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<article xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" dtd-version="3.0" article-type="research-article" xml:lang="pt">
  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">Lg8tdMJh8hZX57FNzq7nwFD</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2014000100010</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="previous-pid">S0066-782X2013005000108</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">0010</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">S0066-782X2013005000108</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5935/abc.20130229</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigos Originais</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title xml:lang="pt">Impacto do polimorfismo gen&#233;tico da enzima conversora da
               angiotensina no remodelamento card&#237;aco</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Albuquerque</surname>
            <given-names>Felipe Neves de</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Brand&#227;o</surname>
            <given-names>Andr&#233;a Araujo</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Silva</surname>
            <given-names>Dayse Aparecida da</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Mourilhe-Rocha</surname>
            <given-names>Ricardo</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Duque</surname>
            <given-names>Gustavo Salgado</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Gondar</surname>
            <given-names>Alyne Freitas Pereira</given-names>
          </name>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Neves</surname>
            <given-names>Luiza Maceira de Almeida</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Bittencourt</surname>
            <given-names>Marcelo Imbroinise</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Pozzan</surname>
            <given-names>Roberto</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Albuquerque</surname>
            <given-names>Denilson Campos de</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01">1</xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff01">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade do Estado do Rio de
               Janeiro</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Faculdade de Ci&#234;ncias M&#233;dicas</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Rio de Janeiro</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">RJ</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country>Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Disciplina de Cardiologia da Faculdade de Ci&#234;ncias
               M&#233;dicas da Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ -
               Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff02">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade do Estado do Rio de
               Janeiro</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">instituto de Biologia Roberto Alcantara
               Gomes</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv2">Laborat&#243;rio de Diagn&#243;sticos por DNA</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Rio de Janeiro</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">RJ</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country>Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Laborat&#243;rio de Diagn&#243;sticos por DNA do instituto de
               Biologia Roberto Alcantara Gomes da Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de
               Janeiro, RJ - Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01"><bold>Correspond&#234;ncia: Felipe Neves de Albuquerque,</bold> Rua Volunt&#225;rios da P&#225;tria,
               445, sala 1.401, Botafogo, CEP 22270-000, Rio de Janeiro, RJ - Brasil. E-mail:
                  <email>felipealbuquerque@cardiol.br</email>
            </corresp>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potencial Conflito de Interesses</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Declaro n&#227;o haver conflito de interesses pertinentes.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date pub-type="collection">
        <month>1</month>
        <year>2014</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date pub-type="epub">
        <day>26</day>
        <month>11</month>
        <year>2013</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>102</volume>
      <issue>1</issue>
      <fpage>70</fpage>
      <lpage>79</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>01</day>
          <month>06</month>
          <year>2013</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>23</day>
          <month>07</month>
          <year>2013</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>25</day>
          <month>07</month>
          <year>2013</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/">
          <license-p>This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative
                  Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License which permits unrestricted
                  non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the
                  original work is properly cited. </license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract xml:lang="pt">
        <sec>
          <title>Fundamento:</title>
          <p> O papel dos polimorfismos gen&#233;ticos da enzima de convers&#227;o da angiotensina na
                  insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca, como preditor de desfechos ecocardiogr&#225;ficos, ainda n&#227;o
                  est&#225; estabelecido. &#233; necess&#225;rio identificar o perfil local para observar o impacto
                  desses gen&#243;tipos na popula&#231;&#227;o brasileira, sendo in&#233;dito o estudo da insufici&#234;ncia
                  card&#237;aca de etiologia exclusivamente n&#227;o isqu&#234;mica em seguimento mais longo que 5
                  anos. </p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objetivo:</title>
          <p> Determinar a distribui&#231;&#227;o das variantes do polimorfismo gen&#233;tico da enzima de
                  convers&#227;o da angiotensina e sua rela&#231;&#227;o com a evolu&#231;&#227;o ecocardiogr&#225;fica de
                  pacientes com insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca de etiologia n&#227;o isqu&#234;mica. </p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>M&#233;todos:</title>
          <p> An&#225;lise secund&#225;ria de prontu&#225;rios de 111 pacientes e identifica&#231;&#227;o das variantes
                  do polimorfismo gen&#233;tico da enzima de convers&#227;o da angiotensina, classificadas
                  como DD (Dele&#231;&#227;o/Dele&#231;&#227;o), DI (Dele&#231;&#227;o/Inser&#231;&#227;o) ou II (Inser&#231;&#227;o/Inser&#231;&#227;o). </p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Resultados:</title>
          <p> As m&#233;dias da coorte foram: seguimento de 64,9 meses, idade de 59,5 anos, 60,4%
                  eram homens, 51,4% eram brancos, 98,2% faziam uso de betabloqueadores e 89,2% de
                  inibidores da enzima de convers&#227;o da angiotensina ou de bloqueador do receptor da
                  angiotensina. A distribui&#231;&#227;o do polimorfismo gen&#233;tico da enzima de convers&#227;o da
                  angiotensina foi: 51,4% de DD; 44,1% de DI; e 4,5% de II. N&#227;o se observou nenhuma
                  diferen&#231;a das caracter&#237;sticas cl&#237;nicas ou de tratamento entre os grupos. O
                  di&#226;metro sist&#243;lico do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo final foi a &#250;nica vari&#225;vel
                  ecocardiogr&#225;fica isolada significativamente diferente entre os polimorfismos
                  gen&#233;ticos da enzima de convers&#227;o da angiotensina: 59,2 &#177; 1,8 para DD versus 52,3 &#177;
                  1,9 para DI versus 59,2 &#177; 5,2 para II (p = 0,029). No seguimento ecocardiogr&#225;fico,
                  todas as vari&#225;veis (diferen&#231;a entre a fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo da
                  &#250;ltima e da primeira consulta; diferen&#231;a entre o di&#226;metro sist&#243;lico do ventr&#237;culo
                  esquerdo da &#250;ltima e da primeira consulta; e diferen&#231;a entre o di&#226;metro diast&#243;lico
                  do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo da &#250;ltima e da primeira consulta) diferiram entre os
                  gen&#243;tipos (p = 0,024; p = 0,002; e p = 0,021, respectivamente). </p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclus&#227;o:</title>
          <p> A distribui&#231;&#227;o dos polimorfismos gen&#233;ticos da enzima de convers&#227;o da angiotensina
                  foi diferente de outros estudos com baix&#237;ssimo n&#250;mero de II. O gen&#243;tipo DD foi
                  associado de forma independente &#224; pior evolu&#231;&#227;o ecocardiogr&#225;fica e DI ao melhor
                  perfil ecocardiogr&#225;fico (aumento da fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo e
                  diminui&#231;&#227;o de di&#226;metros do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo).</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <kwd>Insufici&#234;ncia Card&#237;aca</kwd>
        <kwd>Polimorfismo gen&#233;tico</kwd>
        <kwd>Enzima conversora de angiotensina</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <funding-group>
        <award-group>
          <funding-source>FAPERJ</funding-source>
        </award-group>
      </funding-group>
      <counts>
        <fig-count count="4"/>
        <table-count count="3"/>
        <equation-count count="0"/>
        <ref-count count="39"/>
        <page-count count="10"/>
      </counts>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
      <p>A Insufici&#234;ncia Card&#237;aca (IC) &#233; a segunda principal causa de interna&#231;&#227;o no Brasil<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B01">1</xref>. Nos Estados Unidos, US$ 32 bilh&#245;es dever&#227;o ser
            gastos em 2013<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B02">2</xref> com essa s&#237;ndrome. Al&#233;m disso, a
            Qualidade de Vida desses pacientes &#233; gravemente comprometida. Apesar de ter havido
            diminui&#231;&#227;o da morbidade e da mortalidade com novas drogas, esse ganho n&#227;o foi uniforme,
            e a evolu&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica pode ser desfavor&#225;vel. Um dos mecanismos que pode justificar essas
            diferen&#231;as &#233; a gen&#233;tica.</p>
      <p>A influ&#234;ncia gen&#233;tica, que abrange todas as etapas da s&#237;ndrome<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B03">3</xref>, j&#225; foi alvo de estudo nas fases de pr&#233;-instala&#231;&#227;o<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B04">4</xref>, desenvolvimento<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B05">5</xref> e na fase cl&#237;nica - hist&#243;ria natural da doen&#231;a<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B06">6</xref> e resposta terap&#234;utica<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B07">7</xref>.
            Estes resultados s&#227;o controversos<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B08">8</xref> e foram
            realizados em popula&#231;&#227;o estrangeira, havendo, dessa forma, d&#250;vida sobre seu impacto na
            popula&#231;&#227;o brasileira.</p>
      <p>O principal mecanismo dessa influ&#234;ncia gen&#233;tica &#233; via modula&#231;&#227;o da atividade dos
            Sistemas Nervoso Simp&#225;tico (SNS) e Renina-Angiotensina-Aldosterona (SRAA), que promovem
            o remodelamento card&#237;aco e a reten&#231;&#227;o hidrossalina, caracter&#237;sticos da IC. Varia&#231;&#245;es na
            atividade desses sistemas determinariam diferentes respostas fisiopatol&#243;gicas e, assim,
            evolu&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica vari&#225;vel.</p>
      <p>J&#225; foram identificados alguns marcadores gen&#233;ticos, os Polimorfismos Gen&#233;ticos (PG),
            associados a processos moleculares dessa resposta neuro-humoral, como receptores
               beta-adren&#233;rgicos<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B07">7</xref>, s&#237;ntese de
               angiotensina<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B09">9</xref>, metabolismo do &#243;xido
               n&#237;trico<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref> e a Enzima de Convers&#227;o da
            Angiotensina (ECA)<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B04">4</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref>. Essa &#250;ltima, objeto deste estudo, &#233; o principal agente do SRAA.</p>
      <p>Em rela&#231;&#227;o ao SRAA, o principal PG foi o da ECA Dele&#231;&#227;o/Inser&#231;&#227;o (DI) de 287 pares de
            bases do &#237;ntron 16 (PGECA)<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref>. O PGECA, em
            especial o gen&#243;tipo DD (Dele&#231;&#227;o/Dele&#231;&#227;o), foi associado a risco de IC<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref>, mortalidade<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref>, rejei&#231;&#227;o a transplantes card&#237;acos<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref> e a varia&#231;&#245;es no ecocardiograma<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref>.
            Entretanto, tamb&#233;m h&#225; publica&#231;&#245;es em que essa rela&#231;&#227;o n&#227;o foi observada<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref>.</p>
      <p>Os trabalhos publicados t&#234;m resultados controversos, pequeno tamanho amostral e foram
            realizados em popula&#231;&#245;es diferentes da brasileira do ponto de vista geogra&#243;fico,
            epidemiolo&#243;gico e e&#243;tnico. Al&#233;m disso, pacientes com IC de origem n&#227;o isqu&#234;mica s&#227;o, em
            geral, sub-representados em estudos do tema e apresentam diferentes mecanismos
            fisiopatol&#243;gicos envolvidos<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref> e resposta
            terap&#234;utica vari&#225;vel<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref>. </p>
      <p>Assim, o presente estudo teve como objetivo determinar a frequ&#234;ncia das variantes do
            PGECA e sua rela&#231;&#227;o com a evolu&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica e ecocardiogr&#225;fica de pacientes com IC de
            etiologia n&#227;o isqu&#234;mica.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="methods">
      <title>M&#233;todos</title>
      <sec>
        <title>Delineamento do estudo</title>
        <p>Estudo longitudinal de uma coorte de pacientes. A informa&#231;&#227;o m&#233;dica foi coletada do
               prontu&#225;rio m&#233;dico desde o ingresso do paciente na cl&#237;nica de IC de um hospital
               universit&#225;rio, de forma retrospectiva e prospectiva, no per&#237;odo de dezembro de 2009 a
               janeiro de 2012.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Pacientes</title>
        <p>Foram selecionados, de forma consecutiva, 111-pacientes (67 homens e 44 mulheres) com
               diagn&#243;stico de IC sist&#243;lica de etiologia n&#227;o isqu&#234;mica, com um m&#237;nimo de 12 meses de
               acompanhamento. Entre as principais caracter&#237;sticas da popula&#231;&#227;o amostral, pode-se
               destacar a m&#233;dia de idade de 59,5 &#177; 1,3 anos (varia&#231;&#227;o: 26 a 89 anos), a preval&#234;ncia
               de homens (60,4%) e a composi&#231;&#227;o &#233;tnica (51,4% brancos, 36,0% negros e 12,6% de
               pardos). O tempo de acompanhamento m&#233;dio desses pacientes foi 64,9 &#177; 3,9 meses.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Crit&#233;rios de inclus&#227;o</title>
        <p>Pacientes com IC sintom&#225;tica (pelos crit&#233;rios de Framingham) de etiologia n&#227;o
               isqu&#234;mica e disfun&#231;&#227;o ventricular sist&#243;lica com fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o &#8804; 50% no
               ecocardiograma bidimensional (pelo m&#233;todo de Simpson) foram considerados eleg&#237;veis
               para o estudo.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Crit&#233;rios de exclus&#227;o</title>
        <p>A presen&#231;a de doen&#231;a arterial coronariana significativa definida como les&#227;o
               coronariana &#8805; 75% em duas ou mais art&#233;rias epic&#225;rdicas ou &#8805; 75% no tronco da
               coron&#225;ria esquerda<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref> levou &#224; exclus&#227;o do
               indiv&#237;duo deste estudo.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Etiologia da insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca</title>
        <p>As etiologias foram classificadas em quatro grupos: idiop&#225;tica (36,0%), hipertensiva
               (20,7%), alco&#243;lica (18,9%) e outras (24,3%). O diagn&#243;stico era feito pelo m&#233;dico da
               cl&#237;nica de IC, segundo crit&#233;rios descritos previamente<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref>.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Par&#226;metros cl&#237;nicos, laboratoriais e eletrocardiogr&#225;ficos</title>
        <p>Os dados cl&#237;nicos foram extra&#237;dos do prontu&#225;rio m&#233;dico. A cor da pele foi definida
               pelo m&#233;dico assistente e classificada em branca, preta ou outras. A classe funcional
               foi determinada de acordo com a <italic>New York Heart Association</italic>, no
               in&#237;cio e no final do acompanhamento.</p>
        <p>Os exames laboratoriais foram realizados de forma peri&#243;dica e a crit&#233;rio do m&#233;dico
               assistente. Foram considerados os exames dispon&#237;veis mais recentes para an&#225;lise para
               expressar o <italic>status</italic> cl&#237;nico atual do paciente.</p>
        <p>Todos pacientes foram submetidos a Eletrocardiograma (ECG), sendo analisados quanto a
               dura&#231;&#227;o do QRS, presen&#231;a de Bloqueio de Ramo Esquerdo (BRE) e Fibrila&#231;&#227;o Atrial
               (FA).</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Vari&#225;veis ecocardiogr&#225;ficas</title>
        <p>Os par&#226;metros avaliados foram: Di&#226;metro Sist&#243;lico de Ventr&#237;culo Esquerdo (DSVE),
               Di&#226;metro Diast&#243;lico de Ventr&#237;culo Esquerdo (DDVE) e Fra&#231;&#227;o de Eje&#231;&#227;o de Ventr&#237;culo
               Esquerdo (FEVE). O ecocardiograma foi realizado por equipe m&#233;dica que desconhecia o
               gen&#243;tipo dos pacientes. Foram realizados dois exames: um no in&#237;cio e outro ao final
               do acompanhamento (o intervalo entre os exames foi, em m&#233;dia, de 65,5 &#177; 4,3 meses,
               varia&#231;&#227;o entre 12,0 e 232,0 meses) de modo que o comportamento evolutivo dessas
               vari&#225;veis tamb&#233;m fosse observado.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Genotipagem</title>
        <p>A an&#225;lise das variantes do PGECA foi realizada a partir de amostras de sangue
               coletadas. Ap&#243;s armazenamento sob uma temperatura de 5-15&#186;C, as amostras foram
               processadas e o DNA foi extra&#237;do pelo m&#233;todo de Salting-out<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref>. Ap&#243;s a extra&#231;&#227;o, o polimorfismo foi genotipado pela Rea&#231;&#227;o de
               Polimeriza&#231;&#227;o em Cadeia (PCR) e classificado em DD, DI ou Inser&#231;&#227;o/Inser&#231;&#227;o (II).</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</title>
        <p>Todos os dados obtidos foram analisados por meio do programa estat&#237;stico
                  <italic>Statistical Package for the Social Sciencefor Mac</italic> (SPSS), vers&#227;o
               21. Em todos os testes utilizados, fixou-se em 0,05 ou 5% (p &lt; 0,05) o n&#237;vel de
               rejei&#231;&#227;o da hip&#243;tese de nulidade e Intervalo de Confian&#231;a (IC) de 95%. As medidas de
               tend&#234;ncia central foram expressas como m&#233;dia &#177; desvio padr&#227;o.</p>
        <p>Os testes utilizados foram: qui-quadrado, <italic>t</italic> de Student e An&#225;lise de
               Varian&#231;a (ANOVA).</p>
        <p>As frequ&#234;ncias g&#234;nicas e haplot&#237;picas foram testadas para o equil&#237;brio de Hardy
                  Weinberg<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref>, utilizando o
                  <italic>software</italic> ARLEQUIN, vers&#227;o 2000.</p>
        <p>O projeto foi aprovado pelo Comit&#234; de &#201;tica em Pesquisa do Hospital Universit&#225;rio
               Pedro Ernesto em 16 de dezembro de 2009. O Termo de Consentimento Livre e Esclarecido
               foi assinado por todos os pacientes.</p>
        <p>O presente estudo foi parcialmente financiado pela Funda&#231;&#227;o Carlos Chagas Filho de
               Amparo &#224; Pesquisa do Estado do Rio de Janeiro (FAPERJ) ap&#243;s aprova&#231;&#227;o do projeto
               Inovacor.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="results">
      <title>Resultados</title>
      <sec>
        <title>Perfil gen&#233;tico da popula&#231;&#227;o estudada</title>
        <p>Na popula&#231;&#227;o estudada, o alelo D ocorreu 163 vezes (73%), enquanto que o alelo I, 59
               vezes (27%). Em rela&#231;&#227;o aos gen&#243;tipos, 57 (51,4%) foram classificados como DD, 49
               (44,1%) como DI e apenas 5 (4,5%) como-II. A popula&#231;&#227;o estudada estava em equil&#237;brio
               segundo o teorema de Hardy-Weinberg.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Caracter&#237;sticas da popula&#231;&#227;o amostral</title>
        <p>Houve predom&#237;nio do g&#234;nero masculino, de indiv&#237;duos brancos e elevada incid&#234;ncia de
               Hipertens&#227;o Arterial Sist&#234;mica (HAS) e de tabagismo. No entanto, as preval&#234;ncias de
               diabetes melito e dislipidemia foram relativamente baixas. N&#227;o houve diferen&#231;as
               significativas entre os gen&#243;tipos para nenhuma das caracter&#237;sticas cl&#237;nicas ou
               laboratoriais avaliadas, conforme representado na Tabela 1.</p>
        <table-wrap id="t01">
          <label>Tabela 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Caracter&#237;sticas cl&#237;nicas da popula&#231;&#227;o estudada de acordo com os
                     polimorfismos gen&#233;ticos da enzima de convers&#227;o da angiotensina</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="rows">
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">
                  <bold>Vari&#225;vel clinica<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="t01-fn01">*</xref></bold>
                </th>
                <th>
                  <bold>M&#233;dia</bold>
                </th>
                <th>
                  <bold>DD (n = 57)</bold>
                </th>
                <th>
                  <bold>DI (n = 49)</bold>
                </th>
                <th>
                  <bold>II (n = 5)</bold>
                </th>
                <th>
                  <bold>Teste estat&#237;stico</bold>
                </th>
                <th>
                  <bold>Valor de p</bold>
                </th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td>Seguimento (meses)</td>
                <td align="center">64,9 &#177; 3,9</td>
                <td align="center">65,2 &#177; 6,1</td>
                <td align="center">64,7 &#177; 5,1</td>
                <td align="center">63,6 &#177; 13,6</td>
                <td align="center">F = 0,004</td>
                <td align="center">0,996</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Tempo IC (meses)</td>
                <td align="center">97,0 &#177;6,9</td>
                <td align="center">89,9 &#177; 7,6</td>
                <td align="center">107,6 &#177; 12,7</td>
                <td align="center">73,4 &#177; 15,0</td>
                <td align="center">F = 1,067</td>
                <td align="center">0,348</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Idade (anos)</td>
                <td align="center">59,5 &#177;1,3</td>
                <td align="center">61,1 &#177; 12,6</td>
                <td align="center">57,8 &#177; 14,6</td>
                <td align="center">57,2 &#177; 10,7</td>
                <td align="center">F = 0,852</td>
                <td align="center">0,429</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>G&#234;nero masculino</td>
                <td align="center">67 (60,4)</td>
                <td align="center">35 (61,4)</td>
                <td align="center">27 (56,3)</td>
                <td align="center">4 (80,0)</td>
                <td align="center">X<sup>2</sup> = 1,61</td>
                <td align="center">0,560</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td colspan="7">
                  <bold>Ra&#231;a</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Branco</td>
                <td align="center">57 (51,4)</td>
                <td align="center">27 (47,4)</td>
                <td align="center">25 (52,1)</td>
                <td align="center">4 (80,0)</td>
                <td rowspan="3" align="center">X<sup>2</sup> = 2,158</td>
                <td rowspan="3" align="center">0,707</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Preto</td>
                <td align="center">40 (36)</td>
                <td align="center">22 (38,6)</td>
                <td align="center">17 (35,4)</td>
                <td align="center">1 (20,0)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Pardo</td>
                <td align="center">14 (12,6)</td>
                <td align="center">8 (14,0)</td>
                <td align="center">6 (12,5)</td>
                <td align="center">0 (0)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>IMC (kg/m<sup>2</sup>)</td>
                <td align="center">26,1&#177;0,6</td>
                <td align="center">26,0 &#177; 0,9</td>
                <td align="center">26,1 &#177; 0,8</td>
                <td align="center">28,0 &#177; 2,2</td>
                <td align="center">0,231</td>
                <td align="center">0,794</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Hipertens&#227;o arterial</td>
                <td align="center">78 (70,3)</td>
                <td align="center">41 (71,9)</td>
                <td align="center">33 (68,8)</td>
                <td align="center">4 (80,0)</td>
                <td align="center">X<sup>2</sup> = 0,338</td>
                <td align="center">0,845</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Diabetes melito</td>
                <td align="center">24 (21,6)</td>
                <td align="center">13 (22,8)</td>
                <td align="center">9 (18,8)</td>
                <td align="center">2 (40,0)</td>
                <td align="center">X<sup>2</sup> = 1,267</td>
                <td align="center">0,531</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Anemia</td>
                <td align="center">17 (15,3)</td>
                <td align="center">11 (19,3)</td>
                <td align="center">6 (12,5)</td>
                <td align="center">0</td>
                <td align="center">X<sup>2</sup> = 1,879</td>
                <td align="center">0,391</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Dislipidemia</td>
                <td align="center">43 (38,7)</td>
                <td align="center">23 (40,4)</td>
                <td align="center">17 (35,4)</td>
                <td align="center">3 (60,0)</td>
                <td align="center">X<sup>2</sup> = 1,228</td>
                <td align="center">0,541</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial</td>
                <td align="center">22 (19,8)</td>
                <td align="center">12 (21,1)</td>
                <td align="center">8 (16,7)</td>
                <td align="center">2 (40,0)</td>
                <td align="center">X<sup>2</sup> = 1,751</td>
                <td align="center">0,781</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Tabagista atual</td>
                <td align="center">7 (6,3)</td>
                <td align="center">8 (14,3)</td>
                <td align="center">3 (6,3)</td>
                <td align="center">2 (40,0)</td>
                <td rowspan="2" align="center">X<sup>2</sup> = 7,350</td>
                <td rowspan="2" align="center">0,775</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Ex-tabagista</td>
                <td align="center">45 (40,5)</td>
                <td align="center">24 (42,1)</td>
                <td align="center">19 (39,6)</td>
                <td align="center">1 (20,0)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Etilismo atual</td>
                <td align="center">21 (19,1)</td>
                <td align="center">8 (14,3)</td>
                <td align="center">10 (20,8)</td>
                <td align="center">3 (60,0)</td>
                <td rowspan="2" align="center">X<sup>2</sup> = 7,350</td>
                <td rowspan="2" align="center">0,118</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Ex-etilista</td>
                <td align="center">42 (38,2)</td>
                <td align="center">20 (35,7)</td>
                <td align="center">20 (41,7)</td>
                <td align="center">1 (20,0)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>NYHA inicial<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="t01-fn02">**</xref> I</td>
                <td align="center">25 (22,5)</td>
                <td align="center">13 (22,8)</td>
                <td align="center">12 (25,0)</td>
                <td align="center">0 (0)</td>
                <td rowspan="4" align="center">X<sup>2</sup> = 5,400</td>
                <td rowspan="4" align="center">0,714</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>NYHA inicial<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="t01-fn02">**</xref> II</td>
                <td align="center">51 (45,9)</td>
                <td align="center">25 (43,9)</td>
                <td align="center">22 (45,8)</td>
                <td align="center">4 (80,0)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>NYHA inicial<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="t01-fn02">**</xref> III</td>
                <td align="center">23 (20,7)</td>
                <td align="center">14 (24,6)</td>
                <td align="center">8 (16,7)</td>
                <td align="center">1 (20,0)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>NYHA inicial<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="t01-fn02">**</xref> IV</td>
                <td align="center">3 (9,9)</td>
                <td align="center">5 (8,8)</td>
                <td align="center">6 (12,5)</td>
                <td align="center">0 (0)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>NYHA inicial m&#233;dia</td>
                <td align="center">2,18 &#177; 0,09</td>
                <td align="center">2,19 &#177; 0,12</td>
                <td align="center">2,17 &#177; 0,14</td>
                <td align="center">2,20 &#177; 0,20</td>
                <td align="center">F = 0,012</td>
                <td align="center">0,988</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>NYHA final I</td>
                <td align="center">41 (36,9)</td>
                <td align="center">19 (33,3)</td>
                <td align="center">19 (39,6)</td>
                <td align="center">3 (60,0)</td>
                <td rowspan="4" align="center">X<sup>2</sup> = 7,664</td>
                <td rowspan="4" align="center">0,264</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>NYHA final II</td>
                <td align="center">53 (47,7)</td>
                <td align="center">26 (45,6)</td>
                <td align="center">25 (52,1)</td>
                <td align="center">2 (40,0)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>NYHA final III</td>
                <td align="center">14 (12,6)</td>
                <td align="center">11 (19,3)</td>
                <td align="center">3 (6,1)</td>
                <td align="center">0 (0)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>NYHA final IV</td>
                <td align="center">3 (2,7)</td>
                <td align="center">1 (1,8)</td>
                <td align="center">2 (4,2)</td>
                <td align="center">0 (0)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>NYHA final m&#233;dia</td>
                <td align="center">1,81 &#177; 0,07</td>
                <td align="center">1,89 &#177; 0,10</td>
                <td align="center">1,76 &#177; 0,11</td>
                <td align="center">1,40 &#177; 0,25</td>
                <td align="center">F = 1,224</td>
                <td align="center">0,298</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Hemoglobina (g/dL)</td>
                <td align="center">14,2 &#177; 1,3</td>
                <td align="center">12,57 &#177; 1,94</td>
                <td align="center">16,02 &#177; 20,28</td>
                <td align="center">14,2 &#177; 1,30</td>
                <td align="center">F = 0,834</td>
                <td align="center">0,437</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Creatinina (mg/dL)</td>
                <td align="center">1,03 &#177; 0,18</td>
                <td align="center">1,03 &#177; 0,31</td>
                <td align="center">1,12 &#177; 0,18</td>
                <td align="center">0,40 &#177; 0,24</td>
                <td align="center">F = 0,336</td>
                <td align="center">0,715</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>&#193;cido &#250;rico (mg/dL)</td>
                <td align="center">6,5 &#177; 0,2</td>
                <td align="center">6,51 &#177; 2,20</td>
                <td align="center">6,52 &#177; 2,01</td>
                <td align="center">5,2 &#177; 1,48</td>
                <td align="center">F = 0,92</td>
                <td align="center">0,402</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>S&#243;dio (mEq/L)</td>
                <td align="center">138,9 &#177; 0,3</td>
                <td align="center">138,43 &#177; 3,60</td>
                <td align="center">139,40 &#177; 2,83</td>
                <td align="center">139,40 &#177; 2,41</td>
                <td align="center">F = 1,213</td>
                <td align="center">0,302</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Pot&#225;ssio (mEq/L)</td>
                <td align="center">4,1 &#177; 0,1</td>
                <td align="center">4,18 &#177; 0,66</td>
                <td align="center">4,02 &#177; 0,64</td>
                <td align="center">4,00 &#177; 0,71</td>
                <td align="center">F = 0,817</td>
                <td align="center">0,445</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Colesterol total (mg/dL)</td>
                <td align="center">184,4 &#177; 4,6</td>
                <td align="center">187,4 &#177; 5,8</td>
                <td align="center">182,8 &#177; 7,7</td>
                <td align="center">165,8 &#177; 12,2</td>
                <td align="center">F = 0,511</td>
                <td align="center">0,602</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>TFGE (mL/min)</td>
                <td align="center">74,6 &#177; 3,8</td>
                <td align="center">74,9 &#177; 5,5</td>
                <td align="center">72,9 &#177; 5,3</td>
                <td align="center">101,5 &#177; 34,1</td>
                <td align="center">F = 0,707</td>
                <td align="center">0,497</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="t01-fn01">
              <label>*</label>
              <p>Vari&#225;veis num&#233;ricas est&#227;o expressas em m&#233;dia &#177; desvio padr&#227;o; vari&#225;veis
                        categ&#243;ricas, em n (%); </p>
            </fn>
            <fn id="t01-fn02">
              <label>**</label>
              <p>n&#227;o havia disponibilidade de dados relativos &#224; classe NYHA inicial para um
                        paciente do Grupo DI.</p>
            </fn>
            <fn>
              <p>DD: gen&#243;tipo dele&#231;&#227;o/dele&#231;&#227;o; DI: gen&#243;tipo dele&#231;&#227;o/inser&#231;&#227;o; II: gen&#243;tipo
                        inser&#231;&#227;o/inser&#231;&#227;o; Seguimento: tempo de seguimento (em meses); F:
                        frequ&#234;ncia; tempo IC: tempo de evolu&#231;&#227;o da doen&#231;a desde a data do
                        diagn&#243;stico; IMC: &#237;ndice de massa corporal; NYHA: New York Heart
                        Association; TFGE: taxa de filtra&#231;&#227;o glomerular estimada.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <p>A etiologia predominante foi idiop&#225;tica (36,0%), seguida de hipertensiva (20,7%);
               entretanto n&#227;o houve diferen&#231;a estatisticamente significativa da distribui&#231;&#227;o das
               etiologias em rela&#231;&#227;o ao PGECA (p = 0,248).</p>
        <p>Observou-se elevado percentual de utiliza&#231;&#227;o das principais medica&#231;&#245;es
               Betabloqueadoras (BB), Inibidoras da ECA (IECA) e/ou Bloqueadoras do Receptor da
               Angiotensina (BRA), com doses m&#233;dias atingidas pr&#243;ximas &#224;s preconizadas pela atual
               Diretriz Brasileira de Insufici&#234;ncia Card&#237;aca<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">32</xref>. N&#227;o houve qualquer diferen&#231;a quanto &#224; distribui&#231;&#227;o do tipo de
               medica&#231;&#245;es utilizadas segundo os PGECA, como representado na Tabela 2.</p>
        <table-wrap id="t02">
          <label>Tabela 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Tratamento medicamentoso da popula&#231;&#227;o estudada de acordo com os
                     polimorfismos gen&#233;ticos da enzima de convers&#227;o da angiotensina<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="t02-fn01">*</xref></title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="rows">
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">
                  <bold>Droga</bold>
                </th>
                <th>
                  <bold>M&#233;dia</bold>
                </th>
                <th>
                  <bold>DD (n = 57)</bold>
                </th>
                <th>
                  <bold>DI (n = 49)</bold>
                </th>
                <th>
                  <bold>II (n = 5)</bold>
                </th>
                <th>
                  <bold>Teste estat&#237;stico</bold>
                </th>
                <th>
                  <bold>Valor de p</bold>
                </th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td>Betabloqueador</td>
                <td align="center">108 (98,2)</td>
                <td align="center">55 (98,2)</td>
                <td align="center">47 (97,9)</td>
                <td align="center">5 (100,0)</td>
                <td align="center">X<sup>2</sup> = 0,111</td>
                <td align="center">0,946</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Carvedilol</td>
                <td align="center">76 (71,0)</td>
                <td align="center">34 (61,8)</td>
                <td align="center">36 (78,3)</td>
                <td align="center">5 (100,0)</td>
                <td rowspan="3" align="center">X<sup>2</sup> = 7,471</td>
                <td rowspan="3" align="center">0,279</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Metoprolol</td>
                <td align="center">16 (15,0)</td>
                <td align="center">10 (18,2)</td>
                <td align="center">4 (8,7)</td>
                <td align="center">0 (0)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Bisoprolol</td>
                <td align="center">14 (13,1)</td>
                <td align="center">11 (20,0)</td>
                <td align="center">5 (10,9)</td>
                <td align="center">0 (0)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Dose alvo</td>
                <td align="center">84,9 &#177; 3,7</td>
                <td align="center">84,3 &#177; 4,3</td>
                <td align="center">84,6 &#177; 5,8</td>
                <td align="center">91,2 &#177; 32,3</td>
                <td align="center">F = 0,78</td>
                <td align="center">0,925</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>IECA</td>
                <td align="center">60 (54,1)</td>
                <td align="center">30 (52,6)</td>
                <td align="center">26 (54,2)</td>
                <td align="center">4 (80,0)</td>
                <td align="center">X<sup>2</sup> = 1,394</td>
                <td align="center">0,498</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Captopril</td>
                <td align="center">6 (10,0)</td>
                <td align="center">3 (10,0)</td>
                <td align="center">3 (11,5)</td>
                <td align="center">0 (0)</td>
                <td rowspan="2" align="center">X<sup>2</sup> = 0,513</td>
                <td rowspan="2" align="center">0,774</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Enalapril</td>
                <td align="center">54 (90,0)</td>
                <td align="center">27 (90,0)</td>
                <td align="center">23 (88,5)</td>
                <td align="center">4 (100,0)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Dose alvo</td>
                <td align="center">66,7 &#177; 3,3</td>
                <td align="center">60,4 &#177; 5,9</td>
                <td align="center">71,6 &#177; 6,4</td>
                <td align="center">81,3 &#177; 1,9</td>
                <td align="center">F = 1,233</td>
                <td align="center">0,299</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>BRA: losartana</td>
                <td align="center">39 (35,1)</td>
                <td align="center">22 (38,6)</td>
                <td align="center">14 (29,2)</td>
                <td align="center">2 (40,0)</td>
                <td align="center">X<sup>2</sup> = 2,158</td>
                <td align="center">0,707</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Dose alvo</td>
                <td align="center">73,1 &#177; 4,3</td>
                <td align="center">80,7 &#177; 10,3</td>
                <td align="center">63,3 &#177; 8,4</td>
                <td align="center">62,5 &#177; 3,8</td>
                <td align="center">F = 0,574</td>
                <td align="center">0,569</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Espironolactona</td>
                <td align="center">74 (66,7)</td>
                <td align="center">39 (68,4)</td>
                <td align="center">33 (68,8)</td>
                <td align="center">2 (40,0)</td>
                <td align="center">X<sup>2</sup> = 1,771</td>
                <td align="center">0,413</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Furosemida</td>
                <td align="center">79 (71,2)</td>
                <td align="center">43 (75,4)</td>
                <td align="center">32 (66,7)</td>
                <td align="center">3 (60,0)</td>
                <td align="center">X<sup>2</sup> = 1,274</td>
                <td align="center">0,529</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Dose m&#233;dia (mg)</td>
                <td align="center">75,4 &#177; 5,7</td>
                <td align="center">80,5 &#177; 8,0</td>
                <td align="center">71,5 &#177; 8,7</td>
                <td align="center">46,7 &#177; 17,6</td>
                <td align="center">F = 0,791</td>
                <td align="center">0,457</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Hidroclorotiazida</td>
                <td align="center">26 (23,4)</td>
                <td align="center">14 (24,6)</td>
                <td align="center">12 (25,0)</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center">X<sup>2</sup> = 1,624</td>
                <td align="center">0,444</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Digital</td>
                <td align="center">40 (36,0)</td>
                <td align="center">25 (43,9)</td>
                <td align="center">13 (27,1)</td>
                <td align="center">1 (20,0)</td>
                <td align="center">X<sup>2</sup>= 3,751</td>
                <td align="center">0,153</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Amiodarona</td>
                <td align="center">13 (11,7)</td>
                <td align="center">6 (10,5)</td>
                <td align="center">6 (12,5)</td>
                <td align="center">0</td>
                <td align="center">X<sup>2</sup> = 0,746</td>
                <td align="center">0,689</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Estatinas</td>
                <td align="center">50 (45,0)</td>
                <td align="center">29 (50,9)</td>
                <td align="center">17 (35,4)</td>
                <td align="center">4 (80,0)</td>
                <td align="center">X<sup>2</sup> = 5,033</td>
                <td align="center">0,081</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Alopurinol</td>
                <td align="center">18 (16,2)</td>
                <td align="center">9 (15,8)</td>
                <td align="center">7 (14,6)</td>
                <td align="center">1 (20,0)</td>
                <td align="center">X<sup>2</sup> = 0,112</td>
                <td align="center">0,946</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="t02-fn01">
              <label>*</label>
              <p>Vari&#225;veis num&#233;ricas est&#227;o expressas em m&#233;dia &#177; desvio padr&#227;o; vari&#225;veis
                        categ&#243;ricas, em n (%). DD: gen&#243;tipo dele&#231;&#227;o/dele&#231;&#227;o; DI: gen&#243;tipo
                        dele&#231;&#227;o/inser&#231;&#227;o; II: gen&#243;tipo inser&#231;&#227;o/inser&#231;&#227;o; F: frequ&#234;ncia; IECA:
                        inibidor da enzima de convers&#227;o da angiotensina; BRA: bloqueador do receptor
                        da angiotensina.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <p>Dentre os pacientes estudados, 34 (30,6%) apresentaram QRS &#8805; 120 ms, 38 (34,2%) BRE e
               22 (19,8%) FA no ECG. A distribui&#231;&#227;o entre os tipos de PGECA n&#227;o foi estatisticamente
               diferente para nenhuma dessas vari&#225;veis.</p>
        <p>Um total de 8 (7,2%) pacientes possu&#237;a dispositivos implant&#225;veis: 3 (2,7%) tinham
               marca-passos, 2 (1,8%) possu&#237;am Cardiodesfibriladores Implant&#225;veis (CDI), 2 (1,8%)
               tinham Ressincronizadores Card&#237;acos (TRC) e 1 (0,9%) usava dispositivo combinado (CDI
               + TRC).</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Desfechos ecocardiogr&#225;ficos</title>
        <p>Aproximadamente metade da coorte (49,5%) apresentou grave disfun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica do VE
               no in&#237;cio do acompanhamento, com FEVE &#8804; 35%. Esse n&#250;mero aumentou para 58,5%, ao
               final do estudo.</p>
        <p>A Tabela 3 apresenta os dados ecocardiogr&#225;ficos observados no in&#237;cio e ao final do
               estudo, al&#233;m do padr&#227;o evolutivo dessas medidas. N&#227;o foi observada diferen&#231;a
               significativa das m&#233;dias dos par&#226;metros ecocardiogr&#225;ficos iniciais (FEVE, DSVE e
               DDVE) entre os gen&#243;tipos da ECA. Na ecocardiografia final, apenas o DSVE foi
               diferente de forma significativa, com menor m&#233;dia para o PGECA DI.</p>
        <table-wrap id="t03">
          <label>Tabela 3</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Par&#226;metros ecocardiogr&#225;ficos da popula&#231;&#227;o estudada de acordo com os
                     polimorfismos gen&#233;ticos da enzima de convers&#227;o da angiotensina</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">
                  <bold>Vari&#225;vel<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="t03-fn01">*</xref></bold>
                </th>
                <th>
                  <bold>M&#233;dia total</bold>
                </th>
                <th>
                  <bold>DD (n = 57)</bold>
                </th>
                <th>
                  <bold>DI (n = 49)</bold>
                </th>
                <th>
                  <bold>II (n = 5)</bold>
                </th>
                <th>
                  <bold>Teste estat&#237;stico</bold>
                </th>
                <th>
                  <bold>Valor de p</bold>
                </th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td>FEVE inicial (%)</td>
                <td align="center">34,0 &#177; 1,0</td>
                <td align="center">35,6 &#177; 1,5</td>
                <td align="center">32,1 &#177; 1,5</td>
                <td align="center">34,6 &#177; 3,4</td>
                <td align="center">F = 1,469</td>
                <td align="center">0,235</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>DSVE inicial (mm)</td>
                <td align="center">54,9 &#177; 1,0</td>
                <td align="center">54,1 &#177; 1,4</td>
                <td align="center">55,7 &#177; 1,4</td>
                <td align="center">55,4 &#177; 3,0</td>
                <td align="center">F = 0,472</td>
                <td align="center">0,625</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>DDVE inicial (mm)</td>
                <td align="center">65,9 &#177; 0,9</td>
                <td align="center">65,6 &#177; 1,2</td>
                <td align="center">66,1 &#177; 1,3</td>
                <td align="center">66,6 &#177; 3,1</td>
                <td align="center">F = 0,112</td>
                <td align="center">0,894</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>FEVE final (%)</td>
                <td align="center">34,3 &#177; 1,2</td>
                <td align="center">32,8 &#177; 1,6</td>
                <td align="center">36,4 &#177; 1,8</td>
                <td align="center">29,4 &#177; 4,2</td>
                <td align="center">F = 1,634</td>
                <td align="center">0,200</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>DSVE final (mm)</td>
                <td align="center">56,1 &#177; 1,3</td>
                <td align="center">59,2 &#177; 1,8</td>
                <td align="center">52,3 &#177; 1,9</td>
                <td align="center">59,2 &#177; 5,2</td>
                <td align="center">F = 3,677</td>
                <td align="center">0,029</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>DDVE final (mm)</td>
                <td align="center">67,0 &#177; 1,2</td>
                <td align="center">69,4 &#177; 1,8</td>
                <td align="center">64,0 &#177; 1,8</td>
                <td align="center">69,0 &#177; 4,6</td>
                <td align="center">F = 2,197</td>
                <td align="center">0,116</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>&#916;FEVE (%)</td>
                <td align="center">0,36 &#177; 1,37</td>
                <td align="center">-2,57 &#177; 14,86</td>
                <td align="center">4,62 &#177; 12,92</td>
                <td align="center">-5,20 &#177; 13,48</td>
                <td align="center">F = 3,857</td>
                <td align="center">0,024</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>&#916;DSVE (mm)</td>
                <td align="center">0,94 &#177; 1,17</td>
                <td align="center">4,60 &#177; 12,04</td>
                <td align="center">-3,73 &#177; 11,28</td>
                <td align="center">3,80 &#177; 8,70</td>
                <td align="center">F = 6,783</td>
                <td align="center">0,002</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>&#916;DDVE (mm)</td>
                <td align="center">0,82 &#177; 1,04</td>
                <td align="center">3,38 &#177; 9,90</td>
                <td align="center">-2,49 &#177; 11,47</td>
                <td align="center">2,40 &#177; 5,41</td>
                <td align="center">F = 4,026</td>
                <td align="center">0,021</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Intervalo entre exames (meses)</td>
                <td align="center">65,5 &#177; 4,3</td>
                <td align="center">63,2 &#177; 6,3</td>
                <td align="center">68,0 &#177; 6,4</td>
                <td align="center">65,4 &#177; 12,4</td>
                <td align="center">F = 0,142</td>
                <td align="center">0,868</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="t03-fn01">
              <label>*</label>
              <p>Vari&#225;veis num&#233;ricas est&#227;o expressas em m&#233;dia &#177; desvio padr&#227;o. DD: gen&#243;tipo
                        dele&#231;&#227;o/dele&#231;&#227;o; DI: gen&#243;tipo dele&#231;&#227;o/inser&#231;&#227;o; II: gen&#243;tipo
                        inser&#231;&#227;o/inser&#231;&#227;o; F: frequ&#234;ncia; FEVE: fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo
                        esquerdo; DSVE: di&#226;metro sist&#243;lico do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo; DDVE: di&#226;metro
                        diast&#243;lico do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo. &#916;FEVE: diferen&#231;a entre a fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o
                        do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo da &#250;ltima e primeira consulta; &#916;FEVE: diferen&#231;a entre
                        o di&#226;metro sist&#243;lico do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo da &#250;ltima e primeira consulta;
                        &#916;DDVE: diferen&#231;a entre o di&#226;metro diast&#243;lico do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo da
                        &#250;ltima e primeira consulta.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <p>Ao se analisar o comportamento evolutivo de cada vari&#225;vel ecocardiogr&#225;fica (diferen&#231;a
               entre a FEVE da &#250;ltima e da primeira consulta, dada por &#916;FEVE; diferen&#231;a entre o DSVE
               da &#250;ltima e da primeira consulta, dada por &#916;DSVE; e diferen&#231;a entre o DDVE da &#250;ltima
               e da primeira consulta, dada por &#916;DDVE) notam-se padr&#245;es distintos e significativos:
               o DI apresentou, na m&#233;dia, um aumento da FEVE final em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; inicial, enquanto os
               tipos DD e II apresentaram decr&#233;scimo (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01">Figura
               1</xref>). Em rela&#231;&#227;o ao tamanho do VE, o tipo DI apresentou diminui&#231;&#227;o dos DSVE e
               DDVE ao final do seguimento, enquanto que os gen&#243;tipos DD e II apresentaram aumento
               dos di&#226;metros cavit&#225;rios (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02">Figuras 2</xref> e <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f03">3</xref>, respectivamente).</p>
        <fig id="f01" fig-type="other">
          <label>Figura 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Varia&#231;&#227;o da fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o entre final e in&#237;cio do acompanhamento da
                     popula&#231;&#227;o estudada de acordo com os polimorfismos gen&#233;ticos da enzima de
                     convers&#227;o da angiotensina (ECA). DD: gen&#243;tipo dele&#231;&#227;o/dele&#231;&#227;o; DI: gen&#243;tipo
                     dele&#231;&#227;o/inser&#231;&#227;o; II: gen&#243;tipo inser&#231;&#227;o/inser&#231;&#227;o.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-102-01-0070-30229-gf01.jpg"/></fig>
        <fig id="f02" fig-type="other">
          <label>Figura 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Varia&#231;&#227;o do di&#226;metro sist&#243;lico do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo (VE) entre final e
                     in&#237;cio do acompanhamento da popula&#231;&#227;o estudada de acordo com os polimorfismos
                     gen&#233;ticos da enzima de convers&#227;o da angiotensina (ECA). DD: gen&#243;tipo
                     dele&#231;&#227;o/dele&#231;&#227;o; DI: gen&#243;tipo dele&#231;&#227;o/inser&#231;&#227;o; II: gen&#243;tipo
                     inser&#231;&#227;o/inser&#231;&#227;o.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-102-01-0070-30229-gf02.jpg"/></fig>
        <fig id="f03" fig-type="other">
          <label>Figura 3</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Varia&#231;&#227;o do di&#226;metro diast&#243;lico do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo (VE) entre final e
                     in&#237;cio do acompanhamento da popula&#231;&#227;o estudada de acordo com os polimorfismos
                     gen&#233;ticos da enzima de convers&#227;o da angiotensina (ECA). DD: gen&#243;tipo
                     dele&#231;&#227;o/dele&#231;&#227;o; DI: gen&#243;tipo dele&#231;&#227;o/inser&#231;&#227;o; II: gen&#243;tipo
                     inser&#231;&#227;o/inser&#231;&#227;o.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-102-01-0070-30229-gf03.jpg"/></fig>
        <p>An&#225;lise qualitativa (aumento <italic>versus</italic> diminui&#231;&#227;o) do &#916;DSVE (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f04">Figura 4</xref>) e do &#916;DDVE revelou diferen&#231;a entre os
               PGECA com signific&#226;ncia estat&#237;stica para o DSVE (p = 0,046), mas n&#227;o para o DDVE (p =
               0,095): o DD apresentou maior n&#250;mero de pacientes com aumento do DSVE, enquanto a
               variante DI apresentou maior n&#250;mero de pacientes com diminui&#231;&#227;o do DSVE ao final do
               estudo.</p>
        <fig id="f04" fig-type="other">
          <label>Figura 4</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Evolu&#231;&#227;o do di&#226;metro sist&#243;lico do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo da popula&#231;&#227;o estudada
                     de acordo com os polimorfismos gen&#233;ticos da enzima de convers&#227;o da
                     angiotensina. DD: gen&#243;tipo dele&#231;&#227;o/dele&#231;&#227;o; DI: gen&#243;tipo dele&#231;&#227;o/inser&#231;&#227;o; II:
                     gen&#243;tipo inser&#231;&#227;o/inser&#231;&#227;o; DSVE: di&#226;metro sist&#243;lico do ventr&#237;culo
                     esquerdo.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-102-01-0070-30229-gf04.jpg"/></fig>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="discussion">
      <title>Discuss&#227;o</title>
      <p>Neste estudo, descreve-se a rela&#231;&#227;o entre as variantes do PGECA e os desfechos cl&#237;nicos
            e ecocardiogr&#225;ficos em 111-pacientes com IC de etiologia n&#227;o isqu&#234;mica, com seguimento
            m&#233;dio de 5,4 anos (varia&#231;&#227;o entre 12,0 e 249,7 meses). Outros estudos
               internacionais<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref> e nacionais<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref> fizeram essa an&#225;lise,
            entretanto o projeto atual &#233; pioneiro em estudar IC de etiologia exclusivamente n&#227;o
            isqu&#234;mica na popula&#231;&#227;o brasileira com um tempo m&#233;dio de seguimento mais longo que 5
            anos.</p>
      <p>Dois achados do presente estudo mereceram destaque. Primeiro, o perfil genot&#237;pico da ECA
            da popula&#231;&#227;o estudada foi diferente do da maioria das publica&#231;&#245;es anteriores,
            demonstrando uma propor&#231;&#227;o baix&#237;ssima com o PGECA tipo II (apenas 4,5% dos pacientes).
            Al&#233;m disso, a evolu&#231;&#227;o ecocardiogr&#225;fica representada pelas vari&#225;veis &#916;FEVE, &#916;DSVE e
            &#916;DDVE foram diferentes entre os PGECA, com piora evolutiva desses par&#226;metros no gen&#243;tipo
            DD.</p>
      <p>A baixa preval&#234;ncia do gen&#243;tipo II observada no presente estudo pode estar relacionada
            &#224;s caracter&#237;sticas da popula&#231;&#227;o estudada, em especial &#224; etnia desses pacientes. Na
            meta-an&#225;lise de Bai e cols.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B04">4</xref>, com 2.453 casos de
            IC de m&#250;ltiplas etiologias, foram inclu&#237;dos apenas 6,4% de pretos e 23,4% de origem
            asi&#225;tica, enquanto que a popula&#231;&#227;o deste estudo contou com 51% de brancos, 36% de
            pretos, 13% de pardos e nenhum asi&#225;tico. As diferen&#231;as entre as preval&#234;ncias dos
            gen&#243;tipos da ECA observadas entre este trabalho e o de Bai e cols. foram,
            respectivamente: 51,4% <italic>versus</italic> 31% para DD; 44,1%
               <italic>versus</italic> 46% para DI; 4,5% <italic>versus</italic> 23% para II.</p>
      <p>No trabalho de Tiago e cols.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">33</xref> realizado na
            &#193;frica do Sul com 157 pretos portadores de IC de etiologia idiop&#225;tica, foi observada uma
            distribui&#231;&#227;o dos PGECA mais pr&#243;xima da observada neste estudo: 45,2% de DD; 38,2% de DI;
            e 6,5% de II. A presen&#231;a apenas de indiv&#237;duos afrodescendentes aproximou os achados aos
            aqui observados. Velloso e cols.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref> descreveram
            associa&#231;&#227;o semelhante com outros PG e a cor da pele do indiv&#237;duo no contexto da IC: as
            preval&#234;ncias dos PG da &#243;xido n&#237;trico-sintetase foram diferentes entre brancos e
            afro-americanos.</p>
      <p>As diferentes etiologias de IC n&#227;o isqu&#234;mica n&#227;o se relacionaram ao perfil gen&#233;tico, e a
            aus&#234;ncia de pacientes de etiologia isqu&#234;mica provavelmente n&#227;o determinou maior ou menor
            incid&#234;ncia de qualquer um dos gen&#243;tipos. Amir e cols.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34">34</xref> j&#225; haviam demonstrado, em seu trabalho com 195 casos de IC (124 isqu&#234;micos
            e 71 n&#227;o isqu&#234;micos), que n&#227;o havia varia&#231;&#227;o significativa dos gen&#243;tipos em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224;
            etiologia.</p>
      <p>A an&#225;lise das vari&#225;veis do ecocardiograma demonstrou diferen&#231;a significativa entre as
            m&#233;dias do DSVE final pelos gen&#243;tipos da ECA. O PGECA DD apresentou m&#233;dias maiores que o
            DI: 59,2 mm <italic>versus</italic> 52,3 mm, respectivamente. O baixo n&#250;mero de
            pacientes com gen&#243;tipo II limitou a an&#225;lise para esse grupo. Os par&#226;metros evolutivos
            &#916;FEVE, &#916;DSVE e &#916;DDVE apresentaram diferen&#231;as significativas entre os PGECA, com melhora
            da FE e dos di&#226;metros do VE (remodelamento reverso) no gen&#243;tipo DI. Os gen&#243;tipos DD e II
            tiveram comportamento inverso, com piora da FE e dos di&#226;metros ventriculares (dilata&#231;&#227;o
            card&#237;aca).</p>
      <p>Esse padr&#227;o evolutivo mais grave relacionado ao PGECA DD est&#225; em concord&#226;ncia com outros
               autores<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref>. A dilata&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca mais acentuada nesses pacientes est&#225;
            relacionada a maior ativa&#231;&#227;o neuro-humoral, principalmente do SRAA. Os PGECA s&#227;o
            respons&#225;veis por cerca de 50% da varia&#231;&#227;o dos n&#237;veis da ECA e o tipo DD foi associado
            com os maiores n&#237;veis dessa enzima<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B35">35</xref>. N&#237;veis
            elevados da ECA s&#227;o acompanhados de s&#237;ntese aumentada de angiotensina e maior ativa&#231;&#227;o
            desse sistema<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B36">36</xref>.</p>
      <p>No entanto, esses resultados n&#227;o s&#227;o uniformes. de Groote e cols.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref> n&#227;o observaram diferen&#231;as nos par&#226;metros do ECO em 199 pacientes
            com IC, que ainda n&#227;o haviam iniciado o uso de BB. O curto intervalo entre os exames
            (apenas 3 meses ap&#243;s a otimiza&#231;&#227;o da dose do BB <italic>versus</italic> 65,5 meses deste
            trabalho) pode ter sido insuficiente para a observa&#231;&#227;o do remodelamento card&#237;aco reverso
            naquele estudo. Mahjoub e cols.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref> tamb&#233;m n&#227;o
            detectaram diferen&#231;as entre os PGECA ao ECO, mas os autores optaram por uma an&#225;lise
            categ&#243;rica, com a divis&#227;o da amostra em dois grupos segundo o DDVE (&#8805; 69 mm
               <italic>versus</italic> &lt; 69 mm), que corresponderiam a maior e menor gravidade,
            respectivamente. A an&#225;lise estat&#237;stica do presente trabalho utilizou os valores
            num&#233;ricos dos par&#226;metros ecocardiogr&#225;ficos, como vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas e, portanto, com
            maior poder discriminador.</p>
      <p>O perfil cl&#237;nico de cada coorte &#233; altamente vari&#225;vel entre os trabalhos. Al&#233;m da rela&#231;&#227;o
            da etnia e da preval&#234;ncia dos PGECA j&#225; discutidas, outros fatores parecem influenciar a
            participa&#231;&#227;o do gene da ECA sobre a hist&#243;ria natural e a fisiopatologia da IC. Um dos
            principais &#233; o tratamento medicamentoso.</p>
      <p>O percentual de uso de BB foi 98,2%, com dose-alvo de 84,3% da preconizada, mais elevada
            que a maioria dos outros ensaios cl&#237;nicos<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref>. O uso de IECA e/ou BRA foi 91,2% e
            espironolactona de 68,4%. Entretanto, a excel&#234;ncia desse tratamento pode interferir na
            evolu&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica dos pacientes, n&#227;o permitindo a observa&#231;&#227;o de diferen&#231;as pelos
            PGECA.</p>
      <p>McNamara e cols.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref> avaliaram a intera&#231;&#227;o farmacogen&#233;tica, observando
            o uso da terapia com BB<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref> e IECA<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref> e os PGECA. O gen&#243;tipo DD foi associado &#224; pior
            evolu&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica-ecocardiogr&#225;fica, mas o impacto desse PG era atenuado pelo tratamento
            com BB e IECA, isto &#233;, provavelmente, para esse grupo de pacientes, o bloqueio
            neuro-humoral conseguia neutralizar o excesso de atividade do SRAA secund&#225;rio ao PGECA
            DD. Assim, os tr&#234;s gen&#243;tipos, DD, DI e II, quando em uso de terapia otimizada, passavam
            a se comportar de maneira semelhante, em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; evolu&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica.</p>
      <p>Em outro estudo, apenas a combina&#231;&#227;o de duas variantes gen&#233;ticas PGECA + PG do Receptor
            da ATII se mostrou independentemente associada a desfechos cl&#237;nicos<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B37">37</xref>.</p>
      <p>Assim, o car&#225;ter polig&#234;nico descrito para outras caracter&#237;sticas f&#237;sicas, como
               altura<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B38">38</xref> ou perfil lip&#237;dico<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B39">39</xref>, tamb&#233;m parece prov&#225;vel na fisiopatologia da IC e
            na atua&#231;&#227;o do SRAA. O estudo simult&#226;neo de m&#250;ltiplos PG em uma mesma popula&#231;&#227;o
            identificou que apenas combina&#231;&#245;es de gen&#243;tipos foram associadas a desfechos cl&#237;nicos
            e/ou ecocardiogr&#225;ficos<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref>. &#201; prov&#225;vel que um painel de marcadores gen&#233;ticos
            seja mais eficiente em detectar indiv&#237;duos de maior gravidade do que PG isolados.</p>
      <p>O presente estudo apresenta algumas limita&#231;&#245;es: primeiro, o n&#250;mero relativamente pequeno
            de indiv&#237;duos estudado, em especial o n&#250;mero reduzido de indiv&#237;duos com o gen&#243;tipo II,
            impediu uma an&#225;lise mais conclusiva dos dados. Al&#233;m disso, a coleta de dados em
            prontu&#225;rios representa, por defini&#231;&#227;o, uma limita&#231;&#227;o. Entretanto, destaca-se que essa
            limita&#231;&#227;o foi provavelmente atenuada pela alta qualifica&#231;&#227;o do servi&#231;o oferecido em
            cl&#237;nica de IC bem estruturada, com protocolos de atendimento definidos, treinamento dos
            profissionais e auditorias regulares. Por &#250;ltimo, por se tratar de um estudo tamb&#233;m
            retrospectivo, pode ter havido um vi&#233;s de sele&#231;&#227;o com inclus&#227;o em menor n&#250;mero de
            pacientes mais graves. Por&#233;m, o gen&#243;tipo II, que teoricamente seria mais prevalente em
            pacientes menos graves, foi o de menor preval&#234;ncia, o que se contrap&#245;e ao vi&#233;s de
            sele&#231;&#227;o apontado.</p>
      <p>A aplica&#231;&#227;o da gen&#233;tica no contexto da IC torna-se potencialmente uma interessante e
            atrativa ferramenta para estratifica&#231;&#227;o de risco e gravidade, assim como um marcador de
            resposta terap&#234;utica. A complexa arquitetura gen&#233;tica, representada pelas j&#225; conhecidas
            heran&#231;as polig&#234;nicas de outras caracter&#237;sticas, ilustra a dificuldade do estudo sobre o
            tema. Entretanto, o estudo dessa &#225;rea poder&#225; ter grande impacto futuro na pr&#225;tica
            m&#233;dica, em especial na cardiologia. Assim, as dificuldades at&#233; aqui observadas n&#227;o devem
            ser encaradas como resultados negativos, mas como incentivo para a realiza&#231;&#227;o de mais
            estudos que preencham lacunas e desenvolvam o conhecimento nessa importante &#225;rea.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="conclusions">
      <title>Conclus&#227;o</title>
      <p>A frequ&#234;ncia al&#233;lica e das variantes do polimorfismo gen&#233;tico da enzima de convers&#227;o da
            angiotensina foi diferente da maioria dos estudos internacionais e tamb&#233;m nacionais, no
            contexto da IC, com destaque para a pequena parcela de indiv&#237;duos com a variante II.</p>
      <p>Os par&#226;metros ecocardiogr&#225;ficos apresentaram diferen&#231;as significativas entre as
            variantes do polimorfismo gen&#233;tico da enzima de convers&#227;o da angiotensina. O gen&#243;tipo DD
            se relacionou a uma pior evolu&#231;&#227;o ecocardiogr&#225;fica ao longo de 5,4 anos de
            acompanhamento.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec>
      <title>Contribui&#231;&#227;o dos autores</title>
      <p>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa: Albuquerque FN, Brand&#227;o AA, Silva DA, Mourilhe-Rocha
            RM, Duque GS, Albuquerque DC; Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados: Albuquerque FN, Silva DA,
            Mourilhe-Rocha RM, Duque GS, Gondar AFP, Neves LMA, Bittencourt MI; An&#225;lise e
            interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados: Albuquerque FN, Brand&#227;o AA, Silva DA, Pozzan R, Albuquerque DC;
            An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica: Albuquerque FN, Pozzan R; Obten&#231;&#227;o de financiamento: de Albuquerque
            FN, de Albuquerque DC; Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito: Albuquerque FN, Brand&#227;o AA, Pozzan R,
            Albuquerque DC; Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual:
            Albuquerque FN, Brand&#227;o AA, Albuquerque DC.</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
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    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p><bold>Vincula&#231;&#227;o Acad&#234;mica</bold> Este artigo &#233; parte de disserta&#231;&#227;o de Mestrado de
               Felipe Neves de Albuquerque pelo Programa de P&#243;s-gradua&#231;&#227;o em Ci&#234;ncias M&#233;dicas da
               Faculdade de Ci&#234;ncias M&#233;dicas da Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="financial-disclosure">
        <p>
          <bold>Fontes de Financiamento</bold>
        </p>
        <p>O presente estudo foi parcialmente financiado pela FAPERJ.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
  </back>
  <sub-article id="SA1" article-type="translation" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Articles</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title xml:lang="en">Angiotensin-converting enzyme genetic polymorphism: its
               impact on cardiac remodeling</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Albuquerque</surname>
            <given-names>Felipe Neves de</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff03">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c02"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Brand&#227;o</surname>
            <given-names>Andr&#233;a Araujo</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff03">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Silva</surname>
            <given-names>Dayse Aparecida da</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff04">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Mourilhe-Rocha</surname>
            <given-names>Ricardo</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff03">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Duque</surname>
            <given-names>Gustavo Salgado</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff03">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Gondar</surname>
            <given-names>Alyne Freitas Pereira</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff03">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Neves</surname>
            <given-names>Luiza Maceira de Almeida</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff03">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Bittencourt</surname>
            <given-names>Marcelo Imbroinise</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff03">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Pozzan</surname>
            <given-names>Roberto</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff03">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Albuquerque</surname>
            <given-names>Denilson Campos de</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff03">1</xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff03">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade do Estado do Rio de
               Janeiro</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Faculdade de Ci&#234;ncias M&#233;dicas</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Rio de Janeiro</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">RJ</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country>Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Disciplina de Cardiologia da Faculdade de Ci&#234;ncias
               M&#233;dicas da Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ -
               Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff04">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade do Estado do Rio de
               Janeiro</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">instituto de Biologia Roberto Alcantara
               Gomes</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv2">Laborat&#243;rio de Diagn&#243;sticos por DNA</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Rio de Janeiro</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">RJ</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country>Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Laborat&#243;rio de Diagn&#243;sticos por DNA do instituto de
               Biologia Roberto Alcantara Gomes da Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de
               Janeiro, RJ - Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c02"><bold>Mailing Address: Felipe Neves de Albuquerque</bold>, Rua Volunt&#225;rios da P&#225;tria,
               445, sala 1.401, Botafogo. Postal Code 22270-000, Rio de Janeiro, RJ - Brazil.
               E-mail: <email>felipealbuquerque@cardiol.br</email></corresp>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potential Conflict of Interest</bold>
          </p>
          <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <abstract xml:lang="en">
        <sec>
          <title>Background:</title>
          <p> The role of angiotensin-converting enzyme genetic polymorphisms as a predictor of
                  echocardiographic outcomes on heart failure is yet to be established. The local
                  profile should be identified so that the impact of those genotypes on the
                  Brazilian population could be identified. This is the first study on exclusively
                  non-ischemic heart failure over a follow-up longer than 5 years. </p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objective:</title>
          <p> To determine the distribution of angiotensin-converting enzyme genetic
                  polymorphism variants and their relation with echocardiographic outcome of
                  patients with non-ischemic heart failure. </p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Methods:</title>
          <p> Secondary analysis of the medical records of 111 patients and identification of
                  the angiotensin-converting enzyme genetic polymorphism variants, classified as DD
                  (Deletion/Deletion), DI (Deletion/Insertion) or II (Insertion/Insertion). </p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Results:</title>
          <p> The cohort means were as follows: follow-up, 64.9 months; age, 59.5 years; male
                  sex, 60.4%; white skin color, 51.4%; use of beta-blockers, 98.2%; and use of
                  angiotensin-converting-enzyme inhibitors or angiotensin receptor blocker, 89.2%.
                  The angiotensin-converting enzyme genetic polymorphism distribution was as
                  follows: DD, 51.4%; DI, 44.1%; and II, 4.5%. No difference regarding the clinical
                  characteristics or treatment was observed between the groups. The final left
                  ventricular systolic diameter was the only isolated echocardiographic variable
                  that significantly differed between the angiotensin-converting enzyme genetic
                  polymorphisms: 59.2 &#177; 1.8 for DD versus 52.3 &#177; 1.9 for DI versus 59.2 &#177; 5.2 for II
                  (p = 0.029). Considering the evolutionary behavior, all echocardiographic
                  variables (difference between the left ventricular ejection fraction at the last
                  and first consultation; difference between the left ventricular systolic diameter
                  at the last and first consultation; and difference between the left ventricular
                  diastolic diameter at the last and first consultation) differed between the
                  genotypes (p = 0.024; p = 0.002; and p = 0.021, respectively). </p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclusion:</title>
          <p> The distribution of the angiotensin-converting enzyme genetic polymorphisms
                  differed from that of other studies with a very small number of II. The DD
                  genotype was independently associated with worse echocardiographic outcome, while
                  the DI genotype, with the best echocardiographic profile (increased left
                  ventricular ejection fraction and decreased left ventricular diameters).</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>Heart failure</kwd>
        <kwd>Genetic polymorphism</kwd>
        <kwd>Angiotensin-converting enzyme</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <funding-group>
        <award-group>
          <funding-source>FAPERJ</funding-source>
        </award-group>
      </funding-group>
      <counts>
        <fig-count count="4"/>
        <table-count count="3"/>
        <equation-count count="0"/>
        <ref-count count="39"/>
        <page-count count="10"/>
      </counts>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>Introduction</title>
        <p>Heart failure (HF) is the second major cause of hospitalization in Brazil<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B01">1</xref>. In the United States, 32 billion dollars will
               be spent during 2013<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B02">2</xref> with that syndrome. In
               addition, those patients' quality of life is severely impaired. Despite the reduction
               in morbidity and mortality due to new drugs, that gain has not been uniform, and
               clinical outcome can be unfavorable. One of the mechanisms that can justify such
               differences is genetics. </p>
        <p>The genetic influence, comprising all stages of the syndrome<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B03">3</xref>, has been studied in the following phases:
                  pre-installation<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B04">4</xref>; development<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B05">5</xref>; and clinical phase (disease natural
                  history<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B06">6</xref> and therapeutic response<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B07">7</xref>
               <sup>))</sup>. Those results are controversial<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B08">8</xref> and the studies have been carried out in foreign populations; thus,
               their impact on the Brazilian population remains unclear.</p>
        <p>The major mechanism of that genetic influence is via modulation of the activity of
               the sympathetic nervous (SNS) and renin-angiotensin-aldosterone (RAAS) systems, which
               promote cardiac remodeling and sodium and water retention, characteristics of HF.
               Variations in the activity of those systems would determine different
               pathophysiological responses, and, thus, varied clinical outcome.</p>
        <p>Some genetic markers, the genetic polymorphisms (GP), have been identified and
               associated with the molecular processes of that neuro-humoral response, such as
               beta-adrenergic receptors<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B07">7</xref>, angiotensin
                  synthesis<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B09">9</xref>, nitric oxide metabolism<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>, and angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE)<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B04">4</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref>. The later, object
               of this study, is the major agent of the RAAS.</p>
        <p>Regarding RAAS, the major GP was the ACE Deletion/Insertion (DI) of 287 base pairs of
               the intron 16 (GPACE)<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref>. The GPACE, especially
               the Deletion/Deletion (DD) genotype, was associated with the risk for HF<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref>, mortality<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref>, rejection to heart transplants<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref>, and echocardiographic variations<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref>. However, that relationship has not been observed in some
                  publications<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref>.</p>
        <p>Published studies have controversial results and small sample sizes, and have been
               carried out in populations different from the Brazilian one, regarding geographical,
               epidemiological and ethnical aspects. In addition, patients with non-ischemic HF are
               usually underrepresented in studies on the topic, involving different
               pathophysiological mechanisms<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26 </xref>and variable
               therapeutic responses<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref>.</p>
        <p>Thus, the present study aimed at determining the frequency of the GPACE variants and
               their relation with the clinical and echocardiographic outcomes of patients with
               non-ischemic HF.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="methods">
        <title>Methods</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Study design</title>
          <p>This is a longitudinal study of a cohort of patients. Medical data were
                  retrospectively and prospectively collected from their medical records, beginning
                  at the patient's arrival at the HF Clinics of a university-affiliated hospital,
                  from December 2009 to January 2012.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Patients</title>
          <p>This study consecutively selected 111 patients (67 men and 44 women) diagnosed
                  with systolic non-ischemic HF, on a minimum 12-months follow-up. The major
                  characteristics of the sample were as follows: mean age, 59.5 &#177; 1.3 years (range:
                  26 - 89 years); male prevalence (60.4%); and ethnical composition (white, 51.4%;
                  black, 36.0%; others, 12.6%). The mean follow-up time was 64.9 &#177; 3.9 months.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Inclusion criteria</title>
          <p>Patients with symptomatic non-ischemic HF, according to the Framingham criteria,
                  and systolic ventricular dysfunction with ejection fraction &#8804; 50% on
                  two-dimensional echocardiography (Simpson's method) were considered eligible to
                  the study.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Exclusion criteria</title>
          <p>The presence of significant coronary arterial disease defined as coronary lesion &#8805;
                  75% in two or more epicardial arteries or &#8805; 75% in left main coronary artery<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref> led to exclusion from this study.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Heart failure etiology</title>
          <p>The HF etiologies were classified into four groups: idiopathic (36.0%);
                  hypertensive (20.7%); alcoholic (18.9%); and others (24.3%). The diagnosis was
                  established by the physician at the HF Clinics, according to previously described
                     criteria<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref>. </p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Clinical, laboratory and electrocardiographic parameters</title>
          <p>Clinical data were extracted from medical records. Skin color was defined by the
                  attending physician and classified as white, black or others. The functional class
                  was determined according to the New York Heart Association functional
                  classification, at the beginning and end of follow-up.</p>
          <p>Laboratory tests were periodically performed at the discretion of the attending
                  physician. The most recently available exams were considered for analysis to
                  express the patient's current clinical status.</p>
          <p>All patients underwent electrocardiography (ECG), and were assessed regarding QRS
                  duration, presence of left bundle-branch block (LBBB) and atrial fibrillation
                  (AF).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Echocardiographic variables</title>
          <p>The following parameters were assessed: left ventricular systolic diameter (LVSD);
                  left ventricular diastolic diameter (LVDD); and left ventricular ejection fraction
                  (LVEF). Echocardiography was performed by a medical team blinded to the patients'
                  genotypes. Two echocardiographies were performed, one at the beginning and another
                  at the end of follow-up, with a mean interval between exams of 65.5 &#177; 4.3 months
                  (range: 12 - 232 months), so that the evolution of those parameters could also be
                  observed.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Genotyping</title>
          <p>The GPACE variants were analyzed from blood samples collected. After storage under
                  a temperature of 5-15&#186;C, the samples were processed and the DNA extracted
                  according to the salting out procedure<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref>.
                  After extraction, the polymorphism was genotyped by use of polymerase chain
                  reaction (PCR) and classified as DD, DI or Insertion/Insertion (II).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Statistical Analysis</title>
          <p>All data obtained were analyzed by use of the statistical program Statistical
                  Package for the Social Science for Mac (SPSS), version 21. In all tests, the
                  rejection level of the null hypothesis was fixed as 0.05 or 5% (p &lt; 0.05) and
                  the 95% confidence interval (CI) was used. The central trend measurements were
                  expressed as mean &#177; standard deviation.</p>
          <p>The following tests were used: chi-square, Student <italic>t</italic> test and
                  analysis of variance (ANOVA).</p>
          <p>The genotype and haplotype frequencies were tested for Hardy-Weinberg
                     equilibrium<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref>, by using the ARLEQUIN
                  software, 2000 version.</p>
          <p>The project was approved by the Committee on Ethics and Research of the Pedro
                  Ernesto university-affiliated hospital (December 16th 2009). All patients provided
                  written informed consent.</p>
          <p>The present study was partially financed by the Funda&#231;&#227;o Carlos Chagas Filho de
                  Amparo &#224; Pesquisa do Estado do Rio de Janeiro (FAPERJ) after approval of the
                  Inovacor project.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="results">
        <title>Results</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Genetic profile of the population studied</title>
          <p>In the population studied, the D allele occurred 163 times (73%), while the I
                  allele, 59 times (27%). Regarding genotypes, 57 (51.4%) were classified as DD, 49
                  (44.1%) as DI, and only 5 (4.5%) as II. The population studied was in
                  Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Characteristics of the population sample</title>
          <p>There was a predominance of the male sex and white individuals, and a high
                  incidence of systemic arterial hypertension (SAH) and smoking. However, the
                  prevalences of diabetes mellitus and dyslipidemia were relatively low. No
                  significant difference in the genotypes was observed for any of the clinical or
                  laboratory characteristics assessed (Table 1).</p>
          <table-wrap id="t04">
            <label>Table 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Clinical characteristics of the population studied according to the
                        genetic polymorphisms of the angiotensin-converting enzyme</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="rows">
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left">
                    <bold>Clinical variable<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="t04-fn01">*</xref></bold>
                  </th>
                  <th>
                    <bold>Mean</bold>
                  </th>
                  <th>
                    <bold>DD (n = 57)</bold>
                  </th>
                  <th>
                    <bold>DI (n = 49)</bold>
                  </th>
                  <th>
                    <bold>II (n = 5)</bold>
                  </th>
                  <th>
                    <bold>Statistical test</bold>
                  </th>
                  <th>
                    <bold>p Value</bold>
                  </th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td>Follow-up (months)</td>
                  <td align="center">64.9 &#177; 3.9</td>
                  <td align="center">65.2 &#177; 6.1</td>
                  <td align="center">64.7 &#177; 5.1</td>
                  <td align="center">63.6 &#177; 13.6</td>
                  <td align="center">F = 0.004</td>
                  <td align="center">0.996</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>HF duration (months)</td>
                  <td align="center">97.0 &#177;6.9</td>
                  <td align="center">89.9 &#177; 7.6</td>
                  <td align="center">107.6 &#177; 12.7</td>
                  <td align="center">73.4 &#177; 15.0</td>
                  <td align="center">F = 1.067</td>
                  <td align="center">0.348</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Age (years)</td>
                  <td align="center">59.5 &#177;1.3</td>
                  <td align="center">61.1 &#177; 12.6</td>
                  <td align="center">57.8 &#177; 14.6</td>
                  <td align="center">57.2 &#177; 10.7</td>
                  <td align="center">F = 0.852</td>
                  <td align="center">0.429</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Male gender</td>
                  <td align="center">67 (60.4)</td>
                  <td align="center">35 (61.4)</td>
                  <td align="center">27 (56.3)</td>
                  <td align="center">4 (80.0)</td>
                  <td align="center">X<sup>2</sup> = 1.61</td>
                  <td align="center">0.560</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td colspan="7">
                    <bold>Ethnicity</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>White</td>
                  <td align="center">57 (51.4)</td>
                  <td align="center">27 (47.4)</td>
                  <td align="center">25 (52.1)</td>
                  <td align="center">4 (80.0)</td>
                  <td rowspan="3" align="center">X<sup>2</sup> = 2.158</td>
                  <td rowspan="3" align="center">0.707</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Black</td>
                  <td align="center">40 (36)</td>
                  <td align="center">22 (38.6)</td>
                  <td align="center">17 (35.4)</td>
                  <td align="center">1 (20.0)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Others</td>
                  <td align="center">14 (12.6)</td>
                  <td align="center">8 (14.0)</td>
                  <td align="center">6 (12.5)</td>
                  <td align="center">0 (0)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>BMI (kg/m<sup>2</sup>)</td>
                  <td align="center">26.1&#177;0.6</td>
                  <td align="center">26.0 &#177; 0.9</td>
                  <td align="center">26.1 &#177; 0.8</td>
                  <td align="center">28.0 &#177; 2.2</td>
                  <td align="center">0.231</td>
                  <td align="center">0.794</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Arterial hypertension</td>
                  <td align="center">78 (70.3)</td>
                  <td align="center">41 (71.9)</td>
                  <td align="center">33 (68.8)</td>
                  <td align="center">4 (80.0)</td>
                  <td align="center">X<sup>2</sup> = 0.338</td>
                  <td align="center">0.845</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Diabetes mellitus</td>
                  <td align="center">24 (21.6)</td>
                  <td align="center">13 (22.8)</td>
                  <td align="center">9 (18.8)</td>
                  <td align="center">2 (40.0)</td>
                  <td align="center">X<sup>2</sup> = 1.267</td>
                  <td align="center">0.531</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Anemia</td>
                  <td align="center">17 (15.3)</td>
                  <td align="center">11 (19.3)</td>
                  <td align="center">6 (12.5)</td>
                  <td align="center">0</td>
                  <td align="center">X<sup>2</sup> = 1.879</td>
                  <td align="center">0.391</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Dyslipidemia</td>
                  <td align="center">43 (38.7)</td>
                  <td align="center">23 (40.4)</td>
                  <td align="center">17 (35.4)</td>
                  <td align="center">3 (60.0)</td>
                  <td align="center">X<sup>2</sup> = 1.228</td>
                  <td align="center">0.541</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Atrial fibrillation</td>
                  <td align="center">22 (19.8)</td>
                  <td align="center">12 (21.1)</td>
                  <td align="center">8 (16.7)</td>
                  <td align="center">2 (40.0)</td>
                  <td align="center">X<sup>2</sup> = 1.751</td>
                  <td align="center">0.781</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Current smoker</td>
                  <td align="center">7 (6.3)</td>
                  <td align="center">8 (14.3)</td>
                  <td align="center">3 (6.3)</td>
                  <td align="center">2 (40.0)</td>
                  <td rowspan="2" align="center">X<sup>2</sup> = 7.350</td>
                  <td rowspan="2" align="center">0.775</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Former smoker</td>
                  <td align="center">45 (40.5)</td>
                  <td align="center">24 (42.1)</td>
                  <td align="center">19 (39.6)</td>
                  <td align="center">1 (20.0)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Former smoker</td>
                  <td align="center">21 (19.1)</td>
                  <td align="center">8 (14.3)</td>
                  <td align="center">10 (20.8)</td>
                  <td align="center">3 (60.0)</td>
                  <td rowspan="2" align="center">X<sup>2</sup> = 7.350</td>
                  <td rowspan="2" align="center">0.118</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Former alcoholic</td>
                  <td align="center">42 (38.2)</td>
                  <td align="center">20 (35.7)</td>
                  <td align="center">20 (41.7)</td>
                  <td align="center">1 (20.0)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>initial NYHA<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="t04-fn02">**</xref> I</td>
                  <td align="center">25 (22.5)</td>
                  <td align="center">13 (22.8)</td>
                  <td align="center">12 (25.0)</td>
                  <td align="center">0 (0)</td>
                  <td rowspan="4" align="center">X<sup>2</sup> = 5.400</td>
                  <td rowspan="4" align="center">0.714</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>initial NYHA<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="t04-fn02">**</xref>
                              II</td>
                  <td align="center">51 (45.9)</td>
                  <td align="center">25 (43.9)</td>
                  <td align="center">22 (45.8)</td>
                  <td align="center">4 (80.0)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>initial NYHA<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="t04-fn02">**</xref>
                              III</td>
                  <td align="center">23 (20.7)</td>
                  <td align="center">14 (24.6)</td>
                  <td align="center">8 (16.7)</td>
                  <td align="center">1 (20.0)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>initial NYHA<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="t04-fn02">**</xref>
                              IV</td>
                  <td align="center">3 (9.9)</td>
                  <td align="center">5 (8.8)</td>
                  <td align="center">6 (12.5)</td>
                  <td align="center">0 (0)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>mean initial NYHA</td>
                  <td align="center">2.18 &#177; 0.09</td>
                  <td align="center">2.19 &#177; 0.12</td>
                  <td align="center">2.17 &#177; 0.14</td>
                  <td align="center">2.20 &#177; 0.20</td>
                  <td align="center">F = 0.012</td>
                  <td align="center">0.988</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>final NYHA I</td>
                  <td align="center">41 (36.9)</td>
                  <td align="center">19 (33.3)</td>
                  <td align="center">19 (39.6)</td>
                  <td align="center">3 (60.0)</td>
                  <td rowspan="4" align="center">X<sup>2</sup> = 7.664</td>
                  <td rowspan="4" align="center">0.264</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>final NYHA II</td>
                  <td align="center">53 (47.7)</td>
                  <td align="center">26 (45.6)</td>
                  <td align="center">25 (52.1)</td>
                  <td align="center">2 (40.0)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>final NYHA III</td>
                  <td align="center">14 (12.6)</td>
                  <td align="center">11 (19.3)</td>
                  <td align="center">3 (6.1)</td>
                  <td align="center">0 (0)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>final NYHA IV</td>
                  <td align="center">3 (2.7)</td>
                  <td align="center">1 (1.8)</td>
                  <td align="center">2 (4.2)</td>
                  <td align="center">0 (0)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>mean final NYHA</td>
                  <td align="center">1.81 &#177; 0.07</td>
                  <td align="center">1.89 &#177; 0.10</td>
                  <td align="center">1.76 &#177; 0.11</td>
                  <td align="center">1.40 &#177; 0.25</td>
                  <td align="center">F = 1.224</td>
                  <td align="center">0.298</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Hemoglobin (g/dL)</td>
                  <td align="center">14.2 &#177; 1.3</td>
                  <td align="center">12.57 &#177; 1.94</td>
                  <td align="center">16.02 &#177; 20.28</td>
                  <td align="center">14.2 &#177; 1.30</td>
                  <td align="center">F = 0.834</td>
                  <td align="center">0.437</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Creatinine (mg/dL)</td>
                  <td align="center">1.03 &#177; 0.18</td>
                  <td align="center">1.03 &#177; 0.31</td>
                  <td align="center">1.12 &#177; 0.18</td>
                  <td align="center">0.40 &#177; 0.24</td>
                  <td align="center">F = 0.336</td>
                  <td align="center">0.715</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Uric acid (mg/dL)</td>
                  <td align="center">6.5 &#177; 0.2</td>
                  <td align="center">6.51 &#177; 2.20</td>
                  <td align="center">6.52 &#177; 2.01</td>
                  <td align="center">5.2 &#177; 1.48</td>
                  <td align="center">F = 0.92</td>
                  <td align="center">0.402</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Sodium (mEq/L)</td>
                  <td align="center">138.9 &#177; 0.3</td>
                  <td align="center">138.43 &#177; 3.60</td>
                  <td align="center">139.40 &#177; 2.83</td>
                  <td align="center">139.40 &#177; 2.41</td>
                  <td align="center">F = 1.213</td>
                  <td align="center">0.302</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Potassium (mEq/L)</td>
                  <td align="center">4.1 &#177; 0.1</td>
                  <td align="center">4.18 &#177; 0.66</td>
                  <td align="center">4.02 &#177; 0.64</td>
                  <td align="center">4.00 &#177; 0.71</td>
                  <td align="center">F = 0.817</td>
                  <td align="center">0.445</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Total cholesterol (mg/dL)</td>
                  <td align="center">184.4 &#177; 4.6</td>
                  <td align="center">187.4 &#177; 5.8</td>
                  <td align="center">182.8 &#177; 7.7</td>
                  <td align="center">165.8 &#177; 12.2</td>
                  <td align="center">F = 0.511</td>
                  <td align="center">0.602</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>EGFR (mL/min)</td>
                  <td align="center">74.6 &#177; 3.8</td>
                  <td align="center">74.9 &#177; 5.5</td>
                  <td align="center">72.9 &#177; 5.3</td>
                  <td align="center">101.5 &#177; 34.1</td>
                  <td align="center">F = 0.707</td>
                  <td align="center">0.497</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="t04-fn01">
                <label>*</label>
                <p>Numerical variables expressed as mean &#177; standard deviation; categorical
                           variables, expressed as n (%);</p>
              </fn>
              <fn id="t04-fn02">
                <label>**</label>
                <p>there was no data on initial NYHA class for one Group DI patient. </p>
              </fn>
              <fn>
                <p>DD: deletion/deletion genotype; DI: deletion/insertion genotype; II:
                           insertion/insertion genotype; Follow-up: follow-up duration (months); F:
                           frequency; HF duration: disease evolution since disease diagnosis; BMI:
                           body mass index; NYHA: New York Heart Association; EGFR: estimated
                           glomerular filtration rate.</p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
          <p>The idiopathic etiology prevailed (36.0%), followed by the hypertensive (20.7%);
                  however, there was no statistically significant difference in the distribution of
                  the etiologies regarding the GPACE (p = 0.248).</p>
          <p>A high percentage of use of major beta-blockers (BB), ACE inhibitors (ACEI) and/or
                  angiotensin-receptor blockers (ARB) was observed, with mean doses close to those
                  recommended by the current Brazilian Guidelines for Heart Failure<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">32</xref>. There was no difference concerning the
                  distribution of the type of drugs used according to the GPACE (Table 2).</p>
          <table-wrap id="t05">
            <label>Table 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Medicamentous treatment of the Brazilian population studied according to
                        the genetic polymorphisms of the angiotensin-converting enzyme<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="t05-fn01">*</xref></title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="rows">
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left">
                    <bold>Drug</bold>
                  </th>
                  <th>
                    <bold>Mean</bold>
                  </th>
                  <th>
                    <bold>DD (n = 57)</bold>
                  </th>
                  <th>
                    <bold>DI (n = 49)</bold>
                  </th>
                  <th>
                    <bold>II (n = 5)</bold>
                  </th>
                  <th>
                    <bold>Statistical test</bold>
                  </th>
                  <th>
                    <bold>p Value</bold>
                  </th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td>Beta-blocker</td>
                  <td align="center">108 (98.2)</td>
                  <td align="center">55 (98.2)</td>
                  <td align="center">47 (97.9)</td>
                  <td align="center">5 (100.0)</td>
                  <td align="center">X<sup>2</sup> = 0.111</td>
                  <td align="center">0.946</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Carvedilol</td>
                  <td align="center">76 (71.0)</td>
                  <td align="center">34 (61.8)</td>
                  <td align="center">36 (78.3)</td>
                  <td align="center">5 (100.0)</td>
                  <td rowspan="3" align="center">X<sup>2</sup> = 7.471</td>
                  <td rowspan="3" align="center">0.279</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Metoprolol</td>
                  <td align="center">16 (15.0)</td>
                  <td align="center">10 (18.2)</td>
                  <td align="center">4 (8.7)</td>
                  <td align="center">0 (0)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Bisoprolol</td>
                  <td align="center">14 (13.1)</td>
                  <td align="center">11 (20.0)</td>
                  <td align="center">5 (10.9)</td>
                  <td align="center">0 (0)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Target dose</td>
                  <td align="center">84.9 &#177; 3.7</td>
                  <td align="center">84.3 &#177; 4.3</td>
                  <td align="center">84.6 &#177; 5.8</td>
                  <td align="center">91.2 &#177; 32.3</td>
                  <td align="center">F = 0.78</td>
                  <td align="center">0.925</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>ACEI</td>
                  <td align="center">60 (54.1)</td>
                  <td align="center">30 (52.6)</td>
                  <td align="center">26 (54.2)</td>
                  <td align="center">4 (80.0)</td>
                  <td align="center">X<sup>2</sup> = 1.394</td>
                  <td align="center">0.498</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Captopril</td>
                  <td align="center">6 (10.0)</td>
                  <td align="center">3 (10.0)</td>
                  <td align="center">3 (11.5)</td>
                  <td align="center">0 (0)</td>
                  <td rowspan="2" align="center">X<sup>2</sup> = 0.513</td>
                  <td rowspan="2" align="center">0.774</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Enalapril</td>
                  <td align="center">54 (90.0)</td>
                  <td align="center">27 (90.0)</td>
                  <td align="center">23 (88.5)</td>
                  <td align="center">4 (100.0)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Target dose</td>
                  <td align="center">66.7 &#177; 3.3</td>
                  <td align="center">60.4 &#177; 5.9</td>
                  <td align="center">71.6 &#177; 6.4</td>
                  <td align="center">81.3 &#177; 1.9</td>
                  <td align="center">F = 1.233</td>
                  <td align="center">0.299</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>ARB: Losartan</td>
                  <td align="center">39 (35.1)</td>
                  <td align="center">22 (38.6)</td>
                  <td align="center">14 (29.2)</td>
                  <td align="center">2 (40.0)</td>
                  <td align="center">X<sup>2</sup> = 2.158</td>
                  <td align="center">0.707</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Target dose</td>
                  <td align="center">73.1 &#177; 4.3</td>
                  <td align="center">80.7 &#177; 10.3</td>
                  <td align="center">63.3 &#177; 8.4</td>
                  <td align="center">62.5 &#177; 3.8</td>
                  <td align="center">F = 0.574</td>
                  <td align="center">0.569</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Espironolactona</td>
                  <td align="center">74 (66.7)</td>
                  <td align="center">39 (68.4)</td>
                  <td align="center">33 (68.8)</td>
                  <td align="center">2 (40.0)</td>
                  <td align="center">X<sup>2</sup> = 1.771</td>
                  <td align="center">0.413</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Furosemida</td>
                  <td align="center">79 (71.2)</td>
                  <td align="center">43 (75.4)</td>
                  <td align="center">32 (66.7)</td>
                  <td align="center">3 (60.0)</td>
                  <td align="center">X<sup>2</sup> = 1.274</td>
                  <td align="center">0.529</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Mean dose (mg)</td>
                  <td align="center">75.4 &#177; 5.7</td>
                  <td align="center">80.5 &#177; 8.0</td>
                  <td align="center">71.5 &#177; 8.7</td>
                  <td align="center">46.7 &#177; 17.6</td>
                  <td align="center">F = 0.791</td>
                  <td align="center">0.457</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Hydrochlorothiazide</td>
                  <td align="center">26 (23.4)</td>
                  <td align="center">14 (24.6)</td>
                  <td align="center">12 (25.0)</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                  <td align="center">X<sup>2</sup> = 1.624</td>
                  <td align="center">0.444</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Digitalis</td>
                  <td align="center">40 (36.0)</td>
                  <td align="center">25 (43.9)</td>
                  <td align="center">13 (27.1)</td>
                  <td align="center">1 (20.0)</td>
                  <td align="center">X<sup>2</sup>= 3.751</td>
                  <td align="center">0.153</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Amiodarone</td>
                  <td align="center">13 (11.7)</td>
                  <td align="center">6 (10.5)</td>
                  <td align="center">6 (12.5)</td>
                  <td align="center">0</td>
                  <td align="center">X<sup>2</sup> = 0.746</td>
                  <td align="center">0.689</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Statins</td>
                  <td align="center">50 (45.0)</td>
                  <td align="center">29 (50.9)</td>
                  <td align="center">17 (35.4)</td>
                  <td align="center">4 (80.0)</td>
                  <td align="center">X<sup>2</sup> = 5.033</td>
                  <td align="center">0.081</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Allopurinol</td>
                  <td align="center">18 (16.2)</td>
                  <td align="center">9 (15.8)</td>
                  <td align="center">7 (14.6)</td>
                  <td align="center">1 (20.0)</td>
                  <td align="center">X<sup>2</sup> = 0.112</td>
                  <td align="center">0.946</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="t05-fn01">
                <label>*</label>
                <p>Numerical variables expressed as mean &#177; standard deviation; categorical
                           variables, expressed as n (%). DD: deletion/deletion genotype; DI:
                           deletion/insertion genotype; II: insertion/insertion genotype; F:
                           frequency; ACEI: angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor; ARB:
                           angiotensin-receptor blocker.</p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
          <p>Of the patients studied, 34 (30.6%) had QRS &#8805; 120 ms, 38 (34.2%) had LBBB, and 22
                  (19.8%) had AF on ECG. The distribution of those variables according to the GPACE
                  types was not statistically different.</p>
          <p>Eight (7.2%) patients had implantable devices as follows: three (2.7%) had
                  pacemakers; two (1.8%) had implantable cardioverter-defibrillators (ICD); two
                  (1.8%) had undergone cardiac resynchronization therapy (CRT); and one (0.9%) had a
                  combined device (ICD + CRT).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Echocardiographic outcomes</title>
          <p>Approximately half of the cohort (49.5%) had severe LV systolic dysfunction when
                  beginning follow-up, with LVEF &#8804; 35%. That percentage increased to 58.5% by the
                  end of the study.</p>
          <p>Table 3 shows the echocardiographic data at the beginning and at the end of the
                  study, and the evolution of such measurements. The means of the initial
                  echocardiographic parameters (LVEF, LVSD and LVDD) did not significantly differ
                  between the ACE genotypes. On final echocardiography, only LVSD was significantly
                  different, with a lower mean for the DI GPACE.</p>
          <table-wrap id="t06">
            <label>Table 3</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Echocardiographic parameters of the population studied according to the
                        genetic polymorphisms of the angiotensin-converting enzyme</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left">
                    <bold>Variable<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="t06-fn01">*</xref></bold>
                  </th>
                  <th>
                    <bold>Total mean</bold>
                  </th>
                  <th>
                    <bold>DD (n = 57)</bold>
                  </th>
                  <th>
                    <bold>DI (n = 49)</bold>
                  </th>
                  <th>
                    <bold>II (n = 5)</bold>
                  </th>
                  <th>
                    <bold>Statistical test</bold>
                  </th>
                  <th>
                    <bold>p Value</bold>
                  </th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td>initial LVEF (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">34.0 &#177; 1.0</td>
                  <td align="center">35.6 &#177; 1.5</td>
                  <td align="center">32.1 &#177; 1.5</td>
                  <td align="center">34.6 &#177; 3.4</td>
                  <td align="center">F = 1.469</td>
                  <td align="center">0.235</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>initial LVSD (mm)</td>
                  <td align="center">54.9 &#177; 1.0</td>
                  <td align="center">54.1 &#177; 1.4</td>
                  <td align="center">55.7 &#177; 1.4</td>
                  <td align="center">55.4 &#177; 3.0</td>
                  <td align="center">F = 0.472</td>
                  <td align="center">0.625</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>initial LVDD (mm)</td>
                  <td align="center">65.9 &#177; 0.9</td>
                  <td align="center">65.6 &#177; 1.2</td>
                  <td align="center">66.1 &#177; 1.3</td>
                  <td align="center">66.6 &#177; 3.1</td>
                  <td align="center">F = 0.112</td>
                  <td align="center">0.894</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>final LVEF (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">34.3 &#177; 1.2</td>
                  <td align="center">32.8 &#177; 1.6</td>
                  <td align="center">36.4 &#177; 1.8</td>
                  <td align="center">29.4 &#177; 4.2</td>
                  <td align="center">F = 1.634</td>
                  <td align="center">0.200</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>final LVSD (mm)</td>
                  <td align="center">56.1 &#177; 1.3</td>
                  <td align="center">59.2 &#177; 1.8</td>
                  <td align="center">52.3 &#177; 1.9</td>
                  <td align="center">59.2 &#177; 5.2</td>
                  <td align="center">F = 3.677</td>
                  <td align="center">0.029</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>final LVDD (mm)</td>
                  <td align="center">67.0 &#177; 1.2</td>
                  <td align="center">69.4 &#177; 1.8</td>
                  <td align="center">64.0 &#177; 1.8</td>
                  <td align="center">69.0 &#177; 4.6</td>
                  <td align="center">F = 2.197</td>
                  <td align="center">0.116</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>&#916;LVEF (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.36 &#177; 1.37</td>
                  <td align="center">-2.57 &#177; 14.86</td>
                  <td align="center">4.62 &#177; 12.92</td>
                  <td align="center">-5.20 &#177; 13.48</td>
                  <td align="center">F = 3.857</td>
                  <td align="center">0.024</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>&#916;LVSD (mm)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.94 &#177; 1.17</td>
                  <td align="center">4.60 &#177; 12.04</td>
                  <td align="center">-3.73 &#177; 11.28</td>
                  <td align="center">3.80 &#177; 8.70</td>
                  <td align="center">F = 6.783</td>
                  <td align="center">0.002</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>&#916;LVDD (mm)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.82 &#177; 1.04</td>
                  <td align="center">3.38 &#177; 9.90</td>
                  <td align="center">-2.49 &#177; 11.47</td>
                  <td align="center">2.40 &#177; 5.41</td>
                  <td align="center">F = 4.026</td>
                  <td align="center">0.021</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Interval between exams (months)</td>
                  <td align="center">65.5 &#177; 4.3</td>
                  <td align="center">63.2 &#177; 6.3</td>
                  <td align="center">68.0 &#177; 6.4</td>
                  <td align="center">65.4 &#177; 12.4</td>
                  <td align="center">F = 0.142</td>
                  <td align="center">0.868</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="t06-fn01">
                <label>*</label>
                <p>Vari&#225;veis num&#233;ricas est&#227;o expressas em m&#233;dia &#177; desvio padr&#227;o. DD:
                           gen&#243;tipo dele&#231;&#227;o/dele&#231;&#227;o; DI: gen&#243;tipo dele&#231;&#227;o/inser&#231;&#227;o; II: gen&#243;tipo
                           inser&#231;&#227;o/inser&#231;&#227;o; F: frequ&#234;ncia; FEVE: fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo
                           esquerdo; DSVE: di&#226;metro sist&#243;lico do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo; DDVE: di&#226;metro
                           diast&#243;lico do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo. &#916;FEVE: diferen&#231;a entre a fra&#231;&#227;o de
                           eje&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo da &#250;ltima e primeira consulta; &#916;DSVE:
                           diferen&#231;a entre o di&#226;metro sist&#243;lico do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo da &#250;ltima e
                           primeira consulta; &#916;DDVE: diferen&#231;a entre o di&#226;metro diast&#243;lico do
                           ventr&#237;culo esquerdo da &#250;ltima e primeira consulta.</p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
          <p>Analyzing the evolutionary behavior of each echocardiographic variable [difference
                  between the LVEF at the last and first consultation (&#916;LVEF); difference between
                  the LVSD at the last and first consultation (&#916;LVSD); and difference between the
                  LVDD at the last and first consultation (&#916;LVDD)], the following distinct and
                  significant patterns are observed: on average, DI showed an increase in LVEF as
                  compared to the initial, while DD and II showed a decrease (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f05">Figure 1</xref>). Regarding the LV size, the DI genotype showed a
                  reduction in LVSD and LVDD at the end of follow-up, while the DD and II genotypes
                  showed an increase in the cavitary diameters (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f06">Figures 2</xref> and <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f07">3</xref>,
                  respectively).</p>
          <fig id="f05" fig-type="other">
            <label>Figure 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Ejection fraction variation between the end and the beginning of
                        follow-up of the population studied according to the genetic polymorphisms
                        of the angiotensinconverting enzyme (ACE). DD: deletion/deletion genotype;
                        DI: deletion/insertion genotype; II: insertion/insertion genotype.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-102-01-0070-30229-gf01-en.jpg"/></fig>
          <fig id="f06" fig-type="other">
            <label>Figure 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Left ventricular (LV) systolic diameter variation between the end and
                        the beginning of follow-up of the population studied according to the
                        genetic polymorphisms of the angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE). DD:
                        deletion/deletion genotype; DI: deletion/insertion genotype; II:
                        insertion/insertion genotype.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-102-01-0070-30229-gf02-en.jpg"/></fig>
          <fig id="f07" fig-type="other">
            <label>Figure 3</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Left ventricular (LV) diastolic diameter variation between the end and
                        the beginning of follow-up of the population studied according to the
                        genetic polymorphisms of the angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE). DD:
                        deletion/deletion genotype; DI: deletion/insertion genotype; II:
                        insertion/insertion genotype.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-102-01-0070-30229-gf03-en.jpg"/></fig>
          <p>The qualitative analysis (increase <italic>versus</italic> decrease) of the &#916;LVSD
                     (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f08">Figure 4</xref>) and of the &#916; LVDD showed a
                  difference between the GPACE with statistical significance for LVSD (p = 0.046),
                  but not for LVDD (p = 0.095): the DD genotype had a greater number of patients
                  with increased LVSD while the DI variant had a greater number of patients with
                  decreased LVSD by the end of the study.</p>
          <fig id="f08" fig-type="other">
            <label>Figure 4</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Evolutionary behavior of the left ventricular systolic diameter of the
                        population studied according to the genetic polymorphisms of the
                        angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE). DD: deletion/deletion genotype; DI:
                        deletion/insertion genotype; II: insertion/insertion genotype; LVSD: left
                        ventricular systolic diameter.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-102-01-0070-30229-gf04-en.jpg"/></fig>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="discussion">
        <title>Discussion</title>
        <p>This study describes the relationship between the GPACE variants and the clinical and
               echocardiographic outcomes in 111 patients with non-ischemic HF, with mean follow-up
               of 5.4 years (range, 12.0 - 249.7 months). Other international<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref> and
                  national<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref> studies have carried out that analysis; however, this study is
               the first to assess exclusively non-ischemic HF in a Brazilian population with a mean
               follow-up time longer than five years. </p>
        <p>Two findings of this study are worthy of note. First, the ACE genotypic profile of
               the population studied differed from that of most of previous publications, with an
               extremely low proportion of type II GPACE (only 4.5% of the patients). In addition,
               the echocardiographic evolutionary behavior represented by the variables &#916;LVEF, &#916;LVSD
               and &#916;LVDD differed between the GPACEs, with worsening of those parameters in the DD
               genotype.</p>
        <p>The low prevalence of the II genotype observed in this study can be related to the
               characteristics of the population studied, especially their ethnicity. The
               meta-analysis by Bai et al<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B04">4</xref>, with 2,453 cases
               of HF of multiple etiologies, included only 6.4% of black individuals and 23.4% of
               those of Asian origin, while the population of this study consisted of 51% of white
               individuals, 36% of black, 13% of individuals with mixed heritage and none of Asian
               ethnicity. The differences in the prevalences of the ACE genotypes found in this
               study and in the study by Bai et als. were, respectively: 51.4%
                  <italic>versus</italic> 31% for DD; 44.1% <italic>versus</italic> 46% for DI; and
               4.5% <italic>versus</italic> 23% for II. </p>
        <p>Tiago et al<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">33</xref>, studying 157 black individuals
               with idiopathic HF in South Africa, have reported a GPACE distribution more similar
               to ours: 45.2% of DD; 38.2% of DI; and 6.5% of II. That might have resulted from the
               exclusive presence of Afro-descendants in that study. Velloso et al<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref> have described a similar association of other
               GPs and the skin color of individuals with HF: the GP prevalences of nitric oxide
               synthase differed between white and Afro-American individuals.</p>
        <p>The different etiologies of non-ischemic HF did not relate to the genetic profile,
               and the absence of patients with ischemic HF might not have determined higher or
               lower incidence of any of the genotypes. Amir et al<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34">34</xref>, studying 195 patients with HF (124 ischemic and 71 non-ischemic), have
               already demonstrated no significant variation in genotypes regarding etiology.</p>
        <p>The analysis of the echocardiographic variables showed a significant difference
               between the means of final LVSD according to the ACE genotypes. The DD GPACE showed
               higher means than the DI GPACE: 59.2 mm <italic>versus</italic> 52.3 mm,
               respectively. The small number of patients with the II genotype limited the analysis
               for that group. The evolutionary parameters &#916;LVEF, &#916;LVSD and &#916;LVDD differed
               significantly between the GPACEs, with improvement in the EF and LV diameters
               (reverse remodeling) in the DI genotype. The DD and II genotypes showed an inverse
               behavior, with worsening of the EF and of the ventricular diameters (cardiac
               dilation).</p>
        <p>That more severe evolutionary pattern related to the DD GPACE is in accordance with
               the findings of other authors<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref>. The more marked
               cardiac dilation in those patients relates to the higher neuro-humoral activation,
               mainly of the RAAS. The GPACEs are responsible for approximately 50% of the variation
               in ACE levels, the DD genotype being associated with higher levels of that
                  enzyme<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B35">35</xref>. Elevated ACE levels are
               accompanied by increased synthesis of angiotensin and greater activation of that
                  system<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B36">36</xref>.</p>
        <p>However, those results are not uniform. De Groote et al<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref> have found no difference in the echocardiographic parameters
               of 199 patients with HF, who had not initiated the BB use. The short interval between
               exams (only three months after optimization of the BB dose as compared to 65.5 months
               in this study) might have been insufficient to observe cardiac reverse remodeling in
               that study. Mahjoub et al<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref> have not detected
               echocardiographic differences between the GPACEs, but those authors have chosen a
               categorical analysis, dividing the sample into two groups according to the LVDD (&#8805; 69
               mm <italic>versus</italic> &lt; 69 mm), corresponding to higher or lower severity,
               respectively. The statistical analysis of the present study used the numerical values
               of the echocardiographic parameters as continuous variables, having, thus, higher
               discriminatory power. </p>
        <p>The clinical profile of each cohort varies between studies. In addition to the
               already discussed relationship of ethnicity and GPACE prevalence, other factors seem
               to influence the participation of the <italic>ACE</italic> gene on HF natural history
               and pathophysiology. One of the major factors is drug treatment.</p>
        <p>The percentage of BB use was 98.2%, with a target dose of 84.3% of that recommended,
               higher than that of most clinical trials<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref>. The use of ACEI and/or ARB was 91.2%, and
               that of spironolactone, 68.4%. However, the excellence of that treatment can
               interfere with the patients' clinical outcomes, hindering the observation of
               differences according to GPACE.</p>
        <p>McNamara et al<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref> have assessed the pharmacogenetic interaction,
               observing the use of BB<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref> and ACEI<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref> and the GPACEs. The DD genotype was associated
               with worse clinical and echocardiographic outcome, but the impact of that GP was
               attenuated by the treatment with BB and ACEI. In other words, for that group of
               patients, the neuro-humoral block might have neutralized the excessive RAAS activity
               secondary to the DD GPACE. Thus, under optimized therapy, the three genotypes, DD, DI
               and II, began to behave in a similar manner regarding clinical outcome.</p>
        <p>In another study, the combination of two GPACE genetic variants with the GP in the
               angiotensin II receptor has shown an independent association with clinical
                  outcomes<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B37">37</xref>.</p>
        <p>Thus, the polygenic character described for other physical characteristics, such as
                  height<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B38">38</xref> or lipid profile<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B39">39</xref>, might also seem to play a role in the HF
               pathophysiology and in RAAS action. The simultaneous study of multiple GPs in the
               same population has identified that only combinations of genotypes have been
               associated with clinical and/or echocardiographic outcomes<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref>. A panel
               of genetic markers might be more efficient in detecting more severely ill individuals
               than isolated GPs.</p>
        <p>The present study has some limitations. First, the relatively small number of
               individuals studied, especially the reduced number of individuals with the II
               genotype, hindered a more conclusive data analysis. In addition, data collection from
               medical records represents, by definition, a limitation. However, it is worth noting
               that such limitation might have been attenuated by the high quality of the service
               provided at a well-structured HF clinic, with defined protocols, professional
               training and regular auditing. Last, because this is also a retrospective study, a
               selection bias might have occurred with the inclusion of a smaller number of more
               severely ill patients. However, the II genotype, theoretically more prevalent in less
               critical patients, had the lowest prevalence, which counteracts that selection
               bias.</p>
        <p>The application of genetics to the HF context has become a potentially interesting
               and attractive tool for risk and severity stratification, as well as a marker of
               therapeutic response. The complex genetic architecture, represented by the already
               known polygenic heritage of other characteristics, illustrates the study difficulty
               on the subject. However, better understanding that area might have a great impact on
               medical practice, especially cardiology. Thus, the difficulties observed should not
               be seen as negative results, but as an incentive for further studies that would fill
               gaps and develop the knowledge in that important area.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="conclusions">
        <title>Conclusion</title>
        <p>The frequency of alleles and variants of GPACE has differed in most international and
               also national studies on HF, emphasis given to the small number of individuals with
               the II variant.</p>
        <p>The echocardiographic parameters differed significantly between the GPACE variants.
               The DD genotype related to a worse echocardiographic outcome over a 5.4-year
               follow-up.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Author contributions</title>
        <p>Conception and design of the research: Albuquerque FN, Brand&#227;o AA, Silva DA,
               Mourilhe-Rocha RM, Duque GS, Albuquerque DC; Acquisition of data: Albuquerque FN,
               Silva DA, Mourilhe-Rocha RM, Duque GS, Gondar AFP, Neves LMA, Bittencourt MI;
               Analysis and interpretation of the data: Albuquerque FN, Brand&#227;o AA, Silva DA, Pozzan
               R, Albuquerque DC; Statistical analysis: Albuquerque FN, Pozzan R; Obtaining funding:
               de Albuquerque FN, Albuquerque DC; Writing of the manuscript: Albuquerque FN, Brand&#227;o
               AA, Pozzan R, Albuquerque DC; Critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual
               content: Albuquerque FN, Brand&#227;o AA, Albuquerque DC.</p>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>
            <bold>Study Association</bold>
          </p>
          <p>This article is part of the thesis of master submitted by Felipe Neves de
                  Albuquerque during the Post-Graduation in Medical Science of the Faculdade de
                  Ci&#234;ncias M&#233;dicas of Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="financial-disclosure">
          <p>
            <bold>Sources of Funding</bold>
          </p>
          <p>This study was partially funded by FAPERJ.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
