
                        flow velocity reserve as measured by dobutamine stress
                        echocardiography</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="rows">
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Multivariate model</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>OR</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>Standard Deviation</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>95% CI OR</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold> p</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td>Betablocker<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="t10-fn01">&#163;</xref>
									</td>
                  <td align="center">5.05</td>
                  <td align="center">2.6</td>
                  <td align="center">1.82 - 14.03</td>
                  <td align="center"> 0.002</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Betablocker<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="t10-fn02">&#165;</xref>
									</td>
                  <td align="center">3.9</td>
                  <td align="center">2.5</td>
                  <td align="center">1.17 - 13.64</td>
                  <td align="center"> 0.027</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Betablocker<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="t10-fn03">&#8364;</xref>
									</td>
                  <td align="center">4.17</td>
                  <td align="center">2.4</td>
                  <td align="center">1.35 - 12.82</td>
                  <td align="center"> 0.013</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="t10-fn01">
                <label>&#163;</label>
                <p>Modelo n&#227;o ajustado.</p>
              </fn>
              <fn id="t10-fn02">
                <label>&#165;</label>
                <p>Modelo completo, ajustado para idade, fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o, massa do
                           ventr&#237;culo esquerdo/superf&#237;cie corporal, uso de AAS, hipertens&#227;o
                           arterial, doen&#231;a arterial coronariana.</p>
              </fn>
              <fn id="t10-fn03">
                <label>&#8364;</label>
                <p>Modelo ajustado para idade e fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o. As demais vari&#225;veis,
                           quando retiradas do modelo completo, modificaram o OR em menos de
                           10%.</p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="discussion">
        <title>Discussion</title>
        <p>In the daily practice, it is important to consider the time spent to perform the
               procedures. For this reason, we limited the time to obtain Doppler recordings (color
               and pulsed) of the LAD at rest at 180 seconds (period of one DSE stage), with a
               significant success rate (91%). During DSE, the high performance (92%) of Doppler
               recording of the LAD was maintained, and the feasibility rates were comparable to
               those of other studies using dobutamine or vasodilators.</p>
        <p>In the present study, we sought to verify clinical, echocardiographic or hemodynamic
               parameters associated with the CFVR cut-off point established as adequate. Patient
               inclusion was not limited by the presence of cardiovascular risk factors, and these
               factors were not significantly associated with adequate or inadequate CFVR. GI
               patients were older and had a lower mean ejection fraction, factors that may be
               related to a low CFVR.</p>
        <p>In the univariate analysis, the use of ASA was associated with inadequate CFVR.
               However, in the multivariate analysis, this was not demonstrated (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t09">Table 4</xref>).</p>
        <p>&#946;-blockers decrease the possibility of ischemia by reducing the cardiac work. Thus,
               discontinuation of these drugs promotes a higher HR, and this could increase the
               probability of a more frequent occurrence of DSE with achieved target HR or
               consistent with myocardial ischemia. Previous findings suggest that non-selective
               &#946;-blocker increases coronary vascular resistance<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34">34</xref>. On the other hand, the use of selective &#946;-blocker increases myocardial
               perfusion and improves coronary flow reserve, thus reducing the possibility of
                  ischemia<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B35">35</xref>
					<sup>,</sup>
					<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B36">36</xref>. In methodologies of studies related to stress
               echocardiography, some authors do not interfere in the use of &#946;-blocker<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B05">5</xref>
					<sup>,</sup>
					<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B08">8</xref>, whereas others discontinue the drug for 24 to 48 hours prior to
                  DSE<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B03">3</xref>
					<sup>,</sup>
					<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B07">7</xref>
					<sup>,</sup>
					<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">32</xref>. In our
               study, patients were instructed to discontinue the drug for 72-hour with the purpose
               of reducing the occurrence of inconclusive DSE. However, the findings showed an
               additional importance regarding the effect of this drug, since a significant
               association between &#946;-blocker discontinuation and the occurrence of inadequate CFVR
               was observed (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t06">Table 1</xref>). This finding could be
               related to the loss of a protective effect of the &#946;-blocker, although we cannot rule
               out that this result had been related to peculiar characteristics of the study
               sample.</p>
        <p>In the multivariate model, the statistical analysis showed significance for age and
               &#946;-blocker discontinuation (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t09">Tables 4</xref> and <xref ref-type="table" rid="t10">5</xref>). During this time window of &#946;-blocker
               discontinuation, the patients had a four-fold higher chance of presenting inadequate
               CFVR. This is an interesting observation and suggests that we should be aware of the
               selectivity of the &#946;-blocker in use and of the doses administered (characteristics
               that were not recorded for all patients), and question whether there is a better time
               interval for &#946;-blocker discontinuation when evaluating CFVR by dobutamine
               transthoracic echocardiography. </p>
        <p>In Meimon et al study<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B07">7</xref>, the CFVR obtained in
               the general population with adenosine (2.5) and dobutamine (2.4) was similar to that
               found in group II of the present study (2.53). Meimon et al<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B07">7</xref> study patients with wall motion abnormalities consistent with
               ischemia on DSE showed low CFVR with adenosine (1.5) and dobutamine (1.6), values
               close to those found in our group with low CFVR (1.67). However, we did not find
               correlation with wall motion abnormality. We point out that 91% (43/47) of Meimon et
               al study patients<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B07">7</xref> had known CAD. It is
               possible that, in addition to different populations, the time of &#946;-blocker
               discontinuation, dose and selectivity, as well as the HR achieved may have determined
               different results in the two studies.</p>
        <p>CFVR can increase progressively with the increase in HR in patients without wall
               motion abnormality consistent with ischemia during DSE<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B07">7</xref> or those at a low risk for CAD with DSE without ischemic response<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref>. Also, increases in CFVR can be limited or
               even reduced in the presence of wall motion abnormality consistent with ischemia of
               the anterior wall<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B05">5</xref>
					<sup>,</sup>
					<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B08">8</xref>. Although GI had lower CFVR, the recordings did
               not show a reduction in DPV values during DSE. </p>
        <p>The mean DPV obtained during DSE in the two groups of our study were not different,
               and we should point out that the mean HR at the moment of the DPV recordings did not
               differ either. This finding is relevant since, in principle, we know that DPVs
               increase concomitantly with the increase in HR. The mean HR recorded at the end of
               DSE were higher, and this suggests a difficulty to obtain Doppler of the LAD in
               periods closer to the maximum HR obtained.</p>
        <p>It was very important to have found that GII patients showed lower DPVs at rest;
               however, DPVs were similar between the two groups during DSE, thus making the value
               obtained at rest the determinant factor to result in an adequate CFVR.</p>
        <sec>
          <title>Limitations</title>
          <p>The learning curve was an important phase to be addressed before the beginning of
                  this study, since LAD recording during DSE is very arduous. </p>
          <p>Although the number of study patients was satisfactory in comparison to those of
                  other studies, a larger sample could maybe provide more information regarding the
                  parameters assessed. Additionally, the posology of the &#946;-blocker used was not
                  recorded. Like in other studies<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B05">5</xref>
						<sup>,</sup>
						<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B08">8</xref>
						<sup>,</sup>
						<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref>, the patients did not undergo coronary
                  angiography, and this makes it impossible to know whether CFVR, be it adequate or
                  not, could be related to impairment of the stenotic large epicardial coronary
                  arteries and/or of the microcirculation. The lower number of DSEs at a maximum HR
                  level may have compromised the accuracy of the assessment of ischemia for wall
                  motion abnormality, which could have contributed to the occurrence of
                  false-negative DSEs<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B37">37</xref>. Another important
                  limitation was that the inter- and intraobserver variation for DPV measurements
                  was not calculated. A possibility that cannot be ruled out, although unlikely, is
                  that recordings of a diagonal branch had been misinterpreted as those of LAD.</p>
          <p>Like in other studies, ours assessed only LAD. We calculated the coronary reserve
                  by means of velocity, not flow; however, this becomes less relevant since the
                  analysis of flow velocity may represent the functional status of the vessel, and
                  CFVR calculation is the result of a ratio.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Clinical Applications</title>
          <p>The literature shows that the finding of an adequate CFVR is of great diagnostic
                  or prognostic value, and represents a relevant complementary information for
                  clinical, interventionist or surgical decision-making.</p>
          <p>Considering the territory supplied by the LAD, it is important to notice that,
                  even in cases of inconclusive DSEs by the criteria of HR achieved, it is possible
                  to obtain a CFVR &#8805; 2 and infer that perfusion is satisfactory in that region.
                  Likewise, obtaining an adequate CFVR, concomitantly with normal segmental anterior
                  wall motion by the end of a terminated DSE, may contribute to the
                  echocardiographic diagnosis of absence of ischemia in this myocardial segment,
                  especially in tests in which the maximum HR is not achieved.</p>
          <p>The availability, low cost, reproducibility and accuracy of this method, make it
                  an important tool for the functional assessment of the coronary artery. In this
                  study, we evaluated parameters that could or not be related to an adequate CFVR.
                  In this context, conditions such as DPV at rest, age, ejection fraction, and the
                  use of medication may be significantly associated. </p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="conclusions">
        <title>Conclusions</title>
        <p>The DPV obtained at rest is an important parameter in the determination of an
               adequate CFVR. &#946;-blocker discontinuation was significantly associated with an
               inadequate CFVR. The high feasibility and short time interval spent for recording the
               LAD corroborates the application of this method in the daily practice.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Author contributions</title>
        <p>Conception and design of the research: Abreu JS; Acquisition of data: Abreu JS,
               Di&#243;genes TCP, Gomes Neto PS; Analysis and interpretation of the data: Abreu JS, Lima
               JWO, Siqueira JM, Paes J&#250;nior JN; Statistical analysis: Lima JWO; Writing of the
               manuscript: Abreu JS, Lima JWO, Siqueira JM, Pimentel NL, Gomes Neto PS, Abreu MEB,
               Paes J&#250;nior JN; Critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content: Abreu
               JS, Lima JWO.</p>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="financial-disclosure">
          <p><bold>Sources of Funding</bold> There were no external funding sources for this
                  study.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
