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<article xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" dtd-version="3.0" article-type="research-article" xml:lang="pt">
  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">sBczm7LZhQTXZLWhGyWMGGN</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2014000100009</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="previous-pid">S0066-782X2013005000106</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">0009</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">S0066-782X2013005000106</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5935/abc.20130226</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigos Originais</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title xml:lang="pt">Press&#227;o Arterial na Adolesc&#234;ncia, Adipocinas e Inflama&#231;&#227;o
               no Adulto Jovem. Estudo do Rio de Janeiro</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Campana</surname>
            <given-names>Erika Maria Gon&#231;alves</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Brand&#227;o</surname>
            <given-names>Andr&#233;a Araujo</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Pozzan</surname>
            <given-names>Roberto</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Magalh&#227;es</surname>
            <given-names>Maria Eliane Campos</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Fonseca</surname>
            <given-names>Fl&#225;via Lopes</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Pizzi</surname>
            <given-names>Oswaldo Luiz</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Freitas</surname>
            <given-names>Elizabete Viana de</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Brand&#227;o</surname>
            <given-names>Ayrton Pires</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff01">
          <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade do Estado do Rio de
                  Janeiro</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Rio de Janeiro</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">RJ</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country>Brasil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de
                  Janeiro, RJ - Brasil</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01"><bold>Correspond&#234;ncia: Erika Maria Gon&#231;alves Campana</bold>, Rua S&#227;o Janu&#225;rio 159
               Apto. 1103 B, Fonseca, CEP 24130-386, Niter&#243;i, RJ - Brasil. E-mail:
                  <email>erikamaria@cardiol.br</email>, <email>campanaemg@predialnet.com.br</email>
            </corresp>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potencial Conflito de Interesses</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Declaro n&#227;o haver conflito de interesses pertinentes.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date pub-type="collection">
        <month>1</month>
        <year>2014</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date pub-type="epub">
        <day>22</day>
        <month>11</month>
        <year>2013</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>102</volume>
      <issue>1</issue>
      <fpage>60</fpage>
      <lpage>69</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>10</day>
          <month>04</month>
          <year>2013</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>13</day>
          <month>06</month>
          <year>2013</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>29</day>
          <month>07</month>
          <year>2013</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/">
          <license-p>This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative
                  Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License which permits unrestricted
                  non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the
                  original work is properly cited. </license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract xml:lang="pt">
        <sec>
          <title>Fundamento:</title>
          <p> O impacto press&#227;o arterial (PA) na adolesc&#234;ncia sobre outros fatores de risco
                  cardiovascular em adultos jovens &#233; importante para a preven&#231;&#227;o prim&#225;ria. </p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objetivo:</title>
          <p> Avaliar a PA, &#237;ndices antropom&#233;tricos, perfil metab&#243;lico e inflamat&#243;rio de jovens
                  estratificados pelo comportamento da sua PA obtida h&#225; 18 anos. </p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>M&#233;todos:</title>
          <p> Avaliaram-se 116 indiv&#237;duos, sendo 63 homes, pertencentes ao estudo do Rio de
                  Janeiro (seguimento 17,76 &#177; 1,63 anos) em dois momentos: A1 (12,40 &#177; 1,49 anos) e
                  A2 (30,09 &#177; 2,01 anos). Os 116 indiv&#237;duos foram divididos em dois grupos: GN (n =
                  71), PA normal em A1; e GH (n = 45): PA anormal em A1. A PA, o peso, a altura e o
                  &#237;ndice de massa corporal (IMC) foram obtidos em A1 e A2. Em A2, acrescentaram-se a
                  circunfer&#234;ncia abdominal (CA) e vari&#225;veis laboratoriais, metab&#243;licas e
                  inflamat&#243;rias. </p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Resultados:</title>
          <p> 1) Os grupos n&#227;o diferiram quanto &#224; idade e sexo; 2) Em A2, GH apresentou maiores
                  m&#233;dias de peso, IMC, PA, insulina, HOMA-IR (p &lt; 0,001), leptina (p &lt; 0,02),
                  Apolipoprote&#237;na B100 e A1 (p &lt; 0,02), rela&#231;&#227;o Apolipoprote&#237;na B100 /
                  Apolipoprote&#237;na A1 (p &lt; 0,010), maiores preval&#234;ncias de sobrepeso/obesidade (p
                  &lt; 0,001), da CA aumentada (p &lt; 0,001) e de hipertens&#227;o arterial (p &lt;
                  0,02); 3) N&#227;o houve diferen&#231;a entre os grupos para as vari&#225;veis inflamat&#243;rias; 4)
                  Houve correla&#231;&#227;o positiva da PA em A1 com a PA, o IMC, e com a insulina, a leptina
                  e o HOMA-IR em A2 (p &lt; 0,05). </p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclus&#245;es:</title>
          <p> A PA na adolesc&#234;ncia se associou a maiores valores de PA, vari&#225;veis
                  antropom&#233;tricas e metab&#243;licas na fase adulta jovem, mas n&#227;o a vari&#225;veis
                  inflamat&#243;rias.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <kwd>Press&#227;o arterial</kwd>
        <kwd>Adulto jovem</kwd>
        <kwd>Aterosclerose / fisiopatologia</kwd>
        <kwd>Inflama&#231;&#227;o</kwd>
        <kwd>Adipocinas</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <funding-group>
        <award-group>
          <funding-source>FAPERJ</funding-source>
        </award-group>
      </funding-group>
      <counts>
        <fig-count count="3"/>
        <table-count count="4"/>
        <equation-count count="0"/>
        <ref-count count="40"/>
        <page-count count="10"/>
      </counts>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
      <p>Apesar de todo o conhecimento acumulado acerca da fisiopatologia da aterosclerose e dos
            avan&#231;os na terap&#234;utica das doen&#231;as cardiovasculares (DCV), as taxas de mortalidade e
            morbidade relacionadas a esta doen&#231;a permanecem elevadas<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B01">1</xref>. A detec&#231;&#227;o precoce de indiv&#237;duos de alto risco e a institui&#231;&#227;o de
            estrat&#233;gias de preven&#231;&#227;o s&#227;o cruciais para reduzi-las e todos os esfor&#231;os devem ser
            feitos para prevenir o primeiro evento cardiovascular, pois pode ser fatal,
            incapacitante e representa alto custo m&#233;dico e social. </p>
      <p>Entender o comportamento dos fatores de risco (FR) cardiovascular ao longo dos anos &#233; de
            fundamental import&#226;ncia, posto que propicia o desenvolvimento de altera&#231;&#245;es no aparelho
               cardiovascular<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B02">2</xref>. V&#225;rios estudos, como os do
            grupo de Bogalusa<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B02">2</xref> e o PDAY<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B03">3</xref>, t&#234;m sido de bastante relevantes para o entendimento do risco
            cardiovascular, aterosclerose, morbidade e mortalidade associada a tais condi&#231;&#245;es em
            crian&#231;as, adolescentes e adultos jovens, demonstrando que a aterosclerose se inicia na
            inf&#226;ncia, que a progress&#227;o de les&#245;es clinicamente significativas se faz desde a inf&#226;ncia
            at&#233; a idade adulta e que as les&#245;es ateroscler&#243;ticas encontradas correlacionam-se
            positivamente com os FC cl&#225;ssicos. Desta forma, o conhecimento sobre a press&#227;o arterial
            (PA) e outros FR cardiovascular em popula&#231;&#245;es jovens brasileiras tem grande import&#226;ncia
            para a ado&#231;&#227;o de medidas de preven&#231;&#227;o prim&#225;ria. </p>
      <p>Por outro lado, um grande avan&#231;o no conhecimento da doen&#231;a ateroscler&#243;tica foi alcan&#231;ado
            com o entendimento de que a aterosclerose &#233; uma doen&#231;a inflamat&#243;ria da parede do vaso.
            Atualmente, v&#225;rios marcadores moleculares envolvidos no processo inflamat&#243;rio est&#227;o
            sendo investigados quanto ao seu papel no processo ateroscler&#243;tico ou a sua associa&#231;&#227;o
            na patog&#234;nese das DCV. Entre eles, destacam-se: LDL-oxidado (LDL-ox); citocinas
            pr&#243;-inflamat&#243;rias, como a interleucina 1 (IL-1), fator de necrose tumoral alfa
            (TNF-alfa); mol&#233;culas de ades&#227;o intercelular (ICAM-1); prote&#237;nas da estimula&#231;&#227;o
            hep&#225;tica, como prote&#237;na C reativa ultrassens&#237;vel (PCR-us) e prote&#237;na A amiloide s&#233;rica
            (PAAS) e contagem de leuc&#243;citos<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B04">4</xref>.</p>
      <p>Nesta mesma dire&#231;&#227;o, o estudo da insulina, leptina e adiponectina tem permitido maior
            compreens&#227;o do impacto das vari&#225;veis metab&#243;licas sobre o sistema cardiovascular e dos
            mecanismos envolvidos na resist&#234;ncia insul&#237;nica<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B05">5</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B07">7</xref>. </p>
      <p>Dentro deste contexto, a proposta do presente trabalho foi avaliar a PA, &#237;ndices
            antropom&#233;tricos e perfil metab&#243;lico e inflamat&#243;rio de indiv&#237;duos jovens, estratificados
            pelo comportamento da sua PA obtida h&#225; 18 anos desde a adolesc&#234;ncia. </p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="methods">
      <title>M&#233;todos</title>
      <p>A popula&#231;&#227;o deste estudo origina-se do Estudo do Rio de Janeiro (ERJ)<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B08">8</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref> e fazem parte de uma linha de pesquisa sobre PA e outros FR cardiovascular
            em jovens e suas fam&#237;lias, que vem sendo desenvolvida na Universidade do Estado do Rio
            de Janeiro, desde 1983. Divide-se em duas etapas: na primeira, foram avaliadas crian&#231;as
            entre 6 e 9 anos - n = 3109 (1983-1986); e na segunda, adolescentes entre 10 e 15 anos -
            n = 3906 (1987-1989), denominados alunos-alvo, sendo obtidas as curvas de normalidade da
            press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica (PAS) e diast&#243;lica (PAD) para cada idade e sexo. Na segunda
            etapa do estudo, foram selecionados, aleatoriamente, alunos-alvo com percentil de PA &#8805;
            95 (grupo com PA anormal) e igual n&#250;mero com percentil &#8804; 50 (grupo com PA normal) e
            v&#225;rias avalia&#231;&#245;es transversais foram realizadas em diferentes momentos ao longo de 18
            anos de acompanhamento, denominadas Fases Domiciliar, Hospitalar, Familiar e
            Ambulatorial (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01">Figura 1</xref>).</p>
      <fig id="f01" fig-type="other">
        <label>Figura 1</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Desenho do Estudo do Rio de Janeiro<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B09">9</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref>. Segunda Etapa.
                  VOP: velocidade de onda de pulso; ECG: eletrocardiograma; TOTG: teste oral de
                  toler&#226;ncia &#224; glicose.</title>
        </caption>
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-102-01-0060-30226-gf01.jpg"/></fig>
      <p>Para o presente estudo, inserido na Fase Ambulatorial do ERJ, foi considerado o total de
            385 indiv&#237;duos avaliado na Fase Familiar (1996-1999) como popula&#231;&#227;o-alvo. A <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02">Figura 2</xref> mostra a constitui&#231;&#227;o final da amostra de
            estudo e as raz&#245;es de perda de parte da popula&#231;&#227;o.</p>
      <fig id="f02" fig-type="other">
        <label>Figura 2</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Constitui&#231;&#227;o da amostra populacional do presente estudo.</title>
        </caption>
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-102-01-0060-30226-gf02.jpg"/></fig>
      <p>Foram avaliados os dados de 116 alunos-alvo (63 homens e 53 mulheres), em duas
            avalia&#231;&#245;es com um seguimento m&#233;dio de 17,76 &#177; 1,63 anos, a saber: A1 (Fase Escolar): aos
            12,40 &#177; 1,49 anos, e A2 (Fase Ambulatorial): aos 30,09 &#177; 2,01 anos. Dois grupos foram
            constitu&#237;dos de acordo com o comportamento da PA em A1: grupo normal (GN), com PA normal
            em A1 (n = 71), e grupo hipertenso (GH), com PA anormal em A1 (n = 45). </p>
      <p>Nas duas avalia&#231;&#245;es, aplicou-se um question&#225;rio para a an&#225;lise das vari&#225;veis cl&#237;nicas,
            epidemiol&#243;gicas e socioculturais, sendo obtidos PA, peso (P) e altura (A), e calculado o
            &#237;ndice de massa corporal (IMC). </p>
      <p>Em A2, foi obtida a medida da circunfer&#234;ncia abdominal (CA) e foram dosados, ap&#243;s jejum
            de 12 h, glicose, colesterol total (Col T), lipoprote&#237;na de alta densidade (HDL-c),
            triglicer&#237;deos (TGL) e sendo calculada a lipoprote&#237;na de baixa densidade (LDL-c) quando
            TGL &lt; 400mg/dl, apolipoprote&#237;na B100 (Apo B100) e A1 (Apo A1), lipoprote&#237;na a [LP
            (a)], insulina (ins), leptina, adiponectina, PCR-us, E-selectina, mol&#233;cula de ades&#227;o
            celular vascular 1 (VCAM-1), receptor para ICAM-1 e o fibrinog&#234;nio. O &#237;ndice de
            resist&#234;ncia &#224; insulina foi determinado pelo <italic>homeostasis model assessment for
               insulin resistance</italic> (HOMA-IR), considerando-se insulina e glicose de
            jejum.</p>
      <p>Foi considerada hipertens&#227;o arterial (HAS) em A1 quando a PA foi &#8805; percentil 95 para
            sexo e idade e em A2, quando a PA &#8805; 140 e/ou 90 mmHg<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B01">1</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref>. A presen&#231;a de
            sobrepeso/obesidade (S/O) foi considerada quando o IMC era &#8805; percentil 85 para sexo e
            idade em A1; e, em A2, foi considerado peso normal quando os valores do IMC foram &lt;
            25 kg/m<sup>2</sup>; considerou-se sobrepeso quando os valores do IMC situaram-se entre
            25 kg/m<sup>2</sup> e 29,99 kg/m<sup>2</sup>, e obesidade quando os valores do IMC foram
            &#8805; 30 kg/m<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B01">1</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref>. Foram definidos como valores aumentados, a CA &gt; 102 cm para
            homens e &gt; 88 cm para mulheres<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B01">1</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref>. Para as vari&#225;veis
            metab&#243;licas, foi considerado valor normal, quando a glicemia era &lt; 100 mg/dL; faixa
            de glicemia de jejum alterada, quando a glicemia se situava entre 100 mg/dL e 126 mg/dL;
            e DM, quando glicemia era &#8805; 126 mg/dL<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref>. Os
            valores de normalidade para o perfil lip&#237;dico seguiram as recomenda&#231;&#245;es da IV Diretriz
            Brasileira para Dislipidemias e Preven&#231;&#227;o da Aterosclerose<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref>. A presen&#231;a de s&#237;ndrome metab&#243;lica (SM) foi definida de acordo
            com a I Diretriz Brasileira de SM<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref>, adotando-se
            o ponto de corte para glicemia de jejum &gt;= 100mg/dL, proposto por Grundy e cols.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref>.</p>
      <p>As an&#225;lises quantitativas da insulina, leptina, E-selectina, VCAM-1, ICAM-1 e o
            fibrinog&#234;nio foram feitas por m&#233;todo Luminex, em aparelho analisador autom&#225;tico A25, da
            marca BioSystems, utilizando kit Milliplex. Os valores de refer&#234;ncia (concentra&#231;&#227;o
            m&#237;nima detect&#225;vel) para cada marcador s&#227;o: insulina 44,5 pg/ml; leptina 157,2 pg/ml;
            E-selectina 0,079 ng/ml; VCAM-1 0,016 ng/ml; ICAM-1 0,009 ng/ml e fibrinog&#234;nio 0,001
            ng/ml.</p>
      <p>A adiponectina s&#233;rica foi dosada por m&#233;todo ELISA. O seu valor de refer&#234;ncia
            (concentra&#231;&#227;o m&#237;nima detect&#225;vel) &#233; de 0,78 ng/ml. O HOMA-IR foi calculado de acordo com
            a equa&#231;&#227;o proposta por Mathews em 1995: HOMA-IR = Insulina em jejum (&#181;U/ml) X glicose em
            jejum (mmol/l) / 22,5<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref>. </p>
      <p>As dosagens de Apo B100 e Apo A1 foram realizadas por m&#233;todo turbidim&#233;trico e
            imunol&#243;gico, e valores de refer&#234;ncia para Apo A1 foram: Homem: 110 - 170 mg/dL e Mulher:
            120 - 190 mg/dL; e para Apo B100: Homem: 80 - 155 mg/dL e Mulher: 75 - 150 mg/dL. A LP
            (a) foi dosada por m&#233;todo imunoturbidim&#233;trico com part&#237;culas marcadas, considerando-se
            valor de refer&#234;ncia &lt; 30 mg/dL. Todas estas dosagens foram realizadas em aparelho
            analisador autom&#225;tico A25 da marca BioSystems, utilizando kit BioSys.</p>
      <p>A PCR-us foi determinada por m&#233;todo de turbidimetria / l&#225;tex de alta sensibilidade, em
            aparelho analisador autom&#225;tico A25 da marca BioSystems, utilizando kit BioSys, aplicando
            os valores de refer&#234;ncia recomendados na literatura (PCR-us &gt; 3mg/l)<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref>.</p>
      <p>Este estudo foi aprovado pelo Comit&#234; de &#201;tica em Pesquisa do HUPE (2130 CEP-HUPE). Todos
            os indiv&#237;duos assinaram o termo de consentimento livre e esclarecido.</p>
      <p>As informa&#231;&#245;es colhidas foram armazenadas em um &#250;nico banco de dados atrav&#233;s do programa
            Microsoft Access. Os dados foram analisados atrav&#233;s do programa estat&#237;stico <italic>SPSS
               for Windows</italic>, vers&#227;o 8.0.0, <italic>Copyright</italic> SPSS Inc. 1989 -
            1997.</p>
      <p>Foram utilizados os seguintes testes estat&#237;sticos:</p>
      <p>&#8226; Teste t de <italic>student</italic> (t): para compara&#231;&#227;o de duas s&#233;ries de dados.</p>
      <p>&#8226; Teste do qui-quadrado (&#967;<sup>2</sup>): para a compara&#231;&#227;o das distribui&#231;&#245;es de
            frequ&#234;ncia das vari&#225;veis categ&#243;ricas de amostras independentes.</p>
      <p>&#8226; Correla&#231;&#227;o bivariada de Pearson (r): para se avaliar a correla&#231;&#227;o entre vari&#225;veis
            cont&#237;nuas.</p>
      <p>Em todas as an&#225;lises, foi adotado o n&#237;vel de signific&#226;ncia de 5% admitindo-se uma
            probabilidade "p" para rejeitar a hip&#243;tese nula igual ou menor que 0,05.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="results">
      <title>Resultados</title>
      <p>As caracter&#237;sticas gerais dos 116 alunos-alvo estudados e dos dois grupos constitu&#237;dos
            com base no comportamento da PA obtida h&#225; cerca de 18 anos (GN = Normal e GH =
            Hipertenso) est&#227;o apresentadas na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t01">Tabela 1</xref>.</p>
      <table-wrap id="t01">
        <label>Tabela 1</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Caracter&#237;sticas gerais, m&#233;dias de press&#227;o arterial e vari&#225;veis antropom&#233;tricas
                  da popula&#231;&#227;o total e dos grupos normal (GN) e hipertenso (GH)</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="rows">
          <thead>
            <tr>
              <th align="left">
                <bold>Par&#226;metro</bold>
              </th>
              <th>
                <bold>Total (116)</bold>
              </th>
              <th>
                <bold>GN (71)</bold>
              </th>
              <th>
                <bold>GH (45)</bold>
              </th>
              <th>
                <bold>Valor de p</bold>
              </th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody>
            <tr>
              <td>Idade em A2 (anos)*</td>
              <td align="center">30,09 &#177; 2,01</td>
              <td align="center">30,17 &#177; 2,10</td>
              <td align="center">29,98 &#177; 1,87</td>
              <td align="center">NS</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Sexo (M/F %)*</td>
              <td align="center">54,31 / 45,69</td>
              <td align="center">52,1 / 47,9</td>
              <td align="center">57,8 / 42,2</td>
              <td align="center">NS</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Tempo seguimento (meses)*</td>
              <td align="center">213,12 &#177; 19,2</td>
              <td align="center">213,96 &#177; 19,08</td>
              <td align="center">211,68 &#177; 21,63</td>
              <td align="center">NS</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>PAS A1</td>
              <td align="center">113,43 &#177; 14,47</td>
              <td align="center">105,80 &#177; 9,35</td>
              <td align="center">125,47 &#177; 12,89</td>
              <td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>PAS A2</td>
              <td align="center">121,84 &#177; 16,70</td>
              <td align="center">115,94 &#177; 14,38</td>
              <td align="center">130,89 &#177; 16,07</td>
              <td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>PAD A1</td>
              <td align="center">62,43 &#177; 12,46</td>
              <td align="center">55,94 &#177; 7,86</td>
              <td align="center">72,67 &#177; 11,50</td>
              <td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>PAD A2</td>
              <td align="center">80,51 &#177; 13,50</td>
              <td align="center">76,58 &#177; 11,55</td>
              <td align="center">86,53 &#177; 14,16</td>
              <td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Peso A1</td>
              <td align="center">49,72 &#177; 11,88</td>
              <td align="center">45,99 &#177; 9,42</td>
              <td align="center">55,62 &#177; 13,02</td>
              <td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Peso A2</td>
              <td align="center">75,38 &#177; 18,69</td>
              <td align="center">69,88 &#177; 15,29</td>
              <td align="center">84,05 &#177; 20,33</td>
              <td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>IMC A1</td>
              <td align="center">20,12 &#177; 2,27</td>
              <td align="center">19,03 &#177; 2,44</td>
              <td align="center">21,84 &#177; 3,68</td>
              <td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>IMC A2</td>
              <td align="center">26,04 &#177; 5,44</td>
              <td align="center">24,49 &#177; 4,47</td>
              <td align="center">28,51 &#177; 5,97</td>
              <td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>CA A2</td>
              <td align="center">90,34 &#177; 12,48</td>
              <td align="center">87,08 &#177; 10,84</td>
              <td align="center">95,61 &#177; 15,62</td>
              <td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
        <table-wrap-foot>
          <fn id="t01-fn01">
            <label>*</label>
            <p>p = n&#227;o significativo; GN: grupo normal; GH: grupo H; t: teste t student; PA:
                     press&#227;o arterial; M: masculino; F: feminino; PAS: press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica;
                     PAD: press&#227;o arterial diast&#243;lica; IMC: &#237;ndice de massa corporal; CA:
                     circunfer&#234;ncia abdominal.</p>
          </fn>
        </table-wrap-foot>
      </table-wrap>
      <p>Na Tabela 1, est&#227;o expostas as m&#233;dias da PAS e PAD nos dois momentos de avalia&#231;&#227;o A1 e
            A2 na popula&#231;&#227;o total e nos grupos normal e hipertenso. Comparando-se o comportamento da
            PA entre GN e GH, observa-se que as m&#233;dias da PAS e da PAD foram maiores no GH do que no
            GN com diferen&#231;as estatisticamente significativas em A1 e A2. O GH mostrou maior
            preval&#234;ncia de HAS em A2 (p &lt; 0,02) (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f03">Figura 3</xref>).
            A preval&#234;ncia de HAS foi maior no GH (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f03">Figura
            3</xref>).</p>
      <fig id="f03" fig-type="other">
        <label>Figura 3</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Preval&#234;ncia de Hipertens&#227;o Arterial, Sobrepeso/Obesidade, Circunfer&#234;ncia
                  abdominal aumentada e S&#237;ndrome Metab&#243;lica em A2 nos grupos normal (GN) e
                  hipertenso (GH). HA: hipertens&#227;o arterial; S/O: sobrepeso/obesidade; CA aumentada:
                  circunfer&#234;ncia abdominal aumentada; SM: s&#237;ndrome metab&#243;lica.</title>
        </caption>
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-102-01-0060-30226-gf03.jpg"/></fig>
      <p>As vari&#225;veis antropom&#233;tricas est&#227;o expostas na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t01">Tabela
               1</xref>.</p>
      <p>Foram observadas maiores m&#233;dias de peso e IMC no GH, com diferen&#231;as significativas em A1
            e A2. O mesmo comportamento foi observado para as m&#233;dias de CA obtida em A2. As
            preval&#234;ncias de S/O e de CA aumentada foram maiores no GH (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f03">Figura 3</xref>).</p>
      <p>O GH mostrou maiores m&#233;dias de insulina, HOMA IR (p &lt; 0,001), Leptina (p &lt; 0,02),
            Apo B100 (p &lt; 0,02) e da rela&#231;&#227;o Apo B100/Apo A1 (p &lt; 0,01) em A2 do que o GN. N&#227;o
            houve diferen&#231;a entre os dois grupos para as demais vari&#225;veis lip&#237;dicas, para as
            mol&#233;culas de ades&#227;o e para as vari&#225;veis inflamat&#243;rias (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t02">Tabelas 2</xref> e <xref ref-type="table" rid="t03">3</xref>).</p>
      <table-wrap id="t02">
        <label>Tabela 2</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Vari&#225;veis metab&#243;licas em A2 na popul&#231;&#227;o total e nos grupos normal (GN) e
                  hipertenso (GH)</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="rows">
          <thead>
            <tr>
              <th align="left">
                <bold>Par&#226;metro</bold>
              </th>
              <th>
                <bold>Total (n = 116)</bold>
              </th>
              <th>
                <bold>GN (n = 71)</bold>
              </th>
              <th>
                <bold>GH (n = 45)</bold>
              </th>
              <th>
                <bold>Valor de p</bold>
              </th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody>
            <tr>
              <td>Glicemia</td>
              <td align="center">82,63 &#177; 12,53</td>
              <td align="center">81,28 &#177; 12,05</td>
              <td align="center">84,72 &#177; 13,11</td>
              <td align="center">NS</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Insulina (&#956;UI/ml)</td>
              <td align="center">12,64 &#177; 10,72</td>
              <td align="center">9,82 &#177; 7,48</td>
              <td align="center">17,09 &#177; 13,36</td>
              <td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>HOMA-IR</td>
              <td align="center">2,73 &#177; 2,71</td>
              <td align="center">2,07 &#177; 1,83</td>
              <td align="center">3,77 &#177; 3,47</td>
              <td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Apo B100 (ng/dl)</td>
              <td align="center">72,79 &#177; 18,57</td>
              <td align="center">37,59 &#177; 16,24</td>
              <td align="center">49,03 &#177; 33,38</td>
              <td align="center">&lt; 0,010</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Apo B100/ Apo A1</td>
              <td align="center">42,03 &#177; 24,87</td>
              <td align="center">37,59 &#177; 16,24</td>
              <td align="center">49,04 &#177; 33,38</td>
              <td align="center">&lt; 0,004</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>LP (A) (mg/dl)</td>
              <td align="center">31,72 &#177; 41,24</td>
              <td align="center">30,01 &#177; 38,14</td>
              <td align="center">34,40 &#177; 46,04</td>
              <td align="center">NS</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Col T</td>
              <td align="center">185,85 &#177; 37,09</td>
              <td align="center">183,38 &#177; 38,86</td>
              <td align="center">189,66 &#177; 34,27</td>
              <td align="center">NS</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>LDL-c</td>
              <td align="center">115,24 &#177; 31,46</td>
              <td align="center">112,34 &#177; 34,21</td>
              <td align="center">119,18 &#177; 27,20</td>
              <td align="center">NS</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>HDL-c</td>
              <td align="center">48,87 &#177; 15,53</td>
              <td align="center">48,00 &#177; 16,05</td>
              <td align="center">50,14 &#177; 14,85</td>
              <td align="center">NS</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>TG</td>
              <td align="center">107,88 &#177; 59,82</td>
              <td align="center">108,70 &#177; 63,25</td>
              <td align="center">106,67 &#177; 55,12</td>
              <td align="center">NS</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Leptina (pg/ml)</td>
              <td align="center">16,69 &#177; 15,82</td>
              <td align="center">13.816,99 &#177; 13.478,87</td>
              <td align="center">21.245,98 &#177; 18.186,20</td>
              <td align="center">&lt; 0,02</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Adiponectina (ng/ml)</td>
              <td align="center">8.638,00 &#177; 4.142,30</td>
              <td align="center">9.136,93 &#177; 4.322,83</td>
              <td align="center">7.849,93 &#177; 3.752,28</td>
              <td align="center">NS</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
        <table-wrap-foot>
          <fn>
            <p>GN: grupo normal; GH: grupo hipertenso; Apo B100: apolipoprote&#237;na B100; Apo A1:
                     apolipoprote&#237;na A1; LP (a): lipoprote&#237;na a; Col-T: colesterol total; HDL-c:
                     lipoprote&#237;na de alta densidade; LDL-c: lipoprote&#237;na de baixa densidade; TG:
                     triglicer&#237;deos.</p>
          </fn>
        </table-wrap-foot>
      </table-wrap>
      <table-wrap id="t03">
        <label>Tabela 3</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Vari&#225;veis inflamat&#243;rias e mol&#233;culas de ades&#227;o em A2 na popula&#231;&#227;o total e nos
                  grupos normal (GN) e hipertenso (GH)</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="rows">
          <thead>
            <tr>
              <th align="left">
                <bold>Par&#226;metro</bold>
              </th>
              <th>
                <bold>Total (n = 116)</bold>
              </th>
              <th>
                <bold>GN (n = 71)</bold>
              </th>
              <th>
                <bold>GH (n = 45)</bold>
              </th>
              <th>
                <bold>Valor de p</bold>
              </th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody>
            <tr>
              <td>E-seletina</td>
              <td align="center">42,31 &#177; 24,62</td>
              <td align="center">40,13 &#177; 23,64</td>
              <td align="center">45,77 &#177; 25,99</td>
              <td align="center">NS</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>VCAM-1</td>
              <td align="center">1030,54 &#177; 316,81</td>
              <td align="center">1021,50 &#177; 323,38</td>
              <td align="center">1044,91 &#177; 309,21</td>
              <td align="center">NS</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>ICAM-1</td>
              <td align="center">177,42 &#177; 101,08</td>
              <td align="center">177,30 &#177; 95,21</td>
              <td align="center">177,61 &#177; 110,90</td>
              <td align="center">NS</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>PCR-us</td>
              <td align="center">0,2407 &#177; 0,33</td>
              <td align="center">0,2331 &#177; 0,33</td>
              <td align="center">0,2527 &#177; 0,33</td>
              <td align="center">NS</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Fibrinog&#234;nio</td>
              <td align="center">298,11 &#177; 69,41</td>
              <td align="center">296,24 &#177; 63,66</td>
              <td align="center">300,82 &#177; 77,78</td>
              <td align="center">NS</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
        <table-wrap-foot>
          <fn>
            <p>GN: grupo normal; GH: grupo hipertenso; VCAM-1: mol&#233;cula de ades&#227;o celular
                     vascular 1; ICAM-1: receptor para mol&#233;cula de ades&#227;o intracelular 1; PCR-us:
                     prote&#237;na C reativa ultrassens&#237;vel.</p>
          </fn>
        </table-wrap-foot>
      </table-wrap>
      <p>A agrega&#231;&#227;o de FR demonstrada pela presen&#231;a de SM em A2 foi mais prevalente no GH,
            apesar de n&#227;o ter alcan&#231;ado signific&#226;ncia estat&#237;stica (28,9% <italic>vs.</italic> 12,7%;
            p = 0,05). As correla&#231;&#245;es bivariadas entre a PAS e PAD com as vari&#225;veis de risco em A2
            est&#227;o apresentadas na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t04">Tabela 4</xref>. Houve
            correla&#231;&#245;es positivas e significativas da PAS e PAD em A1 com as seguintes vari&#225;veis de
            A2: PAS, PAD, IMC, leptina, insulina e HOMA-IR.</p>
      <table-wrap id="t04">
        <label>Tabela 4</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Correla&#231;&#245;es da PAS e PAD em A1 com vari&#225;veis de risco em A2</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="rows">
          <thead>
            <tr>
              <th rowspan="2" align="left">
                <bold>Vari&#225;vel</bold>
              </th>
              <th colspan="2">
                <bold>Correla&#231;&#245;es com PAS</bold>
              </th>
              <th colspan="2">
                <bold>Correla&#231;&#245;es com PAD</bold>
              </th>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <th>
                <bold>r</bold>
              </th>
              <th>
                <bold>p</bold>
              </th>
              <th>
                <bold>r</bold>
              </th>
              <th>
                <bold>p</bold>
              </th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody>
            <tr>
              <td>PAS em A2</td>
              <td align="center">0,511</td>
              <td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
              <td align="center">0,389</td>
              <td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>PAD em A2</td>
              <td align="center">0,416</td>
              <td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
              <td align="center">0,477</td>
              <td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>IMC em A2</td>
              <td align="center">0,339</td>
              <td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
              <td align="center">0,285</td>
              <td align="center">0,002</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Glicose</td>
              <td align="center">0,079</td>
              <td align="center">0,410</td>
              <td align="center">0,076</td>
              <td align="center">0,430</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Colesterol</td>
              <td align="center">0,007</td>
              <td align="center">0,942</td>
              <td align="center">0,087</td>
              <td align="center">0,363</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>HDL-c</td>
              <td align="center">-0,049</td>
              <td align="center">0,620</td>
              <td align="center">0,058</td>
              <td align="center">0,558</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>LDL-c</td>
              <td align="center">-0,037</td>
              <td align="center">0,719</td>
              <td align="center">0,091</td>
              <td align="center">0,372</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>TG</td>
              <td align="center">0,038</td>
              <td align="center">0,695</td>
              <td align="center">0,032</td>
              <td align="center">0,747</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Apo A1</td>
              <td align="center">-0,093</td>
              <td align="center">0,321</td>
              <td align="center">-0,098</td>
              <td align="center">0,294</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Apo B100</td>
              <td align="center">0,146</td>
              <td align="center">0,117</td>
              <td align="center">0,183</td>
              <td align="center">0,049</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>LPa</td>
              <td align="center">0,004</td>
              <td align="center">0,967</td>
              <td align="center">0,028</td>
              <td align="center">0,763</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Leptina</td>
              <td align="center">0,237</td>
              <td align="center">0,010</td>
              <td align="center">0,187</td>
              <td align="center">0,044</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Insulina</td>
              <td align="center">0,233</td>
              <td align="center">0,012</td>
              <td align="center">0,229</td>
              <td align="center">0,014</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Homa IR</td>
              <td align="center">0,204</td>
              <td align="center">0,032</td>
              <td align="center">0,192</td>
              <td align="center">0,045</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Adiponectina</td>
              <td align="center">-0,129</td>
              <td align="center">0,168</td>
              <td align="center">-0,052</td>
              <td align="center">0,581</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>E-selectina</td>
              <td align="center">0,073</td>
              <td align="center">0,439</td>
              <td align="center">0,155</td>
              <td align="center">0,099</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>VCAM-1</td>
              <td align="center">0,037</td>
              <td align="center">0,699</td>
              <td align="center">0,006</td>
              <td align="center">0,946</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>ICAM-1</td>
              <td align="center">0,027</td>
              <td align="center">0,778</td>
              <td align="center">-0,022</td>
              <td align="center">0,818</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>PCR-us</td>
              <td align="center">-0,005</td>
              <td align="center">0,956</td>
              <td align="center">0,018</td>
              <td align="center">0,848</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Fibrinog&#234;nio</td>
              <td align="center">0,080</td>
              <td align="center">0,448</td>
              <td align="center">0,032</td>
              <td align="center">0,763</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
        <table-wrap-foot>
          <fn>
            <p>PAS: press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica; PAD: press&#227;o arterial diast&#243;lica; IMC: &#237;ndice
                     de massa corporal; HDL-c: lipoprote&#237;na de alta densidade; LDL-c: lipoprote&#237;na
                     de baixa densidade; TG: triglicer&#237;deo; APO A1: apolipoprote&#237;na A1; APO B100:
                     apolipoprote&#237;na B100; LPa: lipoprote&#237;na A; HOMA-IR: modelo de homeostase para
                     acessar resist&#234;ncia insul&#237;nica; VCAM-1: mol&#233;cula de ades&#227;o celular vascular 1;
                     ICAM-1: receptor para mol&#233;cula de ades&#227;o intracelular 1; PCR-us: prote&#237;na C
                     reativa ultrassens&#237;vel.</p>
          </fn>
        </table-wrap-foot>
      </table-wrap>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="discussion">
      <title>Discuss&#227;o</title>
      <p>Existem cada vez mais evid&#234;ncias de que a PA na inf&#226;ncia &#233; um importante FR para o
            desenvolvimento futuro de HAS e DAC<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref>. Os valores
            de PA observados na inf&#226;ncia tendem a se manter na mesma faixa de percentil ao longo do
            tempo, fen&#244;meno que &#233; conhecido como <italic>tracking</italic>, com coeficientes de
            repeti&#231;&#227;o da PA ao longo da inf&#226;ncia entre 37% e 48%<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref>. </p>
      <p>No presente trabalho, em A2, as m&#233;dias de PA foram maiores no GH comparado ao GN, assim
            como a preval&#234;ncia de HAS. Al&#233;m disso, houve correla&#231;&#227;o positiva e significativa da PA
            em A1 com a PA em A2, sugerindo que crian&#231;as e adolescentes apresentam um padr&#227;o de
            comportamento mantido da PA ao longo do tempo. </p>
      <p>Cabe ressaltar que o desenho original do ERJ caracterizou-se pelo acompanhamento de dois
            grupos de indiv&#237;duos jovens com comportamentos distintos da PA na fase escolar: com
            percentil de PA &gt;= 95 e com percentil de PA &lt;= 50. Desta forma, em fases
            subsequentes do estudo, s&#227;o esperadas taxas de preval&#234;ncia de HAS mais elevadas do que
            as observadas na popula&#231;&#227;o geral dessa faixa et&#225;ria jovem. </p>
      <p>A composi&#231;&#227;o corporal &#233; um dos principais determinantes da PA em crian&#231;as<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref>. No Muscatine Study<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref>, os autores demonstraram que mais de cinquenta por cento das
            crian&#231;as hipertensas eram tamb&#233;m obesas. Em nosso pa&#237;s, diversas publica&#231;&#245;es, em
            especial as da coorte do ERJ, j&#225; apontavam para a import&#226;ncia da composi&#231;&#227;o corporal no
            determinismo da PA em crian&#231;as e adolescentes<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B08">8</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref>.</p>
      <p>No presente estudo, observaram-se m&#233;dias maiores de peso e de IMC no GH nos dois
            momentos de avalia&#231;&#227;o, maior preval&#234;ncia de S/O em A2 e correla&#231;&#245;es positivas e
            significativas da PAS e PAD em A1 com o IMC em A2, demonstrando haver tamb&#233;m nesta
            popula&#231;&#227;o uma associa&#231;&#227;o entre composi&#231;&#227;o corporal e PA. </p>
      <p>Aspecto relevante &#233; conhecer o padr&#227;o de distribui&#231;&#227;o corporal da gordura e sua rela&#231;&#227;o
            com os FR<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref>. Dois cl&#225;ssicos estudos internacionais, <italic>Bogalusa Heart
               Study</italic><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26"> 26</xref> e <italic>CARDIA
               Study</italic>
            <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref>, refor&#231;aram o conhecimento de que a obesidade
            central verificada pela CA anormal representa um importante marcador de aterosclerose
            coronariana em popula&#231;&#245;es jovens. No Brasil, os trabalhos que estudaram a rela&#231;&#227;o entre
            a CA e os outros FR, como a HAS<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref>, t&#234;m mostrado
            resultados conflitantes, sugerindo a necessidade de se aprofundar o conhecimento sobre
            os pontos de corte da CA em nossa popula&#231;&#227;o, bem como as suas rela&#231;&#245;es com os outros FR
            e o determinismo da DCV futura. No presente estudo, foi observada maior preval&#234;ncia de
            CA aumentada em A2 nos indiv&#237;duos hipertensos (GH) na adolesc&#234;ncia. </p>
      <p>As c&#233;lulas adiposas apresentam uma capacidade secretora de subst&#226;ncias com efeitos
            biol&#243;gicos importantes. A leptina &#233; produzida em maior quantidade com o aumento do
            tecido adiposo, ao contr&#225;rio, a adiponectina apresenta sua produ&#231;&#227;o diminu&#237;da com o
            aumento da massa adiposa e atua aumentando a sensibilidade &#224; insulina<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref>. </p>
      <p>Entre as adipocinas, a adiponectina e a leptina s&#227;o os dois principais horm&#244;nios
            sensibilizadores da insulina produzidos pelas c&#233;lulas adiposas. Ainda permanece obscuro
            o real papel de cada uma delas na regula&#231;&#227;o da sensibilidade &#224; insulina<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref>. A adiponectina &#233; uma importante adipocina
            moduladora da resist&#234;ncia &#224; insulina com propriedades anti-inflamat&#243;rias e
            antiaterog&#234;nicas. Baixas concentra&#231;&#245;es de adiponectina est&#227;o associadas com a presen&#231;a
            de FR cardiovascular<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B06">6</xref>. A leptina, a princ&#237;pio,
            foi exclusivamente associada &#224; obesidade, mas os avan&#231;os nas investiga&#231;&#245;es t&#234;m revelado
            outras poss&#237;veis associa&#231;&#245;es com FR cardiovascular, como marcadores inflamat&#243;rios e at&#233;
               HAS<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B06">6</xref>. </p>
      <p>Langenberg e cols.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref> sugeriram que o
            desenvolvimento das DCV e da SM, na presen&#231;a de obesidade visceral, poderia ser
            consequ&#234;ncia da disfun&#231;&#227;o dos adip&#243;citos e subsequente altera&#231;&#227;o dos n&#237;veis ou express&#227;o
            dos receptores da leptina e da adiponectina.</p>
      <p>De forma concordante com a literatura<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B02">2</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B08">8</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref>, na presente coorte, as m&#233;dias de insulina e a resist&#234;ncia insul&#237;nica
            avaliada pela HOMA-IR na fase adulta jovem foram mais prevalentes nos indiv&#237;duos do GH,
            refletindo um perfil metab&#243;lico mais desfavor&#225;vel em tal popula&#231;&#227;o; este grupo tamb&#233;m
            apresentou maiores concentra&#231;&#245;es s&#233;ricas de leptina quando comparado ao GN e menores
            m&#233;dias de adiponectina que o GN, mas esta &#250;ltima diferen&#231;a n&#227;o alcan&#231;ou significado
            estat&#237;stico. Destacam-se as correla&#231;&#245;es positivas e significativas da PAS e PAD em A1
            com insulina, HOMA-IR e leptina em A2, refor&#231;ando os achados descritos.</p>
      <p>Em inqu&#233;ritos brasileiros com popula&#231;&#245;es jovens, foram observadas preval&#234;ncias variadas
            das diferentes altera&#231;&#245;es lip&#237;dicas na depend&#234;ncia da popula&#231;&#227;o estudada e da regi&#227;o do
               pa&#237;s<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref>. No presente trabalho, a associa&#231;&#227;o da PA na inf&#226;ncia e
            adolesc&#234;ncia com as vari&#225;veis lip&#237;dicas na fase adulta acompanhou a literatura.
            Observou-se que os indiv&#237;duos pertencentes ao GH apresentaram um perfil lip&#237;dico mais
            desfavor&#225;vel do que os indiv&#237;duos do GN, com maiores m&#233;dias de Col T, LDL-c, TGL, embora
            as compara&#231;&#245;es n&#227;o tenham alcan&#231;ado significado estat&#237;stico. </p>
      <p>As apolipoprote&#237;nas s&#227;o mol&#233;culas proteicas que se associam aos lip&#237;deos na composi&#231;&#227;o
            das part&#237;culas de lipoprote&#237;nas e desempenham fun&#231;&#245;es diversas e fundamentais no
            metabolismo lipoproteico. A rela&#231;&#227;o apo B / apo A-1 representa o balan&#231;o entre as
            part&#237;culas de colesterol potencialmente aterog&#234;nicas (apo B) e as part&#237;culas de
            colesterol antiaterog&#234;nicas (apo A-1), e tem sido sugerido que esta rela&#231;&#227;o representa
            um melhor preditor de doen&#231;as ateroscler&#243;ticas do que as concentra&#231;&#245;es de lip&#237;deos e
               lipoprote&#237;nas<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">32</xref>. A fun&#231;&#227;o fisiol&#243;gica da Lp (a) n&#227;o &#233; bem
            conhecida, mas, em estudos observacionais, ela tem sido associada &#224; forma&#231;&#227;o e &#224;
            progress&#227;o da placa ateroscler&#243;tica. Como demonstrado em um estudo onde os n&#237;veis de Lp
            (a) foram medidos em 504 pacientes imediatamente antes da angiografia coron&#225;ria, estes
            n&#237;veis mostraram uma associa&#231;&#227;o forte com a presen&#231;a e a extens&#227;o da DAC (p &lt;
               0,001)<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">33</xref>.</p>
      <p>Uma importante evid&#234;ncia correlacionando as apolipoprote&#237;nas e os FR cardiovasculares
            cl&#225;ssicos em jovens, como a HAS, est&#225; documentada em uma an&#225;lise da coorte de Bogalusa,
            onde filhos de pais que sofreram infarto apresentaram valores maiores de apo B, menores
            de apo A-1 e maiores da rela&#231;&#227;o apo B / apo A-1, ainda que os n&#237;veis de LDL e HDL
            colesterol estivessem dentro dos limites da normalidade<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34">34</xref>.</p>
      <p>Na popula&#231;&#227;o do presente estudo, as concentra&#231;&#245;es de Apo B100 foram maiores no GH assim
            como a rela&#231;&#227;o Apo B100 / Apo A1, sugerindo um balan&#231;o aterog&#234;nico positivo na fase
            adulta jovem, no grupo com maior PA na inf&#226;ncia e adolesc&#234;ncia. J&#225; as concentra&#231;&#245;es de
            LP (a) n&#227;o diferiram significativamente entre os grupos. </p>
      <p>&#201; de conhecimento geral que muitos eventos coronarianos acontecem em pacientes nos quais
            n&#227;o se observa a presen&#231;a dos FR tradicionais. Um grande avan&#231;o no conhecimento da
            doen&#231;a ateroscler&#243;tica foi alcan&#231;ado com o entendimento de que a aterosclerose &#233; uma
            doen&#231;a inflamat&#243;ria da parede do vaso<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B35">35</xref>. </p>
      <p>At&#233; o momento, os estudos envolvendo as mol&#233;culas de ades&#227;o celular (E-selectina, ICAM-1
            e VCAM-1) e a PCR-us, o fibrinog&#234;nio e a disfun&#231;&#227;o endotelial t&#234;m se mostrado
            importantes em an&#225;lises populacionais, mas n&#227;o em termos individuais, seja para o
            diagn&#243;stico, progn&#243;stico ou tratamento da doen&#231;a cardiovascular<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B36">36</xref>. Existem evid&#234;ncias de que valores aumentados de PCR-us seriam
            capazes de predizer HAS futura em normotensos, embora ainda seja precoce o seu uso amplo
            na pr&#225;tica cl&#237;nica di&#225;ria com este objetivo<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B36">36</xref>.
            V&#225;rios estudos prospectivos e transversais relacionaram altos n&#237;veis de fibrinog&#234;nio &#224;
            DAC, mesmo ap&#243;s corre&#231;&#227;o para covari&#225;veis<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B37">37</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B38">38</xref>. Como demonstrado em
            um acompanhamento de cinco anos com 2.125 homens, onde os n&#237;veis de fibrinog&#234;nio no
            tercil superior da distribui&#231;&#227;o foram associados a um maior risco de DAC (RR ajustada de
            2,5, IC de 95%; p = 0,001)<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B39">39</xref>.</p>
      <p>Desta forma, atualmente, tem crescido o interesse pelo estudo da associa&#231;&#227;o entre
            inflama&#231;&#227;o, FR tradicionais e aterosclerose em crian&#231;as e adolescentes, com o objetivo
            de tentar identificar a doen&#231;a cardiovascular em seus est&#225;gios iniciais, como maior
            potencial de preven&#231;&#227;o prim&#225;ria<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B40">40</xref>. </p>
      <p>Na presente coorte, embora as concentra&#231;&#245;es dos marcadores inflamat&#243;rios e de mol&#233;culas
            de ades&#227;o estudadas tenham sido maiores no GH, tais diferen&#231;as n&#227;o atingiram
            signific&#226;ncia estat&#237;stica. </p>
      <p>A principal limita&#231;&#227;o deste estudo &#233; a mesma experimentada por diversas coortes
            existentes na literatura e relaciona-se ao car&#225;ter longitudinal do seguimento que
            determina perdas progressivas de parte da amostra original. </p>
      <p>Vale ressaltar que ao longo do seguimento sempre foram acompanhados dois grupos em
            separado: PA normal e PA anormal e, ao longo dos anos, apesar da redu&#231;&#227;o do n&#250;mero de
            retornos, a proporcionalidade em cada grupo foi mantida nas v&#225;rias avalia&#231;&#245;es
            transversais realizadas em diversos momentos ao longo de 18 anos. Al&#233;m disso, na
            avalia&#231;&#227;o realizada na adolesc&#234;ncia (fase Escolar da segunda etapa do ERJ), foi poss&#237;vel
            coletar apenas dados de peso, altura e PA, dada a caracter&#237;stica epidemiol&#243;gica desta
            fase do estudo, com a avalia&#231;&#227;o de 3.906 adolescentes para a obten&#231;&#227;o de curvas de PA
            por idade e sexo. Sendo assim, n&#227;o foi poss&#237;vel a observa&#231;&#227;o de outros par&#226;metros
            cl&#237;nicos ao longo de tempo, obtidos apenas em fases posteriores, quando as avalia&#231;&#245;es
            foram realizadas em ambientes ambulatorial e hospitalar. </p>
      <p>Finalmente, destaca-se que a amostra populacional do ERJ &#233; uma amostra n&#227;o hospitalar,
            constituindo-se na coorte brasileira desta faixa et&#225;ria com mais longo seguimento at&#233; os
            dias atuais. </p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="conclusions">
      <title>Conclus&#227;o</title>
      <p>Os achados do presente estudo permitiram demonstrar uma forte rela&#231;&#227;o entre o
            comportamento da PA na adolesc&#234;ncia com a PA, vari&#225;veis antropom&#233;tricas e metab&#243;licas,
            mas n&#227;o com vari&#225;veis inflamat&#243;rias, na fase adulta jovem, 18 anos ap&#243;s, sugerindo que
            medidas de preven&#231;&#227;o prim&#225;ria dos FR cardiovascular devem se iniciar em fases precoces
            da vida.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec>
      <title>Contribui&#231;&#227;o dos autores</title>
      <p>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa; Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados; An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados;
            An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica; Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual:
            Campana EMG, Brand&#227;o AA, Pozzan R, Magalh&#227;es MEC, Fonseca FL, Pizzi OL, Freitas EV,
            Brand&#227;o AP. Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito: Campana EMG.</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
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  <sub-article id="SA1" article-type="translation" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Articles</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title xml:lang="en">Blood Pressure in Adolescence, Adipokines and Inflammation
               in Young Adults. The Rio de Janeiro Study</article-title>
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            <given-names>Erika Maria Gon&#231;alves</given-names>
          </name>
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          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c02"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
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            <given-names>Andr&#233;a Araujo</given-names>
          </name>
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        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
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        <contrib contrib-type="author">
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          </name>
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          <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade do Estado do Rio de
                  Janeiro</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Rio de Janeiro</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">RJ</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country>Brazil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de
                  Janeiro, RJ - Brazil</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c02"><bold>Mailing Address:</bold> Erika Maria Gon&#231;alves Campana, Rua S&#227;o Janu&#225;rio 159
               Apto. 1103 B, Fonseca. Postal Code 24130-386, Niter&#243;i, RJ - Brazil. E-mail:
                  <email>erikamaria@cardiol.br</email>, <email>campanaemg@predialnet.com.br</email>
            </corresp>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potential Conflict of Interest</bold>
          </p>
          <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <abstract xml:lang="en">
        <sec>
          <title>Background:</title>
          <p> The impact of blood pressure (BP) during adolescence on other cardiovascular risk
                  factors in young adults is important for the primary prevention. </p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objective:</title>
          <p> To evaluate BP, anthropometric indexes, metabolic and inflammatory profiles in
                  young individuals stratified by their BP behavior recorded for 18 years. </p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Methods:</title>
          <p> A total of 116 individuals, of whom 63 were males, from the Rio de Janeiro study
                  (follow-up of 17.76 &#177; 1.63 years), were assessed at two moments: A1 (12.40 &#177; 1.49
                  years) and A2 (30.09 &#177; 2.01 years). The 116 individuals were divided into two
                  groups: GN (n = 71), of participants with normal BP at A1; and GH (n = 45), of
                  those with abnormal BP at A1. BP, weight, height and body mass index (BMI) were
                  measured at A1 and A2. At A2, abdominal circumference (AC) and laboratory,
                  metabolic and inflammatory variables were included. </p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Results:</title>
          <p> 1) No difference was observed between the groups as regards age and gender; 2) At
                  A2, GH showed higher mean weight, BMI, BP, insulin, HOMA-IR (p &lt; 0.001), leptin
                  (p &lt; 0.02), apolipoprotein B100 and A1 (p &lt; 0.02), apolipoprotein B100 /
                  apolipoprotein A1 ratio (p &lt; 0.010); and higher prevalences of
                  overweight/obesity (p &lt; 0.001), of increased AC (p &lt; 0.001) and of
                  hypertension (p &lt; 0.02); 3) No difference was observed between the groups as
                  regards the inflammatory variables; 4) There was a positive correlation of BP at
                  A1 with BP, BMI, insulin, leptin and HOMA-IR at A2 (p &lt; 0.05). </p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclusion:</title>
          <p> BP in adolescence was associated with higher values of BP, and anthropometric and
                  metabolic variables in young adulthood, but not with inflammatory variables.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>Blood Pressure</kwd>
        <kwd>Young Adult</kwd>
        <kwd>Atherosclerosis / physiopathology</kwd>
        <kwd>Inflammation</kwd>
        <kwd>Adipokines</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <funding-group>
        <award-group>
          <funding-source>FAPERJ</funding-source>
        </award-group>
      </funding-group>
      <counts>
        <fig-count count="3"/>
        <table-count count="4"/>
        <equation-count count="0"/>
        <ref-count count="40"/>
        <page-count count="10"/>
      </counts>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>Introduction</title>
        <p>Despite all the knowledge accumulated on the pathophysiology of atherosclerosis and
               the therapeutic advances on cardiovascular diseases (CVD), mortality and morbidity
               rates related to these diseases remain high<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B01">1</xref>.
               Early detection of individuals at a high risk and the implementation of prevention
               strategies are crucial to reduce them, and all efforts should be made to prevent the
               first cardiovascular event, which can be fatal and disabling, in addition to
               represent a high medical and social burden. </p>
        <p>Understanding the behavior of the cardiovascular risk factors (RF) throughout the
               years is of the utmost importance, since they facilitate the development of changes
               in the cardiovascular system<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B02">2</xref>. Several
               studies, such as that of the Bogalusa's group<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B02">2</xref>
               and PDAY<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B03">3</xref>, have been of great value for the
               understanding of the risk factor, atherosclerosis, morbidity and mortality associated
               with these conditions in children, adolescents and young adults, demonstrating that
               atherosclerosis starts in childhood, that the progression of clinically significant
               lesions occurs from childhood until adulthood, and that the atherosclerotic lesions
               found correlate positively with the classic risk factors. Thus, the knowledge on
               blood pressure (BP) and other cardiovascular RF in young Brazilian populations is
               very important for the adoption of primary prevention measures. </p>
        <p>On the other hand, great advance was achieved on the knowledge of the atherosclerotic
               disease with the understanding that atherosclerosis is an inflammatory disease of the
               vessel wall. To date, several molecular markers involved in the inflammatory process
               are being investigated as regards their role in the atherosclerotic process or their
               association with the pathogenesis of CVD. Among them, we can point out: oxidized LDL
               (ox-LDL); proinflammatory cytokines such as interleukin 1 (IL-1); tumor necrosis
               factor alpha (TNF-alpha); intercellular adhesion molecules (ICAM-1); hepatic
               stimulation proteins such as high-sensitivity C reactive protein (hs-CRP) and serum
               amyloid A protein (SAAP); and leukocyte count<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B04">4</xref>.</p>
        <p>Following the same line, studies on insulin, leptin and adiponectin have permitted a
               greater understanding of the impact of metabolic variables on the cardiovascular
               system and of the mechanisms involved in insulin resistance<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B05">5</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B07">7</xref>.</p>
        <p>In this context, the objective of the present study was to evaluate BP,
               anthropometric indexes and metabolic and inflammatory profiles of young individuals
               stratified by their BP behavior recorded for 18 years in their adolescence. </p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="methods">
        <title>Methods</title>
        <p>This study population is from the Rio de Janeiro Study (RJS)<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B08">8</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref>, and is
               part of a line of research on BP and other cardiovascular RF in young individuals and
               their families, that has been developed in the University of the State of Rio de
               Janeiro since 1983. It was divided into two stages: in the first stage, children
               between 6 and 9 years of age, n = 3109 (1983-1986) were evaluated; in the second
               stage, adolescents between 10 and 15 years of age, n = 3906 (1987 - 1989), called
               target-students, were evaluated, and normality curves of systolic (SBP) and diastolic
               blood pressure (DBP) were obtained for each gender and age. In the second stage of
               the study, and equal number of target-students with BP &#8805; 95th percentile (group with
               abnormal BP) and BP &#8804; 50th percentile (group with normal BP) were randomly selected,
               and several cross-sectional assessments were made at different moments throughout the
               18-year follow-up, called Domiciliary, Hospital, Family and Outpatient Phases (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f04">Figure 1</xref>).</p>
        <fig id="f04" fig-type="other">
          <label>Figure 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>The Rio de Janeiro study design<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B09">9</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref>. Second
                     Stage. WPV: pulse wave velocity; ECG: electrocardiogram; OGTT: oral glucose
                     tolerance test.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-102-01-0060-30226-gf01-en.jpg"/></fig>
        <p>For the present study, inserted in the Outpatient Phase of the RJS, 385 individuals
               assessed in the Family Phase (1996-1999) as target-population were assessed. <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f05">Figure 2</xref> shows the final composition of the study
               sample and the reasons for the losses to follow-up of part of the population.</p>
        <fig id="f05" fig-type="other">
          <label>Figure 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Composition of the population sample of the present study</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-102-01-0060-30226-gf02-en.jpg"/></fig>
        <p>Data from 116 target-students (63 males and 53 females) were assessed at two moments
               with a mean follow-up of 17.76 &#177; 1.63 years, namely at: A1 (School Phase): at 12.40 &#177;
               1.49 years, and A2 (Outpatient Phase): at 30.09 &#177; 2.01 years. Two groups were formed
               according to their BP behavior at A1: group of normal individuals (GN) with normal BP
               at A1 (n = 71), and group of hypertensive individuals (GH), of those with abnormal BP
               at A1 (n = 45).</p>
        <p>In both assessments, a questionnaire was administered for the analysis of clinical,
               epidemiological and socio-cultural variables. BP, weight (W), and height (H) were
               measured, and the body mass index (BMI) was calculated.</p>
        <p>At A2, the abdominal circumference (AC) was measured, and, after a 12-hour fasting,
               the following parameters were determined: blood glucose; total cholesterol (T Col);
               high-density lipoprotein (HDL-c); triglycerides (TGL), with calculation of
               low-density lipoprotein (LDL-c) when TGL &lt; 400mg/dL; apolipoprotein B100 (Apo
               B100), and A1 (Apo A1); lipoprotein a [LP (a)]; insulin (ins); leptin; adiponectin;
               high-sensitivity C reactive protein (hs-CRP); E-selectin; vascular cell adhesion
               molecule 1 (VCAM-1); intercellular adhesion molecule receptor 1 (ICAM-1); and
               fibrinogen. The insulin resistance index was determined using the homeostasis model
               assessment for insulin resistance (HOMA-IR), considering insulin and fasting blood
               glucose.</p>
        <p>High blood pressure (HBP) at A1 was defined when BP was &#8805; 95th percentile for gender
               and age, and at A2, when BP &#8805; 140 and/or 90 mmHg<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B01">1</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref>. The presence of
               overweight/obesity (OW/O) was defined when BMI was &#8805; 85th percentile for gender and
               age at A1; at A2, normal weight was defined when BMI values were &lt; 25
                  kg/m<sup>2</sup>; overweight when BMI values were between 25 kg/m<sup>2</sup>and
               29.99 kg/m<sup>2</sup>, and obesity when BMC values were &#8805; 30 kg/m<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B01">1</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref>. Increased values for abdominal circumference (AC) were defined as
               those &gt; 102 cm for men and &gt; 88 cm for women<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B01">1</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref>. For metabolic
               variables, blood glucose levels &lt; 100 mg/dL were considered normal; fasting blood
               glucose values between 100 mg/dL and 126 mg/dL were considered abnormal; and blood
               glucose &#8805; 126 mg/dL were considered diabetes mellitus<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref>. Normal values for lipid profile followed the recommendations of the IV
               Brazilian Guideline for Dyslipidemias and Atherosclerosis Prevention<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref>. The presence of metabolic syndrome (MS) was
               defined according to the I Brazilian Guideline of MS<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref>, adopting the cut-off point for fasting blood glucose &#8805; 100 mg/dL, as
               proposed by Grundy et al<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref>.</p>
        <p>Quantitative analyses of insulin, leptin, E-selectin, VCAM-1, ICAM-1, and fibrinogen
               were made using the Luminex method, in a BioSystems A25 automated analyzer, with the
               Milliplex kit. Reference values (least detectable concentration) for each marker are:
               insulin 44.5 pg/mL; leptin 157.2 pg/mL; E-selectin 0.079 ng/mL; VCAM-1 0.016 ng/mL;
               ICAM-1 0.009 ng/mL, and fibrinogen 0.001 ng/mL.</p>
        <p>Serum adiponectin was determined using the ELISA method. Its reference value (least
               detectable concentration) is 0.78 ng/mL. HOMA-IR was calculated using the equation
               proposed by Mathews in 1995: HOMA-IR = Fasting insulin (&#181;U/mL) X fasting glucose
               (mmol/L) / 22.5<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref>.</p>
        <p>Apo B100 and Apo A1 determinations were made using the turbidimetric and
               immunological method, and the reference values for Apo A1 were: for men: 110 - 170
               mg/dL; for women: 120 - 190 mg/dL. For Apo B100: for men: 80 - 155 mg/dL; for women:
               75 - 150 mg/dL. LP (a) was determined using the immunoturbidimetric method with
               labeled particles, considering the reference value &lt; 30 mg/dL. These
               determinations were made in a BioSystems A25 automated analyzer, using the BioSys
               kit.</p>
        <p>Determination of hs-CRP was made using the turbidimetric / high-sensitivity latex
               method, in a BioSystems A25 automated analyzer, with the BioSys kit. The reference
               values were those recommended in the literature (hs-CRP &gt; 3mg/L)<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref>.</p>
        <p>This study was approved by the HUPE Research Ethics Committee (2130 CEP-HUPE). All
               participants gave written informed consent.</p>
        <p>The information collected was stored in a single data basis using the Microsoft
               Access software program. Data were analyzed using the SPSS for Windows statistical
               program, version 8.0.0, Copyright SPSS Inc. 1989-1997. </p>
        <p>The following statistical tests were used:</p>
        <p>&#8226; Student's t test (t): for comparisons of two data series.</p>
        <p>&#8226; Chi-square test (&#967;<sup>2</sup>): for comparison of frequency distributions of
               categorical variables of independent samples.</p>
        <p>&#8226; Pearson's bivariate correlation (r): to analyze the correlation between continuous
               variables.</p>
        <p>In all analyses, the significance level was set at 5%, admitting a probability "p" &#8804;
               0.05 to reject the null hypothesis.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="results">
        <title>Results</title>
        <p>The overall characteristics of the 116 target-students analyzed and of the two groups
               formed based on their BP behavior obtained approximately 18 years earlier (GN =
               Normal; GH = Hypertensive) are shown in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t05">Table
                  1</xref>.</p>
        <table-wrap id="t05">
          <label>Table 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Overall characteristics, mean blood pressure and anthropometric variables
                     of the total population and of the groups of normal (GN) and hypertensive (GH)
                     individuals</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="rows">
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">
                  <bold>Parameter</bold>
                </th>
                <th>
                  <bold>Total (116)</bold>
                </th>
                <th>
                  <bold>GN (71)</bold>
                </th>
                <th>
                  <bold>GH (45)</bold>
                </th>
                <th>
                  <bold>p value</bold>
                </th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td>Age at A2 (years)<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="t05-fn01">*</xref></td>
                <td align="center">30.09 &#177; 2.01</td>
                <td align="center">30.17 &#177; 2.10</td>
                <td align="center">29.98 &#177; 1.87</td>
                <td align="center">NS</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Gender (M/F %)<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="t05-fn01">*</xref></td>
                <td align="center">54.31 / 45.69</td>
                <td align="center">52.1 / 47.9</td>
                <td align="center">57.8 / 42.2</td>
                <td align="center">NS</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Follow-up period (months)<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="t05-fn01">*</xref></td>
                <td align="center">213.12 &#177; 19.2</td>
                <td align="center">213.96 &#177; 19.08</td>
                <td align="center">211.68 &#177; 21.63</td>
                <td align="center">NS</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>SBP A1</td>
                <td align="center">113.43 &#177; 14.47</td>
                <td align="center">105.80 &#177; 9.35</td>
                <td align="center">125.47 &#177; 12.89</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0.001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>SBP A2</td>
                <td align="center">121.84 &#177; 16.70</td>
                <td align="center">115.94 &#177; 14.38</td>
                <td align="center">130.89 &#177; 16.07</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0.001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>DBP A1</td>
                <td align="center">62.43 &#177; 12.46</td>
                <td align="center">55.94 &#177; 7.86</td>
                <td align="center">72.67 &#177; 11.50</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0.001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>DBP A2</td>
                <td align="center">80.51 &#177; 13.50</td>
                <td align="center">76.58 &#177; 11.55</td>
                <td align="center">86.53 &#177; 14.16</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0.001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Weight A1</td>
                <td align="center">49.72 &#177; 11.88</td>
                <td align="center">45.99 &#177; 9.42</td>
                <td align="center">55.62 &#177; 13.02</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0.001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Weight A2</td>
                <td align="center">75.38 &#177; 18.69</td>
                <td align="center">69.88 &#177; 15.29</td>
                <td align="center">84.05 &#177; 20.33</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0.001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>BMI A1</td>
                <td align="center">20.12 &#177; 2.27</td>
                <td align="center">19.03 &#177; 2.44</td>
                <td align="center">21.84 &#177; 3.68</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0.001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>BMI A2</td>
                <td align="center">26.04 &#177; 5.44</td>
                <td align="center">24.49 &#177; 4.47</td>
                <td align="center">28.51 &#177; 5.97</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0.001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>AC A2</td>
                <td align="center">90.34 &#177; 12.48</td>
                <td align="center">87.08 &#177; 10.84</td>
                <td align="center">95.61 &#177; 15.62</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0.001</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="t05-fn01">
              <label>*</label>
              <p>p = not significant; GN: group normal; GH: group hypertensive; t: Student&#8217;s
                        t test; BP: blood pressure; M: male; F: female; SBP: systolic blood
                        pressure; DBP: diastolic blood pressure; BMI: body mass index; AC: abdominal
                        circumference.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <p><xref ref-type="table" rid="t05">Table 1</xref> shows the mean systolic (SBP) and
               diastolic blood pressures (DBP) at the two assessment moments A1 and A2 in the total
               population and in the groups normal and hypertensive. Comparing the BP behavior
               between GN and GH, we can observe that the mean SBP and DBP were higher in GH than in
               GN, with statistically significant differences at A1 and A2. GH showed a higher
               prevalence of HBP at A2 (p &lt; 0.02) (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f06">Figure
               3</xref>). The prevalence of HBP was higher in GH (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f06">Figure 3</xref>).</p>
        <fig id="f06" fig-type="other">
          <label>Figure 3</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Prevalence of hypertension, overweight/obesity, increased abdominal
                     circumference, and metabolic syndrome at A2 in the groups of normal (GN) and
                     hypertensive (GH) individuals. HBP: high blood pressure; OW/O:
                     overweight/obesity; increased AC: increased abdominal circumference; MS:
                     metabolic syndrome.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-102-01-0060-30226-gf03-en.jpg"/></fig>
        <p>Anthropometric variables are shown in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t05">Table
               1</xref>.</p>
        <p>Higher mean weight and BMI were observed in GH, with significant differences at A1
               and A2. The same behavior was observed for mean AC obtained at A2. The prevalences of
               OW/O and increased AC were higher in GH (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f06">Figure
                  3</xref>).</p>
        <p>GH showed higher mean insulin, HOMA-IR (p &lt; 0.001), leptin (p &lt; 0.02), Apo B100
               (p &lt; 0.02) and Apo B100/Apo A1 ratio (p &lt; 0.01) than GN at A2. No difference
               between the two groups was observed for the other lipid variables, adhesion
               molecules, and inflammatory variables (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t06">Tables
                  2</xref> and <xref ref-type="table" rid="t07">3</xref>).</p>
        <table-wrap id="t06">
          <label>Table 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Metabolic variables at A2 in the total population and in the groups normal
                     (GN) and hypertensive (GH)</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="rows">
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">
                  <bold>Parameter</bold>
                </th>
                <th>
                  <bold>Total (n = 116)</bold>
                </th>
                <th>
                  <bold>GN (n = 71)</bold>
                </th>
                <th>
                  <bold>GH (n = 45)</bold>
                </th>
                <th>
                  <bold>p value</bold>
                </th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td>Blood glucose</td>
                <td align="center">82.63 &#177; 12.53</td>
                <td align="center">81.28 &#177; 12.05</td>
                <td align="center">84.72 &#177; 13.11</td>
                <td align="center">NS</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Insulin (&#956;UI/mL)</td>
                <td align="center">12.64 &#177; 10.72</td>
                <td align="center">9.82 &#177; 7.48</td>
                <td align="center">17.09 &#177; 13.36</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0.001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>HOMA-IR</td>
                <td align="center">2.73 &#177; 2.71</td>
                <td align="center">2.07 &#177; 1.83</td>
                <td align="center">3.77 &#177; 3.47</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0.001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Apo B100 (ng/dl)</td>
                <td align="center">72.79 &#177; 18.57</td>
                <td align="center">37.59 &#177; 16.24</td>
                <td align="center">49.03 &#177; 33.38</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0.010</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Apo B100/ Apo A1</td>
                <td align="center">42.03 &#177; 24.87</td>
                <td align="center">37.59 &#177; 16.24</td>
                <td align="center">49.04 &#177; 33.38</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0.004</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>LP (A) (mg/dl)</td>
                <td align="center">31.72 &#177; 41.24</td>
                <td align="center">30.01 &#177; 38.14</td>
                <td align="center">34.40 &#177; 46.04</td>
                <td align="center">NS</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Col T</td>
                <td align="center">185.85 &#177; 37.09</td>
                <td align="center">183.38 &#177; 38.86</td>
                <td align="center">189.66 &#177; 34.27</td>
                <td align="center">NS</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>LDL-c</td>
                <td align="center">115.24 &#177; 31.46</td>
                <td align="center">112.34 &#177; 34.21</td>
                <td align="center">119.18 &#177; 27.20</td>
                <td align="center">NS</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>HDL-c</td>
                <td align="center">48.87 &#177; 15.53</td>
                <td align="center">48.00 &#177; 16.05</td>
                <td align="center">50.14 &#177; 14.85</td>
                <td align="center">NS</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>TG</td>
                <td align="center">107.88 &#177; 59.82</td>
                <td align="center">108.70 &#177; 63.25</td>
                <td align="center">106.67 &#177; 55.12</td>
                <td align="center">NS</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Leptin (pg/mL)</td>
                <td align="center">16.69 &#177; 15.82</td>
                <td align="center">13.816.99 &#177; 13.478.87</td>
                <td align="center">21.245.98 &#177; 18.186.20</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0.02</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Adiponectin (ng/mL)</td>
                <td align="center">8.638.00 &#177; 4.142.30</td>
                <td align="center">9.136.93 &#177; 4.322.83</td>
                <td align="center">7.849.93 &#177; 3.752.28</td>
                <td align="center">NS</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn>
              <p>GN: group normal; GH: group hypertensive; Apo B100: apolipoprotein B100; Apo
                        A1: apolipoprotein A1; LP (a): lipoprotein a; Col-T: total cholesterol;
                        HDL-c: highdensity lipoprotein; LDL-c: low-density lipoprotein; TG:
                        triglycerides.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <table-wrap id="t07">
          <label>Table 3</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Inflammatory variables and adhesion molecules at A2 in the total population
                     and in the groups of normal (GN) and hypertensive (GH) individuals</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="rows">
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">
                  <bold>Parameter</bold>
                </th>
                <th>
                  <bold>Total (n = 116)</bold>
                </th>
                <th>
                  <bold>GN (n = 71)</bold>
                </th>
                <th>
                  <bold>GH (n = 45)</bold>
                </th>
                <th>
                  <bold>p value</bold>
                </th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td>E-selectin</td>
                <td align="center">42,31 &#177; 24,62</td>
                <td align="center">40,13 &#177; 23,64</td>
                <td align="center">45,77 &#177; 25,99</td>
                <td align="center">NS</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>VCAM-1</td>
                <td align="center">1030,54 &#177; 316,81</td>
                <td align="center">1021,50 &#177; 323,38</td>
                <td align="center">1044,91 &#177; 309,21</td>
                <td align="center">NS</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>ICAM-1</td>
                <td align="center">177,42 &#177; 101,08</td>
                <td align="center">177,30 &#177; 95,21</td>
                <td align="center">177,61 &#177; 110,90</td>
                <td align="center">NS</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>hs-CRP</td>
                <td align="center">0,2407 &#177; 0,33</td>
                <td align="center">0,2331 &#177; 0,33</td>
                <td align="center">0,2527 &#177; 0,33</td>
                <td align="center">NS</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Fibrinogen</td>
                <td align="center">298,11 &#177; 69,41</td>
                <td align="center">296,24 &#177; 63,66</td>
                <td align="center">300,82 &#177; 77,78</td>
                <td align="center">NS</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn>
              <p>GN: group normal; GH: group hypertensive; VCAM-1: vascular cell adhesion
                        molecule 1; ICAM-1: intercellular adhesion molecule receptor 1; hs-CRP:
                        high-sensitivity C-reactive protein.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <p>The aggregation of RFs demonstrated by the presence of MS at A2 was more prevalent in
               GH, albeit without statistical significance (28.9% vs. 12.7%; p = 0.05). Bivariate
               correlations of SBP and DBP with the risk variables at A2 are shown in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t08">Table 4</xref>. Positive and significant correlations
               were observed between SBP and DBP at A1 and the following variables at A2: SBP, DBP,
               BMI, leptin, insulin, and HOMA-IR.</p>
        <table-wrap id="t08">
          <label>Table 4</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Correlations of SBP and DBP at A1 with risk variables at A2</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="rows">
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th rowspan="2" align="left">
                  <bold>Variable</bold>
                </th>
                <th colspan="2">
                  <bold>Correlations with SBP</bold>
                </th>
                <th colspan="2">
                  <bold>Correlations with DBP</bold>
                </th>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <th>
                  <bold>r</bold>
                </th>
                <th>
                  <bold>p</bold>
                </th>
                <th>
                  <bold>r</bold>
                </th>
                <th>
                  <bold>p</bold>
                </th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td>SBP at A2</td>
                <td align="center">0.511</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0.001</td>
                <td align="center">0.389</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0.001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>DBP at A2</td>
                <td align="center">0.416</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0.001</td>
                <td align="center">0.477</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0.001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>BMI at A2</td>
                <td align="center">0.339</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0.001</td>
                <td align="center">0.285</td>
                <td align="center">0.002</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Blood glucose</td>
                <td align="center">0.079</td>
                <td align="center">0.410</td>
                <td align="center">0.076</td>
                <td align="center">0.430</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Cholesterol</td>
                <td align="center">0.007</td>
                <td align="center">0.942</td>
                <td align="center">0.087</td>
                <td align="center">0.363</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>HDL-c</td>
                <td align="center">-0.049</td>
                <td align="center">0.620</td>
                <td align="center">0.058</td>
                <td align="center">0.558</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>LDL-c</td>
                <td align="center">-0.037</td>
                <td align="center">0.719</td>
                <td align="center">0.091</td>
                <td align="center">0.372</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>TG</td>
                <td align="center">0.038</td>
                <td align="center">0.695</td>
                <td align="center">0.032</td>
                <td align="center">0.747</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Apo A1</td>
                <td align="center">-0.093</td>
                <td align="center">0.321</td>
                <td align="center">-0.098</td>
                <td align="center">0.294</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Apo B100</td>
                <td align="center">0.146</td>
                <td align="center">0.117</td>
                <td align="center">0.183</td>
                <td align="center">0.049</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>LPa</td>
                <td align="center">0.004</td>
                <td align="center">0.967</td>
                <td align="center">0.028</td>
                <td align="center">0.763</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Leptin</td>
                <td align="center">0.237</td>
                <td align="center">0.010</td>
                <td align="center">0.187</td>
                <td align="center">0.044</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Insulin</td>
                <td align="center">0.233</td>
                <td align="center">0.012</td>
                <td align="center">0.229</td>
                <td align="center">0.014</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Homa IR</td>
                <td align="center">0.204</td>
                <td align="center">0.032</td>
                <td align="center">0.192</td>
                <td align="center">0.045</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Adiponectin</td>
                <td align="center">-0.129</td>
                <td align="center">0.168</td>
                <td align="center">-0.052</td>
                <td align="center">0.581</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>E-selectin</td>
                <td align="center">0.073</td>
                <td align="center">0.439</td>
                <td align="center">0.155</td>
                <td align="center">0.099</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>VCAM-1</td>
                <td align="center">0.037</td>
                <td align="center">0.699</td>
                <td align="center">0.006</td>
                <td align="center">0.946</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>ICAM-1</td>
                <td align="center">0.027</td>
                <td align="center">0.778</td>
                <td align="center">-0.022</td>
                <td align="center">0.818</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>hs-CRP</td>
                <td align="center">-0.005</td>
                <td align="center">0.956</td>
                <td align="center">0.018</td>
                <td align="center">0.848</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Fibrinogen</td>
                <td align="center">0.080</td>
                <td align="center">0.448</td>
                <td align="center">0.032</td>
                <td align="center">0.763</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn>
              <p>SBP: systolic blood pressure; DBP: diastolic blood pressure; BMI: body mass
                        index; HDL-c: high-density lipoprotein; LDL-c: low-density lipoprotein; TG:
                        triglyceride; APO A1: apolipoprotein A1; APO B100: apolipoprotein B100; LPa:
                        lipoprotein A; HOMA-IR: homeostasis model assessment for insulin resistance;
                        VCAM-1: vascular cell adhesion molecule 1; ICAM-1: intercellular adhesion
                        molecule receptor 1; hs-CRP: high-sensitivity C-reactive protein.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="discussion">
        <title>Discussion</title>
        <p>There are increasingly more evidences that BP in childhood is an important RF for
               further development of HBP and CAD<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref>. BP
               values observed in childhood tend to remain in the same percentile range throughout
               time, a phenomenon known as tracking, with BP repetition coefficients throughout
               childhood between 37% and 48%<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref>. </p>
        <p>In the present study, both the mean BP at A2 and the prevalence of HBP were higher in
               GH in comparison to GN. In addition, a positive and significant correlation of BP at
               A1 with BP at A2 was observed, thus suggesting that children and adolescents show a
               sustained BP behavior pattern throughout time.</p>
        <p>We should point out that the original design of the RJS was characterized by the
               follow-up of two groups of young individuals with distinct BP behavior in the school
               phase: with BP &#8805; 95th percentile and with BP &#8804; 50th percentile. Thus, in subsequent
               study phases, prevalence rates of HBP higher than those observed in the general
               population in this young age range are expected. </p>
        <p>Body composition is one of the main determinants of BP in children<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref>. In the Muscatine study<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref>, the authors demonstrated that more than half of the
               hypertensive children were also obese. In our country, several publications,
               especially those of the RJS cohort, had already suggested the importance of body
               composition in the determinism of BP in children and adolescents<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B08">8</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref>.</p>
        <p>In the present study, we observed higher mean weight and BMI in GH at the two
               assessment moments, higher prevalence of OW/O at A2, and positive and significant
               correlations of SBP and DBP at A1 with BMI at A2, thus also demonstrating an
               association between body composition and BP in this population. </p>
        <p>An important aspect is to know the pattern of body fat distribution and its relation
               to RF<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref>. Two classic international studies, the Bogalusa Heart
                  Study<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref> and the CARDIA study<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref>, reinforced the knowledge that central obesity
               as verified by an abnormal AC represents an important marker of coronary
               atherosclerosis in young populations. In Brazil, studies analyzing the relationship
               between AC and other RF, such as HBP<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref>, have shown
               conflicting results, thus suggesting the need to improve the knowledge on the AC
               cut-off points in our population, as well as its relations to other RF and the
               determinism of further CVD. In the present study, a higher prevalence of increased AC
               was observed at A2 in hypertensive individuals (GH) in adolescence. </p>
        <p>Adipocytes have the ability to secrete substances with important biological effects.
               Larger amounts of leptin are produced with the increase in fat tissue. Conversely,
               the production of adiponectin is reduced with the increase in fat mass, and its
               action it to increase insulin sensitivity<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref>. </p>
        <p>Among the adipokines, adiponectin and leptin are the two most important
               insulin-sensitizer hormones produced by the adipocytes. The role of each of them in
               the regulation of insulin sensitivity remains obscure<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref>. Adiponectin is an important adipokine that modulates insulin
               resistance, with antiinflammatory and antiatherogenic properties. Low adiponectin
               concentrations are associated with the presence of cardiovascular RF<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B06">6</xref>. At first, leptin was exclusively associated
               with obesity, but advances in the investigations have shown other possible
               associations with cardiovascular risk factors, such as inflammatory markers and even
                  HBP<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B06">6</xref>.</p>
        <p>Langenberg et al<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref> suggested that the
               development of CVD and MS, in the presence of visceral obesity, could be a
               consequence of adipocytes dysfunction and subsequent change in the levels or
               expression of leptin and adiponectin receptors.</p>
        <p>Corroborating the literature<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B02">2</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B08">8</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref>, the present
               cohort showed higher prevalence of mean insulin and insulin resistance as assessed by
               HOMA-IR in early adulthood in GH individuals, thus reflecting a more unfavorable
               metabolic profile in this population. This group also had higher serum leptin levels
               in comparison to GN and lower mean adiponectin than GN, although the latter without a
               statistically significant difference. We point out the positive and significant
               correlations of SBP and DBP at A1 with insulin, HOMA-IR and leptin at A2,
               corroborating the findings described.</p>
        <p>In Brazilian surveys with young populations, varying prevalences of the different
               lipid abnormalities were observed depending on the population studied and on the
               country region<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref>. In the present study, the association of BP
               in childhood and adolescence with lipid variables in adulthood corroborated the
               literature. GH individuals showed a more unfavorable lipid profile than GN
               individuals, with higher mean Chol T, LDL-c, and TGL, although without statistically
               significant differences.</p>
        <p>Apolipoproteins are protein molecules associated with lipids in the composition of
               lipoprotein particles and perform different and fundamental functions in the
               lipoprotein metabolism. The apo B/ apo A-1 ratio represents the balance between
               potentially atherogenic cholesterol particles (apo B) and anti-atherogenic
               cholesterol particles (apo A-1). It has been suggested that this ratio represents a
               better predictor of atherosclerotic disease than lipid and lipoprotein
                  concentrations<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">32</xref>. The physiological function of Lp (a) is not
               fully understood. However, in observational studies, it has been associated with the
               atherosclerotic plaque formation and progression. As demonstrated in a study in which
               Lp (a) levels of 504 patients were determined immediately prior to coronary
               angiography, these levels were strongly associated with the presence and extent of
               CAD (p &lt; 0.001)<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">33</xref>.</p>
        <p>An important evidence correlating apolipoproteins with classic cardiovascular RF such
               as HBP in young individuals is documented in a Bogalusa cohort analysis, in which
               children of parents who suffered infarction had higher apo B levels, lower apo A-1
               levels, and higher apo B / apo A-1 ratio, even though their LDL and HDL cholesterol
               levels were within normal limits<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34">34</xref>.</p>
        <p>In the present study population, Apo B100 levels were higher in GH, as well as the
               Apo B100 / Apo A1 ratio, thus suggesting a positive atherogenic balance in early
               adulthood in the group with higher blood pressure in childhood and adolescence. LP
               (a) concentrations, in turn, were not significantly different between the groups.</p>
        <p>Many coronary events are known to occur in patients in whom the presence of
               traditional RF is not observed. A great advance in the knowledge of the
               atherosclerotic disease was achieved with the understanding that atherosclerosis is
               an inflammatory disease of the vessel wall<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B35">35</xref>.</p>
        <p>To date, studies involving cell adhesion molecules (E-selectin, ICAM-1 and VCAM-1)
               and C-reactive protein (hs-CRP), fibrinogen and endothelial dysfunction have proven
               important in population analyses, but not in individual terms, whether for the
               diagnosis, prognosis or treatment of cardiovascular diseases<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B36">36</xref>. There are evidences that increased hs-CPR levels could
               predict further HBP in normotensive individuals, although it is still early to use it
               broadly with this objective in the daily clinical practice<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B36">36</xref>. Several prospective cross-sectional studies have related high
               fibrinogen levels to CAD, even after correction for covariables<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B37">37</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B38">38</xref>. As
               demonstrated in a five-year follow-up of 2125 men, fibrinogen levels in the upper
               tercile of distribution were associated with a higher risk of CAD (adjusted RR of
               2.5, 95% CI; p = 0.001)<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B39">39</xref>. </p>
        <p>Thus, currently, there has been growing interest in the study of the association
               between inflammation, traditional risk factors and atherosclerosis in children and
               adolescents, with the purpose of trying to identify the cardiovascular disease, at
               its early stages, as a higher potential for primary prevention<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B40">40</xref>.</p>
        <p>In the present cohort, although the concentrations of inflammatory markers and
               adhesion molecules studied had been higher in GH, these differences were not
               statistically different. </p>
        <p>The major limitation of this study is the same experienced by several cohorts
               reported in the literature, and is related to the longitudinal character of the
               follow-up, which leads to progressive losses of part of the original sample. </p>
        <p>We should point out that two groups were followed up separately: a group with normal,
               and a group with abnormal BP. Despite the reduction in the number of follow-up
               visits, the proportionality in each group was maintained in the several
               cross-sectional assessments made at different moments throughout 18 years. In
               addition, in the assessment made at adolescence (School phase of the second stage of
               the RJS), only data on weight, height, and blood pressure could be collected, given
               the epidemiological characteristic of this study phase, with the assessment of 3906
               adolescents to obtain blood pressure curves by age and gender. Other clinical
               parameters were obtained only in later phases, when the assessments were made in an
               outpatient and hospital basis, and thus could not be observed throughout time.</p>
        <p>Finally, we should point out that the population sample of the RJS is a non-hospital
               population, comprising the Brazilian cohort in this age range that has been followed
               up for the longest period to date.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="conclusions">
        <title>Conclusion</title>
        <p>The findings of the present study demonstrated a strong relationship between BP
               behavior in adolescence and BP, anthropometric and metabolic variables, but not
               inflammatory variables, in early adulthood, 18 years later, thus suggesting that
               primary prevention measures of cardiovascular RF should start early in life.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Author contributions</title>
        <p>Conception and design of the research; Acquisition of data; Analysis and
               interpretation of the data; Statistical analysis; Critical revision of the manuscript
               for intellectual content: Campana EMG, Brand&#227;o AA, Pozzan R, Magalh&#227;es MEC, Fonseca
               FL, Pizzi OL, Freitas EV, Brand&#227;o AP. Writing of the manuscript: Campana EMG.</p>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>
            <bold>Study Association</bold>
          </p>
          <p>This article is part of the thesis of doctoral submitted by Erika Maria Gon&#231;alves
                  Campana, from Universidade Estadual do Rio de Janeiro - UERJ.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="financial-disclosure">
          <p>
            <bold>Sources of Funding</bold>
          </p>
          <p>This study was funded by FAPERJ.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
