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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">ZTfydpTHcZ3zDk775yvxHkb</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2014000100012</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="previous-pid">S0066-782X2013005000101</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">0012</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">S0066-782X2013005000101</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5935/abc.20130215</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigos Originais</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title xml:lang="pt">Espessura do tecido subcut&#226;neo como preditor independente
               de ru&#237;do em imagem de TC card&#237;aca</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Staniak</surname>
            <given-names>Henrique Lane</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Sharovsky</surname>
            <given-names>Rodolfo</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Pereira</surname>
            <given-names>Alexandre Costa</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Castro</surname>
            <given-names>Cl&#225;udio Campi de</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff03">3</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Bense&#241;or</surname>
            <given-names>Isabela M.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff03">3</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Lotufo</surname>
            <given-names>Paulo A.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff03">3</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Bittencourt</surname>
            <given-names>M&#225;rcio Sommer</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c01"/>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff01">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Hospital Universit&#225;rio</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country>Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Hospital Universit&#225;rio - Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo,
               S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff02">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country>Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas - Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo,
               S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff03">
        <label>3</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Faculdade de Medicina</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country>Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Faculdade de Medicina - Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo,
               S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01"><bold>Correspond&#234;ncia: M&#225;rcio Sommer Bittencourt</bold>, Av. Lineu Prestes 2565,
               Butant&#227;, CEP 05508-0000, S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brasil. E-mail:
                  <email>msbittencourt@mail.harvard.edu</email>
            </corresp>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p><bold>Potencial Conflito de Interesses</bold> Declaro n&#227;o haver conflito de
                  interesses pertinentes.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date pub-type="collection">
        <month>1</month>
        <year>2014</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date pub-type="epub">
        <day>01</day>
        <month>11</month>
        <year>2013</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>102</volume>
      <issue>1</issue>
      <fpage>86</fpage>
      <lpage>92</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>27</day>
          <month>03</month>
          <year>2013</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>27</day>
          <month>06</month>
          <year>2013</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>07</day>
          <month>08</month>
          <year>2013</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/">
          <license-p>This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative
                  Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License which permits unrestricted
                  non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the
                  original work is properly cited. </license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract xml:lang="pt">
        <sec>
          <title>Fundamento:</title>
          <p> H&#225; poucos dados sobre a defini&#231;&#227;o de par&#226;metros simples e robustos para predizer
                  artefato de imagem em tomografia computadorizada (TC) card&#237;aca. </p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objetivos:</title>
          <p> Avaliar o valor da simples medida da espessura do tecido subcut&#226;neo (espessura
                  pele-esterno) como preditor de artefato de imagem em TC card&#237;aca. </p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>M&#233;todos:</title>
          <p> O estudo avaliou 86 pacientes submetidos a angiotomografia computadorizada
                  card&#237;aca (ATCC) com sincroniza&#231;&#227;o prospectiva com ECG e avalia&#231;&#227;o de escore de
                  c&#225;lcio coron&#225;rio com 120 kV e 150 mA. A qualidade da imagem foi medida
                  objetivamente pelo artefato de imagem na aorta em ATCC, sendo 'artefato baixo'
                  definido como aquele &lt; 30 UH. Os di&#226;metros tor&#225;cicos anteroposterior e
                  laterolateral, o artefato de imagem na aorta e a espessura pele-esterno foram
                  medidos como preditores de artefato em ATCC. A associa&#231;&#227;o de preditores e artefato
                  de imagem foi avaliada usando-se correla&#231;&#227;o de Pearson. </p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Resultados:</title>
          <p> A dose m&#233;dia de radia&#231;&#227;o foi 3,5 &#177; 1,5 mSv. O artefato de imagem m&#233;dio na ATCC
                  foi de 36,3 &#177; 8,5 UH, sendo o artefato de imagem m&#233;diona fase sem contraste do
                  exame de 17,7 &#177; 4,4 UH. Todos os preditores foram independentemente associados com
                  artefato em ATCC. Os melhores preditores foram espessura pele-esterno, com
                  correla&#231;&#227;o de 0,70 (p &lt; 0,001), e artefato de imagem na fases em contraste,com
                  correla&#231;&#227;o de 0,73 (p &lt; 0,001). Ao avaliar a habilidade de predizer artefato de
                  imagem baixo, as &#225;reas sob a curva ROC para o artefato de imagem na fases em
                  contraste e para a espessura pele-esterno foram 0,837e 0,864, respectivamente.
               </p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclus&#227;o: </title>
          <p>Tanto espessura pele-esterno quanto artefato de escore de c&#225;lcio s&#227;o preditores
                  simples e precisos de artefato de imagem em ATCC. Tais par&#226;metros podem ser
                  incorporados aos protocolos de TC padr&#227;o para ajustar adequadamente a exposi&#231;&#227;o &#224;
                  radia&#231;&#227;o.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <kwd>Esterno / efeitos de radia&#231;&#227;o</kwd>
        <kwd>Les&#245;es por radia&#231;&#245;es</kwd>
        <kwd>Tomografia computadorizada</kwd>
        <kwd>Artefatos</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <counts>
        <fig-count count="3"/>
        <table-count count="2"/>
        <equation-count count="0"/>
        <ref-count count="23"/>
        <page-count count="7"/>
      </counts>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
      <p>A angiotomografia computadorizada card&#237;aca (ATCC) &#233; uma ferramenta &#250;til e segura para
            avaliar as art&#233;rias coron&#225;rias e a estrutura card&#237;aca<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B01">1</xref>. Embora a ATCC seja segura, o uso de radia&#231;&#227;o representa um pequeno
               risco<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B02">2</xref>, o que vem causando preocupa&#231;&#227;o, devido
            ao n&#250;mero crescente de exames m&#233;dicos envolvendo radia&#231;&#227;o<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B03">3</xref>. Ap&#243;s exposi&#231;&#227;o &#224; radia&#231;&#227;o, pacientes jovens e mulheres apresentam maior
            risco de complica&#231;&#245;es em longo prazo<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B04">4</xref>.</p>
      <p>A redu&#231;&#227;o da exposi&#231;&#227;o &#224; radia&#231;&#227;o tem sido o objetivo de muitos avan&#231;os recentes em
            ATCC, como o uso de modula&#231;&#227;o da corrente do tubo<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B05">5</xref>, ATCC com sincroniza&#231;&#227;o prospectiva com ECG<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B06">6</xref> e novos modos de aquisi&#231;&#227;o<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B07">7</xref>, assim
            como o ajuste de KV e mA usados durante a aquisi&#231;&#227;o da imagem<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B05">5</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B08">8</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B09">9</xref>. Al&#233;m disso, estudos
            mostraram que a combina&#231;&#227;o de v&#225;rias t&#233;cnicas<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref> e
            a exposi&#231;&#227;o estimada com base em c&#225;lculos complexos s&#227;o &#250;teis para otimizar a exposi&#231;&#227;o
            &#224; radia&#231;&#227;o<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref>. Mais recentemente, o uso de
            t&#233;cnicas de reconstru&#231;&#227;o iterativas tem sido proposto para uma poss&#237;vel economia da dose
            de radia&#231;&#227;o<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref>.</p>
      <p>Embora eficiente, o uso inadequado ou excessivo de tais t&#233;cnicas pode afetar a qualidade
            da imagem, resultando em <italic>scans</italic> limitados ou inadequados. O principal
            efeito adverso de reduzir a dose de radia&#231;&#227;o &#233; o aumento do artefato de imagem causado
            pela diminui&#231;&#227;o do n&#250;mero de f&#243;tons que atingem os detectores<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B03">3</xref>.</p>
      <p>A principal causa de aumento de artefato na ATCC &#233; a presen&#231;a das estruturas
            extracard&#237;acas interpostas. Portanto, muitos protocolos baseiam-se em medidas associadas
            &#224; constitui&#231;&#227;o corporal dos pacientes, como &#237;ndice de massa corporal (IMC)<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref>, circunfer&#234;ncia tor&#225;cica<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref> e di&#226;metro tor&#225;cico<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref>,
            para o ajuste dos par&#226;metros de radia&#231;&#227;o. Atualmente as diretrizes recomendam o uso dos
            di&#226;mentro anteroposterior (AP) e latero-lateral para a estimativa da dose de
               radia&#231;&#227;o<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref>, embora tal estrat&#233;gia n&#227;o tenha
            ainda sido validada ou comparada a outras t&#233;cnicas.</p>
      <p>Este estudo teve por objetivo avaliar a associa&#231;&#227;o de IMC e dos di&#226;metros tor&#225;cicos AP e
            laterolateral com a quantidade de artefato em imagens de ATCC. Al&#233;m disso, levantou-se a
            hip&#243;tese de que a medida da espessura do tecido subcut&#226;neo ao n&#237;vel do esterno e o
            artefato em imagens sem contrastes se correlacionaram melhor com o artefato de
            imagem.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="methods">
      <title>M&#233;todos</title>
      <p>O estudo arrolou 86 pacientes consecutivos submetidos a ATCC com sincroniza&#231;&#227;o
            prospectiva com ECG e avalia&#231;&#227;o do escore de c&#225;lcio com o mesmo potencial de tubo e
            corrente de tubo, seguindo-se o mesmo protocolo de inje&#231;&#227;o. Todas as ATCCs coron&#225;rias
            foram realizadas para avaliar doen&#231;a arterial coron&#225;ria conhecida ou suspeita. Este
            estudo foi aprovado pela comiss&#227;o de &#233;tica local institucional e todos os participantes
            assinaram o termo de consentimento livre e informado. As caracter&#237;sticas dos pacientes e
            suas informa&#231;&#245;es cl&#237;nicas foram coletadas prospectivamente como parte de um banco de
            dados institucional.</p>
      <p>Todos os pacientes com frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca acima de 60 bpm receberam betabloqueadores
            orais antes da aquisi&#231;&#227;o de imagem. As ATCC foram realizadas com 64 canais
            multidetectores (Brilliance 64, Philips Healthcare, Best, Holanda). As imagens da fase
            sem contraste foram adquiridas com 120 kV e 30 mA. Depois, todos os pacientes foram
            tamb&#233;m submetidos &#224; avalia&#231;&#227;o do escore de c&#225;lcio com potencial de tubo de 120 kV e
            corrente de tubo de 55 mA. A ATCC com realce por contraste foi realizada com colima&#231;&#227;o
            de 64 x 0,625 mm, tempo de rota&#231;&#227;o do <italic>gantry</italic> de 400 milissegundos, com
            corrente de tubo de 150 mA e potencial de tubo de120 kV. A espessura do corte foi de 0,8
            mm e o incremento de 0,4 mm. O contraste iodado (100 ml - Ultravist 370, Bayer,
            Alemanha) foi injetado com dupla cabe&#231;a (Medrad Inc., EUA) a uma velocidade de 6
            ml/segundo, e seguido por inje&#231;&#227;o de 60 ml de solu&#231;&#227;o salina na mesma velocidade,
            usando-se um calibre de 18 na veia antecubital. Monitoramento autom&#225;tico de
               <italic>bolus</italic> foi realizado com delimita&#231;&#227;o de uma regi&#227;o circular de
            interesse na aorta descendente, sendo a aquisi&#231;&#227;o disparada quando o valor m&#233;dio da
            atenua&#231;&#227;o naquela regi&#227;o atingisse 150 unidades Hounsfield (UH). Imagem obtida a 75%
            intervalo R-R foi usada para reconstru&#231;&#227;o de imagem e an&#225;lise das coron&#225;rias. As imagens
            foram reconstru&#237;das usando-se proje&#231;&#227;o retr&#243;grada filtrada e <italic>kernel</italic>
            padr&#227;o.</p>
      <p>Fatores relacionados &#224;s caracter&#237;sticas do paciente e aos protocolos de inje&#231;&#227;o que
            afetam o contraste da aorta foram considerados. O estudo arrolou pacientes com
            frequ&#234;ncias card&#237;acas semelhantes, variando de 50 bpm a 60 bpm, sem hist&#243;ria de
            insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca. O mesmo protocolo de inje&#231;&#227;o foi usado para toda a amostra, com
            total de 100 ml de contraste iodado a 6 ml/segundo, seguido de 60 ml de solu&#231;&#227;o salina
            na mesma velocidade, usando-se calibre 18 na veia antecubital. O artefato de imagem na
            tomografia computadorizada (TC) foi definido como o desvio padr&#227;o medido com a regi&#227;o de
            interesse de 1 cm<sup>2</sup> na aorta ascendente (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01">Figura1A</xref>). O di&#226;metro AP do t&#243;rax foi medido na imagem transversal axial
            digital do t&#243;rax com uma linha passando pelo meio do cora&#231;&#227;o (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01">Figura 1B</xref>). A espessura pele-esterno foi a medida da pele ao esterno
            no n&#237;vel intermam&#225;rio m&#233;dio (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01">Figura 1C</xref>), e o
            di&#226;metro laterolateral do t&#243;rax foi tomado no topograma de pele a pele ao n&#237;vel do
            hemidiafragma esquerdo (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01">Figura 1D</xref>). O artefato de
            imagem na aorta foi medido como unidades de desvio padr&#227;o em regi&#227;o de interesse de 1
               cm<sup>2</sup> no escore de c&#225;lcio prospectivo, usando-se um potencial de tubo fixo
            de 120 kV e corrente tubo de 55 mA (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01">Figura 1E</xref>). O
            IMC foi calculado como o peso em quilogramas dividido pelo quadrado da altura em
            metros.</p>
      <fig id="f01" fig-type="other">
        <label>Figura 1</label>
        <caption>
          <title>A) Medida do artefato da aorta, com regi&#227;o de interesse de 1cm<sup>2</sup> na
                  aorta ascendente. B) Medida do di&#226;metro anteroposterior do t&#243;rax. C) Medida da
                  espessura pele-esterno. D) Medida do di&#226;metro laterolateral do t&#243;rax. E) Medida do
                  artefato do escore de c&#225;lcio.</title>
        </caption>
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-102-01-0086-30215-gf01.jpg"/></fig>
    </sec>
    <sec>
      <title>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</title>
      <p>Todas as vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas foram avaliadas quanto &#224; normalidade e apresentadas como
            m&#233;dia &#177; desvio padr&#227;o quando significativos desvios da normalidade n&#227;o foram detectados.
            As vari&#225;veis categ&#243;ricas foram apresentadas em valores absolutos e frequ&#234;ncias relativas
            (%). A rela&#231;&#227;o entre artefato de imagem na TC card&#237;aca e IMC, di&#226;metro AP do t&#243;rax,
            espessura pele-esterno, di&#226;metro laterolateral do t&#243;rax e artefato da aorta na imagem do
            escore de c&#225;lcio foi avaliada usando-se a correla&#231;&#227;o de Pearson e regress&#227;o linear. Para
            comparar as correla&#231;&#245;es de Pearson, utilizou-se a aproxima&#231;&#227;o de Fisher. Modelos de
            regress&#227;o linear multivariada foram constru&#237;dos para identificar a melhor combina&#231;&#227;o de
            preditores para estimar o artefato de ATCC. Para definir o melhor modelo de predi&#231;&#227;o, o
            mais baixo valor de R<sup>2</sup> ajustado foi usado. Al&#233;m disso, o artefato de imagem
            foi dicotomizada como'artefato baixo', quando o DP &lt; 30 UH, e'artefato alto', quando
            o DP &gt; 30, como em relatos anteriores<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref>. A an&#225;lise da curva
               <italic>receiver-operating characteristic</italic> (ROC) para predizer imagens de
            'artefato baixo' foi realizada para cada preditor. Um valor de p inferior a 0,05 foi
            considerado significativo. Aplicou-se o ajuste de Bonferroni para m&#250;ltiplas compara&#231;&#245;es.
            O programa Stata, vers&#227;o 12 (Stata Corp), foi usado para todas as an&#225;lises e
            estat&#237;sticas.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="results">
      <title>Resultados</title>
      <p>A <xref ref-type="table" rid="t01">Tabela 1</xref> apresenta as caracter&#237;sticas dos
            pacientes. A dose m&#233;dia total de radia&#231;&#227;o, incluindo ATCC e escore de c&#225;lcio, foi de 3,5
            &#177; 1,5 mSv. O artefato de imagem m&#233;dio na TC foi de 36,3 &#177; 8,5UH, sendo o artefato de
            imagem m&#233;dio no <italic>scan</italic>s em contraste de 17,7 &#177; 4,4 UH.</p>
      <table-wrap id="t01">
        <label>Tabela 1</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Caracter&#237;sticas basais da popula&#231;&#227;o estudada</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="rows">
          <thead>
            <tr>
              <th> </th>
              <th>
                <bold>Homens</bold>
              </th>
              <th>
                <bold>Mulheres</bold>
              </th>
              <th>
                <bold>Total</bold>
              </th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody>
            <tr>
              <td>N</td>
              <td align="center">41</td>
              <td align="center">45</td>
              <td align="center"> </td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Idade (anos)</td>
              <td align="center">59,6 &#177; 7,1</td>
              <td align="center">60,7 &#177; 7,8</td>
              <td align="center">59,8 &#177; 7,5</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>IMC (kg/m<sup>2</sup>)</td>
              <td align="center">25,6 &#177; 3,5</td>
              <td align="center">28,3 &#177; 4,1</td>
              <td align="center">26,9 &#177; 3,9</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Di&#226;metro AP (mm)</td>
              <td align="center">290 &#177; 30</td>
              <td align="center">289 &#177; 22</td>
              <td align="center">289 &#177; 27</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Di&#226;metro LL (mm)</td>
              <td align="center">376 &#177; 34</td>
              <td align="center">370 &#177; 38</td>
              <td align="center">373 &#177; 36</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Artefato de EC (UH)</td>
              <td align="center">16,2 &#177; 3,4</td>
              <td align="center">19,4 &#177; 4,8</td>
              <td align="center">17,6 &#177; 4,4</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>SS (mm)</td>
              <td align="center">10,8 &#177; 4,1</td>
              <td align="center">20,1 &#177; 6,9</td>
              <td align="center">15,2 &#177; 7,3</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Artefato ATCC (UH)</td>
              <td align="center">32,0 &#177; 5,3</td>
              <td align="center">41,1 &#177; 8,9</td>
              <td align="center">36,2 &#177; 8,4</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Baixo artefato (&lt; 30 UH) (%)</td>
              <td align="center">3 (7%)</td>
              <td align="center">20 (44%)</td>
              <td align="center">26 (27%)</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
        <table-wrap-foot>
          <fn>
            <p>IMC: &#237;ndice de massa corporal; AP: anteroposterior; LL: laterolateral; EC:
                     escore de c&#225;lcio; SS: espessura pele-esterno; ATCC: angiotomografia
                     computadorizada card&#237;aca; UH: unidades Hounsfield.</p>
          </fn>
        </table-wrap-foot>
      </table-wrap>
      <p>Todos os par&#226;metros individuais mostraram-se significativamente associados com o
            artefato na ATCC. A <xref ref-type="table" rid="t02">Tabela 2</xref> apresenta os
            valores de correla&#231;&#227;o de Pearson, e a <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02">Figura 2</xref>
            mostra a matriz de correla&#231;&#227;o. Na compara&#231;&#227;o por pares, o artefato de imagem do escore
            de c&#225;lcio, o IMC e a espessura pele-esterno apresentam correla&#231;&#227;o mais significativa com
            o artefato de ATCC do que qualquer dos di&#226;metros do t&#243;rax (p &lt; 0,001 para todas as
            compara&#231;&#245;es). A correla&#231;&#227;o do artefato do escore de c&#225;lcio com o desfecho mostrou
            tend&#234;ncia a ser mais significativa do que o IMC (p = 0,05), enquanto que as correla&#231;&#245;es
            de artefato do escore de c&#225;lcio e espessura pele-esterno (p = 0,16), assim como de
            espessura pele-esterno e IMC (p = 0,13), n&#227;o diferiram significativamente. Na an&#225;lise
            multivariada, o melhor modelo preditivo incluiu a associa&#231;&#227;o de artefato do escore de
            c&#225;lcio e espessura pele-esterno, com R<sup>2</sup> ajustado de 0,61 (p &lt; 0,0001).</p>
      <table-wrap id="t02">
        <label>Tabela 2</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Correla&#231;&#227;o de Pearson de preditores e artefato de imagem na angiotomografia
                  computadorizada card&#237;aca</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="rows">
          <thead>
            <tr>
              <th align="left">
                <bold>Par&#226;metros</bold>
              </th>
              <th>
                <bold>Correla&#231;&#227;o de Pearson</bold>
              </th>
              <th>
                <bold>valor de p</bold>
              </th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody>
            <tr>
              <td>IMC</td>
              <td align="center">0,61</td>
              <td align="center">&lt; 0,0001</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Di&#226;metro AP</td>
              <td align="center">0,23</td>
              <td align="center">0,46</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Di&#226;metro LL</td>
              <td align="center">0,31</td>
              <td align="center">0,042</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Artefato de EC</td>
              <td align="center">0,73</td>
              <td align="center">&lt; 0,0001</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>SS</td>
              <td align="center">0,70</td>
              <td align="center">&lt; 0,0001</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
        <table-wrap-foot>
          <fn>
            <p>IMC: &#237;ndice de massa corporal; AP: anteroposterior; LL: laterolateral; EC:
                     escore de c&#225;lcio; SS: espessura pele-esterno</p>
          </fn>
        </table-wrap-foot>
      </table-wrap>
      <fig id="f02" fig-type="other">
        <label>Figura 2</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Gr&#225;ficos de dispers&#227;o de cada um dos preditores versus artefato de
                  angiotomografia computadorizada card&#237;aca, incluindo as retas de regress&#227;o. A)
                  di&#226;metro anteroposterior (AP) do t&#243;rax; B) di&#226;metro laterolateral do t&#243;rax; C)
                  &#237;ndice de massa corporal (IMC); D) artefato de escore de c&#225;lcio; E) espessura
                  pele-esterno.</title>
        </caption>
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-102-01-0086-30215-gf02.jpg"/></fig>
      <p>De maneira semelhante, o melhor preditor independente de 'baixo artefato' foi a
            espessura pele-esterno, com &#225;rea sob a curva ROC (AUC) de 0,86 [intervalo de confian&#231;a
            (IC) 95%: 0,79 - 0,94] (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f03">Figura 3</xref>), seguida de
            artefato de escore de c&#225;lcio (AUC de 0,84; IC 95%: 0,75 - 0,93), IMC (AUC de 0,80; IC
            95%: 0,69 - 0,91), di&#226;metro AP do t&#243;rax (AUC de 0,62; IC 95%: 0,49 - 0,75), e di&#226;metro
            laterolateral do t&#243;rax (AUC de 0,59; IC 95%: 0,47 - 0,73) (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02">Figura 2</xref>).</p>
      <fig id="f03" fig-type="other">
        <label>Figura 3</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Curvas receiver operating characteristic (ROC) para cada preditor para estimar
                  &#8216;baixo artefato&#8217; em angiotomografia computadorizada card&#237;aca. A &#225;rea sob a curva
                  ROC &#233; apresentada na legenda para cada par&#226;metro. DAP: Di&#226;metro anteroposterior do
                  t&#243;rax; DLL: Di&#226;metro laterolateraldo t&#243;rax; IMC: &#237;ndice de massa corporal; EC:
                  escore de c&#225;lcio; SS: espessura pele-esterno.</title>
        </caption>
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-102-01-0086-30215-gf03.jpg"/></fig>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="discussion">
      <title>Discuss&#227;o</title>
      <p>O presente estudo avaliou dois novos par&#226;metros (artefato do escore de c&#225;lcio estimado e
            espessura pele-esterno) para melhor predizer o artefato de imagem na ATCC com realce por
            contraste <italic>versus</italic> os par&#226;metros atualmente recomendados de di&#226;metros
            tor&#225;cicos, embora os resultados das novas medidas em compara&#231;&#227;o ao IMC n&#227;o tenham
            atingido signific&#226;ncia estat&#237;stica. Nosso estudo demonstrou que ambos os par&#226;metros s&#227;o
            melhores preditores de artefato de imagem do que as medidas de di&#226;metro tor&#225;cico
            atualmente recomendadas. Al&#233;m disso, os dois par&#226;metros melhoraram a predi&#231;&#227;o de
            artefato de imagem quando associados com o atual melhor preditor (IMC). Por fim, eles
            tamb&#233;m apresentaram o melhor desempenho para discriminar ATCCs com 'baixo artefato',
            definido como um DP &lt; 30 UH.</p>
      <p>Embora o melhor modelo inclua os dois par&#226;metros, o aumento no R<sup>2</sup> ao se
            combinar esses dois par&#226;metros &#233; pequeno, e acreditamos que um modelo mais parcimonioso
            incluindo apenas uma das duas vari&#225;veis ou IMC em um modelo univariado seria mais
            adequado para os ajustes de exposi&#231;&#227;o rotineira &#224; radia&#231;&#227;o.</p>
      <p>A identifica&#231;&#227;o de um &#250;nico par&#226;metro como melhor preditor de artefato de imagem tem
            sido o objetivo de publica&#231;&#245;es recentes<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref>. Tais estudos enfocaram a medida do tecido
            subcut&#226;neo como preditor de artefato de imagem. Gao e cols.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref> usaram uma medida de atenua&#231;&#227;o de raio X de t&#243;rax para as imagens
            da fase sem contraste de pacientes submetidos a ATCC. Seus dados sugerem que tal medida
            seja melhor preditor de artefato de imagem de ATCC do que IMC ou peso. No estudo de
            Schuhbaeck e cols.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref> utilizou-se uma medida mais
            avan&#231;ada de toda a parede tor&#225;cica ao n&#237;vel da raiz da aorta, tendo os autores conclu&#237;do
            ser tal medida significativamente melhor do que os outros preditores, incluindo IMC. Por
            fim, Ghoshhajra e cols.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref> mediram a &#225;rea tor&#225;cica
            para os mesmos prop&#243;sitos. A principal limita&#231;&#227;o de tais estudos foi a inclus&#227;o de
            diferentes protocolos de aquisi&#231;&#227;o com diferentes exposi&#231;&#245;es &#224; radia&#231;&#227;o. Como esses
            par&#226;metros foram definidos tendo por base as caracter&#237;sticas dos pacientes, os dois
            estudos devem ter superestimado a associa&#231;&#227;o das medidas com o artefato final da
            ATCC.</p>
      <p>Nosso estudo restringiu a an&#225;lise a pacientes semelhantes submetidos ao mesmo protocolo
            de aquisi&#231;&#227;o (mesmos kV, mA, taxa de contraste e modo de aquisi&#231;&#227;o). Na nossa amostra,
            houve exclus&#227;o dos pacientes com insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca, sendo a aquisi&#231;&#227;o de imagem
            realizada com uma frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca semelhante (varia&#231;&#227;o, 50-60 bpm), ajustando-se os
            fatores que poderiam afetar o realce por contraste da aorta. A principal raz&#227;o para essa
            escolha &#233; que kV, mA e modo de aquisi&#231;&#227;o s&#227;o, em geral,escolhidos com base no peso, IMC
            e frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca dos pacientes. Com tal restri&#231;&#227;o, evitamos a associa&#231;&#227;o esp&#250;ria
            entre preditores e desfecho, devido ao vi&#233;s de indica&#231;&#227;o de selecionar os par&#226;metros
            mais apropriados antes da aquisi&#231;&#227;o de imagem com base nas caracter&#237;sticas dos
            pacientes.</p>
      <p>Estudos pr&#233;vios demonstraram que par&#226;metros baseados na imagem s&#227;o mais precisos do que
            outras caracter&#237;sticas dos pacientes, como IMC. Nosso estudo tamb&#233;m mostrou que a
            espessura pele-esterno e a medida direta do artefato em imagens sem contraste corroboram
            esses dados anteriores. Essas medidas simples levam menos de um minuto para serem
            realizadas como parte de um fluxo de aquisi&#231;&#227;o de ATCC usual sem radia&#231;&#227;o ou custo
            adicional.</p>
      <p>Como demonstrado por Ghoshhajra e cols.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref>, esses
            tipos de medidas levam a melhor uso da radia&#231;&#227;o. N&#227;o apenas ocorre redu&#231;&#227;o da exposi&#231;&#227;o
            &#224; radia&#231;&#227;o na maioria dos casos, mas medidas precisas podem levar ao uso de doses
            maiores em certos casos, o que deveria ser o objetivo do exame de imagem card&#237;aca<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref>.</p>
      <p>Entre as v&#225;rias t&#233;cnicas de redu&#231;&#227;o de radia&#231;&#227;o, a introdu&#231;&#227;o recente da sele&#231;&#227;o do
            potencial de tubo com base em atenua&#231;&#227;o automatizada permitiu uma redu&#231;&#227;o de 25% na
            exposi&#231;&#227;o &#224; radia&#231;&#227;o<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref>. Esse m&#233;todo &#233; usado em
            atenua&#231;&#227;o de imagem como parte de um algoritmo autom&#225;tico para definir exposi&#231;&#227;o &#224;
            radia&#231;&#227;o. A espessura pele-esterno pode ser vista como uma vers&#227;o simplificada do
            conceito de atenua&#231;&#227;o tor&#225;cica como preditor de artefato de imagem. No entanto,
            informa&#231;&#227;o adicional se faz necess&#225;ria para definir os ajustes apropriados em mA e kV
            das medidas atuais.</p>
      <p>Nosso estudo, entretanto, deve ser considerado no contexto de seu desenho. Em primeiro
            lugar, a fim de permitir uma correla&#231;&#227;o precisa entre as medidas dos pacientes e a
            estimativa de artefato, apenas um protocolo fixo foi usado. Consequentemente, a
            defini&#231;&#227;o de ajustes adequados de mA e kV dessas medidas n&#227;o pode ser avaliada nos dados
            atuais. Em segundo lugar, ainda que simples, tais medidas acrescentam um passo na
            aquisi&#231;&#227;o de imagem. Em terceiro, isso s&#243; pode ser usado em pacientes submetidos a um
            exame em contraste antes da TC card&#237;aca. Em casos em que n&#227;o se realiza o exame sem
            contraste, o artefato sem contraste n&#227;o pode ser calculado, mas a espessura pele-esterno
            ainda pode ser medida nas imagens da fase com contraste.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="conclusions">
      <title>Conclus&#227;o</title>
      <p>Tanto a espessura pele-esterno quanto o artefato do escore de c&#225;lcio s&#227;o preditores
            simples e precisos de artefato de imagem de ATCC. Tais par&#226;metros podem ser incorporados
            a protocolos de TC padr&#227;o para adequadamente ajustar a exposi&#231;&#227;o &#224; radia&#231;&#227;o.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec>
      <title>Contribui&#231;&#227;o dos autores</title>
      <p>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa: Staniak HL, Sharovsky R, Bensenor I, Lotufo PA,
            Bittencourt MS; Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados: Staniak HL, Sharovsky R, Bittencourt MS; An&#225;lise e
            interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados: Staniak HL, Sharovsky R, Pereira AC, Bittencourt MS; An&#225;lise
            estat&#237;stica: Staniak HL, Sharovsky R, Pereira AC, Bensenor I, Lotufo PA, Bittencourt MS;
            Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito: Staniak HL, Bittencourt MS; Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto
            ao conte&#250;do intelectual: Staniak HL, Sharovsky R, Pereira AC, Castro CC, Bensenor I,
            Lotufo PA, Bittencourt MS.</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
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              <surname>Vance</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
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          <article-title xml:lang="en">Patient radiation doses from adult and pediatric
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          <source>AJR Am J Roentgenol</source>
          <year>2007</year>
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          <issue>2</issue>
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              <surname>Goetti</surname>
              <given-names>R</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Baumueller</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
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              <surname>Karlo</surname>
              <given-names>C</given-names>
            </name>
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              <surname>Schmidt</surname>
              <given-names>B</given-names>
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    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p><bold>Vincula&#231;&#227;o Acad&#234;mica</bold> N&#227;o h&#225; vincula&#231;&#227;o deste estudo a programas de
               p&#243;s-gradua&#231;&#227;o.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="financial-disclosure">
        <p><bold>Fontes de Financiamento</bold> O presente estudo n&#227;o teve fontes de
               financiamento externas.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
  </back>
  <sub-article id="SA1" article-type="translation" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Articles</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title xml:lang="en">Subcutaneous Tissue Thickness is an Independent Predictor
               of Image Noise in Cardiac CT</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Staniak</surname>
            <given-names>Henrique Lane</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff04">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Sharovsky</surname>
            <given-names>Rodolfo</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff04">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Pereira</surname>
            <given-names>Alexandre Costa</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff05">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Castro</surname>
            <given-names>Cl&#225;udio Campi de</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff04">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff06">3</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Bense&#241;or</surname>
            <given-names>Isabela M.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff04">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff06">3</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Lotufo</surname>
            <given-names>Paulo A.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff04">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff06">3</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Bittencourt</surname>
            <given-names>M&#225;rcio Sommer</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff04">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c02"/>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff04">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Hospital Universit&#225;rio</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country>Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Hospital Universit&#225;rio - Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo,
               S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff05">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country>Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas - Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo,
               S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff06">
        <label>3</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Faculdade de Medicina</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country>Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Faculdade de Medicina - Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo,
               S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c02"><bold>Mailing Address: M&#225;rcio Sommer Bittencourt,</bold> Av. Lineu Prestes 2565,
               Butant&#227;. Postal Code 05508-0000, S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brazil. E-mail:
                  <email>msbittencourt@mail.harvard.edu</email>
            </corresp>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p><bold>Potential Conflict of Interest</bold> No potential conflict of interest
                  relevant to this article was reported.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <abstract xml:lang="en">
        <sec>
          <title>Background:</title>
          <p> Few data on the definition of simple robust parameters to predict image noise in
                  cardiac computed tomography (CT) exist. </p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objectives:</title>
          <p> To evaluate the value of a simple measure of subcutaneous tissue as a predictor
                  of image noise in cardiac CT. </p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Methods:</title>
          <p> 86 patients underwent prospective ECG-gated coronary computed tomographic
                  angiography (CTA) and coronary calcium scoring (CAC) with 120 kV and 150 mA. The
                  image quality was objectively measured by the image noise in the aorta in the
                  cardiac CTA, and low noise was defined as noise &lt; 30HU. The chest
                  anteroposterior diameter and lateral width, the image noise in the aorta and the
                  skin-sternum (SS) thickness were measured as predictors of cardiac CTA noise. The
                  association of the predictors and image noise was performed by using Pearson
                  correlation. </p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Results:</title>
          <p> The mean radiation dose was 3.5 &#177; 1.5 mSv. The mean image noise in CT was 36.3 &#177;
                  8.5 HU, and the mean image noise in non-contrast scan was 17.7 &#177; 4.4 HU. All
                  predictors were independently associated with cardiac CTA noise. The best
                  predictors were SS thickness, with a correlation of 0.70 (p &lt; 0.001), and noise
                  in the non-contrast images, with a correlation of 0.73 (p &lt; 0.001). When
                  evaluating the ability to predict low image noise, the areas under the ROC curve
                  for the non-contrast noise and for the SS thickness were 0.837 and 0.864,
                  respectively. </p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclusion:</title>
          <p> Both SS thickness and CAC noise are simple accurate predictors of cardiac CTA
                  image noise. Those parameters can be incorporated in standard CT protocols to
                  adequately adjust radiation exposure.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>Sternum / radiation effects</kwd>
        <kwd>Radiation injuries</kwd>
        <kwd>Computed tomography</kwd>
        <kwd>Artifacts</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <counts>
        <fig-count count="3"/>
        <table-count count="2"/>
        <equation-count count="0"/>
        <ref-count count="23"/>
        <page-count count="7"/>
      </counts>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>Introduction</title>
        <p>Cardiac computed tomographic angiography (CTA) is a useful and accurate tool to
               evaluate the coronary arteries and cardiac structure<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B01">1</xref>. Although cardiac CTA is safe, the use of radiation poses a small
                  risk<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B02">2</xref>, which has raised concerns, because
               of the increasing number of medical tests using radiation<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B03">3</xref>. In particular, younger patients and women are at a
               particularly higher risk of long-term complications following radiation exposure<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B04">4</xref>.</p>
        <p>The reduction in radiation exposure has been the aim of many recent advances in
               cardiac CTA, including the use of tube current modulation<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B05">5</xref>, prospectively ECG-triggered axial scan<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B06">6</xref> and newer acquisition modes<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B07">7</xref>, as well as the adequate adjustment of the kV and mA used during image
                  acquisition<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B05">5</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B08">8</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B09">9</xref>. Additionally, studies have shown that the combination of several
                  techniques<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref> and exposure estimation based
               on complex calculations are also helpful in optimizing radiation exposure<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref>. More recently, the use of iterative
               reconstruction techniques have also been proposed as a potential dose sparing
                  technique<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref>. </p>
        <p>Although effective, the inadequate or excessive use of those techniques may affect
               image quality and result in limited or inadequate scans. The main adverse effect of
               lowering the radiation dose is the image noise increase caused by a reduction in the
               number of photons that reach the detectors<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B03">3</xref>.</p>
        <p>The main cause of increased noise in cardiac CTA is the interposed extracardiac
               structures. Therefore, many protocols rely on measures associated with the patient's
               body constitution, e. g. body mass index (BMI)<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref>, patient's chest circumference<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref>
               and diameter<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref> to adjust the radiation
               parameters. Guidelines currently recommend the use of chest anteroposterior (AP)
               diameter or chest lateral width to estimate the radiation dose<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref>, although this strategy has not yet been validated or compared
               to other techniques.</p>
        <p>Thus, in this study we aimed at objectively evaluating the association of BMI, chest
               AP diameter, and chest lateral width with the amount of noise in cardiac CTA images.
               Additionally, we hypothesized that the subcutaneous tissue measurement at the level
               of the sternum and the noise in non-contrast images would better correlate with image
               noise. </p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="methods">
        <title>Methods</title>
        <p>We enrolled 86 consecutive patients who underwent prospective ECG-gated cardiac CTA
               and calcium scoring with the same tube potential and tube current following the same
               injection protocol. All coronary cardiac CTAs were performed to evaluate known or
               suspected coronary artery disease. The study was approved by the local institutional
               ethics committee, and all participants signed the written informed consent. Data on
               patient characteristics and clinical information were collected prospectively as part
               of an institutional database.</p>
        <p>All patients with a heart rate above 60 bpm received oral beta-blockers prior to
               image acquisition. Cardiac CTA scans were performed in a 64 row multi-slice scanner
               (Brilliance 64, Philips Healthcare, Best, Netherlands). The scout images were
               acquired with 120 kV and 30 mA. After the scout images, all patients also underwent a
               prospectively ECG-gated calcium scoring with a tube potential of 120 kV and a tube
               current of 55 mA. The contrast-enhanced cardiac CTA was performed with a collimation
               of 64 x 0.625 mm, gantry rotation time of 400 milliseconds with tube current of 150
               mA and tube potential of 120 kV. The slice thickness was selected as 0.8 mm,
               increment of 0.4 mm, using 100 ml of iodine contrast (Ultravist 370, Bayer, Germany)
               injected with a dual head injector (Medrad Inc., U.S.A.) at a rate of 6 ml/seconds
               followed by 60 ml of saline at the same rate, using a 18 gauge in the antecubital
               vein. Automated bolus tracking was used by placing a circular region of interest in
               the descending aorta and acquisition was triggered when the average attenuation value
               in the region of interest reached 150 Hounsfield Unit (HU). The 75% R-R interval
               image was used for image reconstruction and coronary analysis. Images were
               reconstructed using standard filtered back projection and a standard kernel.</p>
        <p>Factors related to patient characteristics and injection protocols that affect the
               aorta contrast were considered. We enrolled patients with similar heart rate, varying
               from 50-60 bpm, with no history of heart failure and we used the same injection
               protocol for the whole sample, with a total of 100 ml iodine contrast at 6 ml/s,
               followed by 60 ml of saline solution at 6 ml/s, using an 18 gauge in the antecubital
               vein. The image noise in computed tomography (CT) was defined as the standard
               deviation measured with a region of interest of 1 cm<sup>2</sup> in the ascending
               aorta (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f04">Figure 1A</xref>). The chest AP diameter was
               measured on the chest digital axial cross-section image with a line passing through
               the middle of the heart (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f04">Figure 1B</xref>), the
               skin-sternum (SS) thickness was measured from the skin to the sternum in the middle
               intermammary level (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f04">Figure 1C</xref>), and the chest
               lateral width was measured on the topogram from skin to skin at the level of the left
               hemidiaphragm (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f04">Figure 1D</xref>). The image noise
               calculation in the aorta was also measured as standard deviation units, with a region
               of interest of 1 cm<sup>2</sup> in the prospective calcium score using a fixed tube
               potential of 120 kV and a tube current of 55 mA (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f04">Figure 1E</xref>). The BMI was calculated as the weight in kilograms divided by
               the squared height in meters.</p>
        <fig id="f04" fig-type="other">
          <label>Figure 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>A) Aorta noise measurement with an 1-cm<sup>2</sup> region of interest in
                     the ascending aorta. B) Chest anteroposterior diameter measurement. C)
                     Skin-sternum thickness measurement. D) Chest lateral width measurement. E)
                     Calcium score noise measurement.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-102-01-0086-30215-gf01-en.jpg"/></fig>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Statistical Analysis</title>
        <p>All continuous variables have been inspected for normality and presented as mean &#177;
               standard deviations as no significant departures from normality were detected.
               Categorical variables were presented in absolute and relative (%) frequencies. The
               relationship between image noise in the cardiac CT and BMI, chest AP diameter, SS
               thickness, chest lateral width and aorta noise in calcium score imaging was evaluated
               using Pearson correlation and linear regression. For comparing Pearson correlations,
               the Fisher's z approximation was used. Multivariate linear regression models were
               built to identify the best combination of predictors to estimate cardiac CTA noise.
               To define the best prediction model, the lowest adjusted R<sup>2</sup> value was
               used. Additionally, the image noise was dichotomized as 'low noise', if SD &lt; 30
               HU, and 'high noise', if SD &gt; 30, as in previous reports<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref>.
               Receiver-operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis to predict the 'low noise'
               images was performed for each of the predictors. A p-value of less than 0.05 was
               considered significant. The Bonferroni adjustment was applied to adjust for multiple
               comparisons. The Stata program, version 12, (StataCorp) was used for all statistical
               analyses.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="results">
        <title>Results</title>
        <p><xref ref-type="table" rid="t03">Table 1</xref> shows the characteristics of the
               patient population. The mean total radiation dose, including CAC and cardiac CTA was
               3.5 &#177; 1.5 mSv; the mean image noise in the CT was 36.3 &#177; 8.5 HU, and the mean image
               noise in the non-contrast scan was 17.7 &#177; 4.4 HU.</p>
        <table-wrap id="t03">
          <label>Table 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Baseline characteristics of the population</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="rows">
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th> </th>
                <th>
                  <bold>Male</bold>
                </th>
                <th>
                  <bold>Female</bold>
                </th>
                <th>
                  <bold>Total</bold>
                </th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td>N</td>
                <td align="center">41</td>
                <td align="center">45</td>
                <td align="center"> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Age (years)</td>
                <td align="center">59.6 &#177; 7.1</td>
                <td align="center">60.7 &#177; 7.8</td>
                <td align="center">59.8 &#177; 7.5</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>BMI (kg/m<sup>2</sup>)</td>
                <td align="center">25.6 &#177; 3.5</td>
                <td align="center">28.3 &#177; 4.1</td>
                <td align="center">26.9 &#177; 3.9</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>AP diameter (mm)</td>
                <td align="center">290 &#177; 30</td>
                <td align="center">289 &#177; 22</td>
                <td align="center">289 &#177; 27</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>LW (mm)</td>
                <td align="center">376 &#177; 34</td>
                <td align="center">370 &#177; 38</td>
                <td align="center">373 &#177; 36</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>CAC noise (HU)</td>
                <td align="center">16.2 &#177; 3.4</td>
                <td align="center">19.4 &#177; 4.8</td>
                <td align="center">17.6 &#177; 4.4</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>SS thickness (mm)</td>
                <td align="center">10.8 &#177; 4.1</td>
                <td align="center">20.1 &#177; 6.9</td>
                <td align="center">15.2 &#177; 7.3</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>CCTA noise (HU)</td>
                <td align="center">32.0 &#177; 5.3</td>
                <td align="center">41.1 &#177; 8.9</td>
                <td align="center">36.2 &#177; 8.4</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Low noise (&lt; 30 HU) (%)</td>
                <td align="center">3 (7%)</td>
                <td align="center">20 (44%)</td>
                <td align="center">26 (27%)</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn>
              <p>BMI: body mass index; AP: anteroposterior; LW: lateral width; CAC: calcium
                        score; SS: skin-sternum; CCTA: cardiac computed tomographic angiography; HU:
                        Hounsfield units.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <p>All individual parameters were significantly associated with the noise in the cardiac
               CTA. Pearson correlation values are shown in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t04">Table
                  2</xref>, and the correlation matrix is shown in <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f05">Figure 2</xref>. In a pairwise comparison, the CAC noise, BMI and SS thickness
               have a more significant correlation with cardiac CTA noise than any of the chest
               diameters (p &lt; 0.001 for all comparisons). The correlation of CAC noise with
               outcome showed a trend towards being more significant than BMI (p = 0.05), whereas
               the CAC noise and SS thickness (p = 0.16), as well as the SS thickness and BMI
               correlations (p = 0.13) were not significantly different. In the multivariate
               analysis, the best prediction model included the association of CAC noise and SS
               thickness, with an adjusted R<sup>2</sup> of 0.61 (p &lt; 0.0001).</p>
        <table-wrap id="t04">
          <label>Table 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Pearson correlation of the predictors vs image noise in cardiac computed
                     tomographic angiography</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="rows">
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">
                  <bold>Parameter</bold>
                </th>
                <th>
                  <bold>Pearson correlation</bold>
                </th>
                <th>
                  <bold>p-value</bold>
                </th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td>BMI</td>
                <td align="center">0.61</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0.0001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>AP diameter</td>
                <td align="center">0.23</td>
                <td align="center">0.46</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>LW</td>
                <td align="center">0.31</td>
                <td align="center">0.042</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>CAC noise</td>
                <td align="center">0.73</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0.0001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>SS thickness</td>
                <td align="center">0.70</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0.0001</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
        </table-wrap>
        <fig id="f05" fig-type="other">
          <label>Figure 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Scatter plots of each of the predictors vs. cardiac CTA noise, including
                     the regression lines. A) AP diameter; B) Lateral width; C) BMI; D) CAC noise;
                     and E) Skin-sternum thickness.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-102-01-0086-30215-gf02-en.jpg"/></fig>
        <p>Similarly, the best independent predictor of 'low noise' was SS thickness with an
               area under the ROC curve (AUC) of 0.86 (95% confidence interval (CI): 0.79 - 0.94)
                  (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f06">Figure 3</xref>), followed by CAC noise (AUC of
               0.84; 95% CI: 0.75 - 0.93), BMI (AUC of 0.80; 95% CI: 0.69 - 0.91), chest AP diameter
               (AUC of 0.62, 95% CI: 0.49 - 0.75), and chest lateral width (AUC of 0.59; 95% CI:
               0.47 - 0.73) (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f05">Figure 2</xref>).</p>
        <fig id="f06" fig-type="other">
          <label>Figure 3</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Receiver operating characteristic curves for each of the predictors as an
                     estimator of &#8216;low image noise&#8217; in cardiac CTA. The area under the ROC curve
                     value is presented in the legend for each parameter. APD: anteroposterior
                     diameter; LW: lateral width; SS: skin-sternum thickness; BMI: body mass index;
                     CAC: calcium score.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-102-01-0086-30215-gf03-en.jpg"/></fig>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="discussion">
        <title>Discussion</title>
        <p>The present study assessed two new parameters (CAC noise estimation and SS thickness)
               to better predict the image noise in contrast-enhanced cardiac CTA
                  <italic>versus</italic> the currently recommended parameters of chest diameter,
               although the results of the new measures as compared to BMI did not reach statistical
               significance. Our study demonstrated that both parameters are better predictors of
               image noise than the currently recommended chest diameter techniques. Additionally,
               both parameters improved the image noise prediction when associated with the
               currently best predictor (BMI). Finally, they also had the best performance to
               discriminate cardiac CTA scans with a 'low noise', defined as a SD &lt;30 HU.</p>
        <p>Although the best fitting model included both parameters, the increase in
                  R<sup>2</sup> by combining both parameters was small, and we believe a more
               parsimonious model including either one of the two variables or BMI in a univariate
               model would be better suited to routine radiation exposure adjustments.</p>
        <p>The identification of a single parameter as a better predictor of image noise has
               been the focus of recent publications<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref>. Those studies have focused on measuring the
               subcutaneous tissue as a predictor of image noise. Gao et al<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref> have used a measurement of the X-ray attenuation of the thorax
               in the scout images of patients undergoing cardiac CTA. Their data suggest that this
               measurement is a better predictor of cardiac CTA image noise than BMI or weight. In
               the study by Schuhbaeck et al<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref> a more
               advanced measurement of the entire chest wall at the level of the aortic root was
               used, and the authors concluded that such measure is significantly better than other
               predictors, including BMI<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref>. Finally,
               Ghoshhajra et al<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref> have measured the chest
               area for the same purposes<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref>. The main
               limitation of those studies was the inclusion of different acquisition protocols with
               different radiation exposures. Since those parameters were defined based on patients'
               characteristics, both studies might have overestimated the association of the
               measurements with the final cardiac CTA noise.</p>
        <p>Our study restricted the analysis to similar patients submitted to the same
               acquisition protocol (with the same kV, mA, contrast rate and acquisition mode). In
               our sample, patients with heart failure were excluded and the image acquisition was
               performed with similar heart rates (range, 50-60 bpm), adjusting the factors that
               could affect aorta contrast enhancement. The main reason for this choice is that kV,
               mA and acquisition mode are usually chosen based on the patient's weight, BMI and
               heart rate. With this restriction we avoid the spurious association between
               predictors and outcome, due to the indication bias of selecting the most appropriate
               parameters prior to the image acquisition based on patients' characteristics.</p>
        <p>Previous studies have demonstrated that image-based parameters are more precise than
               other patients' characteristics, such as BMI. Our study also showed that SS
               thicknesses and the direct measurement of noise in non-contrast images corroborate
               those prior data. These simple measurements take less than one minute and can be
               performed as part of a usual cardiac CTA acquisition flow without additional
               radiation or cost.</p>
        <p>As demonstrated by Ghoshhajra et al<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref>, those
               measurements lead to a better use of radiation. Not only is radiation exposure
               reduced in most cases, but precise measurements can lead to the use of higher doses
               in appropriate cases, which should be the goal of cardiac imaging<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref>. </p>
        <p>Among the various radiation-reducing techniques, the recently introduced use of
               automated attenuation-based tube potential selection was able to reduce radiation
               exposure by about 25%<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref>. This automated method
               is used in image attenuation as part of an automated algorithm to define radiation
               exposure. The SS thickness can be seen as a simplified version of the concept of
               chest attenuation as a predictor of image noise. Nevertheless, additional data is
               needed to define the appropriate adjustments in mA and kV of the current
               measurements.</p>
        <p>Our study must, however, be read in the context of its design. First, to allow
               precise correlation of patients' measurements and noise estimation, only a fixed
               protocol was used. Therefore, the definition of the adequate mA and kV adjustments of
               these measures cannot be evaluated in the current data. Second, although simple,
               these measurements add an extra step to image acquisition. Third, this can only be
               used in patients who undergo a non-contrast scan prior to the cardiac CT. In cases
               where the non-contrast scan is not performed, the non-contrast noise cannot be
               calculated, but the SS thickness can still be measured in the contrast timing
               images.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="conclusions">
        <title>Conclusion</title>
        <p>Both SS thickness and CAC noise are simple accurate predictors of cardiac CTA image
               noise. Those parameters can be incorporated in standard CT protocols to adequately
               adjust radiation exposure.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Author contributions</title>
        <p>Conception and design of the research: Staniak HL, Sharovsky R, Bensenor I, Lotufo
               PA, Bittencourt MS; Acquisition of data: Staniak HL, Sharovsky R, Bittencourt MS;
               Analysis and interpretation of the data: Staniak HL, Sharovsky R, Pereira AC,
               Bittencourt MS; Statistical analysis: Staniak HL, Sharovsky R, Pereira AC, Bensenor
               I, Lotufo PA, Bittencourt MS; Writing of the manuscript: Staniak HL, Bittencourt MS;
               Critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content: Staniak HL, Sharovsky
               R, Pereira AC, Castro CC, Bensenor I, Lotufo PA, Bittencourt MS.</p>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p><bold>Study Association</bold> This study is not associated with any
                  post-graduation program.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="financial-disclosure">
          <p><bold>Sources of Funding</bold> There were no external funding sources for this
                  study.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
