<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.1 20151215//EN" "https://jats.nlm.nih.gov/publishing/1.1/JATS-journalpublishing1.dtd">
<article xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" dtd-version="3.0" article-type="case-report" xml:lang="pt">
  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">xpT7zF7c9BQK9drNX435QSb</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2014000200023</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="previous-pid">S0066-782X2013005030231</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">00023</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5935/abc.20130231</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigos Originais</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title xml:lang="pt">Estudo da Fase Intra-hospitalar da Revasculariza&#231;&#227;o
               Cir&#250;rgica do Mioc&#225;rdio em Pacientes Dial&#237;ticos</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Miranda</surname>
            <given-names>Matheus</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Hossne Jr.</surname>
            <given-names>Nelson Am&#233;rico</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Branco</surname>
            <given-names>Jo&#227;o Nelson Rodrigues</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Vargas</surname>
            <given-names>Guilherme Flora</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Fonseca</surname>
            <given-names>Jos&#233; Hon&#243;rio de Almeida Palma da</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Pestana</surname>
            <given-names>Jos&#233; Osmar Medina de Abreu</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Juliano</surname>
            <given-names>Yara</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Buffolo</surname>
            <given-names>Enio</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01">1</xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff01">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal de S&#227;o Paulo</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Escola Paulista de Medicina</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country>Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Escola Paulista de Medicina (EPM), Universidade
               Federal de S&#227;o Paulo (Unifesp), S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff02">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade de Santo Amaro</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country>Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade de Santo Amaro, S&#227;o Paulo, SP -
               Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01"><bold>Correspond&#234;ncia: Matheus Miranda,</bold> Rua Borges Lagoa, 1080, conj. 701,
               Vila Clementino. CEP 04038-002, S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brasil. E-mail:
                  <email>matheus10miranda@gmail.com</email>, <email>m.miranda@unifesp.br</email>
				</corresp>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potencial Conflito de Interesses</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Declaro n&#227;o haver conflito de interesses pertinentes.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date pub-type="epub">
        <day>01</day>
        <month>12</month>
        <year>2013</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date pub-type="collection">
        <month>03</month>
        <year>2014</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>102</volume>
      <issue>2</issue>
      <fpage>128</fpage>
      <lpage>133</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>22</day>
          <month>08</month>
          <year>2013</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>25</day>
          <month>09</month>
          <year>2013</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>26</day>
          <month>09</month>
          <year>2013</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <abstract xml:lang="pt">
        <sec>
          <title>Fundamentos:</title>
          <p> Atualmente, a revasculariza&#231;&#227;o cir&#250;rgica do mioc&#225;rdio &#233; o melhor tratamento para
                  o paciente dial&#237;tico com les&#227;o coronariana multiarterial, contudo a mortalidade e
                  a morbidade hospitalar do procedimento ainda permanecem altas. </p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objetivos: </title>
          <p>Avaliar os resultados e a evolu&#231;&#227;o intra-hospitalar da revasculariza&#231;&#227;o cir&#250;rgica
                  do mioc&#225;rdio isolada em pacientes dial&#237;ticos. </p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>M&#233;todos:</title>
          <p> Estudo retrospectivo unic&#234;ntrico de 50 pacientes dial&#237;ticos consecutivos e n&#227;o
                  selecionados, submetidos &#224; revasculariza&#231;&#227;o cir&#250;rgica do mioc&#225;rdio em um hospital
                  terci&#225;rio universit&#225;rio no per&#237;odo de 2007 a 2012. </p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Resultados:</title>
          <p> A casu&#237;stica apresentou alta preval&#234;ncia de fatores de risco cardiovasculares
                  (100% hipertensos, 68% diab&#233;ticos e 40% dislipid&#234;micos). N&#227;o houve &#243;bito
                  intraoperat&#243;rio, e 60% dos procedimentos foram feitos sem circula&#231;&#227;o
                  extracorp&#243;rea. Houve sete (14%) &#243;bitos intra-hospitalares. Infec&#231;&#227;o
                  p&#243;s-operat&#243;ria, insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca pr&#233;via, uso de circula&#231;&#227;o extracorp&#243;rea,
                  fun&#231;&#227;o ventricular anormal e reexplora&#231;&#227;o cir&#250;rgica foram os fatores associados a
                  maior mortalidade. </p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclus&#227;o: </title>
          <p>A revasculariza&#231;&#227;o cir&#250;rgica do mioc&#225;rdio &#233; um procedimento fact&#237;vel para essa
                  classe de pacientes, contudo com alta morbidade e mortalidade intra-hospitalar. &#201;
                  necess&#225;rio melhor entendimento das particularidades metab&#243;licas desses pacientes
                  para o planejamento adequado das condutas.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <kwd>Revasculariza&#231;&#227;o do Mioc&#225;rdio</kwd>
        <kwd>Pacientes</kwd>
        <kwd>Di&#225;lise</kwd>
        <kwd>Hospitaliza&#231;&#227;o</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <counts>
        <fig-count count="0"/>
        <table-count count="6"/>
        <equation-count count="0"/>
        <ref-count count="21"/>
        <page-count count="1"/>
      </counts>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
      <p>Insufici&#234;ncia renal cr&#244;nica (IRC) &#233; fator de risco independente para o desenvolvimento
            de coronariopatias e suas complica&#231;&#245;es, sendo que a gravidade das les&#245;es &#233; inversamente
            proporcional &#224; taxa de filtra&#231;&#227;o glomerular<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B01">1</xref>
				<sup>,</sup>
				<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B02">2</xref>, o que torna as doen&#231;as
            cardiovasculares isqu&#234;micas a maior causa de mortalidade nessa classe de pacientes<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B02">2</xref>. Al&#233;m da uremia, outros fatores, como a m&#225;
            qualidade do leito distal coronariano, a hiper-homocisteinemia, o aumento do produto
            c&#225;lcio-f&#243;sforo, o estresse oxidativo, o estado inflamat&#243;rio cr&#244;nico e o processo
            ateroscler&#243;tico exacerbado, est&#227;o associados com a gravidade da doen&#231;a coronariana<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B03">3</xref>
				<sup>-</sup>
				<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B06">6</xref>. A cirurgia de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o do mioc&#225;rdio (CRM) tem mostrado maior
            sobrevida a longo prazo e menor risco de infarto do mioc&#225;rdio e de morte cardiovascular
            quando comparada &#224; angioplastia coronariana com stent, em pacientes insuficientes renais
            cr&#244;nicos dial&#237;ticos<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B07">7</xref>
				<sup>-</sup>
				<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B09">9</xref>, contudo a interven&#231;&#227;o cir&#250;rgica ainda apresenta
            elevada morbidade e mortalidade nesses pacientes<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec>
      <title>Objetivos</title>
      <p>Analisar os resultados da CRM em pacientes insuficientes renais cr&#244;nicos em di&#225;lise,
            assim como as complica&#231;&#245;es da fase intra-hospitalar, procurando identificar as suas
            causas e definir as condutas no perioperat&#243;rio.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="methods">
      <title>M&#233;todos</title>
      <p>Foram analisados os prontu&#225;rios m&#233;dicos de 50 pacientes insuficientes renais cr&#244;nicos em
            tratamento dial&#237;tico (hemodi&#225;lise), consecutivos, n&#227;o selecionados e em estudo
            retrospectivo, submetidos &#224; cirurgia de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o do mioc&#225;rdio em um complexo
            hospitalar p&#250;blico universit&#225;rio terci&#225;rio no per&#237;odo de 2007 a 2012. Pacientes com
            outros procedimentos concomitantes (cirurgia valvar, carot&#237;dea, a&#243;rtica etc.) foram
            exclu&#237;dos do estudo. Estudamos as caracter&#237;sticas demogr&#225;ficas e cl&#237;nicas, dados
            intraoperat&#243;rios e complica&#231;&#245;es p&#243;s-operat&#243;rias no per&#237;odo de interna&#231;&#227;o desses
            pacientes. O c&#225;lculo do risco pr&#233; operat&#243;rio foi feito atrav&#233;s do <italic>European
               System for Cardiac Operative Risk Evaluation II </italic>(EuroSCORE II)<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref>. A casu&#237;stica foi dividida posteriormente em dois
            subgrupos ("&#243;bitos" e "sobreviventes"),visando identificar os fatores que implicam maior
            mortalidade intra-hospitalar. O estudo foi aprovado pelo comit&#234; de &#233;tica local.</p>
      <sec>
        <title>T&#233;cnica cir&#250;rgica</title>
        <p>A indica&#231;&#227;o de CRM baseou-se nas diretrizes americanas e europeias<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref>
					<sup>,</sup>
					<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref>. O planejamento cir&#250;rgico foi feito com base nas les&#245;es encontradas no
               estudo cineangiocoronariogr&#225;fico e na viabilidade de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o cir&#250;rgica do
               leito distal coronariano, assim como pela escolha do melhor enxerto vascular para
               cada coron&#225;ria. No centro cir&#250;rgico foram realizados acesso venoso central, medi&#231;&#227;o
               invasiva da press&#227;o arterial, monitoriza&#231;&#227;o anest&#233;sica, passagem de sonda vesical e
               indu&#231;&#227;o anest&#233;sica geral. &#201; feita uma incis&#227;o de 12-14 cm na pele da regi&#227;o
               pr&#233;-esternal, seguida de esternotomia mediana. A art&#233;ria tor&#225;cica interna esquerda &#233;
               dissecada e evita-se a abertura da pleura, sendo esse enxerto arterial destinado &#224;
               revasculariza&#231;&#227;o da art&#233;ria interventricular anterior (descendente anterior). O outro
               enxerto vascular utilizado na casu&#237;stica foi a veia safena magna, dissecada atrav&#233;s
               de incis&#245;es na face medial da coxa, destinada para os demais leitos coronarianos.</p>
        <p><italic>T&#233;cnica com circula&#231;&#227;o extracorp&#243;rea (CEC)</italic>: A administra&#231;&#227;o de
               heparina &#233; feita previamente &#224; canula&#231;&#227;o a&#243;rtica e atrial (c&#226;nula de duplo est&#225;gio)
               na dosagem de 4 mg/kg. A instala&#231;&#227;o da CEC deu-se somente ap&#243;s confirma&#231;&#227;o do tempo
               de coagula&#231;&#227;o ativada (TCA) acima de 480 segundos. Durante a parada card&#237;aca com
               pin&#231;amento a&#243;rtico foi realizada a prote&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica com cardioplegia anter&#243;grada,
               sangu&#237;nea, hipot&#233;rmica e intermitente a cada 15 minutos.</p>
        <p><italic>T&#233;cnica sem CEC</italic>: A administra&#231;&#227;o de heparina foi feita 10 minutos
               antes da oclus&#227;o coron&#225;ria, na dosagem de 2 mg/kg. As anastomoses distais foram
               realizadas com o aux&#237;lio de estabilizadores a v&#225;cuo, com garroteamento apenas
               proximal das coron&#225;rias tratadas. A sequ&#234;ncia das anastomoses consistiu em priorizar
               as art&#233;rias com oclus&#227;o total.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</title>
        <p>Para a an&#225;lise dos resultados foi aplicado o teste Q de Cochran para estudo da
               concomit&#226;ncia das vari&#225;veis estudadas, tanto para o grupo de sobreviventes como para
               o grupo de &#243;bitos. O teste exato de Fisher foi utilizado no estudo das poss&#237;veis
               associa&#231;&#245;es entre cada vari&#225;vel e os grupos estudados. Fixou-se em 0,05 ou 5% o n&#237;vel
               de rejei&#231;&#227;o da hip&#243;tese de nulidade. Foi utilizado o <italic>software
               </italic>BioEstat 5.0 para realiza&#231;&#227;o dos testes estat&#237;sticos.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="results">
      <title>Resultados</title>
      <p>Os dados demogr&#225;ficos dos pacientes est&#227;o representados na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t01">Tabela 1</xref> e mostram alta preval&#234;ncia de fatores de risco para
            coronariopatias. Nenhum paciente possu&#237;a doen&#231;a pulmonar obstrutiva cr&#244;nica,
            instabilidade hemodin&#226;mica, hist&#243;ria de cirurgia card&#237;aca pr&#233;via ou necessidade de
            cirurgia de urg&#234;ncia ou emerg&#234;ncia. Tr&#234;s pacientes estavam em utiliza&#231;&#227;o de terapia
            imunossupressora devido a transplante renal pr&#233;vio, contudo os mesmos encontravam se
            internados previamente devido &#224; rejei&#231;&#227;o do enxerto, com necessidade de tratamento
            dial&#237;tico. Os dados laboratoriais contidos na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t02">Tabela
               2</xref> s&#227;o provenientes de exames realizados no dia imediatamente anterior &#224;
            cirurgia e mostram perfil metab&#243;lico alterado, com creatinina e ureia elevadas e
            hemoglobina tendendo &#224; anemia. As vari&#225;veis intraoperat&#243;rias s&#227;o apresentadas na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t03">Tabela 3</xref>. Nenhum paciente teve necessidade de bal&#227;o
            intra-a&#243;rtico, n&#227;o houve &#243;bito intraoperat&#243;rio e todos os procedimentos foram de
            revasculariza&#231;&#227;o isolada. Vinte pacientes (40%) foram operados com o uso de CEC. </p>
      <table-wrap id="t01">
        <label>Tabela 1</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Caracter&#237;sticas demogr&#225;ficas</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="rows">
          <thead>
            <tr>
              <th align="center">&#160;</th>
              <th align="center">
                <bold>N (%)</bold>
              </th>
              <th align="center">
                <bold>M&#233;dia</bold>
              </th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody>
            <tr>
              <td>Idade (anos)</td>
              <td align="center">-</td>
              <td align="center">56,8</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Sexo feminino</td>
              <td align="center">15 (30)</td>
              <td align="center">-</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Tempo de d&#237;&#225;lise (meses)</td>
              <td align="center">-</td>
              <td align="center">51,7</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Hipertens&#227;o</td>
              <td align="center">50(100)</td>
              <td align="center">-</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Diabetes</td>
              <td align="center">34(68)</td>
              <td align="center">-</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Dislipidemia</td>
              <td align="center">20(40)</td>
              <td align="center">-</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Obesidade</td>
              <td align="center">7 (14)</td>
              <td align="center">-</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Tabagismo</td>
              <td align="center">5 (10)</td>
              <td align="center">-</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>DPOC</td>
              <td align="center">0</td>
              <td align="center">-</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Acidente vascular encef&#225;lico pr&#233;vio</td>
              <td align="center">8 (16)</td>
              <td align="center">-</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Angioplastia pr&#233;via</td>
              <td align="center">11 (22)</td>
              <td align="center">-</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Cirurgia card&#237;aca pr&#233;via</td>
              <td align="center">0</td>
              <td align="center">-</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca</td>
              <td align="center">7 (14)</td>
              <td align="center">-</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Assintom&#225;ticos</td>
              <td align="center">21 (42)</td>
              <td align="center">-</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio pr&#233;vio</td>
              <td align="center">8 (16)</td>
              <td align="center">-</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Doen&#231;a arterial perif&#233;rica</td>
              <td align="center">8 (16)</td>
              <td align="center">-</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Angina est&#225;vel</td>
              <td align="center">8 (16)</td>
              <td align="center">-</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Angina inst&#225;vel</td>
              <td align="center">9 (18)</td>
              <td align="center">-</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Les&#227;o de tronco de coron&#225;ria esquerda</td>
              <td align="center">9 (18)</td>
              <td align="center">-</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Fun&#231;&#227;o ventricular preservada (FEVE&gt;50%)</td>
              <td align="center">46(92)</td>
              <td align="center">-</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Transplante pr&#233;vio</td>
              <td align="center">3 (6)</td>
              <td align="center">-</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
        <table-wrap-foot>
          <fn>
            <p>DPOC: doen&#231;a pulmonar obstrutiva cr&#244;nica; FEVE: fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo
                     esquerdo</p>
          </fn>
        </table-wrap-foot>
      </table-wrap>
      <table-wrap id="t02">
        <label>Tabela 2</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Dados laboratoriais pr&#233;-operat&#243;rios</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="rows">
          <thead>
            <tr>
              <th>&#160;</th>
              <th>
                <bold>M&#233;dia &#177; desvio-padr&#227;o</bold>
              </th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody>
            <tr>
              <td>Creatinina (mg/dL)</td>
              <td align="center">7,5 &#177; 3,0</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Ureia (mg/dL)</td>
              <td align="center">108,0 &#177; 33,4</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Hemoglobina (g/dL)</td>
              <td align="center">12,2 &#177; 1,7</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>S&#243;dio (mEq/L)</td>
              <td align="center">136,2 &#177; 4,0</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Pot&#225;ssio (mEq/L)</td>
              <td align="center">4,9 &#177; 0,8</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
      </table-wrap>
      <table-wrap id="t03">
        <label>Tabela 3</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Dados intraoperat&#243;rios</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="rows">
          <thead>
            <tr align="center">
              <th colspan="2">&#160;</th>
              <th>
                <bold>N (%)</bold>
              </th>
              <th>
                <bold>M&#233;dia (m&#225;ximo/m&#237;nimo)</bold>
              </th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody>
            <tr>
              <td colspan="2">N&#250;mero de anastomoses</td>
              <td align="center">-</td>
              <td align="center">2,2</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td colspan="2">Apoio inotr&#243;pico</td>
              <td align="center">29 (58)</td>
              <td align="center">-</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td colspan="2">Transfus&#227;o</td>
              <td align="center">19 (38)</td>
              <td align="center">-</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td colspan="2">Bal&#227;o intra-a&#243;rtico</td>
              <td align="center">0</td>
              <td align="center">-</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td colspan="2">Circula&#231;&#227;o extracorp&#243;rea</td>
              <td align="center">20 (40)</td>
              <td align="center">-</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>&#160;</td>
              <td>- Tempo de CEC (min)</td>
              <td align="center">-</td>
              <td align="center">87,8 (160-43)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>&#160;</td>
              <td>- Tempo de pin&#231;amento a&#243;rtico (min)</td>
              <td align="center">-</td>
              <td align="center">57,3 (100-26)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td colspan="2">&#211;bito intraoperat&#243;rio</td>
              <td align="center">0</td>
              <td align="center">-</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
        <table-wrap-foot>
          <fn>
            <p>CEC: circula&#231;&#227;o extracorp&#243;rea.</p>
          </fn>
        </table-wrap-foot>
      </table-wrap>
      <p>Os eventos e vari&#225;veis do per&#237;odo p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio est&#227;o representados na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t04">Tabela 4</xref>. As principais complica&#231;&#245;es observadas
            foram fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial, infec&#231;&#227;o, infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio e s&#237;ndrome
            vasopl&#233;gica; observaram-se, ainda, um caso de acidente vascular encef&#225;lico isqu&#234;mico e
            um caso de bloqueio atrioventricular total. Foram necess&#225;rias tr&#234;s reexplora&#231;&#245;es
            cir&#250;rgicas, sendo duas devidas a mediastinite e uma para revis&#227;o de hemostasia.
            Ocorreram sete &#243;bitos intra-hospitalares, todos no per&#237;odo p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio, sendo tr&#234;s
            casos devidos a choque s&#233;ptico, tr&#234;s casos devidos a choque cardiog&#234;nico e um caso de
            arritmia refrat&#225;ria.</p>
      <table-wrap id="t04">
        <label>Tabela 4</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Dados p&#243;s-operat&#243;rios</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="rows">
          <thead>
            <tr align="center">
              <th>&#160;</th>
              <th>
                <bold>N(%)</bold>
              </th>
              <th>
                <bold>M&#233;dia (m&#225;ximo/m&#237;nimo)</bold>
              </th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody>
            <tr>
              <td>Reexplora&#231;&#227;o cir&#250;rgica</td>
              <td align="center">3(6)</td>
              <td align="center">-</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Infarto p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio</td>
              <td align="center">4(8)</td>
              <td align="center">-</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial</td>
              <td align="center">14(28)</td>
              <td align="center">-</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Uso de droga vasoativa</td>
              <td align="center">41(82)</td>
              <td align="center">-</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Tempo de uso de droga vasoativa (dias)</td>
              <td align="center">-</td>
              <td align="center">2,5 (10-0,5)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Extuba&#231;&#227;o na sala cir&#250;rgica</td>
              <td align="center">30(60)</td>
              <td align="center">-</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Ventila&#231;&#227;o por mais de 24 horas</td>
              <td align="center">6(12)</td>
              <td align="center">-</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Tempo de ventila&#231;&#227;o mec&#226;nica (horas)</td>
              <td align="center">-</td>
              <td align="center">23,8 (163-1)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Acidente vascular encef&#225;lico</td>
              <td align="center">1(2)</td>
              <td align="center">-</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Infec&#231;&#227;o</td>
              <td align="center">7(14)</td>
              <td align="center">-</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Reinterna&#231;&#227;o em at&#233; 30 dias</td>
              <td align="center">1(2)</td>
              <td align="center">-</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Problemas de incis&#227;o</td>
              <td align="center">2(4)</td>
              <td align="center">-</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Vasoplegia</td>
              <td align="center">6(12)</td>
              <td align="center">-</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Paraplegia</td>
              <td align="center">1 (2)</td>
              <td align="center">-</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>&#211;bito intra-hospitalar</td>
              <td align="center">7(14)</td>
              <td align="center">-</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Tempo de UTI (dias)</td>
              <td align="center">-</td>
              <td align="center">6,8 (2-39)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Tempo de hospitaliza&#231;&#227;o (dias)</td>
              <td align="center">-</td>
              <td align="center">12,3 (6-56)</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
        <table-wrap-foot>
          <fn>
            <p>UTI: unidade de terapia intensiva.</p>
          </fn>
        </table-wrap-foot>
      </table-wrap>
      <p>Todas as caracter&#237;sticas demogr&#225;ficas, intraoperat&#243;rias e p&#243;s operat&#243;rias estudadas
            foram analisadas, dividindo a casu&#237;stica em dois grupos: um contendo os pacientes que
            sobreviveram ao per&#237;odo intra-hospitalar (n = 43) e outro contendo os &#243;bitos do per&#237;odo
            intra-hospitalar (n = 7). O teste Q de Cochran mostrou, tanto para o grupo de &#243;bitos
            quanto para o grupo de sobreviventes, diferen&#231;as estatisticamente significantes quanto &#224;
            presen&#231;a das caracter&#237;sticas estudadas dentro de cada grupo (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t05">Tabela 5</xref>). O grupo de sobreviventes possu&#237;a 100% de pacientes
            hipertensos e 69,8% de diab&#233;ticos, enquanto no grupo dos &#243;bitos observaram-se 100% de
            pacientes hipertensos, 85,7% submetidos ao uso de CEC, 71,4% com infec&#231;&#227;o p&#243;s-operat&#243;ria
            e 51,7% com insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca pr&#233;via ou fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial p&#243;s-operat&#243;ria (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t06">Tabela 6</xref>). O teste exato de Fisher foi utilizado
            para comparar os dois grupos em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; presen&#231;a de cada uma das caracter&#237;sticas
            estudadas. Tais caracter&#237;sticas, assim como os respectivos valores de p obtidos pelo
            teste exato de Fisher, est&#227;o representadas na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t06">Tabela
               6</xref>. O teste exato de Fisher demonstrou diferen&#231;as estatisticamente
            significantes para infec&#231;&#227;o p&#243;s-operat&#243;ria, insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca pr&#233;via, uso de CEC,
            fun&#231;&#227;o ventricular anormal e necessidade de reexplora&#231;&#227;o cir&#250;rgica.</p>
      <table-wrap id="t05">
        <label>Tabela 5</label>
        <caption>
          <title>An&#225;lise da concomit&#226;ncia dos dados da <xref ref-type="table" rid="t06">Tabela
                     6</xref> pelo teste Q de Cochran</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="rows">
          <thead>
            <tr>
              <th>
                <bold>Sobreviventes</bold>
              </th>
              <th align="center">
                <bold>&#211;bitos</bold>
              </th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody>
            <tr>
              <td>X<sup>2</sup> = 286,4</td>
              <td align="center">X<sup>2</sup> = 60,89</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>p &lt; 0,0001</td>
              <td align="center">p &lt; 0,0001</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
      </table-wrap>
      <table-wrap id="t06">
        <label>Tabela 6</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Caracter&#237;sticas entre pacientes sobreviventes e &#243;bitos (teste exato de Fisher
                  - p)</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="rows">
          <thead>
            <tr align="center">
              <th>&#160;</th>
              <th>
                <bold>Sobreviventes (%)</bold>
              </th>
              <th>
                <bold>&#211;bitos (%)</bold>
              </th>
              <th>
                <bold>P</bold>
              </th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody>
            <tr>
              <td>Infec&#231;&#227;o p&#243;s-operat&#243;ria</td>
              <td align="center">4,6</td>
              <td align="center">71,4</td>
              <td align="center">0,0002<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="t06-fn01">*</xref>
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca pr&#233;via</td>
              <td align="center">7,0</td>
              <td align="center">57,1</td>
              <td align="center">0,0045<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="t06-fn01">*</xref>
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Uso de CEC</td>
              <td align="center">32,6</td>
              <td align="center">85,7</td>
              <td align="center">0,0124<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="t06-fn01">*</xref>
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Fun&#231;&#227;o ventricular anormal</td>
              <td align="center">9,3</td>
              <td align="center">42,9</td>
              <td align="center">0,0478<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="t06-fn01">*</xref>
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Reexplora&#231;&#227;o cir&#250;rgica</td>
              <td align="center">2,3</td>
              <td align="center">28,6</td>
              <td align="center">0,0479<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="t06-fn01">*</xref>
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial p&#243;s-operat&#243;ria</td>
              <td align="center">26,4</td>
              <td align="center">57,1</td>
              <td align="center">0,0649</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Vasoplegia</td>
              <td align="center">11,6</td>
              <td align="center">42,9</td>
              <td align="center">0,0713</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Ventila&#231;&#227;o mec&#226;nica prolongada</td>
              <td align="center">11,6</td>
              <td align="center">42,9</td>
              <td align="center">0,0713</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>AVE p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio</td>
              <td align="center">2,3</td>
              <td align="center">0</td>
              <td align="center">0,1400</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Diabetes</td>
              <td align="center">69,8</td>
              <td align="center">42,9</td>
              <td align="center">0,2098</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Les&#227;o de tronco de coron&#225;ria esquerda</td>
              <td align="center">18,6</td>
              <td align="center">0</td>
              <td align="center">0,3414</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>AVE pr&#233;vio</td>
              <td align="center">18,6</td>
              <td align="center">0</td>
              <td align="center">0,3414</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>IAM p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio</td>
              <td align="center">7,0</td>
              <td align="center">14,3</td>
              <td align="center">0,4574</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Angina est&#225;vel</td>
              <td align="center">16,2</td>
              <td align="center">0</td>
              <td align="center">0,5728</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Angina inst&#225;vel</td>
              <td align="center">16,2</td>
              <td align="center">0</td>
              <td align="center">0,5728</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Obesidade</td>
              <td align="center">14,0</td>
              <td align="center">0</td>
              <td align="center">0,5760</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Tabagismo</td>
              <td align="center">11,6</td>
              <td align="center">0</td>
              <td align="center">0,5923</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>IAM pr&#233;vio</td>
              <td align="center">20,9</td>
              <td align="center">28,6</td>
              <td align="center">0,6371</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Angioplastia pr&#233;via</td>
              <td align="center">25,6</td>
              <td align="center">28,6</td>
              <td align="center">0,9908</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Dislipidemia</td>
              <td align="center">41,9</td>
              <td align="center">42,9</td>
              <td align="center">0,9988</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Idade &gt; 70 anos</td>
              <td align="center">9,3</td>
              <td align="center">0</td>
              <td align="center">1,0000</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Sexo feminino</td>
              <td align="center">30,2</td>
              <td align="center">28,6</td>
              <td align="center">1,0000</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Hipertens&#227;o arterial sist&#234;mica</td>
              <td align="center">100</td>
              <td align="center">100</td>
              <td align="center">1,0000</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Doen&#231;a arterial perif&#233;rica</td>
              <td align="center">18,6</td>
              <td align="center">14,3</td>
              <td align="center">1,0000</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
        <table-wrap-foot>
          <fn id="t06-fn01">
            <label>*</label>
            <p>Valores com diferen&#231;a significante mostrando &#243;bito &gt; sobrevida. CEC:
                     circula&#231;&#227;o extracorp&#243;rea; AVE: acidente vascular encef&#225;lico; IAM: infarto agudo
                     do mioc&#225;rdio.</p>
          </fn>
        </table-wrap-foot>
      </table-wrap>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="discussion">
      <title>Discuss&#227;o</title>
      <p>Insufici&#234;ncia renal cr&#244;nica &#233; considerada fator de risco independente para doen&#231;a
            coronariana, que, aliada a outras peculiaridades metab&#243;licas, faz das doen&#231;as card&#237;acas
            isqu&#234;micas a maior causa de morte nessa classe de pacientes. O grau de comprometimento
            coronariano &#233; proporcional &#224; gravidade da doen&#231;a renal, o que faz dos pacientes
            dial&#237;ticos uma popula&#231;&#227;o sujeita a maior morbimortalidade. Nesta amostra estudamos 50
            pacientes submetidos &#224; cirurgia de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o do mioc&#225;rdio isolada no per&#237;odo de
            2007 a 2012 e foi observada alta preval&#234;ncia de fatores de risco cardiovasculares
            cl&#225;ssicos, especialmente hipertens&#227;o (100%), diabetes (68%) e dislipidemia (40%). As
            porcentagens desses fatores de risco e de hist&#243;ria de doen&#231;a cardiovascular (acidente
            vascular encef&#225;lico, doen&#231;a arterial perif&#233;rica, eventos ou interven&#231;&#245;es coronarianas
            pr&#233;vias) s&#227;o semelhantes &#224;quelas publicadas por Longnecker e cols.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B03">3</xref> atrav&#233;s do estudo CHOICE (Choices for HealthyOutcomes in Caring
            for End-Stage Renal Disease). Outros estudos<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref>
				<sup>-</sup>
				<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref> tamb&#233;m demonstram
            alta preval&#234;ncia de fatores de risco e de doen&#231;as cardiovasculares pregressas. Na
            casu&#237;stica estudada, 92% dos pacientes possu&#237;am fun&#231;&#227;o ventricular esquerda preservada e
            52% n&#227;o possu&#237;am sintomas como angina ou dispneia. Vale ressaltar que muitos dos
            pacientes tiveram indica&#231;&#227;o de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o cir&#250;rgica ap&#243;s a constata&#231;&#227;o de les&#245;es
            coronarianas graves na cineangiocoronariografia pr&#233;-transplante renal, pois a
            revasculariza&#231;&#227;o do mioc&#225;rdio reduz o risco do transplante renal e aumenta a sobrevida
               imediata<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref>
				<sup>-</sup>
				<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref>.</p>
      <p>As vari&#225;veis laboratoriais pr&#233;-operat&#243;rias observadas s&#227;o condizentes com as
            caracter&#237;sticas metab&#243;licas de pacientes dial&#237;ticos: creatinina e ureia elevadas e
            hemoglobina demonstrando tend&#234;ncia &#224; anemia, condi&#231;&#227;o bastante prevalente nessa classe
            de pacientes. Todos os pacientes faziam uso de eritropoietina.</p>
      <p>Os dados intraoperat&#243;rios demonstram n&#250;mero m&#233;dio de 2,2 coron&#225;rias revascularizadas.
            Apesar de os pacientes comumente terem les&#245;es triarteriais, a qualidade ruim do leito
            coronariano distal em pacientes dial&#237;ticos, em alguns casos, impediu que todas as
            coron&#225;rias doentes fossem revascularizadas. O uso de apoio inotr&#243;pico foi necess&#225;rio em
            58% dos casos, em especial durante a sa&#237;da de CEC, em parte devido ao componente
            vasopl&#233;gico apresentado por esses pacientes. O uso de bal&#227;o intra-a&#243;rtico n&#227;o foi
            necess&#225;rio em nenhum caso e a CEC foi utilizada em 40% dos casos. N&#227;o houve &#243;bito
            intraoperat&#243;rio.</p>
      <p>As complica&#231;&#245;es p&#243;s-operat&#243;rias mais frequentes foram fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial, infec&#231;&#227;o,
            ventila&#231;&#227;o prolongada, infarto e vasoplegia. Condi&#231;&#227;o semelhante &#233; observada em outros
            estudos com pacientes dial&#237;ticos<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref>
				<sup>-</sup>
				<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref> e, talvez, essas
            complica&#231;&#245;es estejam relacionadas &#224;s particularidades metab&#243;licas desses pacientes, como
            desbalan&#231;o eletrol&#237;tico, processo ateroscler&#243;tico e estado inflamat&#243;rio exacerbados<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref>. Sete pacientes (14%) foram a &#243;bito durante o
            per&#237;odo intra hospitalar, n&#250;mero inferior ao de alguns centros de refer&#234;ncia no
               pa&#237;s<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref> e semelhante &#224; porcentagem encontrada
            no banco de dados da Society of Thoracic Surgeons<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref>.</p>
      <p>Ap&#243;s a an&#225;lise comparativa entre os grupos de pacientes sobreviventes e &#243;bitos,
            observamos diferen&#231;a estatisticamente significante entre os grupos em rela&#231;&#227;o aos
            seguintes fatores: infec&#231;&#227;o p&#243;s-operat&#243;ria, insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca, uso de CEC, fun&#231;&#227;o
            ventricular anormal e necessidade de reexplora&#231;&#227;o cir&#250;rgica. Possivelmente, esses
            fatores est&#227;o relacionados a maior mortalidade no per&#237;odo intra-hospitalar, contudo,
            devido &#224; limita&#231;&#227;o do n&#250;mero de pacientes, principalmente no grupo de &#243;bitos, &#233;
            necess&#225;ria cautela na interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados.</p>
      <p>A frequente exclus&#227;o dessa classe de pacientes dos grandes estudos cardiol&#243;gicos talvez
            ainda colabore para a dificuldade de escolha das melhores condutas e para os resultados
            ainda modestos quando comparados aos dos pacientes com fun&#231;&#227;o renal preservada.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="conclusions">
      <title>Conclus&#227;o</title>
      <p>A revasculariza&#231;&#227;o cir&#250;rgica do mioc&#225;rdio em pacientes insuficientes renais cr&#244;nicos
            dial&#237;ticos possui elevada morbimortalidade hospitalar, devendo ser considerados os
            aspectos metab&#243;licos especiais nesse grupo de pacientes para a melhor orienta&#231;&#227;o das
            condutas no perioperat&#243;rio. Fatores como infec&#231;&#227;o p&#243;s-operat&#243;ria, insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca
            pr&#233;via, uso de CEC, fun&#231;&#227;o ventricular anormal e necessidade de reexplora&#231;&#227;o cir&#250;rgica
            podem estar relacionados a maior mortalidade no per&#237;odo intra hospitalar. A cirurgia de
            revasculariza&#231;&#227;o do mioc&#225;rdio sem CEC pode ser uma alternativa mais satisfat&#243;ria para o
            tratamento desses pacientes.</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="con">
        <p>
          <bold>Contribui&#231;&#227;o dos autores</bold>
        </p>
        <p>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa: Miranda M, Hossne Jr. NA, Branco JNR, Vargas GF,
               Fonseca JHAP, Pestana JOMA, Juliano Y, Buffolo E; Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados: Miranda M,
               Vargas GF; An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados: Miranda M, Fonseca JHAP, Juliano Y,
               Buffolo E; An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica: Juliano Y; Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito: Miranda M, Hossne
               Jr. NA, Branco JNR, Pestana JOMA, Buffolo E; Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao
               conte&#250;do intelectual: Hossne Jr. NA, Branco JNR, Vargas GF, Fonseca JHAP, Pestana
               JOMA, Juliano Y, Buffolo E.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>
          <bold>Vincula&#231;&#227;o Acad&#234;mica</bold>
        </p>
        <p>N&#227;o h&#225; vincula&#231;&#227;o deste estudo a programas de p&#243;s-gradua&#231;&#227;o.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="financial-disclosure">
        <p>
          <bold>Fontes de Financiamento</bold>
        </p>
        <p>O presente estudo n&#227;o teve fontes de financiamento externas.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
    <ref-list>
      <title>Refer&#234;ncias </title>
      <ref id="B01">
        <label>1</label>
        <mixed-citation>1. Ix JH, Shlipak MG, Liu HH, Schiller NB, Whooley MA. Association
               between renal insufficiency and inducible ischemia in patients with coronary artery
               disease: The Heart and Soul Study. J Am Soc Nephrol. 2003;14(12):3233-9. Erratum in J
               Am Soc Nephrol. 2004;15(2):508.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Ix</surname>
              <given-names>JH</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Shlipak</surname>
              <given-names>MG</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Liu</surname>
              <given-names>HH</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Schiller</surname>
              <given-names>NB</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Whooley</surname>
              <given-names>MA</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title xml:lang="en">Association between renal insufficiency and inducible
                  ischemia in patients with coronary artery disease: The Heart and Soul
                  Study</article-title>
          <source>J Am Soc Nephrol</source>
          <year>2013</year>
          <volume>14</volume>
          <issue>12</issue>
          <fpage>3233</fpage>
          <lpage>3239</lpage>
          <comment>Erratum in J Am Soc Nephrol. 2004;15(2):508</comment>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B02">
        <label>2</label>
        <mixed-citation>2. US Renal Data System. USRDS 2007 Annual Data report: atlas of
               end-stage renal disease in the United States. Am J Kidney Dis.
               2008;51:S1-7.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <collab>US Renal Data System</collab>
          </person-group>
          <article-title xml:lang="en">USRDS 2007 Annual Data report: atlas of end-stage renal
                  disease in the United States</article-title>
          <source>Am J Kidney Dis</source>
          <year>2008</year>
          <volume>51</volume>
          <fpage>S1</fpage>
          <lpage>S7</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B03">
        <label>3</label>
        <mixed-citation>3. Longenecker JC, Coresh J, Powe NR, Levey AS, Fink NE, Martin A, et
               al. Traditional cardiovascular disease risk factors in dialysis patients compared
               with the general population: The CHOICE Study. J Am Soc Nephrol.
               2002;13(7):1918-27.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Longenecker</surname>
              <given-names>JC</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Coresh</surname>
              <given-names>J</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Powe</surname>
              <given-names>NR</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Levey</surname>
              <given-names>AS</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Fink</surname>
              <given-names>NE</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Martin</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal>et al</etal>
          </person-group>
          <article-title xml:lang="en">Traditional cardiovascular disease risk factors in
                  dialysis patients compared with the general population: The CHOICE
                  Study</article-title>
          <source>J Am Soc Nephrol</source>
          <year>2002</year>
          <volume>13</volume>
          <issue>7</issue>
          <fpage>1918</fpage>
          <lpage>1927</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B04">
        <label>4</label>
        <mixed-citation>4. Lindner A, Charra B, Sherrard J, Scriber B. Accelerated
               atherosclerosis in prolonged maintenance hemodialysis. N Engl J Med.
               1974;290(13):697-701.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Lindner</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Charra</surname>
              <given-names>B</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Sherrard</surname>
              <given-names>J</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Scriber</surname>
              <given-names>B</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title xml:lang="en">Accelerated atherosclerosis in prolonged maintenance
                  hemodialysis</article-title>
          <source>N Engl J Med</source>
          <year>1974</year>
          <volume>290</volume>
          <issue>13</issue>
          <fpage>697</fpage>
          <lpage>701</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B05">
        <label>5</label>
        <mixed-citation>5. Sarnak AC, Levey AS, Schoolwerth AC, Coresh J, Culleton B, Hamm LL,
               et al; American Heart Association Councils on Kidney in Cardiovascular Disease, High
               Blood Pressure Research, Clinical Cardiology, and Epidemiology and Prevention. Kidney
               disease as a risk factor for development of cardiovascular disease: a statement from
               the American Heart Association Councils on Kidney in Cardiovascular Disease, High
               Blood Pressure Research, Clinical Cardiology, and Epidemiology and Prevention.
               Circulation. 2003;108(17):2154-69.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Sarnak</surname>
              <given-names>AC</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Levey</surname>
              <given-names>AS</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Schoolwerth</surname>
              <given-names>AC</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Coresh</surname>
              <given-names>J</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Culleton</surname>
              <given-names>B</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Hamm</surname>
              <given-names>LL</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal>et al</etal>
            <collab>American Heart Association Councils on Kidney in Cardiovascular Disease,
                     High Blood Pressure Research, Clinical Cardiology, and Epidemiology and
                     Prevention.</collab>
          </person-group>
          <article-title xml:lang="en">Kidney disease as a risk factor for development of
                  cardiovascular disease: a statement from the American Heart Association Councils
                  on Kidney in Cardiovascular Disease, High Blood Pressure Research, Clinical
                  Cardiology, and Epidemiology and Prevention</article-title>
          <source>Circulation</source>
          <year>2003</year>
          <volume>108</volume>
          <issue>17</issue>
          <fpage>2154</fpage>
          <lpage>2169</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B06">
        <label>6</label>
        <mixed-citation>6. Zoccali C, Mallamaci F, Tripepi G. Novel cardiovascular risk factors
               in end-stage renal disease. J Am Soc Nephrol. 2004;15 Suppl
               1:S77-80.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Zoccali</surname>
              <given-names>C</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Mallamaci</surname>
              <given-names>F</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Tripepi</surname>
              <given-names>G</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title xml:lang="en">Novel cardiovascular risk factors in end-stage renal
                  disease</article-title>
          <source>J Am Soc Nephrol</source>
          <year>2004</year>
          <volume>15</volume>
          <supplement>Suppl 1</supplement>
          <fpage>S77</fpage>
          <lpage>S80</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B07">
        <label>7</label>
        <mixed-citation>7. Rinehart AL, Herzog CA, Collins AJ, Flack JM, Ma JZ, Opsahl JA. A
               comparison of coronary angioplasty and coronary artery bypass grafting outcomes in
               chronic dialysis patients. Am J Kidney Dis. 1995;25(2):281-90.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Rinehart</surname>
              <given-names>AL</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Herzog</surname>
              <given-names>CA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Collins</surname>
              <given-names>AJ</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Flack</surname>
              <given-names>JM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Ma</surname>
              <given-names>JZ</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Opsahl</surname>
              <given-names>JA</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title xml:lang="en">A comparison of coronary angioplasty and coronary artery
                  bypass grafting outcomes in chronic dialysis patients</article-title>
          <source>Am J Kidney Dis</source>
          <year>1995</year>
          <volume>25</volume>
          <issue>2</issue>
          <fpage>281</fpage>
          <lpage>290</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B08">
        <label>8</label>
        <mixed-citation>8. Herzog CA, Ma JZ, Collins AJ. Comparative survival of dialysis
               patients in the United States after coronary angioplasty, coronary artery stenting,
               and coronary artery bypass surgery and impact of diabetes. Circulation.
               2002;106(17):2207-11.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Herzog</surname>
              <given-names>CA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Ma</surname>
              <given-names>JZ</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Collins</surname>
              <given-names>AJ</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title xml:lang="en">Comparative survival of dialysis patients in the United
                  States after coronary angioplasty, coronary artery stenting, and coronary artery
                  bypass surgery and impact of diabetes</article-title>
          <source>Circulation</source>
          <year>2002</year>
          <volume>106</volume>
          <issue>17</issue>
          <fpage>2207</fpage>
          <lpage>2211</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B09">
        <label>9</label>
        <mixed-citation>9. Hannan EL, Racz MJ, Walford G, Jones RH, Ryan TJ, Bennett E, et al.
               Long term outcomes of coronary artery bypass grafting versus stent implantation. N
               Engl J Med. 2005;352(21):2174-83.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Hannan</surname>
              <given-names>EL</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Racz</surname>
              <given-names>MJ</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Walford</surname>
              <given-names>G</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Jones</surname>
              <given-names>RH</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Ryan</surname>
              <given-names>TJ</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Bennett</surname>
              <given-names>E</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal>et al</etal>
          </person-group>
          <article-title xml:lang="en">Long term outcomes of coronary artery bypass grafting
                  versus stent implantation</article-title>
          <source>N Engl J Med</source>
          <year>2005</year>
          <volume>352</volume>
          <issue>21</issue>
          <fpage>2174</fpage>
          <lpage>2183</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B10">
        <label>10</label>
        <mixed-citation>10. Wong D, Thompson G, Buth K, Sullivan J, Ali I. Angiographic coronary
               diffuseness and outcomes in dialysis patients undergoing coronary artery bypass
               grafting surgery. Eur J Cardiothorac Surg. 2003;24(3):388-92.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Wong</surname>
              <given-names>D</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Thompson</surname>
              <given-names>G</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Buth</surname>
              <given-names>K</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Sullivan</surname>
              <given-names>J</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Ali</surname>
              <given-names>I</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title xml:lang="en">Angiographic coronary diffuseness and outcomes in
                  dialysis patients undergoing coronary artery bypass grafting
                  surgery</article-title>
          <source>Eur J Cardiothorac Surg</source>
          <year>2003</year>
          <volume>24</volume>
          <issue>3</issue>
          <fpage>388</fpage>
          <lpage>392</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B11">
        <label>11</label>
        <mixed-citation>11. Nashef SA, Roques F, Sharples LD, Nilsson J, Smith C, Goldstone AR,
               et al. Euro SCORE II. Eur J Cardiothoracic Surg. 2012;41(4):734-44.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Nashef</surname>
              <given-names>SA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Roques</surname>
              <given-names>F</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Sharples</surname>
              <given-names>LD</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Nilsson</surname>
              <given-names>J</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Smith</surname>
              <given-names>C</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Goldstone</surname>
              <given-names>AR</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal>et al</etal>
          </person-group>
          <article-title xml:lang="en">Euro SCORE II</article-title>
          <source>Eur J Cardiothoracic Surg</source>
          <year>2012</year>
          <volume>41</volume>
          <issue>4</issue>
          <fpage>734</fpage>
          <lpage>744</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B12">
        <label>12</label>
        <mixed-citation>12. Wijns W, Kolh P, Danchin N, Di Mario C, Falk V, Folliguet T, et al.
               Guidelines on myocardial revascularization: the Task Force on Myocardial
               Revascularization of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC) and the European
               Association for Cardio-Thoracic Surgery (EACTS). Eur Heart J.
               2010;31(20):2501-55.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Wijns</surname>
              <given-names>W</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Kolh</surname>
              <given-names>P</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Danchin</surname>
              <given-names>N</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Di Mario</surname>
              <given-names>C</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Falk</surname>
              <given-names>V</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Folliguet</surname>
              <given-names>T</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal>et al</etal>
          </person-group>
          <article-title xml:lang="en">Guidelines on myocardial revascularization: the Task
                  Force on Myocardial Revascularization of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC)
                  and the European Association for Cardio-Thoracic Surgery (EACTS)</article-title>
          <source>Eur Heart J</source>
          <year>2010</year>
          <volume>31</volume>
          <issue>20</issue>
          <fpage>2501</fpage>
          <lpage>2555</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B13">
        <label>13</label>
        <mixed-citation>13. Hillis LD, Smith PK, Anderson JL, Bittl JA, Bridges CR, Byrne JG, et
               al. 2011 ACCF/AHA Guideline for Coronary Artery Bypass Graft Surgery: Executive
               Summary: A Report of the American College of Cardiology Foundation/American Heart
               Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines. Circulation. 2011;124(23):2610-42.
               Erratum in: Circulation. 2011;124(25):e956. Circulation.
               2012;126(7):e105.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Hillis</surname>
              <given-names>LD</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Smith</surname>
              <given-names>PK</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Anderson</surname>
              <given-names>JL</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Bittl</surname>
              <given-names>JA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Bridges</surname>
              <given-names>CR</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Byrne</surname>
              <given-names>JG</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal>et al</etal>
          </person-group>
          <article-title xml:lang="en">2011 ACCF/AHA Guideline for Coronary Artery Bypass Graft
                  Surgery: Executive Summary: A Report of the American College of Cardiology
                  Foundation/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice
                  Guidelines</article-title>
          <source>Circulation</source>
          <year>2011</year>
          <volume>124</volume>
          <issue>23</issue>
          <fpage>2610</fpage>
          <lpage>2642</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B14">
        <label>14</label>
        <mixed-citation>14. Barbosa RR, Cestari PF, Capeletti JT, Peres GM, Iba&#241;ez TL, da Silva
               PV, et al. Impacto da disfun&#231;&#227;o renal na evolu&#231;&#227;o intra-hospitalar ap&#243;s cirurgia de
               revasculariza&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica. Arq Bras Cardiol. 2011;97(3):249-53.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Barbosa</surname>
              <given-names>RR</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Cestari</surname>
              <given-names>PF</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Capeletti</surname>
              <given-names>JT</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Peres</surname>
              <given-names>GM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Iba&#241;ez</surname>
              <given-names>TL</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>da Silva</surname>
              <given-names>PV</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal>et al</etal>
          </person-group>
          <article-title xml:lang="pt">Impacto da disfun&#231;&#227;o renal na evolu&#231;&#227;o intra-hospitalar
                  ap&#243;s cirurgia de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica</article-title>
          <source>Arq Bras Cardiol</source>
          <year>2011</year>
          <volume>97</volume>
          <issue>3</issue>
          <fpage>249</fpage>
          <lpage>253</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B15">
        <label>15</label>
        <mixed-citation>15. Horai T, Fukui T, Tabata M, Takanashi S. Early and mid-term results
               of off-pump coronary artery bypass grafting in patients with end stage renal disease:
               surgical outcomes after achievement of complete revascularization. Interact
               Cardiovasc Thorac Surg. 2008;7(2):218-21.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Horai</surname>
              <given-names>T</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Fukui</surname>
              <given-names>T</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Tabata</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Takanashi</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title xml:lang="en">Early and mid-term results of off-pump coronary artery
                  bypass grafting in patients with end stage renal disease: surgical outcomes after
                  achievement of complete revascularization</article-title>
          <source>Interact Cardiovasc Thorac Surg</source>
          <year>2008</year>
          <volume>7</volume>
          <issue>2</issue>
          <fpage>218</fpage>
          <lpage>221</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B16">
        <label>16</label>
        <mixed-citation>16. Cooper WA, O'Brien SM, Thourani VH, Guyton RA, Bridges CR, Szczech
               LA, et al. Impact of renal dysfunction on outcomes of coronaryartery bypass surgery:
               results from the Society of Thoracic Surgeons National Adult Cardiac Database.
               Circulation. 2006;113(8):1063-70.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Cooper</surname>
              <given-names>WA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>O'Brien</surname>
              <given-names>SM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Thourani</surname>
              <given-names>VH</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Guyton</surname>
              <given-names>RA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Bridges</surname>
              <given-names>CR</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Szczech</surname>
              <given-names>LA</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal>et al</etal>
          </person-group>
          <article-title xml:lang="en">Impact of renal dysfunction on outcomes of
                  coronaryartery bypass surgery: results from the Society of Thoracic Surgeons
                  National Adult Cardiac Database</article-title>
          <source>Circulation</source>
          <year>2006</year>
          <volume>113</volume>
          <issue>8</issue>
          <fpage>1063</fpage>
          <lpage>1070</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B17">
        <label>17</label>
        <mixed-citation>17. Milani R, Brofman PR, Souza JA, Barboza L, Guimar&#227;es MR, Barbosa A,
               et al. OPCAB in patients on hemodialysis. Rev Bras Cir Cardiovasc.
               2007;22(1):104-8.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Milani</surname>
              <given-names>R</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Brofman</surname>
              <given-names>PR</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Souza</surname>
              <given-names>JA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Barboza</surname>
              <given-names>L</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Guimar&#227;es</surname>
              <given-names>MR</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Barbosa</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal>et al</etal>
          </person-group>
          <article-title xml:lang="en">OPCAB in patients on hemodialysis</article-title>
          <source>Rev Bras Cir Cardiovasc</source>
          <year>2007</year>
          <volume>22</volume>
          <issue>1</issue>
          <fpage>104</fpage>
          <lpage>108</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B18">
        <label>18</label>
        <mixed-citation>18. Manske CL, Wang Y, Rector T, Wilson RF, White CW. Coronary
               revascularization in insulin-dependent diabetic patients with chronic renal failure.
               Lancet. 1992;340(8826):998-1002.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Manske</surname>
              <given-names>CL</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Wang</surname>
              <given-names>Y</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Rector</surname>
              <given-names>T</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Wilson</surname>
              <given-names>RF</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>White</surname>
              <given-names>CW</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title xml:lang="en">Coronary revascularization in insulin-dependent diabetic
                  patients with chronic renal failure</article-title>
          <source>Lancet</source>
          <year>1992</year>
          <volume>340</volume>
          <issue>8826</issue>
          <fpage>998</fpage>
          <lpage>1002</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B19">
        <label>19</label>
        <mixed-citation>19. Gowdak LH, Paula FJ, Giorgi DM, Vieira ML, Krieger EM, Lima JJ.
               [Cardiovascular disease and risk factors in candidates for renal transplantation].
               Arq Bras Cardiol. 2005;84(2):156-60.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Gowdak</surname>
              <given-names>LH</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Paula</surname>
              <given-names>FJ</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Giorgi</surname>
              <given-names>DM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Vieira</surname>
              <given-names>ML</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Krieger</surname>
              <given-names>EM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Lima</surname>
              <given-names>JJ</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title xml:lang="pt">Cardiovascular disease and risk factors in candidates
                  for renal transplantation</article-title>
          <source>Arq Bras Cardiol</source>
          <year>2005</year>
          <volume>84</volume>
          <issue>2</issue>
          <fpage>156</fpage>
          <lpage>160</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B20">
        <label>20</label>
        <mixed-citation>20. Delgado DS, Gerola LR, Hossne NA Jr, Branco JN, Buffolo E.
               Myocardial revascularization in renal transplant patients. Arq Bras Cardiol.
               2002;79(5):476-83.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Delgado</surname>
              <given-names>DS</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Gerola</surname>
              <given-names>LR</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Hossne</surname>
              <given-names>NA</given-names>
              <suffix>Jr</suffix>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Branco</surname>
              <given-names>JN</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Buffolo</surname>
              <given-names>E</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title xml:lang="en">Myocardial revascularization in renal transplant
                  patients</article-title>
          <source>Arq Bras Cardiol</source>
          <year>2002</year>
          <volume>79</volume>
          <issue>5</issue>
          <fpage>476</fpage>
          <lpage>483</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B21">
        <label>21</label>
        <mixed-citation>21. Oberg BP, McMenamin E, Lucas FL, McMonagle E, Morrow J, IkizlerTA,
               et al. Increased prevalence of oxidant stress and inflammation in patients with
               moderate to severe chronic kidney disease. Kidney Int.
               2004;65(3):1009-1.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Oberg</surname>
              <given-names>BP</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>McMenamin</surname>
              <given-names>E</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Lucas</surname>
              <given-names>FL</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>McMonagle</surname>
              <given-names>E</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Morrow</surname>
              <given-names>J</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Ikizler </surname>
              <given-names>TA</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal>et al</etal>
          </person-group>
          <article-title xml:lang="en">Increased prevalence of oxidant stress and inflammation
                  in patients with moderate to severe chronic kidney disease</article-title>
          <source>Kidney Int</source>
          <year>2004</year>
          <volume>65</volume>
          <issue>3</issue>
          <fpage>1009</fpage>
          <lpage>1001</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
    </ref-list>
  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="SA1" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Articles</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title xml:lang="en">Myocardial Revascularization in Dyalitic Patients:
               In-Hospital Period Evaluation</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Miranda</surname>
            <given-names>Matheus</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff03">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c02"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Hossne Jr.</surname>
            <given-names>Nelson Am&#233;rico</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff03">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Branco</surname>
            <given-names>Jo&#227;o Nelson Rodrigues</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff03">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Vargas</surname>
            <given-names>Guilherme Flora</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff03">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Fonseca</surname>
            <given-names>Jos&#233; Hon&#243;rio de Almeida Palma da</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff03">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Pestana</surname>
            <given-names>Jos&#233; Osmar Medina de Abreu</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff03">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Juliano</surname>
            <given-names>Yara</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff04">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Buffolo</surname>
            <given-names>Enio</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff03">1</xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff03">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal de S&#227;o Paulo</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Escola Paulista de Medicina</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country>Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Escola Paulista de Medicina (EPM), Universidade
               Federal de S&#227;o Paulo (Unifesp), S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff04">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade de Santo Amaro</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country>Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade de Santo Amaro, S&#227;o Paulo, SP -
               Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c02"><bold>Mailing Address: Matheus Miranda,</bold> Rua Borges Lagoa, 1080, conj. 701,
               Vila Clementino. Postal Code 04038 002, S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brazil. E-mail:
                  <email>matheus10miranda@gmail.com</email>, <email>m.miranda@unifesp.br</email>
				</corresp>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potential Conflict of Interest</bold>
          </p>
          <p> No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <abstract xml:lang="en">
        <sec>
          <title>Background:</title>
          <p> Coronary artery bypass grafting currently is the best treatment for dialytic
                  patients with multivessel coronary disease, but hospital morbidity and mortality
                  related to procedure is still high. </p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objective: </title>
          <p>Evaluate results and in-hospital outcomes of coronary artery bypass grafting in
                  dialytic patients. </p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Methods:</title>
          <p> Retrospective unicentric study including 50 consecutive and not selected dialytic
                  patients, who underwent coronary artery bypass grafting in a tertiary university
                  hospital from 2007 to 2012. </p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Results:</title>
          <p> High prevalence of cardiovascular risk factors was observed (100% hypertensive,
                  68% diabetic and 40% dyslipidemic). There was no intra-operative death and 60% of
                  the procedures were performed off-pump. There were seven (14%) in-hospital deaths.
                  Postoperative infection, previous heart failure, cardiopulmonary bypass, abnormal
                  ventricular function and surgical re-exploration were associated with increased
                  mortality. </p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclusion: </title>
          <p>Coronary artery bypass grafting is feasible to dialytic patients although high
                  in-hospital morbidity and mortality. It is necessary better understanding about
                  metabolic aspects to plan adequate interventions.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>Myocardial Revascularization</kwd>
        <kwd>Patients</kwd>
        <kwd>Dialysis</kwd>
        <kwd>Hospitalization</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>Introduction</title>
        <p>Chronic renal failure (CRF) is an independent risk factor for the development of
               coronapathies and its complications, and injury severity level is inversely
               proportional to the glomerular<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B01">1</xref>
					<sup>,</sup>
					<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B02">2</xref> filtration rate,
               which makes ischemic cardiovascular diseases the main mortality cause in this group
               of patients<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B02">2</xref>. In addition to uremia, other
               factors such as bad quality of distal coronary bed, hyperhomocysteinemia, increased
               calcium-phosphorus product, oxidative stress, chronic inflammation and exacerbated
               atherosclerosis are associated with the severity of coronary disease<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B03">3</xref>
					<sup>-</sup>
					<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B06">6</xref>. Coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) has shown better long-term
               survival and lower risk of myocardial infarction and cardiovascular death when
               compared to coronary angioplasty with stent in patients with dialytic chronic kidney
                  failure<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B07">7</xref>
					<sup>-</sup>
					<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B09">9</xref>, but surgery still has high morbidity and mortality in these
                  patients<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Objective</title>
        <p>Analyze CABG results in dialytic patients with chronic kidney failure, as well as
               in-hospital complications, in order to identify its causes and define proper
               interventions.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="methods">
        <title>Methods</title>
        <p>We analyzed the medical records of 50 chronic renal failure on dialysis
               (hemodialysis), consecutive, non-selected patients enrolled in retrospective study,
               undergoing coronary artery bypass grafting at a public tertiary university hospital
               from 2007 to 2012. Patients with other concomitant procedures (valve, carotid, aortic
               surgery, etc.) were excluded from this study. We investigated demographic and
               clinical characteristics, intraoperative data and postoperative complications during
               the hospitalization period of these patients. The calculation of preoperative risk
               was performed by <italic>European System for Cardiac Operative Risk Evaluation
                  II</italic> (EuroSCORE II)<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref>. Subsequently,
               two subgroups were created ("deaths" and "survivors") in order to identify factors
               that indicate higher in-hospital mortality. The study was approved by the local
               research ethics committee.</p>
        <sec>
          <title>Surgical technique</title>
          <p>Surgical indication for CABG was based on American and European guidelines<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref>
						<sup>,</sup>
						<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref>. Surgical planning was carried out based on injuries found on
                  cineangiocoronariography and on the feasibility of surgical revascularization of
                  distal coronary bed, as well as selecting the best vascular grafting for each
                  coronary. At the surgical center, the central venous access, invasive blood
                  pressure measurement, anesthetic monitoring, urinary catheterization and general
                  anesthesia were performed. An incision between 12 and 14 cm is made on the
                  pre-sternal region, followed by median sternotomy. The left internal thoracic
                  artery is dissected and opening the pleura is avoided, and this arterial graft is
                  for revascularization of the anterior interventricular artery (anterior
                  descending). Another vascular graft used in this sample was the great saphenous
                  vein, dissected through incisions on medial aspect of thigh, intended to other
                  coronary beds.</p>
          <p><italic>Technique with cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB):</italic> Heparin
                  administration is performed prior to aortic and atrial cannulation, (two stage
                  cannula) at a dose of 4 mg/mg. CPB implantation was carried out only after the
                  confirmation of Activated Clotting Time (ACT) above 480 seconds. During cardiac
                  arrest with aortic clamping, myocardial protection with anterograde, intermittent
                  and hypothermic blood cardioplegia was performed at every 15 minutes.</p>
          <p><italic>Technique without CPB:</italic> Heparin was administered 10 minutes before
                  coronary occlusion, at 2 mg/kg dose. Distal anastomoses were performed with the
                  aid of vacuum stabilizers, with tourniquet application only proximal to treated
                  coronaries. The sequence of anastomoses consisted of prioritizing arteries with
                  total occlusion.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Statistical Analysis</title>
          <p>For results analysis, Cochran's Q-test was applied for the study of concomitant
                  variables for both survivors and death groups Fisher's exact test was used to
                  study possible associations between each variable and group analyzed. Rejection
                  level of null hypothesis was established at 0.05 or 5%. BioEstat 5.0 software was
                  used to carry out statistical tests.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="results">
        <title>Results</title>
        <p>Patients' demographic data are represented in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t07">Table
                  1</xref> and show high prevalence of risk factors for coronapathies. No patient
               had chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, hemodynamic instability, history of
               previous heart surgery or need for urgent or emergency surgery. Three patients were
               using immunosuppression therapy due to previous kidney transplant, however, they were
               previously hospitalized due to graft rejection, which required dialytic treatment.
               Laboratory data contained in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t08">Table 2</xref> are
               derived from examinations conducted on the day immediately prior to surgery and show
               an abnormal metabolic profile, with increased creatinine and urea levels and low
               hemoglobin level. Intraoperative variables are presented in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t09">Table 3</xref>. No patient required intra-aortic balloon pump, there was
               no intraoperative death and all procedures were isolated revascularization. Twenty
               patients (40%) underwent surgery with CPB:</p>
        <table-wrap id="t07">
          <label>Table 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Demographic Characteristics</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="rows">
            <thead>
              <tr align="center">
                <th>&#160;</th>
                <th> N (%)</th>
                <th> Mean</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td> Age (years)</td>
                <td align="center"> -</td>
                <td align="center"> 56.8</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td> Female</td>
                <td align="center"> 15 (30)</td>
                <td align="center"> -</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td> Dialysis Period (months)</td>
                <td align="center"> -</td>
                <td align="center"> 51.7</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td> Hypertension</td>
                <td align="center"> 50 (100)</td>
                <td align="center"> -</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td> Diabetes</td>
                <td align="center"> 34 (68)</td>
                <td align="center"> -</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td> Dyslipidemia</td>
                <td align="center"> 20 (40)</td>
                <td align="center"> -</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td> Obesity</td>
                <td align="center"> 7 (14)</td>
                <td align="center"> -</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td> Smoking</td>
                <td align="center"> 5 (10)</td>
                <td align="center"> -</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td> COPD</td>
                <td align="center"> 0</td>
                <td align="center"> -</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td> Previous Stroke</td>
                <td align="center"> 8 (16)</td>
                <td align="center"> -</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td> Previous Angioplasty</td>
                <td align="center"> 11 (22)</td>
                <td align="center"> -</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td> Previous heart surgery</td>
                <td align="center"> 0</td>
                <td align="center"> -</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td> Heart Failure</td>
                <td align="center"> 7 (14)</td>
                <td align="center"> -</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td> Asymptomatic</td>
                <td align="center"> 21 (42)</td>
                <td align="center"> -</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td> Previous Acute Myocardial Infarction</td>
                <td align="center"> 8 (16)</td>
                <td align="center"> -</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td> Peripheral Arterial Disease</td>
                <td align="center"> 8 (16)</td>
                <td align="center"> -</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td> Stable Angina</td>
                <td align="center"> 8 (16)</td>
                <td align="center"> -</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td> Unstable Angina</td>
                <td align="center"> 9 (18)</td>
                <td align="center"> -</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td> Left Coronary Trunk Lesion</td>
                <td align="center"> 9 (18)</td>
                <td align="center"> -</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td> Preserved Ventricular Function (LVEF &gt; 50%)</td>
                <td align="center"> 46 (92)</td>
                <td align="center"> -</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td> Previous transplant</td>
                <td align="center"> 3 (6)</td>
                <td align="center"> -</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn>
              <p>COPD: chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; LVEF: left ventricular ejection
                        fraction</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <table-wrap id="t08">
          <label>Table 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Preoperative laboratory data</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="rows">
            <thead>
              <tr align="center">
                <th>&#160;</th>
                <th>
                  <bold>Mean &#177; Standard Deviation</bold>
                </th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td> Creatinine (mg/dL)</td>
                <td align="center"> 7.5 &#177; 3.0</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td> Urea (mg/dL)</td>
                <td align="center"> 108.0 &#177; 33.4</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td> Hemoglobin (g/dL)</td>
                <td align="center"> 12.2 &#177; 1.7</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td> Sodium (mEq/L)</td>
                <td align="center"> 136.2 &#177; 4.0</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td> Potassium (mEq/L)</td>
                <td align="center"> 4.9 &#177; 0.8</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
        </table-wrap>
        <table-wrap id="t09">
          <label>Table 3</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Intraoperative data</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="rows">
            <thead>
              <tr align="center">
                <th colspan="2">&#160;</th>
                <th>
                  <bold>N (%)</bold>
                </th>
                <th>
                  <bold>Mean (maximum - minimum)</bold>
                </th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td colspan="2"> Number of anastomoses</td>
                <td align="center"> -</td>
                <td align="center"> 2.2</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td colspan="2"> Inotropic support</td>
                <td align="center"> 29 (58)</td>
                <td align="center"> -</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td colspan="2"> Transfusion</td>
                <td align="center"> 19 (38)</td>
                <td align="center"> -</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td colspan="2"> Intra-aortic balloon pump</td>
                <td align="center"> 0</td>
                <td align="center"> -</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td colspan="2"> Cardiopulmonary Bypass</td>
                <td align="center"> 20 (40)</td>
                <td align="center"> -</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>&#160;</td>
                <td> - CPB Time (min)</td>
                <td align="center"> -</td>
                <td align="center"> 87.8 (160 - 43)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>&#160;</td>
                <td> - Aortic clamping time (min)</td>
                <td align="center"> -</td>
                <td align="center"> 57.3 (100 - 26)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td colspan="2"> Intraoperative death</td>
                <td align="center"> 0</td>
                <td align="center"> -</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn>
              <p>CPB: cardiopulmonary bypass.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <p>Events and variables in postoperative period are represented in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t10">Table 4</xref>. Main observed complications were atrial
               fibrillation, infection, postoperative acute myocardial infarction, and vasoplegic
               syndrome; it was also observed one case of ischemic stroke and one case of total
               atrioventricular block. Three surgical re-explorations were required, being two due
               to mediastinitis and one for review of hemostasis. There were seven in-hospital
               deaths, all in the postoperative period, being three cases due to septic shock, three
               cases due to cardiogenic shock and one case of refractory arrhythmia.</p>
        <table-wrap id="t10">
          <label>Table 4</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Postoperative data</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="rows">
            <thead>
              <tr align="center">
                <th>&#160;</th>
                <th>
                  <bold>N(%)</bold>
                </th>
                <th>
                  <bold>Mean (maximum - minimum)</bold>
                </th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td> Surgical re-exploration</td>
                <td align="center"> 3 (6)</td>
                <td align="center"> -</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td> Postoperative infarction</td>
                <td align="center"> 4 (8)</td>
                <td align="center"> -</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td> Atrial fibrillation</td>
                <td align="center"> 14 (28)</td>
                <td align="center"> -</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td> Use of vasoactive drug</td>
                <td align="center"> 41 (82)</td>
                <td align="center"> -</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td> Period of vasoactive drug use (days)</td>
                <td align="center"> -</td>
                <td align="center"> 2.5 (10 - 0.5)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td> Extubation in surgery room</td>
                <td align="center"> 30 (60)</td>
                <td align="center"> -</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td> Ventilation for over 24 hours</td>
                <td align="center"> 6 (12)</td>
                <td align="center"> -</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td> Time of mechanical ventilation (hours)</td>
                <td align="center"> -</td>
                <td align="center"> 23.8 (163 - 1)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td> Stroke</td>
                <td align="center"> 1 (2)</td>
                <td align="center"> -</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td> Infection</td>
                <td align="center"> 7 (14)</td>
                <td align="center"> -</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td> Rehospitalization within 30 days</td>
                <td align="center"> 1 (2)</td>
                <td align="center"> -</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td> Problems with incision</td>
                <td align="center"> 2 (4)</td>
                <td align="center"> -</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td> Vasoplegia</td>
                <td align="center"> 6 (12)</td>
                <td align="center"> -</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td> Paraplegia</td>
                <td align="center"> 1 (2)</td>
                <td align="center"> -</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td> In-hospital death</td>
                <td align="center"> 7 (14)</td>
                <td align="center"> -</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td> Period in ICU (days)</td>
                <td align="center"> -</td>
                <td align="center"> 6.8 (2 - 39)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td> Hospitalization period (days)</td>
                <td align="center"> -</td>
                <td align="center"> 12.3 (6 - 56)</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn>
              <p>ICU: intensive care unit</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <p>All demographic, intraoperative and postoperative characteristics studied were
               analyzed by dividing the patients in two groups: one containing those who survived
               the in hospital period (n = 43), and another containing the deaths that occurred
               during hospitalization (n = 7). Cochran's Q-test showed for both deaths and survivors
               group statistically relevant differences between the presence of characteristics
               studied for each group (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t11">Table 5</xref>). The
               survivors group had 100% of patients with hypertension, and 69.8% with diabetes,
               while in the group of deaths it was observed 100% of hypertensive patients, 85.7%
               undergoing CPB, 71.4% with postoperative infection, and 51.7% with previous heart
               failure or postoperative atrial fibrillation (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t12">Table
                  6</xref>). Fisher's Exact Test was used to compare both groups to the presence of
               each characteristic investigated. Such characteristics, as well as the respective
               p-values obtained by Fisher's Exact Test, are represented in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t12">Table 6</xref>. Fisher's Exact Test showed statistically relevant
               differences for postoperative infection, previous heart failure, use of CPB, abnormal
               ventricular function, and need for surgical re-exploration.</p>
        <table-wrap id="t11">
          <label>Table 5</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Analysis of concomitant data from Table 6 using Cochran's Q-test</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="rows">
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th>
                  <bold>Survivors</bold>
                </th>
                <th align="center">
                  <bold>Deaths</bold>
                </th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td> X<sup>2</sup> = 286.4</td>
                <td align="center"> X<sup>2</sup> = 60.89</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td> p &lt; 0.0001</td>
                <td align="center"> p &lt; 0.0001</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
        </table-wrap>
        <table-wrap id="t12">
          <label>Table 6</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Characteristics between survivors and deaths (Fisher's Exact Test -
                     p)</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="rows">
            <thead>
              <tr align="center">
                <th>&#160;</th>
                <th>
                  <bold>Survivors (%)</bold>
                </th>
                <th>
                  <bold>Deaths (%)</bold>
                </th>
                <th>
                  <bold>P</bold>
                </th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td> Postoperative infection</td>
                <td align="center"> 4.6</td>
                <td align="center"> 71.4</td>
                <td align="center"> 0.0002<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="t12-fn01">*</xref>
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td> Previous heart failure</td>
                <td align="center"> 7.0</td>
                <td align="center"> 57.1</td>
                <td align="center"> 0.0045<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="t12-fn01">*</xref>
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td> Use of CPB</td>
                <td align="center"> 32.6</td>
                <td align="center"> 85.7</td>
                <td align="center"> 0.0124<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="t12-fn01">*</xref>
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td> Abnormal ventricular function</td>
                <td align="center"> 9.3</td>
                <td align="center"> 42.9</td>
                <td align="center"> 0.0478<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="t12-fn01">*</xref>
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td> Surgical re-exploration</td>
                <td align="center"> 2.3</td>
                <td align="center"> 28.6</td>
                <td align="center"> 0.0479<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="t12-fn01">*</xref>
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td> Postoperative atrial fibrillation</td>
                <td align="center"> 26.4</td>
                <td align="center"> 57.1</td>
                <td align="center"> 0.0649</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td> Vasoplegia</td>
                <td align="center"> 11.6</td>
                <td align="center"> 42.9</td>
                <td align="center"> 0.0713</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td> Prolonged mechanical ventilation</td>
                <td align="center"> 11.6</td>
                <td align="center"> 42.9</td>
                <td align="center"> 0.0713</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td> Postoperative stroke</td>
                <td align="center"> 2.3</td>
                <td align="center"> 0</td>
                <td align="center"> 0.1400</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td> Diabetes</td>
                <td align="center"> 69.8</td>
                <td align="center"> 42.9</td>
                <td align="center"> 0.2098</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td> Left coronary trunk lesion</td>
                <td align="center"> 18.6</td>
                <td align="center"> 0</td>
                <td align="center"> 0.3414</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td> Previous CVA</td>
                <td align="center"> 18.6</td>
                <td align="center"> 0</td>
                <td align="center"> 0.3414</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td> Postoperative AMI</td>
                <td align="center"> 7.0</td>
                <td align="center"> 14.3</td>
                <td align="center"> 0.4574</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td> Stable angina</td>
                <td align="center"> 16.2</td>
                <td align="center"> 0</td>
                <td align="center"> 0.5728</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td> Unstable angina</td>
                <td align="center"> 16.2</td>
                <td align="center"> 0</td>
                <td align="center"> 0.5728</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td> Obesity</td>
                <td align="center"> 14.0</td>
                <td align="center"> 0</td>
                <td align="center"> 0.5760</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td> Smoking</td>
                <td align="center"> 11.6</td>
                <td align="center"> 0</td>
                <td align="center"> 0.5923</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td> Previous AMI</td>
                <td align="center"> 20.9</td>
                <td align="center"> 28.6</td>
                <td align="center"> 0.6371</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td> Previous Angioplasty</td>
                <td align="center"> 25.6</td>
                <td align="center"> 28.6</td>
                <td align="center"> 0.9908</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td> Dyslipidemia</td>
                <td align="center"> 41.9</td>
                <td align="center"> 42.9</td>
                <td align="center"> 0.9988</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td> Age &gt; 70 years old</td>
                <td align="center"> 9.3</td>
                <td align="center"> 0</td>
                <td align="center"> 1.0000</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td> Female</td>
                <td align="center"> 30.2</td>
                <td align="center"> 28.6</td>
                <td align="center"> 1.0000</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td> Systemic arterial hypertension</td>
                <td align="center"> 100</td>
                <td align="center"> 100</td>
                <td align="center"> 1.0000</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td> Peripheral arterial disease</td>
                <td align="center"> 18.6</td>
                <td align="center"> 14.3</td>
                <td align="center"> 1.0000</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="t12-fn01">
              <label>*</label>
              <p>Values with significant difference demonstrating death &gt; survival. CPB:
                        cardiopulmonary bypass; CVA: cerebral vascular accident; AMI: acute
                        myocardial infarction</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="discussion">
        <title>Discussion</title>
        <p>Chronic renal failure is considered an independent risk factor for coronary disease,
               which related to other metabolic particularities makes ischemic heart diseases the
               leading cause of death in this group of patients. The coronary impairment level is
               proportional to the severity of renal disease, which makes dialytic patients a
               population susceptible to higher morbimortality rate. In this sample we studied 50
               patients undergoing CABG from 2007 to 2012 and we observed a high prevalence of
               classic cardiovascular risk factors, primarily hypertension (100%), diabetes (68%),
               and dyslipidemia (40%). The percentages of these risk factors and history of
               cardiovascular disease (stroke, peripheral arterial disease, events or previous
               coronary interventions) are similar to those published by Longnecker et al through
               CHOICE (Choices for Healthy Outcomes in Caring for End-Stage Renal Disease)<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B03">3</xref> study. Other studies<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref>
					<sup>-</sup>
					<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref> have also
               shown high prevalence of risk factors and previous cardiovascular diseases. In our
               study, 92% of patients had preserved left ventricular function, and 52% did not have
               symptoms like angina or dyspnea. It is worth noting that many patients were referred
               for surgical revascularization after confirming severe coronary lesions on pre-kidney
               transplant cineangiocoronariography, because myocardial revascularization reduces the
               risk of kidney transplant and increases immediate survival<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref>
					<sup>-</sup>
					<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref>.</p>
        <p>Preoperative laboratory variables observed are consistent with metabolic
               characteristics of dialytic patients: elevated creatinine and urea levels and low
               level of hemoglobin, highly prevalent condition in this group of patients. All
               patients were taking erythropoietin.</p>
        <p>Intraoperative data demonstrate a mean value of 2.2 grafted coronaries. Although
               patients commonly have triple-vessel diseases, the poor quality of distal coronary
               bed in dialytic patients in some cases prevented the grafting of all coronary
               arteries. The use of inotropic support was required in 58% of cases, particularly
               during CPB, partly due to vasoplegic component presented by these patients. The use
               of intra-aortic balloon pump was not necessary in any case and CPB was applied in 40%
               of cases. There was no intraoperative death. </p>
        <p>The most frequent postoperative complications were atrial fibrillation, infection,
               prolonged ventilation, infarction and vasoplegia. A similar condition is observed in
               other studies with dialytic patients<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref>
					<sup>-</sup>
					<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref>, and maybe these
               complications are related to the metabolic particularities of these patients, such as
               electrolytic unbalance, atherosclerotic process, and exacerbated inflammation<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref>. Seven patients (14%) died during the
               in-hospital period, less than in some reference centers in the country<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref>, and similar to the percentage found in the
                  <italic>Society of Thoracic Surgeon</italic>
					<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref> database.</p>
        <p>After comparative analysis between groups of survivors and deaths, we observed a
               statistically relevant difference between these groups regarding the following
               factors: postoperative infection, heart failure, use of CPB, abnormal ventricular
               function, and necessity of surgical re-exploration. Possibly these factors are
               related to a higher mortality rate during the in-hospital period, however, due to the
               limited number of patients, primarily the deaths group, caution is needed when
               interpreting the data.</p>
        <p>The frequent exclusion of this group of patients from large cardiac studies perhaps
               even collaborate to the difficulty of selecting the best approach and to results
               still modest when compared to patients with preserved kidney function.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="conclusions">
        <title>Conclusion</title>
        <p>CABG in dialytic patients with chronic renal failure has high hospital
               morbimortality, and must consider the particular metabolic aspects in this group of
               patients for better orientation of approach, perioperatively. Factors as
               postoperative infection, previous heart failure, use of CPB, abnormal ventricular
               function, and necessity of surgical re exploration may be related to a higher
               mortality rate during hospitalization. CABG without CBP can be a more satisfying
               alternative for treating these patients.</p>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Author contributions</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Conception and design of the research: Miranda M, Hossne Jr. NA, Branco JNR,
                  Vargas GF, Fonseca JHAP, Pestana JOMA, Juliano Y, Buffolo E; Acquisition of data:
                  Miranda M, Vargas GF; Analysis and interpretation of the data: Miranda M, Fonseca
                  JHAP, Juliano Y, Buffolo E; Statistical analysis: Juliano Y; Writing of the
                  manuscript: Miranda M, Hossne Jr. NA, Branco JNR, Pestana JOMA, Buffolo E;
                  Critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content: Hossne Jr. NA,
                  Branco JNR, Vargas GF, Fonseca JHAP, Pestana JOMA, Juliano Y, Buffolo E.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="financial-disclosure">
          <p>
            <bold>Sources of Funding</bold>
          </p>
          <p>There were no external funding sources for this study.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>
            <bold>Study Association</bold>
          </p>
          <p>This study is not associated with any post-graduation program.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
