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<article xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" dtd-version="3.0" article-type="research-article" xml:lang="pt">
  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras.
					Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">8c59p8j7mSk5HvP94DXjmWf</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2014000200022</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">00022</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5935/abc.20130241</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigos Originais</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title xml:lang="pt">Valor do escore de c&#225;lcio coronariano para prever a
					gravidade ou complexidade da doen&#231;a arterial coronariana</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>G&#246;kdeniz</surname>
            <given-names>Tayyar</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Kalayc&#305;o&#287;lu</surname>
            <given-names>Ezgi</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Aykan</surname>
            <given-names>Ahmet &#199;a&#287;r&#305;</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Boyac&#305;</surname>
            <given-names>Faruk</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Turhan</surname>
            <given-names>Turan</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>G&#252;l</surname>
            <given-names>&#304;lker</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>&#199;avu&#351;o&#287;lu</surname>
            <given-names>G&#246;khan</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">3</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Dursun</surname>
            <given-names>&#304;hsan</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Ahi Evren Chest and Cardiovascular Surgery
					Education and Research Hospital</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Departamento de Cardiologia</institution>
        <institution content-type="original">Departamento de Cardiologia - Ahi Evren Chest and Cardiovascular Surgery Education
				and Research Hospital</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff2">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Departamento de Cardiologia</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Ak&#231;abat State Hospital</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Trabzon</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country>Turquia</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Departamento de Cardiologia - Ak&#231;abat State Hospital,
				Trabzon, Turquia</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff3">
        <label>3</label>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Departamento de Radiologia</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Ahi Evren Chest and Cardiovascular Surgery
					Education and Research Hospital</institution>
        <institution content-type="original">Departamento de Radiologia - Ahi
				Evren Chest and Cardiovascular Surgery Education and Research Hospital</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01"><bold>Correspond&#234;ncia:</bold> Tayyar G&#246;kdeniz, Trabzon Ahi Evren G&#246;g&#252;s ve Kalp
					Damar Cerrahisi Egitim ve Ara&#351;t&#305;rma Hastanesi, Soguksu Mahallesi, &#199;aml&#305;k
					Caddesi, 61040 Trabzon, Turkey. E-mail: <email>tgkdeniz@hotmail.com</email>
				</corresp>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potencial Conflito de Interesses</bold>
          </p>
          <p> Declaro n&#227;o haver conflito de interesses pertinentes.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date pub-type="epub">
        <day>14</day>
        <month>12</month>
        <year>2013</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date pub-type="collection">
        <month>03</month>
        <year>2014</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>102</volume>
      <issue>02</issue>
      <fpage>120</fpage>
      <lpage>127</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>16</day>
          <month>06</month>
          <year>2013</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>08</day>
          <month>09</month>
          <year>2013</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>18</day>
          <month>09</month>
          <year>2013</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/">
          <license-p>This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the
						Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License which permits
						unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any
						medium, provided the original work is properly cited. </license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract xml:lang="pt">
        <sec>
          <title>FUNDAMENTO:</title>
          <p> A previs&#227;o de gravidade ou complexidade da doen&#231;a arterial coronariana (DAC)
						&#233; valiosa devido ao aumento do risco de eventos cardiovasculares. Embora a
						associa&#231;&#227;o entre o escore do c&#225;lcio arterial coronariano (CAC), e a
						gravidade da DAC pelo escore Gensini n&#227;o tenha sido utilizado, j&#225; foi
						anteriormente demonstrado. N&#227;o h&#225; informa&#231;&#245;es sobre a associa&#231;&#227;o entre o
						escore do CAC total e a complexidade da DAC. </p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>OBJETIVOS:</title>
          <p> Investigar a associa&#231;&#227;o entre a gravidade ou complexidade da doen&#231;a arterial
						coronariana (DAC), avaliada pelo escore Gensini e SYNTAX (SS),
						respectivamente, e o escore do c&#225;lcio arterial coronariano (CAC), um m&#233;todo
						n&#227;o invasivo para avalia&#231;&#227;o de DAC em pacientes sintom&#225;ticos com DAC
						significativa. </p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>M&#201;TODOS:</title>
          <p> Duzentos e quatorze pacientes foram inclu&#237;dos. A pontua&#231;&#227;o total do CAC foi
						obtido antes da angiografia. A severidade e complexidade da DAC foram
						avaliadas pelo escore Gensini e SS, respectivamente. Foram analisadas as
						associa&#231;&#245;es entre par&#226;metros cl&#237;nicos e angiogr&#225;ficos e o escore total do
						CAC. </p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>RESULTADOS:</title>
          <p> A mediana do escore total do CAC foi de 192 (23,0-729,8), e correlacionou-se
						positivamente com ambos os escores Gensini (r: 0,299, p &lt; 0,001) e ES (r:
						0,577, p &lt; 0,001). Na an&#225;lise multivariada associou-se independentemente
						com a idade (&#223;: 0,154, p: 0,027), sexo masculino (&#223;: 0,126, p: 0,035) e ES
						(&#223;: 0,481, p &lt; 0,001). A an&#225;lise da curva ROC (Receiver Operating
						Characteristics) revelou um valor de corte &gt; 809 para ES &gt; 32 (tercil
						de SS alto). </p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>CONCLUS&#195;O:</title>
          <p> Em pacientes sintom&#225;ticos com DAC significativa, o escore total de CAC foi
						independentemente associado com SS e os pacientes com SS &gt; 32 podem ser
						detectados atrav&#233;s de escore Agatston alto.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <kwd>Escore total do c&#225;lcio coronariano</kwd>
        <kwd>Escore Gensini</kwd>
        <kwd>Escore Syntax</kwd>
        <kwd>Doen&#231;a arterial coronariana</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <counts>
        <fig-count count="3"/>
        <table-count count="4"/>
        <equation-count count="0"/>
        <ref-count count="30"/>
        <page-count count="1"/>
      </counts>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
      <p>A doen&#231;a arterial coronariana (DAC) &#233; uma das principais causas de mortalidade e
					morbidade<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B01">1</xref>
				<sup>,</sup>
				<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B02">2</xref>. A angiografia coron&#225;ria convencional (ACC)
				invasiva &#233; a t&#233;cnica padr&#227;o ouro para o diagn&#243;stico e a sele&#231;&#227;o das melhores op&#231;&#245;es
				de tratamento para DAC e revela a gravidade e complexidade da DAC<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B03">3</xref>. Estudos anteriores demonstraram que a
				gravidade e a complexidade da DAC avaliada pelos escores Gensini e SYNTAX (SS),
				respectivamente, est&#227;o relacionadas ao aumento de eventos cardiovasculares (ECV),
				fator de mortalidade e morbidade<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B04">4</xref>
				<sup>,</sup>
				<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B05">5</xref>.</p>
      <p>A severidade e complexidade da DAC t&#234;m atra&#237;do recentemente um interesse crescente &#224;
				avalia&#231;&#227;o da DAC com base na import&#226;ncia cl&#237;nica e desafios no tratamento. Os
				escores Gensini e SS s&#227;o sistemas de pontua&#231;&#227;o facilmente aplic&#225;veis e
					reprodut&#237;veis<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B04">4</xref>
				<sup>,</sup>
				<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B06">6</xref>. O SS incorpora caracter&#237;sticas
				morfol&#243;gicas das les&#245;es, tais como a oclus&#227;o total, a bifurca&#231;&#227;o, comprimento e
				localiza&#231;&#245;es das les&#245;es com base na &#225;rea do mioc&#225;rdio em risco<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B07">7</xref>. Por conseguinte, foram realizados alguns esfor&#231;os para a
				previs&#227;o da gravidade e da complexidade da DAC utilizando m&#233;todos n&#227;o-invasivos de
				modo a identificar os pacientes com alto risco de ECV desafios de tratamento antes
				da ACC<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B08">8</xref>
				<sup>,</sup>
				<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B09">9</xref>.</p>
      <p>A calcifica&#231;&#227;o da art&#233;ria coron&#225;ria (CAC) tem um papel na forma&#231;&#227;o da placa
					ateroscler&#243;tica<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>
				<sup>,</sup>
				<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref>. Foi quantificada pela pontua&#231;&#227;o total de
				CAC e chamada de escore de Agatston. A Tomografia Computadorizada de Multidetectores
				(TCMD) representa, atualmente, um m&#233;todo n&#227;o invasivo para a quantifica&#231;&#227;o precisa
				da pontua&#231;&#227;o total da CAC<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref>
				<sup>,</sup>
				<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref>. J&#225; foi demonstrada uma associa&#231;&#227;o entre o
				escore CAC total e informa&#231;&#227;o progn&#243;stica sobre futuros eventos card&#237;acos. Alguns
				estudos t&#234;m demonstrado que DAC angiograficamente comprovada e significativa est&#225;
				relacionada com a pontua&#231;&#227;o total da CAC<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref>
				<sup>-</sup>
				<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref>.</p>
      <p>O objetivo do presente estudo foi investigar a associa&#231;&#227;o entre a pontua&#231;&#227;o total da
				CAC e da gravidade e complexidade da DAC avaliada pelos escores SS e Gensini,
				respectivamente, e descobrir qual delas, a gravidade ou complexidade da DAC, est&#225;
				melhor associada com pontua&#231;&#227;o total da CAC em pacientes sintom&#225;ticos com DAC
				significativa.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="methods">
      <title>M&#233;todos</title>
      <p>Os dados foram coletados retrospectivamente entre janeiro de 2012 e fevereiro de
				2013. Foram inclu&#237;dos 923 pacientes consecutivos com sintomas sugestivos de DAC
				submetidos &#224; angiotomografia coronariana (ATC) de 64 canais para avalia&#231;&#227;o de DAC
				significativa. Tomografias sem realce foram obtidas para o escore total da CAC
				imediatamente antes da ATC. Indica&#231;&#245;es para ATC foram pacientes com probabilidade
				baixa a intermedi&#225;ria de DAC significativa, resultados indeterminados nos testes
				diagn&#243;sticos, alta suspeita cl&#237;nica para DAC e, incapacidade de realizar testes
				n&#227;o-invasivos. Um total de 709 pacientes n&#227;o foi eleg&#237;vel para o estudo. Raz&#245;es para
				a n&#227;o inclus&#227;o s&#227;o apresentadas na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t01">Tabela 1</xref>.
				Portanto, os 214 pacientes remanescentes com 50% ou mais de estenose luminal em
				qualquer art&#233;ria coron&#225;ria epic&#225;rdica maior constitu&#237;ram a popula&#231;&#227;o do estudo.
				Todos os pacientes foram submetidos &#224; ACC dentro de duas semanas ap&#243;s a ATC e o
				desempenho da ACC n&#227;o foi influenciada pela pontua&#231;&#227;o total da CAC. </p>
      <table-wrap id="t01">
        <label>Tabela 1</label>
        <caption>
          <title>N&#250;mero de pacientes ineleg&#237;veis e motivos da n&#227;o-inclus&#227;o</title>
        </caption>
        <table rules="rows" frame="hsides">
          <thead>
            <tr>
              <td>&#160;</td>
              <td align="center">
                <bold>n: 709 </bold>
              </td>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody>
            <tr>
              <td>DAC N&#227;o-significante na ATC, n (%)</td>
              <td align="center">665 (72.1%)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Pacientes com CRM pr&#233;via, n (%)</td>
              <td align="center">12 (1.3%)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Implante pr&#233;vio de stent coron&#225;rio, n (%)</td>
              <td align="center">19 (2.1%)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Insufici&#234;ncia renal terminal, n (%)</td>
              <td align="center">4 (0.4%)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Hist&#243;rico de substitui&#231;&#227;o valvar, n (%)</td>
              <td align="center">2 (0.2%)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial, n (%)</td>
              <td align="center">6 (0.6%)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Malignidade, n (%)</td>
              <td align="center">1 (0.1%)</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
        <table-wrap-foot>
          <fn>
            <p>DAC: doen&#231;a arterial coronariana; CRM: cirurgia de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o do
							mioc&#225;rdio; ATC: angiotomografia coron&#225;ria.</p>
          </fn>
        </table-wrap-foot>
      </table-wrap>
      <p>Todos os pacientes deram seu consentimento informado antes da inclus&#227;o no estudo e o
				protocolo do estudo foi aprovado pelo Comit&#234; de &#201;tica local. Caracter&#237;sticas
				cl&#237;nicas e demogr&#225;ficas basais foram obtidas de todos os pacientes. Um exame f&#237;sico
				detalhado foi realizado, incluindo hist&#243;rico m&#233;dico. Hemograma completo, perfil
				lip&#237;dico e n&#237;veis de creatinina s&#233;rica foram obtidos de todos os pacientes antes da
				ACC. Fatores de risco cardiovasculares foram registrados.</p>
      <p>A hipertens&#227;o foi identificada com base na prescri&#231;&#227;o anterior de tratamento
				anti-hipertensivo, ou se a press&#227;o arterial excedesse 140/90 mmHg em pelo menos tr&#234;s
				medi&#231;&#245;es. A dislipidemia e diabetes foram definidos como a prescri&#231;&#227;o anterior de
				medicamentos antidiab&#233;ticos e anti-hiperlipid&#234;micos ou n&#237;vel de colesterol total
				&gt; 200 mg/dL e n&#237;veis de glicose em jejum superiores a 126 mg/dL, respectivamente.
				Fumantes atuais foram definidos como indiv&#237;duos com um hist&#243;rico positivo de
				tabagismo. Taxa de filtra&#231;&#227;o glomerular (TFG) foi calculada usando a f&#243;rmula de
					Cockcroft-Gault<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref>. O &#237;ndice de massa
				corporal (IMC) (kg/m<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B02">2</xref>
				<sup>))</sup> foi calculado. Ecocardiografia transtor&#225;cica bidimensional abrangente,
				incluindo o modo M e Doppler, foi realizada por um cardiologista experiente antes da
				ACC, utilizando um equipamento Vivid-S5, GE (Estados Unidos), com um transdutor de
				3,6 MHZ. As medi&#231;&#245;es foram realizadas de acordo com as diretrizes da Sociedade
				Americana de Ecocardiografia<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref>. Volumes
				sist&#243;lico final e diast&#243;lico final do VE e fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o foram calculadas pelo
				m&#233;todo de Simpson biplanar.</p>
      <sec>
        <title>Escore SYNTAX</title>
        <p>Todos os pacientes foram submetidos &#224; angiografia coron&#225;ria seletiva, a qual foi
					realizada pela t&#233;cnica de Judkins. Les&#227;o significativa foi definida como uma
					estenose de 50% ou maior no di&#226;metro luminal de qualquer art&#233;ria coron&#225;ria
					principal epic&#225;rdica. A presen&#231;a de les&#245;es significativas foi determinada com
					base na estimativa visual. As caracter&#237;sticas angiogr&#225;ficas basais dos
					pacientes, tais como vaso afetado, art&#233;ria coron&#225;ria esquerda (ACE) principal,
					art&#233;ria coron&#225;ria descendente anterior (ADA), art&#233;ria coron&#225;ria direita (ACD),
					art&#233;ria coron&#225;ria circunflexa (Cx) e n&#250;mero de vasos afetados foram
					registrados.</p>
        <p>O escore SS est&#225; relacionado principalmente com a complexidade de DAC e foi
					calculado utilizando software dedicado que integra dois componentes: (a) as
					caracter&#237;sticas morfol&#243;gicas de cada les&#227;o, tais como domin&#226;ncia, oclus&#227;o
					cr&#244;nica total (OCT), bifurca&#231;&#227;o, trifurca&#231;&#227;o, tortuosidade, calcifica&#231;&#227;o
					avan&#231;ada, extens&#227;o da les&#227;o, presen&#231;a de trombo, les&#227;o aorto-ostial e difusa, e
					(b) os fatores de pondera&#231;&#227;o de les&#245;es com base na &#225;rea do mioc&#225;rdio distal &#224;
					les&#227;o. Les&#245;es com &#8805; 50% de obstru&#231;&#227;o luminal em vasos com di&#226;metro &#8805; 1,5 mm
					foram adicionadas para fornecer o escore SS<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B07">7</xref>
					<sup>,</sup>
					<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B08">8</xref>. O escore SS foi calculado utilizando
					software dedicado (vers&#227;o 2.11, www.syntaxscore.com) e todas as caracter&#237;sticas
					morfol&#243;gicas de cada les&#227;o inclu&#237;do no escore SS foram registradas.</p>
        <p>O escore SS foi dividido em dois tercis da seguinte forma: para risco baixo a
					intermedi&#225;rio, o tercil foi &#8804; 32 e para risco alto, o tercil foi &gt; 32. Todas
					as angiografias foram avaliadas por dois cardiologistas intervencionistas
					experientes cegados para os dados de mensura&#231;&#227;o da CAC.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Escore Gensini</title>
        <p>A gravidade da DAC foi avaliada pelo escore de Gensini, que &#233; baseado no
					percentual de estreitamento luminal (25%: 1 ponto; 50%: 2 pontos; 75%: quatro
					pontos, 90%: 8 pontos; 99%: 16 pontos e oclus&#227;o total: 32 pontos). O escore de
					cada les&#227;o coronariana foi calculado usando o percentual de estreitamento
					luminal multiplicado pelo coeficiente do segmento coron&#225;rio: a art&#233;ria coron&#225;ria
					esquerda (ACE) x5; o segmento proximal da art&#233;ria descendente anterior esquerda
					(ADA) x 2,5; o segmento proximal da art&#233;ria circunflexa (Cx) x 2,5; o segmento
					m&#233;dio da ADA x 1.5; o segmento distal da ADA, todos os segmentos da art&#233;ria
					coron&#225;ria direita (ACD) e o ramo marginal obtuso x 1, e outros segmentos x 0,5.
					O escore de Gensini foi calculado pela soma dos escores individuais dos
					segmentos coron&#225;rios<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B04">4</xref>.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Mensura&#231;&#227;o da calcifica&#231;&#227;o da art&#233;ria coron&#225;ria (CAC)</title>
        <p>A CAC foi medida imediatamente antes da ATC em todos os pacientes. Nenhum dos
					pacientes tinha hipertireoidismo e todos os pacientes estavam em ritmo sinusal
					durante o procedimento. As imagens foram obtidas atrav&#233;s de um esc&#226;ner de TC de
					64 detectores (Aquilion 64, Toshiba Medical Systems, Tochigi, Jap&#227;o). A
					tomografia computadorizada para escore total da CAC foi obtida atrav&#233;s de
					sincroniza&#231;&#227;o prospectiva com colima&#231;&#227;o (4 x 3,0 mil&#237;metros), e reconstru&#231;&#227;o com
					fatias de 3 mm de espessura. A corrente do tubo e a voltagem do tubo foram 300
					mA, 120 kV, respectivamente, e o tempo de rota&#231;&#227;o foi de 0,4 s<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref>.</p>
        <p>O escore total da CAC foi calculado utilizando software dedicado (Vitrea2 vers&#227;o
					3.0.9.1, Vital Images, Minnesota, EUA). C&#225;lcio com base no m&#233;todo de Agatston
					foi definido como a presen&#231;a de uma les&#227;o com uma &#225;rea maior do que 1
						mm<sup>2</sup>, e intensidade de pico superior a 130 Unidades Hounsfield,
					que foi automaticamente identificada e marcada com cor pelo software. Todas as
					les&#245;es foram somadas para calcular a pontua&#231;&#227;o total da CAC pelo m&#233;todo de
					Agatston.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</title>
        <p>O software estat&#237;stico SPSS vers&#227;o 17.0 (SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL, EUA) e o
					programa de software MedCalc, vers&#227;o 12.3.0.0 (MedCalc Software, B&#233;lgica) foram
					utilizados para an&#225;lise estat&#237;stica. As vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas foram expressas em
					m&#233;dia &#177; desvio padr&#227;o (DP) ou mediana e intervalo interquart&#237;lico, conforme
					apropriado. As vari&#225;veis categ&#243;ricas foram expressas em porcentagens. O teste de
					Kolmogorov-Smirnov foi utilizado para testar a normalidade de distribui&#231;&#227;o das
					vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas. As m&#233;dias dos grupos para vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas foram
					comparadas utilizando-se o teste <italic>t</italic> de Student ou o teste U de
					Mann-Whitney, conforme apropriado. A an&#225;lise de correla&#231;&#227;o de Pearson ou de
					Spearman foi utilizada para avaliar a correla&#231;&#227;o entre o escore da CAC total e
					as vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas, dependendo das distribui&#231;&#245;es gaussianas.</p>
        <p>Para encontrar associados independentes de escore da CAC total, as vari&#225;veis com
					valor de p &#8804; 0,05 na an&#225;lise de correla&#231;&#227;o bivariada e an&#225;lise univariada foram
					selecionadas para as an&#225;lises de regress&#227;o linear m&#250;ltipla. Para levar em conta
					a distribui&#231;&#227;o n&#227;o-Gaussiana de escores de CAC total, uma transforma&#231;&#227;o de log10
					{x+1} foi feita. Triglicer&#237;deos, glicose, distribui&#231;&#227;o da largura das c&#233;lulas
					vermelhas (RDW), fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo (FEVE), escore de
					Gensini e SS tamb&#233;m foram transformados para escala logar&#237;tmica natural e para
					evitar colinearidade na avalia&#231;&#227;o do modelo multivariado, as vari&#225;veis
					independentes foram testadas para intercorrela&#231;&#227;o. Um p bicaudal &lt; 0,05 foi
					considerado estatisticamente significativo.</p>
        <p>O teste do qui-quadrado avaliou a correla&#231;&#227;o entre as vari&#225;veis categ&#243;ricas e as
					vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas. A concord&#226;ncia inter-observador dos escores de Gensini e SS
					foi calculada utilizando an&#225;lise de Bland-Altman e o coeficiente de correla&#231;&#227;o
					intra-classe foi usado para avaliar a concord&#226;ncia intra-observador. A an&#225;lise
					da curva Receiver-Operating Characteristic (ROC) foi realizada para detectar o
					valor de corte do escore da CAC total na previs&#227;o de SS &gt; 32 (tercil de alto
					risco). Um valor de p &#8804; 0,05 foi considerado estatisticamente significativo.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="results">
      <title>Resultados</title>
      <p>A popula&#231;&#227;o do estudo consistiu em 214 pacientes, 170 (79,4%) do sexo masculino, com
				idade m&#233;dia de 63,5 &#177; 10,8. Um total de 558 les&#245;es com 50% ou mais de estenose no
				di&#226;metro luminal de grande art&#233;ria coron&#225;ria epic&#225;rdica foi detectado a partir dos
				dados da ACC. Doen&#231;a uniarterial estava presente em 44 (20,6%), 23 (10,7%), e 15
				(7%) pacientes para ADA, ACD e Cx, respectivamente. Doen&#231;a biarterial e triarterial
				estava presente em 37,9% e 23,8% dos pacientes, respectivamente. Dezenove (8,9%)
				pacientes tinham uma escore de CAC total = 0, e entre doen&#231;a biarterial e
				triarterial estava presente em 4 (21,1%) e 1 indiv&#237;duo (5,2%), respectivamente,
				enquanto a doen&#231;a uniarterial estava presente em 14 (73,7%). As caracter&#237;sticas
				basais, cl&#237;nicas, laboratoriais e ecocardiogr&#225;ficas dos pacientes s&#227;o demonstradas
				na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t02">Tabela 2</xref>.</p>
      <table-wrap id="t02">
        <label>Tabela 2</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Caracter&#237;sticas basais da popula&#231;&#227;o do estudo</title>
        </caption>
        <table rules="rows" frame="hsides">
          <tbody>
            <tr>
              <td> Idade (anos)</td>
              <td align="center">63,5 &#177; 10,8</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Masculino, n (%)</td>
              <td align="center">170(79,4%)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Diabetes mellitus, n (%)</td>
              <td align="center">63(29,4%)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Hipertens&#227;o, n (%)</td>
              <td align="center">130(60,7%)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Fumante atual, n (%)</td>
              <td align="center">64(29,9%)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Dislipidemia, n (%)</td>
              <td align="center">119(55,6%)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Colesterol Total, mg/dL</td>
              <td align="center">206,7 &#177; 42,8</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>HDL colesterol, mg/dL</td>
              <td align="center">40,8 &#177; 8,8</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>LDL colesterol, mg/dL</td>
              <td align="center">144,5 &#177; 30,9</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Triglic&#233;rides, mg/dL</td>
              <td align="center">153(110-191,3)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>TFG, mL/min</td>
              <td align="center">95,7 &#177; 28,8</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>IMC, kg/m<sup>2</sup>
							</td>
              <td align="center">27,9 &#177; 2,7</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Glicose, mg/dL</td>
              <td align="center">105(93-124)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Hemoglobina, g/dL</td>
              <td align="center">13,8 &#177; 1,6</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>RDW</td>
              <td align="center">13,4(12,8-14,1)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>FEVE, %</td>
              <td align="center">55(48-60)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Escore Gensini</td>
              <td align="center">34(17-64)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>SS</td>
              <td align="center">13(7,0-26,1)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Escore CAC total</td>
              <td align="center">192(23,0-729,8)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td colspan="2">
                <bold>Medicamentos cardiovasculares </bold>
              </td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>IECA, n (%)</td>
              <td align="center">91(42,5%)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Betabloqueador, n (%)</td>
              <td align="center">124(57,9%)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Estatina, n (%)</td>
              <td align="center">81(37,9%)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Bloqueador de canal de Ca++, n (%)</td>
              <td align="center">27(12,6%)</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
        <table-wrap-foot>
          <fn>
            <p>DAC: doen&#231;a arterial coronariana; CRM: cirurgia de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o do
							mioc&#225;rdio; ATC: angiotomografia coron&#225;ria.</p>
          </fn>
        </table-wrap-foot>
      </table-wrap>
      <sec>
        <title>Associados independentes do escore da CAC total</title>
        <p>An&#225;lise de correla&#231;&#227;o de Spearman revelou uma correla&#231;&#227;o significativa entre o
					escore da CAC total e SS (r: 0,577, p &lt; 0,001) e escore de Gensini (r: 0,299,
					p &lt; 0,001) (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01">Figura 1</xref>). A an&#225;lise
					univariada mostrou que pacientes do sexo masculino, e os pacientes com
					hipertens&#227;o tinham escore da CAC total significativamente mais alto, (p = 0,004
					e p = 0,048), respectivamente. O escore da CAC total foi significativamente
					maior entre os pacientes que utilizavam inibidores da enzima de convers&#227;o da
					angiotensina (IECA) (p = 0,013). An&#225;lise da correla&#231;&#227;o bivariada revelou que o
					escore da CAC total estava associado com a idade (r: 0,320, p &lt; 0,001), TFG
					(r: -0,236, p = 0,001), hemoglobina (r: -0,181, p = 0,008), FEVE (r: -0,268, p
					&lt; 0,001) e RDW (r: 0,186, p = 0,006).</p>
        <fig id="f01" fig-type="other">
          <label>Figura 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>A e B demonstram a associa&#231;&#227;o entre o escore da CAC total e os
							escores SYNTAX e Gensini, respectivamente. (CAC: c&#225;lcio da art&#233;ria
							coron&#225;ria).</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-102-02-0120-30241-gf01.jpg"/></fig>
        <p>A an&#225;lise de regress&#227;o linear m&#250;ltipla foi realizada para encontrar associados
					independentes do escore da CAC total. Idade (&#223; = 0,154, p = 0,027), sexo
					masculino (&#223; = 0,126, p = 0,035) e SS (&#223; = 0,481, p &lt; 0,001) foram preditores
					independentes do escore da CAC total. Associados independentes do escore da CAC
					total s&#227;o apresentados na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t03">Tabela 3</xref>. Os
					resultados da an&#225;lise de correla&#231;&#227;o entre o escore da CAC total e
					caracter&#237;sticas morfol&#243;gicas das les&#245;es inclu&#237;das no escore SS s&#227;o mostrados na
						<xref ref-type="table" rid="t04">Tabela 4</xref>. Os valores m&#233;dios do
					escore da CAC total baseado na presen&#231;a ou aus&#234;ncia de caracter&#237;sticas
					morfol&#243;gicas das les&#245;es s&#227;o mostrados na <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02">Figura
						2</xref>.</p>
        <table-wrap id="t03">
          <label>Tabela 3</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Rela&#231;&#227;o do escore total do CAC na an&#225;lise de regress&#227;o linear
							multivariada</title>
          </caption>
          <table rules="rows" frame="hsides">
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>Vari&#225;veis </bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>Coeficientes de regress&#227;o &#946; padronizados
									</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>Valor de p </bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td>Idade (anos)</td>
                <td align="center">0,154</td>
                <td align="center">0,027</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>TFG, mL/min</td>
                <td align="center">-0,064</td>
                <td align="center">0,330</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Hemoglobina, g/dL</td>
                <td align="center">-0,070</td>
                <td align="center">0,253</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>RDW</td>
                <td align="center">0,105</td>
                <td align="center">0,071</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>FEVE, %</td>
                <td align="center">-0,001</td>
                <td align="center">0,988</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Escore Gensini</td>
                <td align="center">0,030</td>
                <td align="center">0,666</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>SS</td>
                <td align="center">0,481</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Masculino</td>
                <td align="center">0,126</td>
                <td align="center">0,035</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Hipertens&#227;o</td>
                <td align="center">0,038</td>
                <td align="center">0,516</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>IECA</td>
                <td align="center">0,039</td>
                <td align="center">0,504</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn>
              <p>SS: SYNTAX escore; TFG: taxa de filtra&#231;&#227;o glomerular; FEVE: fra&#231;&#227;o de
								eje&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo; IECA: inibidor da enzima conversora
								de angiotensina; RDW: distribui&#231;&#227;o da largura das c&#233;lulas vermelhas;
								CAC: c&#225;lcio arterial coronariano.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <table-wrap id="t04">
          <label>Tabela 4</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Rela&#231;&#227;o entre o escore total do c&#225;lcio das art&#233;rias coron&#225;rias (CAC)
							e caracter&#237;sticas morfol&#243;gicas das les&#245;es</title>
          </caption>
          <table rules="rows" frame="hsides">
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <td>&#160;</td>
                <td colspan="2" align="center">
                  <bold>r </bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>Valor de p </bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td>Oclus&#227;o cr&#244;nica total</td>
                <td colspan="2" align="center">0,313</td>
                <td align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Trifurca&#231;&#227;o</td>
                <td colspan="2" align="center">0,137</td>
                <td align="center">0,045</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Bifurca&#231;&#227;o</td>
                <td colspan="2" align="center">0,202</td>
                <td align="center">0,002</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Tortuosidade</td>
                <td colspan="2" align="center">0,335</td>
                <td align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Les&#227;o longa</td>
                <td colspan="2" align="center">0,420</td>
                <td align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Calcifica&#231;&#227;o</td>
                <td colspan="2" align="center">0,751</td>
                <td align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Doen&#231;a difusa</td>
                <td colspan="2" align="center">0,101</td>
                <td align="center">0,139</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Les&#227;o aorto-ostial</td>
                <td colspan="2" align="center">0,355</td>
                <td align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
        </table-wrap>
        <fig id="f02" fig-type="other">
          <label>Figura 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Valores m&#233;dios do escore do c&#225;lcio nas art&#233;rias coron&#225;rias (CAC)
							total de acordo com a presen&#231;a ou aus&#234;ncia de caracter&#237;sticas
							morfol&#243;gicas das les&#245;es inclu&#237;das no escore SYNTAX (SS), tais como
							oclus&#227;o cr&#244;nica total (OCT), trifurca&#231;&#227;o (TRIF), bifurca&#231;&#227;o (BIF),
							tortuosidade (TORT), les&#227;o longa (LONG), calcifica&#231;&#227;o (CALC), doen&#231;a
							difusa (DIFF), les&#227;o aorto-ostial (AO-OS).</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-102-02-0120-30241-gf02.jpg"/></fig>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Avalia&#231;&#227;o do ponto de corte do escore da CAC total para pacientes com escore
					SS &gt; 32 (tercil alto do SS)</title>
        <p>A an&#225;lise da curva ROC foi realizada para detectar o valor de corte do escore da
					CAC total na previs&#227;o de pacientes com SS &gt; 32 (alto tercil de SS) (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f03">Figura 3</xref>). O escore da CAC total identificou
					pacientes com SS &gt; 32 (alto tercil de SS) com uma especificidade de 87,6% (IC
					95%: 81,8%-92%) e uma sensibilidade de 67,6% (IC 95%: 50,2% -82%) e com um valor
					de corte &gt; 809 (AUC: 0,857, IC 95%: 0,803-0,901, p &lt; 0,001).</p>
        <fig id="f03" fig-type="other">
          <label>Figura 3</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Curvas ROC (Receiver-Operating Characteristics) para o escore da
							calcifica&#231;&#227;o da art&#233;ria coron&#225;ria (CAC) total na previs&#227;o do escore
							SYNTAX (SS) &gt; 32 (tercil de alto risco).</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-102-02-0120-30241-gf03.jpg"/></fig>
        <p>An&#225;lise de concord&#226;ncia inter e intra-observador para o escore SS e as medidas do
					escore de Gensini revelou alta concord&#226;ncia. An&#225;lise de Bland-Altman e
					correla&#231;&#227;o intra classe para o escore SS e o escore de Gensini revelaram uma
					diferen&#231;a m&#233;dia de 0,1 (limite de concord&#226;ncia de 95%: 3,2, -3,2) e uma
					diferen&#231;a m&#233;dia de -5,1 (limite de concord&#226;ncia de 95%: 30,4, -40,6) e um
					coeficiente de correla&#231;&#227;o intra-classe de 0,977 (IC 95%: 0,970 - 0,983) e 0,955
					(IC 95%: 0,942 - 0,966), respectivamente.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="discussion">
      <title>Discuss&#227;o</title>
      <p>O presente estudo mostrou que os escores de Gensini e SS foram significativamente
				correlacionados com o escore da CAC total. No entanto, a idade, o sexo masculino e
				SS foram independentemente associados com escore da CAC total em pacientes
				sintom&#225;ticos com DAC significativa. Para o escore da CAC total, um valor de corte
				&gt; 809 com uma especificidade de 87,6% e uma sensibilidade de 67,6% foram
				encontrados para identifica&#231;&#227;o de pacientes com SS &gt; 32 (tercil alto do SS).</p>
      <p>A CAC &#233; limitada principalmente ao espa&#231;o subintimal das art&#233;rias coron&#225;rias e pode
				ocorrer em torno da segunda d&#233;cada de vida. A calcifica&#231;&#227;o das placas
				ateroscler&#243;ticas aumenta de acordo com o envelhecimento e progress&#227;o da
				aterosclerose. A CAC &#233;, portanto, considerada um marcador de aterosclerose
					coron&#225;ria<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref>. Estudos anteriores j&#225; haviam
				mostrado a correla&#231;&#227;o entre doen&#231;a arterial coronariana e CAC, especialmente em
				pacientes assintom&#225;ticos. O valor progn&#243;stico da CAC em pacientes assintom&#225;ticos foi
				demonstrado como sendo independente dos fatores de risco tradicionais em estudos
				como o Estudo Multi- &#201;tnico da Aterosclerose (MESA)<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref>. Em pacientes sintom&#225;ticos, a correla&#231;&#227;o entre a presen&#231;a de CAC e
				DAC obstrutiva foi demonstrada com alta sensibilidade e baixa especificidade.
				Portanto, mais esfor&#231;os t&#234;m sido realizados para o uso da CAC como um filtro &#250;til
				para DAC obstrutiva antes da ACC<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref>
				<sup>,</sup>
				<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref>. Um n&#250;mero limitado de estudos examinaram
				o valor da CAC na previs&#227;o da gravidade e complexidade da DAC al&#233;m de predi&#231;&#227;o da
				DAC obstrutiva em pacientes com sintomas sugestivos da doen&#231;a<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B09">9</xref>
				<sup>,</sup>
				<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref>.</p>
      <p>Schmermund e cols.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B09">9</xref> relataram que o escore da
				CAC determinado pelo m&#233;todo de Agatston prev&#234; a extens&#227;o angiogr&#225;fica da DAC em
				pacientes sintom&#225;ticos. A extens&#227;o da DAC foi interpretada com o percentual de
				estreitamento luminal limitando o fluxo. Da mesma forma, Budoff e cols.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref> relataram resultados similares em pacientes
				sintom&#225;ticos.</p>
      <p>No presente estudo, o escore da CAC total n&#227;o foi independentemente associado com a
				gravidade da DAC avaliada pelo escore de Gensini, embora tenha sido
				significativamente correlacionado com o escore Gensini. Os resultados do estudo n&#227;o
				contradizem os resultados desses dois estudos anteriores, devido aos diferentes
				m&#233;todos utilizados. Nossas explica&#231;&#245;es sobre os resultados do presente estudo s&#227;o:
				em primeiro lugar, o escore Gensini que &#233; baseado no percentual de estreitamento
				luminal e coeficiente de segmento coron&#225;rio que foi afetado. O percentual de
				estreitamento luminal tem um impacto consider&#225;vel sobre o sistema de pontua&#231;&#227;o e em
				todas as les&#245;es com &#8805; 25% de estreitamento luminal que foram inclu&#237;das no c&#225;lculo.
				Estudos anteriores relataram que nem todas as placas coron&#225;rias est&#227;o calcificadas e
				o escore da CAC tem fraca correla&#231;&#227;o com a gravidade das estenoses luminais<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref>
				<sup>,</sup>
				<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref>. Portanto, o escore de Gensini n&#227;o pode
				estar associado ao escore da CAC total. Em segundo lugar, a associa&#231;&#227;o entre o
				escore de Gensini e o escore da CAC total foi diminu&#237;da em fun&#231;&#227;o dos efeitos dos
				fatores de risco tradicionais e do escore SS sobre o escore de Gensini. A
				intercorrela&#231;&#227;o foi testada a fim de evitar a colinearidade.</p>
      <p>Os resultados do nosso estudo foram compat&#237;veis com relatos anteriores de que a idade
				e o sexo masculino est&#227;o associados de forma independente com o escore da CAC
					total<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref>. A associa&#231;&#227;o entre o escore da
				CAC total e o escore SS foi avaliada pela primeira vez por St&#228;hli e cols.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref>, que demonstraram anteriormente escores de
				Agatston mais elevados em pacientes tratados por interven&#231;&#245;es coron&#225;rias percut&#226;neas
				(ICPs) complexas, definidas como o uso da t&#233;cnica do "buddy wire", "kissing
				balloon", necessidade de bal&#227;o de alta press&#227;o, dilata&#231;&#227;o pr&#233; ou p&#243;s e uso de
				rotablator.</p>
      <p>Em contraste com a defini&#231;&#227;o de ICP complexa por St&#228;hli e cols.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref>, o escore SS que usamos para definir ICP complexo tem sido
				demonstrado em estudos anteriores, como estando associado com a mortalidade
				cardiovascular e os desafios do tratamento<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B05">5</xref>
				<sup>,</sup>
				<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B07">7</xref>. O escore SS incorpora uma s&#233;rie de
				caracter&#237;sticas morfol&#243;gicas das les&#245;es, como OCT, bifurca&#231;&#227;o, trifurca&#231;&#227;o,
				tortuosidade, calcifica&#231;&#227;o avan&#231;ada, comprimento da les&#227;o, les&#227;o aorto-ostial e
				difusa. A presen&#231;a de calcifica&#231;&#227;o na OCT e les&#245;es ostiais na coron&#225;ria direita
				foram demonstrados por Srivatsa e cols.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref> e
				Popma e cols.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref>, respectivamente. Esses
				achados corroboram os resultados do estudo. Al&#233;m disso, a calcifica&#231;&#227;o das les&#245;es
				acrescenta dois pontos ao sistema de pontua&#231;&#227;o. Todas as caracter&#237;sticas
				morfol&#243;gicas das les&#245;es foram significativamente correlacionadas com o escore da CAC
				total, com exce&#231;&#227;o de doen&#231;a difusa.</p>
      <p>Uma associa&#231;&#227;o entre a calcifica&#231;&#227;o coronariana e disfun&#231;&#227;o endotelial e fluxo
				sangu&#237;neo do mioc&#225;rdio prejudicado em pacientes com coron&#225;rias angiograficamente
				normais j&#225; foi previamente demonstrada<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref>
				<sup>-</sup>
				<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref>. Altera&#231;&#227;o do fluxo sangu&#237;neo coronariano
				na presen&#231;a de calcifica&#231;&#227;o coronariana pode afetar a progress&#227;o e forma&#231;&#227;o da placa
				ateroscler&#243;tica, que constituem os principais determinantes da forma&#231;&#227;o da DAC
				complexa. O fluxo sangu&#237;neo coronariano alterado pode levar &#224; forma&#231;&#227;o de les&#245;es,
				incluindo tortuosidade, bifurca&#231;&#227;o ou les&#227;o ostial dependendo da altera&#231;&#227;o na
				din&#226;mica de fluxo.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="conclusions">
      <title>Conclus&#227;o</title>
      <p>O escore da CAC total foi independentemente associado com a complexidade da DAC
				avaliada pelo escore SS. Estudos t&#234;m mostrado que o escore SS &#233; associado com
				mortalidade cardiovascular aumentada e desafios no tratamento<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B05">5</xref>
				<sup>,</sup>
				<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B07">7</xref>. A mensura&#231;&#227;o do escore da CAC total
				representa uma imagem n&#227;o-invasiva anat&#244;mica das art&#233;rias coron&#225;rias, com uma
				relativamente pequena exposi&#231;&#227;o &#224; radia&#231;&#227;o. Portanto, na pr&#225;tica cl&#237;nica, a
				mensura&#231;&#227;o do escore da CAC total pode prever a mortalidade cardiovascular e
				desafios no tratamento antes da ACC em pacientes sintom&#225;ticos com DAC
				significativa.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec>
      <title>Limita&#231;&#245;es</title>
      <p>A popula&#231;&#227;o do estudo foi relativamente pequena. A quantifica&#231;&#227;o das les&#245;es foi
				realizada por estimativa visual. No entanto, todas as angiografias foram marcadas
				por dois cardiologistas intervencionistas experientes. A an&#225;lise do nosso estudo foi
				baseada em n&#237;veis por-paciente, ao inv&#233;s de n&#237;veis por-vasos. Portanto, o escore de
				CAC por art&#233;ria coron&#225;ria n&#227;o foi inclu&#237;do no estudo.</p>
      <p>Alguns estudos de grande escala, como o MESA, relataram que o CAC foi menos preditor
				em n&#237;vel por vaso do que em n&#237;vel por paciente. A TCMD de 64 canais determina o
				c&#225;lcio coron&#225;rio com uma espessura de corte de 3 mil&#237;metros, o que pode levar &#224; n&#227;o
				identifica&#231;&#227;o de baixos n&#237;veis de c&#225;lcio coron&#225;rio.</p>
      <p>No entanto, muitos autores conclu&#237;ram que a TCMD &#233; equivalente &#224; tomografia por feixe
				de el&#233;trons para determinar o escore da CAC. Em nosso estudo, o m&#233;todo de Agatston
				foi utilizado para determinar o escore da CAC, enquanto outros m&#233;todos, como o
				escore de massa e escore de volume de c&#225;lcio n&#227;o foram inclu&#237;dos. No entanto, muitos
				estudos t&#234;m sido publicados com base no m&#233;todo de Agatston e continuamos a utilizar
				esse m&#233;todo na pr&#225;tica cl&#237;nica.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec>
      <title>Contribui&#231;&#227;o dos autores</title>
      <p>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa: G&#246;kdeniz T, Kalayc&#305;o&#287;lu E, Aykan A&#199;, Boyac&#305; F, Turan
				T, G&#252;l I, &#199;avu&#351;o&#287;lu G; Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados: G&#246;kdeniz T, Kalayc&#305;o&#287;lu E, Aykan A&#199;,
				Boyac&#305; F, Turan T, G&#252;l I, &#199;avu&#351;o&#287;lu G, Dursun I; An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados:
				Aykan A&#199;, G&#252;l I; An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica: G&#246;kdeniz T, G&#252;l I; Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito:
				G&#246;kdeniz T, Kalayc&#305;o&#287;lu E, Aykan A&#199;; Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao
				conte&#250;do intelectual: Kalayc&#305;o&#287;lu E.</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
    <ack>
      <p>Os autores gostariam de agradecer o Dr. Ibrahim H. Tanbo&#287;a por seus coment&#225;rios
				construtivos e assist&#234;ncia com a an&#225;lise estat&#237;stica.</p>
    </ack>
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    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="financial-disclosure">
        <p>
          <bold>Fontes de Financiamento</bold>
        </p>
        <p> O presente estudo n&#227;o teve fontes de financiamento externas.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>
          <bold>Vincula&#231;&#227;o Acad&#234;mica</bold>
        </p>
        <p>N&#227;o h&#225; vincula&#231;&#227;o deste estudo com disserta&#231;&#245;es e teses de p&#243;s-gradua&#231;&#227;o.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
  </back>
  <sub-article id="S01" article-type="translation" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Articles</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title xml:lang="en">Value of coronary artery calcium score to predict
					severity or complexity of coronary artery disease</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>G&#246;kdeniz</surname>
            <given-names>Tayyar</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c02"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Kalayc&#305;o&#287;lu</surname>
            <given-names>Ezgi</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Aykan</surname>
            <given-names>Ahmet &#199;a&#287;r&#305;</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Boyac&#305;</surname>
            <given-names>Faruk</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Turan</surname>
            <given-names>Turhan</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>G&#252;l</surname>
            <given-names>&#304;lker</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>&#199;avu&#351;o&#287;lu</surname>
            <given-names>G&#246;khan</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff6">3</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Dursun</surname>
            <given-names>&#304;hsan</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff4"><label>1</label>
				Departamento de Cardiologia - Ahi Evren Chest and Cardiovascular Surgery Education and Research Hospital
			</aff>
      <aff id="aff5"><label>2</label>
				Departamento de Cardiologia - Ak&#231;abat State Hospital, Trabzon, Turquia
			</aff>
      <aff id="aff6"><label>3</label>
				Departamento de Radiologia - Ahi Evren Chest and Cardiovascular Surgery Education and Research Hospital
			</aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c02"><bold>Mailing Address:</bold> Tayyar G&#246;kdeniz, Trabzon Ahi Evren G&#246;g&#252;s ve Kalp
					Damar Cerrahisi Egitim ve Ara&#351;t&#305;rma Hastanesi, Soguksu Mahallesi, &#199;aml&#305;k
					Caddesi, 61040 Trabzon, Turkey. E-mail: <email>tgkdeniz@hotmail.com</email>
				</corresp>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <label>Potential Conflict of Interest</label>
          <p> No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>16</day>
          <month>06</month>
          <year>2013</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>09</day>
          <month>09</month>
          <year>2013</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>18</day>
          <month>09</month>
          <year>2013</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <abstract xml:lang="en">
        <sec>
          <title>BACKGROUND:</title>
          <p> Prediction of severity or complexity of coronary artery disease (CAD) is
						valuable owing to increased risk for cardiovascular events. Although the
						association between total coronary artery calcium (CAC) score and severity
						of CAD, Gensini score was not used, it has been previously demonstrated.
						There is no information about the association between total CAC score and
						complexity of CAD. </p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>OBJECTIVES: </title>
          <p>To investigate the association between severity or complexity of coronary
						artery disease (CAD) assessed by Gensini score and SYNTAX score (SS),
						respectively, and coronary artery calcium (CAC) score, which is a
						noninvasive method for CAD evaluation in symptomatic patients with
						accompanying significant CAD. </p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>METHODS: </title>
          <p>Two-hundred-fourteen patients were enrolled. Total CAC score was obtained
						before angiography. Severity and complexity of CAD was assessed by Gensini
						score and SS, respectively. Associations between clinical and angiographic
						parameters and total CAC score were analyzed. </p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>RESULTS: </title>
          <p>Median total CAC score was 192 (23.0-729.8), and this was positively
						correlated with both Gensini score (r: 0.299, p&lt;0.001) and SS (r: 0.577,
						p&lt;0.001). At multivariate analysis, it was independently associated with
						age (&#223;: 0.154, p: 0.027), male gender (&#223;: 0.126, p: 0.035) and SS (&#223;: 0.481,
						p&lt; 0.001). Receiver-operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis
						revealed a cut-off value &gt; 809 for SS &gt;32 (high SS tertile). </p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>CONCLUSION: </title>
          <p>In symptomatic patients with accompanying significant CAD, total CAC score
						was independently associated with SS and patients with SS &gt;32 may be
						detected through high Agatston score.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>Total coronary calcium score</kwd>
        <kwd>Gensini score</kwd>
        <kwd>SYNTAX score</kwd>
        <kwd>Coronary artery disease</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <counts>
        <fig-count count="3"/>
        <table-count count="4"/>
        <equation-count count="0"/>
        <ref-count count="30"/>
        <page-count count="1"/>
      </counts>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>Introduction</title>
        <p>Coronary artery disease (CAD) is one of the leading causes of mortality and
						morbidity<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B01">1</xref>
					<sup>,</sup>
					<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B02">2</xref>. Invasive conventional coronary
					angiography (CCA) is the gold standard technique for diagnosis and the selection
					of best treatment options for CAD and reveals the severity and complexity of
						CAD<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B03">3</xref>. Previous studies have shown
					that CAD severity and complexity assessed by Gensini score and SYNTAX score
					(SS), respectively, are associated to increased cardiovascular events (CVE) a
					factor of mortality and morbidity<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B04">4</xref>
					<sup>,</sup>
					<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B05">5</xref>.</p>
        <p>CAD severity and complexity have recently attracted increasing interest for CAD
					evaluation based on the clinical importance and treatment challenge. Gensini and
					SS are easy to apply and reproducible scoring systems<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B04">4</xref>
					<sup>,</sup>
					<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B06">6</xref>. SS incorporates morphological features
					of lesions such as total occlusion, bifurcation, length and localizations of
					lesions based on the myocardial area at risk<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B07">7</xref>. Therefore, some efforts have been made for the prediction of CAD
					severity and complexity using non-invasive methods in order to identify the
					patients at high risk for CVE and treatment challenges before CCA<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B08">8</xref>
					<sup>,</sup>
					<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B09">9</xref>.</p>
        <p>Coronary artery calcification (CAC) has a role in atherosclerotic plaque
						formation<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>
					<sup>,</sup>
					<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref>. It was quantitated by total CAC score
					called Agatston score. Multidetector computerized tomography (MDCT) currently
					represents a noninvasive method for accurate quantification of total CAC
						score<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref>
					<sup>,</sup>
					<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref>. The association between total CAC
					score and prognostic information about future cardiac events has been previously
					demonstrated. Some studies have shown that angiographically proven and
					significant CAD is related to total CAC score<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref>
					<sup>-</sup>
					<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref>.</p>
        <p>The purpose of the present study was to investigate the association of total CAC
					score and CAD severity and complexity assessed by SS and Gensini score,
					respectively, and to find which one of the two, CAD severity or complexity, is
					better associated with total CAC score in symptomatic patients with accompanying
					significant CAD.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="methods">
        <title>Methods</title>
        <p>Data was retrospectively collected between January 2012 and February 2013. We
					enrolled 923 consecutive patients with symptoms suggestive of CAD who underwent
					64 - slice computed tomography coronary angiography (CTA) for assessment of
					significant CAD. Non- enhanced CT scans were obtained for total CAC score
					immediately before CTA. Indications for CTA were patients with low to
					intermediate probability of significant CAD, indeterminate diagnostic test
					results, high clinical suspicion for CAD and, inability to perform non-invasive
					tests. 709 patients were not eligible for the study. Reasons for non-inclusion
					are shown in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t05">Table 1</xref>. Therefore, the
					remaining 214 patients with 50% or greater luminal stenosis in any major
					epicardial coronary artery constituted the study population. All patients
					underwent CCA within two weeks after CTA and performance of CCA was not
					influenced by total CAC scores.</p>
        <table-wrap id="t05">
          <label>Table 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Number of ineligible patients and reasons for non-inclusion</title>
          </caption>
          <table rules="rows" frame="hsides">
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <td>&#160;</td>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>n: 709 </bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td>Non-significant CAD in CTA, n (%) </td>
                <td align="center">665 (72.1%) </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Patients with previous bypass surgery, n (%) </td>
                <td align="center">12 (1.3%) </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Previous coronary stent implantation, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">19 (2.1%) </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>End- stage renal failure, n (%) </td>
                <td align="center">4 (0.4%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>History of valvular replacement, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">2 (0.2%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Atrial fibrillation, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">6 (0.6%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Malignancy, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">1 (0.1%)</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn>
              <p>CAD: coronary artery disease; CTA: computed tomography coronary
								angiography.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <sec>
          <title>SYNTAX score</title>
          <p>All patients gave informed consent before enrollment, and the study protocol
						was approved by the local Ethical Committee. Baseline clinical and
						demographic characteristics were obtained from all patients. A detailed
						physical examination was performed including past medical history. Complete
						blood count, lipid profile and serum creatinine levels were obtained from
						all patients before CCA. Cardiovascular risk factors were recorded.
						Hypertension was identified based on prior prescription of antihypertensive
						drugs or when blood pressure exceeded 140/90 mmHg in at least three
						measurements. Dyslipidemia and diabetes were defined as prior prescription
						of antihyperlipidemic and antidiabetic medications or total cholesterol
						level &gt; 200 mg/dL and fasting glucose levels above 126 mg/dL,
						respectively. Current smokers were defined as subjects with a positive
						history of cigarette smoking. Glomerular filtration rate (GFR) was
						calculated using the Cockcroft-Gault formula<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref>. Body mass index (BMI) was calculated (kg/m<sup>2)</sup>.
						Comprehensive two-dimensional transthoracic echocardiography including
						M-mode and, Doppler echocardiography, were performed by an experienced
						cardiologist before CCA, using a Vivid-S5, GE (United States) instrument,
						with a 3.6 MHZ transducer. Measurements were performed according to the
						American Society of Echocardiography guidelines<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref>. LV end-systolic and end-diastolic volumes and
						ejection fraction were calculated by the Simpson biplane method.</p>
          <p>All patients underwent selective coronary angiography, which was performed
						using the Judkins technique. Significant lesion was defined as a 50% or
						greater stenosis in the luminal diameter of any major epicardial coronary
						artery. The presence of significant lesions was determined based on visual
						estimation. Basal angiographic characteristics of patients such as diseased
						vessel, left main coronary artery (LMCA), left anterior descending (LAD)
						coronary artery; right coronary artery (RCA), circumflex coronary artery
						(Cx), and diseased vessel number were recorded.</p>
          <p>SS is mainly associated with CAD complexity and it was calculated using
						dedicated software, which integrates two components (a) morphological
						features of each lesion such as dominance, chronic total occlusion (CTO),
						bifurcation, trifurcation, tortuosity, heavy calcification, lesion length,
						presence of thrombus, aorto-ostial and diffuse lesions, and (b) weighting
						factors of lesions based on myocardial area distal to lesion. Lesions with &#8805;
						50% luminal obstruction in vessels with a diameter &#8805;1.5 mm were added to
						provide SS<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B07">7</xref>
						<sup>,</sup>
						<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B08">8</xref>. SS was calculated using dedicated
						software (version 2.11, www.syntaxscore.com) and all morphological features
						of each lesion included in SS were recorded.</p>
          <p>The SS was divided into two tertiles as follows: low- intermediate risk
						tertile was &#8804; 32 and high-risk tertile was &gt; 32. All angiograms were
						scored by two experienced interventional cardiologists who were blinded to
						CAC measurement data.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Gensini score</title>
          <p>CAD severity was assessed by Gensini score, which is based on the percentage
						of luminal narrowing (25%: 1 point; 50%: 2 points; 75%: 4 points; 90%: 8
						points; 99%: 16 points, and total occlusion: 32 points). Each coronary
						lesion score was calculated using percentage of luminal narrowing multiplied
						by coefficient of coronary segment: the left main coronary artery (LMCA) x5;
						the proximal segment of the left anterior descending coronary artery (LAD) x
						2.5; the proximal segment of the circumflex artery (CX) x 2.5;
						themid-segment of the LAD x 1.5; the distal segment of the LAD, all segments
						of the right coronary artery (RCA) and the obtuse marginal artery x 1; and
						other segments x 0.5. The Gensini score was calculated by summation of
						individual coronary segment scores<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B04">4</xref>.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Coronary artery calcification measurement</title>
          <p>CAC measurement was performed immediately before CTA in all patients. None of
						the patients had hyperthyroidism and all patients had sinus rhythm during
						the procedure. Imaging was performed using a 64 - slice CT scanner (Aquilion
						64, Toshiba Medical Systems, Tochigi, Japan). CT scan for total CAC score
						was obtained by prospective gating with collimation (4 &#215; 3.0 mm) with 3-mm
						reconstructed slice thickness. Tube current and tube voltage were 300 mA,
						120 kV, respectively and gantry rotation time 0.4 s<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref>.</p>
          <p>Total CAC score was calculated using dedicated software (Vitrea2 version
						3.0.9.1, Vital Images, Minnesota). Calcium based on the Agatston method was
						defined as the presence of a lesion with an area greater than 1
							mm<sup>2</sup>, and peak intensity greater than 130 Hounsfield Units,
						which was automatically identified and marked with color by the software.
						All lesions were added to calculate the total CAC score by the Agatston
						method.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Statistical analysis</title>
          <p>SPSS 17.0 statistical software (SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL, USA) and MedCalc
						software program, release 12.3.0.0 (MedCalc Software, Belgium) were used for
						statistical analysis. Continuous variables were expressed as mean &#177; standard
						deviation (SD) or median and interquartile range as appropriate. Categorical
						variables were expressed as percentages. The Kolmogorov Smirnov test was
						used to test normality of distribution of continuous variables. Group means
						for continuous variables were compared with the Student's
						<italic>t</italic>-test or the Mann-Whitney U test, as appropriate.
						Pearson's or Spearman's correlation analysis was used for assessing
						correlation between total CAC score and continuous variables depending on
						Gaussian distributions. </p>
          <p>To find independent associates of total CAC score, variables with a p value
						of &#8804; 0.05 at the bivariate correlation analysis and univariate analysis were
						selected for multiple linear regression analyses. To account for the
						non-Gaussian distribution of total CAC scores, a log<sub>10 </sub>{x+1}
						transformation was made. Triglyceride, glucose, red cell distribution width
						(RDW), left ventricle ejection fraction (LVEF), Gensini score and SS were
						also transformed to the natural logarithmic scale and in order to avoid
						co-linearity when assessing the multivariate model, independent variables
						were tested for intercorrelation. A two tailed p &lt; 0.05 was considered
						statistically significant. The Chi-square test examined the correlation
						between categorical variables and continuous variables. Inter-observer
						agreement of SS and Gensini score was calculated by using Bland Altman
						analysis and the intra class correlation coefficient was used to assess
						intra observer agreement. Receiver-operating characteristic (ROC) curve
						analysis was performed to detect the cut-off value of total CAC score in
						predicting SS &gt;32 (high-risk tertile). A p value of &#8804; 0.05 was considered
						statistically significant.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="results">
        <title>Results</title>
        <p>The study population consisted of 214 patients, 170 (79.4%) were males with mean
					age of 63.5&#177;10.8. A total of 558 lesions with 50% or greater stenosis in the
					luminal diameter of major epicardial coronary arteries were detected from the
					CCA data. Single-vessel disease was present in 44 (20.6%), 23 (10.7%), and 15
					(7%) patients for LAD, RCA and Cx, respectively. Two- and three-vessel diseases
					were present in 37.9% and 23.8% of patients, respectively. Nineteen (8.9%)
					patients had a total CAC score = 0, among them, two and three-vessel disease
					were present in 4 (21.1%) and 1 (5.2%), respectively, while single-vessel
					disease was present in 14 (73.7%). Baseline clinical, laboratory and
					echocardiographic features of patients are shown in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t06">Table 2</xref>.</p>
        <table-wrap id="t06">
          <label>Table 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Baseline characteristics of the study population</title>
          </caption>
          <table rules="rows" frame="hsides">
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td> Age (years)</td>
                <td align="center">63.5 &#177; 10.8</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Male, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">170(79.4%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Diabetes mellitus, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">63(29.4%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Hypertension, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">130(60.7%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Current smokers, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">64(29.9%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Dyslipidemia, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">119(55.6%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Total cholesterol, mg/dL</td>
                <td align="center">206.7 &#177; 42.8</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>HDL cholesterol, mg/dL</td>
                <td align="center">40.8 &#177; 8.8</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>LDL cholesterol, mg/dL</td>
                <td align="center">144.5 &#177; 30.9</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Triglycerides, mg/dL</td>
                <td align="center">153(110-191.3)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>GFR, mL/min</td>
                <td align="center">95.7 &#177; 28.8</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>BMI, kg/m<sup>2</sup>
								</td>
                <td align="center">27.9 &#177; 2.7</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Glucose, mg/dL</td>
                <td align="center">105(93-124)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Hemoglobin, g/dL</td>
                <td align="center">13.8 &#177; 1.6</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>RDW</td>
                <td align="center">13.4(12.8-14.1)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>LVEF, %</td>
                <td align="center">55(48-60)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Gensini score</td>
                <td align="center">34(17-64)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>SS</td>
                <td align="center">13(7.0-26.1)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Total CAC score</td>
                <td align="center">192(23.0-729.8)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td colspan="2">
                  <bold>Cardiovascular medications </bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>ACE-I, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">91(42.5%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Beta-blocker, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">124(57.9%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Statin, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">81(37.9%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Ca++ channel blocker, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">27(12.6%)</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn>
              <p>Data are expressed in numbers (percentages), mean or median and
								(interquartile range). Percentages are rounded. SS: SYNTAX score;
								BMI: body mass index; GFR: glomerular filtration rate; HDL: high
								density lipoprotein; LDL: low density lipoprotein; LVEF: left
								ventricular ejection fraction; ACE-I: angiotensin converting enzyme
								inhibitor; RDW: red cell distribution width; CAC: coronary artery
								calcium.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <sec>
          <title>Independent associates of total CAC score</title>
          <p>Spearman's correlation analysis showed a significant correlation between
						total CAC score and SS (r: 0.577, p &lt; 0.001) and Gensini score (r: 0.299,
						p &lt; 0.001) (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f04">Figure 1</xref>). Univariate
						analysis showed that male patients and patients with hypertension had
						significantly higher total CAC score, (p: 0.004 and p: 0.048), respectively.
						Total CAC score was significantly higher among patients taking angiotensin
						converting enzyme inhibitors (ACE-I) (p: 0.013). Bivariate correlation
						analysis showed that total CAC score was associated with age (r: 0.320, p
						&lt; 0.001), GFR (r: -0.236, p: 0.001), hemoglobin (r: -0.181, p: 0.008),
						LVEF (r: -0.268, p &lt; 0.001) and RDW (r: 0.186, p: 0.006).</p>
          <fig id="f04" fig-type="other">
            <label>Figure 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>A and B show the association between total CAC score and SYNTAX
								score and Gensini score, respectively. (CAC: coronary artery
								calcium).</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-102-02-0120-30241-gf01-en.jpg"/></fig>
          <p>Multiple linear regression analysis was performed to find independent
						associates of total CAC score. Age (&#946;: 0.154, p: 0.027), male gender (&#946;:
						0.126, p: 0.035) and SS (&#946;: 0.481, p &lt; 0.001) were independent predictors
						of total CAC score. Independent associates of total CAC score are shown in
							<xref ref-type="table" rid="t07">Table 3</xref>. Results of correlation
						analysis between total CAC score and morphological features of lesions
						included in SS are shown in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t08">Table 4</xref>.
						The mean values of total CAC scores based on presence or absence of
						morphological features of lesions is shown in <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f05">Figure 2</xref>.</p>
          <table-wrap id="t07">
            <label>Table 3</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Association of total CAC score in multivariate linear regression
								analysis</title>
            </caption>
            <table rules="rows" frame="hsides">
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>Variables </bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>Standardized &#946; -regression coefficients </bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>p value </bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Age (years)</td>
                <td align="center">0.154</td>
                <td align="center">0.027</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>GFR, mL/min</td>
                <td align="center">-0.064</td>
                <td align="center">0.330</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Hemoglobin, g/dL</td>
                <td align="center">-0.070</td>
                <td align="center">0.253</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>RDW</td>
                <td align="center">0.105</td>
                <td align="center">0.071</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>LVEF, %</td>
                <td align="center">-0.001</td>
                <td align="center">0.988</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Gensini score</td>
                <td align="center">0.030</td>
                <td align="center">0.666</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>SS</td>
                <td align="center">0.481</td>
                <td align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Male</td>
                <td align="center">0.126</td>
                <td align="center">0.035</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Hypertension</td>
                <td align="center">0.038</td>
                <td align="center">0.516</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>ACE-I</td>
                <td align="center">0.039</td>
                <td align="center">0.504</td>
              </tr>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn>
                <p>SS: SYNTAX score; GFR: glomerular filtration rate; LVEF: left
									ventricular ejection fraction; ACE-I: angiotensin converting
									enzyme inhibitor; RDW: red cell distribution width; CAC:
									coronary artery calcium. </p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
          <table-wrap id="t08">
            <label>Table 4</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Association between total coronary artery calcium (CAC) score and
								morphological features of lesions</title>
            </caption>
            <table rules="rows" frame="hsides">
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <td>&#160;</td>
                  <td colspan="2" align="center">
                    <bold>r </bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>p value</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td>Chronic total occlusion</td>
                  <td colspan="2" align="center">0.313</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Trifurcation</td>
                  <td colspan="2" align="center">0.137</td>
                  <td align="center">0.045</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Bifurcation</td>
                  <td colspan="2" align="center">0.202</td>
                  <td align="center">0.002</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Tortuosity</td>
                  <td colspan="2" align="center">0.335</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Long lesion</td>
                  <td colspan="2" align="center">0.420</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Calcification</td>
                  <td colspan="2" align="center">0.751</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Diffuse disease</td>
                  <td colspan="2" align="center">0.101</td>
                  <td align="center">0.139</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Aorto-ostial lesion</td>
                  <td colspan="2" align="center">0.355</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
          </table-wrap>
          <fig id="f05" fig-type="other">
            <label>Figure 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Mean values of total coronary artery calcium (CAC) score
								according to presence or absence of morphological features of
								lesions that were included in SYNTAX score (SS) such as chronic
								total occlusion (CTO), trifurcation (TRIF), bifurcation (BIF),
								tortuosity (TORT), long lesion (LONG), calcification (CALC), d&#305;ffuse
								disease (DIFF), aorto-ostial lesion (AO-OS).</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-102-02-0120-30241-gf02-en.jpg"/></fig>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Assessment of cut-off point of total CAC score for patients with SS&gt;32
						(high SS tertile)</title>
          <p>ROC curve analysis was performed to detect the cut off value of total CAC
						score in predicting patients with SS &gt; 32 (high SS tertile) (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f06">Figure 3</xref>). Total CAC score identified
						patients with SS &gt;32 (high SS tertile) with a specificity of 87.6% (95%
						CI: 81.8%-92%) and a sensitivity of 67.6% (95% CI: 50.2%-82%) and with a
						cut-off value of &gt; 809 (AUC: 0.857, 95% CI: 0.803 - 0.901, p &lt;
						0.001).</p>
          <fig id="f06" fig-type="other">
            <label>Figure 3</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Receiver&#8211;operating characteristic (ROC) curves for total coronary
								artery calcium (CAC) score in prediction by SYNTAX score (SS) &gt; 32
								(high risk tertile).</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-102-02-0120-30241-gf03-en.jpg"/></fig>
          <p>Analysis of inter- and intra-observer agreement for SS and Gensini score
						measurements revealed high agreement. Bland-Altman analysis and intra-class
						correlation for SS and Gensini score showed a mean difference of 0.1 (95%
						limit of agreement 3.2, -3.2) and a mean difference of -5.1 (95% limit of
						agreement 30.4, -40.6) as well as an intra-class correlation coefficient of
						0.977 (95% CI 0.970 - 0.983) and 0.955 (95% CI 0.942 - 0.966),
						respectively.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="discussion">
        <title>Discussion</title>
        <p>The present study showed that Gensini score and SS were significantly correlated
					with total CAC score. However, age, male gender and SS were independently
					associated with total CAC score in symptomatic patients with accompanying
					significant CAD. For total CAC score, a cut-off value &gt; 809 with a
					specificity of 87.6% and a sensitivity of 67.6% were found for the
					identification of patients with SS &gt; 32 (high SS tertile).</p>
        <p>CAC is mainly limited to the subintimal space of coronary arteries and may occur
					around the second decade of life. Calcification of atherosclerotic plaque
					increases according to aging and atherosclerotic progression. CAC is therefore
					regarded as a marker of coronary atherosclerosis<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref>. Previous studies have considered the association between
					coronary artery disease and CAC, especially in asymptomatic patients. The
					prognostic value of CAC in asymptomatic patients has been shown to be
					independent of traditional risk factors in studies such as the Multi-Ethnic
					Study of Atherosclerosis (MESA)<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref>. In
					symptomatic patients, the association between presence of CAC and obstructive
					CAD has been demonstrated with high sensitivity and low specificity. Therefore,
					more efforts have been performed for CAC utilization as a useful filter for
					obstructive CAD before CCA<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref>
					<sup>,</sup>
					<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref>. A limited numbers of studies have
					examined the value of CAC for prediction of CAD severity and complexity beyond
					prediction of obstructive CAD in patients with symptoms suggestive of the
						disease<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B09">9</xref>
					<sup>,</sup>
					<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref>.</p>
        <p>Schmermund et al<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B09">9</xref> reported that CAC score
					determined through the Agatston method predicts the angiographic extent of CAD
					in symptomatic patients. Extent of CAD was interpreted as the percentage of
					flow-limiting luminal narrowing. Likewise, Budoff et al<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref> reported similar results in symptomatic patients. In the
					present study, total CAC score was not independently associated with CAD
					severity assessed by Gensini score, although it was significantly correlated
					with Gensini score. Our study results did not contradict the results of these
					two previous studies, because of the different methods used. Our explanations
					about the results of the present study are: first of all, Gensini score is based
					on the percentage of luminal narrowing and coefficient of coronary segment that
					was affected. The percentage of luminal narrowing had a considerable impact on
					the scoring system and all lesions with &#8805; 25% luminal narrowing that were
					included in the calculation. Previous studies have reported that not all
					coronary plaques are calcified and CAC score was weakly correlated with severity
					of luminal stenosis<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref>
					<sup>,</sup>
					<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref>. Therefore, Gensini score may not be
					associated with total CAC score. Secondly, the association between Gensini score
					and total CAC score was decreased depending on the effects of traditional risk
					factors and SS on the Gensini score. Intercorrelation was tested in order to
					avoid collinearity.</p>
        <p>Our study results were compatible with previous reports that age and male gender
					are independently associated with total CAC score<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref>. The association between total CAC score and SS was evaluated
					first by St&#228;hli et al<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref>, who previously
					demonstrated higher Agatston scores in patients treated by complex percutaneous
					coronary interventions (PCIs) defined as use of the buddy wire technique,
					kissing balloon, necessity of high pressure balloon, pre or post-dilation and
					use of a rotablator<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref>. In contrast to the
					definition of complex PCI by St&#228;hli et al., the SS we used to define complex PCI
					has been shown in previous studies to be associated with cardiovascular
					mortality and treatment challenges<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B05">5</xref>
					<sup>,</sup>
					<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B07">7</xref>. SS incorporates a number of
					morphological features of lesions, such as CTO, bifurcation, trifurcation,
					tortuosity, heavy calcification, lesion length, aorto-ostial and diffuse
					lesions. Presence of calcification in CTO and right coronary ostial lesions was
					demonstrated by Srivatsa et al<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref> and
					Popma et al<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref>, respectively. These
					findings support our study results. Additionally, calcification of lesions adds
					two points to the scoring system. All morphologic features of lesions were
					significantly correlated with total CAC score, except for diffuse disease. An
					association between coronary calcification and endothelial dysfunction and
					impaired myocardial blood flow in patients with angiographically normal coronary
					has been previously demonstrated<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref>
					<sup>-</sup>
					<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref>
					<sup>))</sup>. Altered coronary blood flow in the presence of coronary
					calcification may affect atherosclerotic plaque progression and formation, which
					constitute the main determinants of complex CAD formation. Altered coronary
					blood flow may cause lesion formations including tortuosity, bifurcation or
					ostial lesion depending on impaired flow dynamics.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="conclusions">
        <title>Conclusion</title>
        <p>Total CAC score was independently associated with complexity of CAD assessed by
					SS. Studies have shown that SS is associated with increased cardiovascular
					mortality and treatment challenge<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B05">5</xref>
					<sup>,</sup>
					<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B07">7</xref>. Total CAC score measurement represents
					a non-invasively anatomical imaging of coronary arteries with a relatively small
					radiation exposure. Therefore, in clinical practice, total CAC score measurement
					may predict cardiovascular mortality and treatment challenge before CCA in
					symptomatic patients with accompanying significant CAD.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Limitations</title>
        <p>The study population was relatively small. Quantification of lesions was
					performed according to visual estimation. However, all angiograms were scored by
					two experienced interventional cardiologists. Analysis of our study was based on
					per-patient, rather than per-vessel levels. Therefore, CAC score per-coronary
					artery was not included in the study. Some large-scale studies, such as MESA,
					have reported that CAC was less predictive on a per-vessel than on a per patient
					level. 64-slice MDCT determines coronary calcium with a slice thickness of 3-mm,
					which may result in missing low levels of coronary calcium. However, many
					authors concluded that MDCT is equivalent to electron beam tomography for CAC
					scoring. In our study, the Agatston method was used for CAC scoring, while other
					methods such as mass score and calcium volume score were not included. However,
					many published studies have been based on the Agatston method and we continue to
					use this method in clinical practice.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Author contributions</title>
        <p>Conception and design of the research: G&#246;kdeniz T, Kalayc&#305;o&#287;lu E, Aykan A&#199;,
					Boyac&#305; F, Turan T, G&#252;l I, &#199;avu&#351;o&#287;lu G; Acquisition of data: G&#246;kdeniz T,
					Kalayc&#305;o&#287;lu E, Aykan A&#199;, Boyac&#305; F, Turan T, G&#252;l I, &#199;avu&#351;o&#287;lu G, Dursun I;
					Analysis and interpretation of the data: Aykan A&#199;, G&#252;l I; Statistical analysis:
					G&#246;kdeniz T, G&#252;l I; Writing of the manuscript: G&#246;kdeniz T, Kalayc&#305;o&#287;lu E, Aykan
					A&#199;; Critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content: Kalayc&#305;o&#287;lu
					E.</p>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <ack>
        <p>The authors wish to thank Dr &#304;brahim H. Tanbo&#287;a for his constructive comments and
					assistance to statistical analysis.</p>
      </ack>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="financial-disclosure">
          <p>
            <bold>Sources of Funding</bold>
          </p>
          <p> There were no external funding sources for this study.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>
            <bold>Study Association</bold>
          </p>
          <p> This study is not associated with any thesis or dissertation work.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
