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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">Q7whQkPnN6nMjdQC6zqkLxy</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2014000100008</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="previous-pid">S0066-782X2013005000096</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">0008</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">S0066-782X2013005000096</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5935/abc.20130210</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigos Originais</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title xml:lang="pt">Cistatina C, PCR, Log TG/HDLc e S&#237;ndrome Metab&#243;lica est&#227;o
               Relacionados a Microalbumin&#250;ria na Hipertens&#227;o</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Moura</surname>
            <given-names>Rafaela do Socorro Souza e Silva</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Vasconcelos</surname>
            <given-names>Daniel Fran&#231;a</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Freitas</surname>
            <given-names>Eduardo</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff03">3</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Moura</surname>
            <given-names>Flavio Jos&#233; Dutra de</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff04">4</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Rosa</surname>
            <given-names>T&#226;nia Torres</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff04">4</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Veiga</surname>
            <given-names>Joel Paulo Russomano</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff04">4</xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c01"/>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff01">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade de Bras&#237;lia</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Faculdade de Medicina</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Bras&#237;lia</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">DF</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country>Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">P&#243;s-Gradua&#231;&#227;o em Ci&#234;ncias M&#233;dicas, Faculdade de
               Medicina, Universidade de Bras&#237;lia, Bras&#237;lia, DF - Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff02">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade de Bras&#237;lia</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Faculdade de Medicina</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Bras&#237;lia</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">DF</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country>Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">&#193;rea de Cardiologia, Faculdade de Medicina,
               Universidade de Bras&#237;lia, Bras&#237;lia, DF - Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff03">
        <label>3</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade de Bras&#237;lia</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Departamento de Estat&#237;stica</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Bras&#237;lia</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">DF</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country>Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Departamento de Estat&#237;stica, Universidade de
               Bras&#237;lia, Bras&#237;lia, DF - Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff04">
        <label>4</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade de Bras&#237;lia</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Faculdade de Medicina</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Bras&#237;lia</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">DF</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country>Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">&#193;rea de Cl&#237;nica M&#233;dica, Nefrologia, Faculdade de
               Medicina, Universidade de Bras&#237;lia, Bras&#237;lia, DF - Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01"><bold>Correspond&#234;ncia: Joel Paulo Russomano Veiga</bold>, Cl&#237;nica M&#233;dica, Nefrologia,
               Faculdade de Medicina, Campus Universit&#225;rio, Asa Norte, CEP 70910-900, Bras&#237;lia, DF -
               Brasil. E-mail: <email>joelprv@unb.br</email>; <email>dfrancav@uol.com.br</email>
				</corresp>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p><bold>Potencial Conflito de Interesses</bold> Declaro n&#227;o haver conflito de
                  interesses pertinentes.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date pub-type="collection">
        <month>1</month>
        <year>2014</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date pub-type="epub">
        <day>25</day>
        <month>10</month>
        <year>2013</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>102</volume>
      <issue>1</issue>
      <fpage>54</fpage>
      <lpage>59</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>15</day>
          <month>02</month>
          <year>2013</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>24</day>
          <month>06</month>
          <year>2013</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>22</day>
          <month>07</month>
          <year>2013</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/">
          <license-p>This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative
                  Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License which permits unrestricted
                  non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the
                  original work is properly cited. </license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract xml:lang="pt">
        <sec>
          <title>Fundamento: </title>
          <p>Em pacientes com hipertens&#227;o arterial sist&#234;mica, a microalbumin&#250;ria &#233; um marcador
                  de les&#227;o endotelial e est&#225; associada a um risco aumentado de doen&#231;a
                  cardiovascular. </p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objetivo:</title>
          <p> O objetivo do presente estudo foi determinar os fatores que influenciam a
                  ocorr&#234;ncia de microalbumi&#250;ria em pacientes hipertensos com creatinina s&#233;rica menor
                  que 1,5 mg/dL. </p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>M&#233;todos: </title>
          <p>Foram inclu&#237;dos no estudo 133 pacientes brasileiros atendidos em um ambulat&#243;rio
                  multidisciplinar para hipertensos. Pacientes com creatinina s&#233;rica maior do que
                  1,5 mg/dL e aqueles com diabete <italic>mellitus </italic>foram exclu&#237;dos do
                  estudo. A press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica e diast&#243;lica foi aferida. O &#237;ndice de massa
                  corporal (IMC) e a taxa de filtra&#231;&#227;o glomerular estimada pela f&#243;rmula CKD-EPI
                  foram calculados. Em um estudo transversal, creatinina, cistatina C, colesterol
                  total, HDL colesterol, LDL colesterol, triglicer&#237;deos, prote&#237;na C-reativa (PCR) e
                  glicose foram mensurados em amostra de sangue. A microalbumin&#250;ria foi determinada
                  na urina colhida em 24 horas. Os hipertensos foram classificados pela presen&#231;a de
                  um ou mais crit&#233;rios para s&#237;ndrome metab&#243;lica. </p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Resultados: </title>
          <p>Em an&#225;lise de regress&#227;o m&#250;ltipla, os n&#237;veis s&#233;ricos de cistatina C, PCR, o &#237;ndice
                  aterog&#234;nico log TG/HDLc e a presen&#231;a de tr&#234;s ou mais crit&#233;rios para s&#237;ndrome
                  metab&#243;lica foram positivamente correlacionados com a microalbuminuria
                     (r<sup>2</sup>: 0,277; p &lt; 0,05). </p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclus&#227;o: </title>
          <p>Cistatina C, PCR, log TG/HDLc e presen&#231;a de tr&#234;s ou mais crit&#233;rios para s&#237;ndrome
                  metab&#243;lica, independentemente da creatinina s&#233;rica, foram associados com a
                  microalbumin&#250;ria, um marcador precoce de les&#227;o renal e de risco cardiovascular em
                  pacientes com hipertens&#227;o arterial essencial.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <kwd>Cistatina C</kwd>
        <kwd>S&#237;ndrome X Metab&#243;lica</kwd>
        <kwd>Hipertens&#227;o</kwd>
        <kwd>Albumin&#250;ria</kwd>
        <kwd>Nefropatias</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <counts>
        <fig-count count="0"/>
        <table-count count="3"/>
        <equation-count count="0"/>
        <ref-count count="40"/>
        <page-count count="6"/>
      </counts>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
      <p>A estratifica&#231;&#227;o de risco cardiovascular e a detec&#231;&#227;o precoce de les&#227;o de &#243;rg&#227;o alvo s&#227;o
            essenciais para orientar o tratamento de indiv&#237;duos hipertensos. O envolvimento renal na
            doen&#231;a hipertensiva &#233; um fator de risco independente e n&#227;o tradicional para eventos
            cardiovasculares adversos, podendo sua presen&#231;a resultar em maior morbimortalidade. </p>
      <p>N&#237;veis elevados de microalbumin&#250;ria s&#227;o um indicador precoce de les&#227;o renal. Em
            indiv&#237;duos diab&#233;ticos, a dosagem de microalbumin&#250;ria &#233; usada para a triagem de
            nefropatia diab&#233;tica precoce. Em indiv&#237;duos hipertensos, no entanto, seu uso n&#227;o &#233;
            pr&#225;tica cl&#237;nica rotineira, embora seja recomendado por algumas diretrizes<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B01">1</xref>. Microalbumin&#250;ria prediz protein&#250;ria e mortalidade
            cardiovascular, mas o procedimento de coleta pode ser complicado para alguns pacientes.
            Os valores de microalbumin&#250;ria podem ser influenciados por fatores externos, como dieta,
            postura e enfermidade aguda<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B02">2</xref>. </p>
      <p>Sugeriu-se que a cistatina C (CysC) seja um marcador simples e precoce de les&#227;o renal.
            Trata-se de uma prote&#237;na b&#225;sica de 13 kD, membro da superfam&#237;lia cistatina dos
            inibidores end&#243;genos de ciste&#237;na proteinase, produzida por c&#233;lulas nucleadas a uma
            velocidade constante<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B03">3</xref>. Pesquisa anterior sugeriu
            que a CysC seja uma alternativa &#224; creatinina para estimar a taxa de filtra&#231;&#227;o glomerular
            (TFG), especialmente para detectar disfun&#231;&#227;o renal precoce<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B04">4</xref>
				<sup>-</sup>
				<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B07">7</xref>. Relatos
            recentes sugeriram que a CysC possa predizer o risco de morte e eventos cardiovasculares
            independentemente da fun&#231;&#227;o renal<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B08">8</xref>
				<sup>-</sup>
				<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>. </p>
      <p>A prote&#237;na C-reativa (PCR) &#233; um fator de risco cardiovascular cl&#225;ssico, associado com
            microalbumin&#250;ria em indiv&#237;duos hipertensos, sugerindo o envolvimento de inflama&#231;&#227;o e
            disfun&#231;&#227;o endotelial na les&#227;o vascular e renal<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref>
				<sup>,</sup>
				<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref>. </p>
      <p>O &#237;ndice aterog&#234;nico do plasma e preditivo de intoler&#226;ncia &#224; insulina [logaritmo da
            raz&#227;o entre os n&#237;veis plasm&#225;ticos de triglicer&#237;deos e HDL-colesterol (HDLc) - log
            TG/HDLc] acha-se altamente associado ao fen&#243;tipo B do LDL-colesterol (LDLc), a n&#237;veis
            elevados de apoprote&#237;na B e a part&#237;culas pequenas e densas de LDLc. Acha-se ainda
            associado com a ocorr&#234;ncia de eventos cardiovasculares<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref>
				<sup>,</sup>
				<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref>. Poderia ser um
            &#237;ndice &#250;til para identificar indiv&#237;duos hipertensos com risco de dislipidemia e s&#237;ndrome
            metab&#243;lica. </p>
      <p>Este &#233; um estudo transversal de brasileiros com hipertens&#227;o essencial e creatinina
            s&#233;rica abaixo de 1,5 mg/dL. Seu objetivo foi avaliar as poss&#237;veis correla&#231;&#245;es de
            microalbumin&#250;ria com CysC s&#233;rica, creatinina, PCR, log TG/HDLc, &#237;ndice de massa corporal
            (IMC) e a presen&#231;a de tr&#234;s ou mais crit&#233;rios para s&#237;ndrome metab&#243;lica, sabendo ser a
            microalbumin&#250;ria um marcador precoce de les&#227;o renal e fator de risco para indiv&#237;duos
            hipertensos. </p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="methods">
      <title>M&#233;todos</title>
      <p>Este estudo avaliou adultos com hipertens&#227;o essencial, que foram recrutados no
            ambulat&#243;rio de hipertens&#227;o do Hospital da Universidade de Bras&#237;lia de maio de 2008 a
            setembro de 2009. Os pacientes inclu&#237;dos no estudo tinham hipertens&#227;o est&#225;gio 1 ou 2,
            tendo sido encaminhados para uma cl&#237;nica de hipertens&#227;o para confirmar o diagn&#243;stico.
            Ap&#243;s a confirma&#231;&#227;o, todos os hipertensos foram tratados de acordo com as V Diretrizes
            Brasileiras de Hipertens&#227;o Arterial<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref>. Pacientes
            fumantes, com diabetes <italic>mellitus</italic>, hipertens&#227;o secund&#225;ria e creatinina &#8805;
            1,5 mg/dL foram exclu&#237;dos do estudo. Dos 162 indiv&#237;duos convidados a participar do
            estudo, 16 foram exclu&#237;dos por apresentarem creatinina s&#233;rica acima de 1,5 mg/dL. Outros
            sete tinham glicemia de jejum maior do que 100 mg/dL, tendo tamb&#233;m sido exclu&#237;dos. Seis
            indiv&#237;duos n&#227;o retornaram para exame cl&#237;nico e n&#227;o completaram a investiga&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica.
            Portanto, 133 pacientes (56 homens) foram inclu&#237;dos neste estudo, tendo sido
            entrevistados e submetidos a exame cl&#237;nico. A press&#227;o arterial foi medida com o paciente
            sentado e usando-se um esfigmoman&#244;metro de merc&#250;rio, como recomendado pelas V Diretrizes
            Brasileiras de Hipertens&#227;o Arterial<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref>. Peso (kg)
            e altura foram medidos em uma balan&#231;a autom&#225;tica (Filizola<sup>R</sup>), e a
            circunfer&#234;ncia abdominal (cm), com uma fita m&#233;trica. O IMC foi calculado. A superf&#237;cie
            corporal (m<sup>2</sup>) foi calculada de acordo com o m&#233;todo de DuBois e DuBois<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref>. Os indiv&#237;duos foram classificados de acordo com
            a presen&#231;a ou aus&#234;ncia de tr&#234;s ou mais crit&#233;rios para s&#237;ndrome metab&#243;lica como definido
            pela IV Diretriz Brasileira Sobre Dislipidemias e Preven&#231;&#227;o da Aterosclerose<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref>.</p>
      <p>Amostras individuais de sangue foram coletadas pela manh&#227; ap&#243;s um jejum de pelo menos 12
            horas. As medidas de creatinina, glicose, colesterol total, HDLc e triglicer&#237;deos foram
            feitas em um analisador autom&#225;tico (Architect c 800). A CysC foi quantificada em um
            nefel&#244;metro BN II (Dade Behring Inc.) por ensaio imunonefelom&#233;trico ultrassens&#237;vel com
            part&#237;culas de l&#225;tex (N l&#225;tex Cistatina C). A PCR foi medida por ensaio de alta
            sensibilidade. </p>
      <p>Microalbumin&#250;ria foi determinada atrav&#233;s de imunoturbidimetria (Malb Urin-Pack
               Bayer<sup>R</sup>). Calculou-se o &#237;ndice aterog&#234;nico do plasma<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref>. Eleva&#231;&#227;o da glicose s&#233;rica foi definida como glicemia de jejum &#8805;
            100 mg/dL, e a concentra&#231;&#227;o s&#233;rica de HDLc foi considerada alta quando &gt; 40 mg/dL em
            homens e &gt; 50 mg/dL em mulheres. </p>
      <p>Hipertrigliceridemia foi caracterizada como concentra&#231;&#227;o s&#233;rica de TG &#8805; 150 mg/dL<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref>. </p>
      <p>A equa&#231;&#227;o CKD-EPI foi usada para estimar a TFG<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref>.
            O protocolo do estudo foi aprovado pelo comit&#234; de &#233;tica da universidade, tendo todos os
            pacientes fornecido consentimento livre informado. O estudo seguiu a Declara&#231;&#227;o de
            Helsinky. </p>
      <sec>
        <title>An&#225;lise Estat&#237;stica </title>
        <p>Os valores s&#227;o expressos em medianas (intervalo interquartil). A rela&#231;&#227;o entre
               microalbumin&#250;ria e as vari&#225;veis cl&#237;nicas e laboratoriais (idade, sexo, IMC, PCR,
               CysC, log TG/HDLc, presen&#231;a ou aus&#234;ncia de tr&#234;s ou mais crit&#233;rios para s&#237;ndrome
               metab&#243;lica, e creatinina) foi estudada. A maioria das vari&#225;veis n&#227;o apresentou uma
               distribui&#231;&#227;o Gaussiana, tendo sido usado um coeficiente de correla&#231;&#227;o por postos do
               teste n&#227;o param&#233;trico de Spearman (r<sub>s</sub>). An&#225;lise de regress&#227;o linear
               m&#250;ltipla foi usada para avaliar quais vari&#225;veis cl&#237;nicas e laboratoriais tinham um
               efeito independente na microalbumin&#250;ria. O logaritmo de microalbumin&#250;ria foi o
               desfecho dependente, e idade, sexo, IMC, PCR, CysC, log TG/HDLc, s&#237;ndrome metab&#243;lica,
               EPI-CKD e creatinina foram inclu&#237;dos como dados cont&#237;nuos ou dicot&#244;micos. Os
               restantes foram distribu&#237;dos normalmente quando o desfecho dependente - concentra&#231;&#227;o
               urin&#225;ria de albumina - foi submetido a transforma&#231;&#227;o logar&#237;tmica (log<sub>e</sub>).
               Usou-se infla&#231;&#227;o para verificar a multicolinearidade entre as vari&#225;veis, sendo que
               EPI-CKD apresentou multicolinearidade com idade e CysC, tendo sido exclu&#237;do do
               modelo. Realizou-se elimina&#231;&#227;o manual <italic>'backward'</italic>, sendo as vari&#225;veis
               n&#227;o significativas (p &#8805; 0,05) exclu&#237;das da an&#225;lise.</p>
        <p>O programa SAS (vers&#227;o 9.2) foi usado na an&#225;lise estat&#237;stica. Valores de p &lt; 0,05
               foram considerados estatisticamente significativos. </p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="results">
      <title>Resultados</title>
      <p>As caracter&#237;sticas demogr&#225;ficas e laboratoriais dos indiv&#237;duos hipertensos estudados s&#227;o
            apresentadas na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t01">Tabela 1</xref>.</p>
      <table-wrap id="t01">
        <label>Tabela 1</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Dados demogr&#225;ficos e bioqu&#237;micos de pacientes hipertensos (n = 133)</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="rows">
          <thead>
            <tr>
              <th align="left">
                <bold>Vari&#225;veis</bold>
              </th>
              <th>
                <bold>Mediana (intervalo interquartil)</bold>
              </th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody>
            <tr>
              <td>Idade (anos)</td>
              <td align="center">53 (59,25 - 45,75)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Sexo (M / F)</td>
              <td align="center">56/77</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>IMC (kg/m<sup>2</sup>)</td>
              <td align="center">28,08 (31,83 - 25,77)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Circunfer&#234;ncia abdominal (cm)</td>
              <td align="center">96,50 (102,00 - 88,50)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>PAS (mmHg)</td>
              <td align="center">140 (150 - 130)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>PAD (mmHg)</td>
              <td align="center">90 (97 - 80)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Cistatina c (mg/L)</td>
              <td align="center">0,89 (1,20 - 0,75)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Creatinina (mg/dL)</td>
              <td align="center">0,80 (1,00 - 0,70)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>CKD-EPI (ml/min/1,73m<sup>2</sup>)</td>
              <td align="center">88,00 (102,25 - 73,75)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>CT (mg/dL)</td>
              <td align="center">209,00 (234,00 - 186,00)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>TG (mg/dL)</td>
              <td align="center">178,00 (251,25 - 135,00)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>HDLc (mg/dL)</td>
              <td align="center">42,00 (48,00-36,00)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Malb (mg/24h)</td>
              <td align="center">8,60 (32,45-4,00)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>S&#237;ndrome metab&#243;lica (aus&#234;ncia/presen&#231;a)</td>
              <td align="center">83/50</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>PCR (mg/dL)</td>
              <td align="center">0,39 (0,70-0,30)</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
        <table-wrap-foot>
          <fn>
            <p>IMC: &#237;ndice de massa corporal; PAS: press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica; PAD: press&#227;o
                     arterial diast&#243;lica; CKD-EPI (sigla em ingl&#234;s para Chronic Kidney Disease
                     Epidemiology Collaboration): estimativa da taxa de filtra&#231;&#227;o glomerular; CT:
                     colesterol total; TG: triglicer&#237;deos; HDLc (sigla em ingl&#234;s para High Density
                     Lipoprotein Cholesterol): HDL&#8209;colesterol; Malb: microalbuminuria; PCR: prote&#237;na
                     C-reativa.</p>
          </fn>
        </table-wrap-foot>
      </table-wrap>
      <p>De acordo com a classifica&#231;&#227;o de hipertens&#227;o, 18 pacientes tinham hipertens&#227;o est&#225;gio 2
            e 115 tinham est&#225;gio 1. Noventa pacientes apresentavam altos n&#237;veis s&#233;ricos de
            triglicer&#237;deos (&gt; 150 mg/dL) e 83 indiv&#237;duos tinham baixos n&#237;veis de HDLc (&lt; 40
            mg/dL para homens ou &lt; 50 mg/dL para mulheres). Cinquenta indiv&#237;duos apresentaram
            tr&#234;s ou mais crit&#233;rios para s&#237;ndrome metab&#243;lica. Microalbumin&#250;ria acima de 30 mg/dia foi
            observada em 31 indiv&#237;duos hipertensos (23,3%). Os valores de press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica
            e diast&#243;lica n&#227;o mostraram associa&#231;&#227;o com microalbumin&#250;ria (p &gt; 0,05), que, no
            entanto, correlacionou-se positivamente com PCR (r<sub>s</sub> = 0,293; p = 0,0008), log
            TG/HDLc (r<sub>s</sub> = 0,343; p = 0,0001) e CysC (r<sub>s</sub> = 0,191; p = 0,036),
            mas n&#227;o com creatinina (r<sub>s</sub> = 0,141; p = 0,11), idade (r<sub>s</sub> = 0,172;
            p = 0,052) e IMC (r<sub>s</sub> = 0,037; p = 0,671) (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t02">Tabela 2</xref>). </p>
      <table-wrap id="t02">
        <label>Tabela 2</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Associa&#231;&#227;o de microalbumin&#250;ria com vari&#225;veis cl&#237;nicas e laboratoriais em
                  hipertensos usando an&#225;lise de correla&#231;&#227;o de postos de Spearman</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="rows">
          <thead>
            <tr>
              <th align="left">
                <bold>Vari&#225;veis</bold>
              </th>
              <th> </th>
              <th>
                <bold>Coeficiente de Spearman (r<sub>S</sub>)</bold>
              </th>
              <th> </th>
              <th>
                <bold>valor de p</bold>
              </th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody>
            <tr>
              <td>Idade</td>
              <td> </td>
              <td align="center">-0,172</td>
              <td align="center"> </td>
              <td align="center">0,052</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Creatinina</td>
              <td> </td>
              <td align="center">0,141</td>
              <td align="center"> </td>
              <td align="center">0,110</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>IMC</td>
              <td> </td>
              <td align="center">0,037</td>
              <td align="center"> </td>
              <td align="center">0,671</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Cistatina C</td>
              <td> </td>
              <td align="center">0,191</td>
              <td align="center"> </td>
              <td align="center">0,036</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>PCR</td>
              <td> </td>
              <td align="center">0,293</td>
              <td align="center"> </td>
              <td align="center">0,0008</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Log TG/HDLc</td>
              <td> </td>
              <td align="center">0,343</td>
              <td align="center"> </td>
              <td align="center">0,0001</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
        <table-wrap-foot>
          <fn>
            <p>IMC: &#237;ndice de massa corporal; PCR: prote&#237;na C-reativa; Log TG/HDLc: logaritmo
                     da rela&#231;&#227;o triglicer&#237;deos/HDL-colesterol</p>
          </fn>
        </table-wrap-foot>
      </table-wrap>
      <p>A vari&#225;vel dependente microalbumin&#250;ria pode ser prevista pela combina&#231;&#227;o dos seguintes
            fatores preditivos: CysC; PCR; log TG/HDLc; e tr&#234;s ou mais componentes de s&#237;ndrome
            metab&#243;lica ap&#243;s ajuste para sexo e idade (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t03">Tabela
               3</xref>). </p>
      <table-wrap id="t03">
        <label>Tabela 3</label>
        <caption>
          <title>An&#225;lise de regress&#227;o m&#250;ltipla da associa&#231;&#227;o de microalbumin&#250;ria com cistatina
                  C, PCR, log TG/HDLc, s&#237;ndrome metab&#243;lica, sexo e idade em hipertensos</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="rows">
          <thead>
            <tr>
              <th rowspan="2" align="left">
                <bold>Vari&#225;veis</bold>
              </th>
              <th>
                <bold>Coeficientes n&#227;o padronizados*</bold>
              </th>
              <th> </th>
              <th>
                <bold>Coeficientes padronizados<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="t03-fn01">*</xref>
								</bold>
              </th>
              <th> </th>
              <th> </th>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <th>
                <bold>B</bold>
              </th>
              <th>
                <bold>Erro padr&#227;o</bold>
              </th>
              <th>
                <bold>Beta</bold>
              </th>
              <th>
                <bold>T</bold>
              </th>
              <th>
                <bold>valor de p</bold>
              </th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody>
            <tr>
              <td>Constante</td>
              <td>1,130</td>
              <td>0,900</td>
              <td> </td>
              <td>1,26</td>
              <td>0,210</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Cistatina C</td>
              <td>0,656</td>
              <td>0,309</td>
              <td>0,176</td>
              <td>2,12</td>
              <td>0,036</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>PCR</td>
              <td>0,511</td>
              <td>0,246</td>
              <td>0,175</td>
              <td>2,07</td>
              <td>0,040</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Log TG/HDLc</td>
              <td>0,985</td>
              <td>0,473</td>
              <td>0,173</td>
              <td>2,08</td>
              <td>0,039</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Feminino</td>
              <td>-0,183</td>
              <td>0,249</td>
              <td>-0,060</td>
              <td>-0,74</td>
              <td>0,463</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Idade</td>
              <td>-0,011</td>
              <td>0,014</td>
              <td>-0,070</td>
              <td>-0,84</td>
              <td>0,405</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Presen&#231;a de SM</td>
              <td>1,056</td>
              <td>0,252</td>
              <td>0,341</td>
              <td>4,19</td>
              <td>&lt; 0,001</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
        <table-wrap-foot>
          <fn id="t03-fn01">
            <label>*</label>
            <p>Vari&#225;vel dependente: log microalbumin&#250;ria estat&#237;stica F = 7,22, p &lt; 0,001 e
                        r<sup>2</sup> = 0,277; PCR: prote&#237;na C-reativa; Log TG/HDLc: logaritmo da
                     rela&#231;&#227;o triglicer&#237;deos/ HDL&#8209;colesterol; SM: s&#237;ndrome metab&#243;lica.</p>
          </fn>
        </table-wrap-foot>
      </table-wrap>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="discussion">
      <title>Discuss&#227;o</title>
      <p>A hipertens&#227;o tem alta preval&#234;ncia no mundo, afetando cerca de um bilh&#227;o de pessoas.
            Acredita-se que a identifica&#231;&#227;o e o tratamento dos fatores de risco associados com
            doen&#231;as cardiovasculares e a detec&#231;&#227;o precoce de les&#227;o de &#243;rg&#227;o alvo afetem diretamente
            o progn&#243;stico<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref>. A les&#227;o renal pode ser detectada
            por uma redu&#231;&#227;o na TFG e/ou protein&#250;ria. Estudos anteriores mostram que a CysC &#233; capaz
            de detectar les&#227;o renal leve e moderada<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B04">4</xref>
				<sup>-</sup>
				<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B07">7</xref>, e foi realizada
            pesquisa para avaliar se CysC tamb&#233;m pode ser considerada fator de risco cardiovascular
            independente da fun&#231;&#227;o renal<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B08">8</xref>
				<sup>-</sup>
				<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>. </p>
      <p>Realizamos um estudo transversal com 133 pacientes com hipertens&#227;o essencial para
            avaliar se a PCR, o log TG / HDLc, os crit&#233;rios para s&#237;ndrome metab&#243;lica, e a CysC est&#227;o
            correlacionados com microalbumin&#250;ria, uma express&#227;o precoce de les&#227;o renal. Como o
            mecanismo de les&#227;o renal &#233; diferente entre pacientes com hipertens&#227;o e aqueles com
            diabetes, apenas pacientes com hipertens&#227;o essencial, mas sem diabetes mellitus, foram
            estudados. Pacientes com creatinina s&#233;rica igual ou superior a 1,5 mg/dL foram exclu&#237;dos
            deste estudo, pois nosso objetivo foi avaliar les&#227;o renal precoce. </p>
      <p>Todos os pacientes inclu&#237;dos no estudo apresentaram creatinina dentro dos valores de
            refer&#234;ncia (abaixo de 1,5 mg/dL), mas 16 pacientes (12,0%) tinham CKD-EPI &lt; 60
               mL/min/1,73m<sup>2</sup>, e 43 pacientes (36,7%) apresentavam CysC acima de 0,95mg/L.
            Isso mostra que apenas a medida de creatinina s&#233;rica isolada n&#227;o foi eficiente para
            detectar todos os casos de disfun&#231;&#227;o renal. Em indiv&#237;duos com hipertens&#227;o, mas sem
            complica&#231;&#245;es cardiovasculares, a preval&#234;ncia de disfun&#231;&#227;o renal moderada a grave &#233;
            fortemente influenciada pelo m&#233;todo usado para estimar a TFG<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref>. Pesquisas sugerem que a CysC seja melhor do que a creatinina
            para diagnosticar les&#227;o renal cr&#244;nica leve e moderada<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B04">4</xref>
				<sup>-</sup>
				<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B07">7</xref>
				<sup>,</sup>
				<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref>
				<sup>,</sup>
				<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref>. Al&#233;m disso, uma metan&#225;lise anterior sugeriu que a CysC tenha maior
            correla&#231;&#227;o com TFG do que a creatinina<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref>. Ainda,
            a CysC pode prever eventos cardiovasculares adversos independentemente de seu papel como
            marcador de fun&#231;&#227;o renal. </p>
      <p>A microalbumin&#250;ria foi considerada marcador de les&#227;o endotelial e associada com maior
            preval&#234;ncia de diabetes, hipertens&#227;o, s&#237;ndrome metab&#243;lica, disfun&#231;&#227;o renal, e com maior
            risco para doen&#231;as cardiovasculares<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref>
				<sup>-</sup>
				<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref>. O presente estudo
            identificou uma correla&#231;&#227;o positiva de microalbumin&#250;ria com PCR, CysC, log TG/HDLc e
            tr&#234;s ou mais componentes da s&#237;ndrome metab&#243;lica ap&#243;s ajuste para sexo e idade. N&#227;o houve
            associa&#231;&#227;o entre creatinina e microalbumin&#250;ria. Tais resultados indicam que PCR, CysC,
            log TG/HDLc e a presen&#231;a de componentes da s&#237;ndrome metab&#243;lica explicam em parte a
            microalbumin&#250;ria, estando relacionados com les&#227;o renal em pacientes com hipertens&#227;o
            essencial e creatinina s&#233;rica inferior a 1,5 mg/dL. Estudos populacionais relevantes
            incluindo uma grande amostra mostraram que a obesidade central &#233; um fator de risco
            independente para albumin&#250;ria, devendo ser considerada no contexto de s&#237;ndrome
            metab&#243;lica ou resist&#234;ncia &#224; insulina<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref>
				<sup>-</sup>
				<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref>. Analisamos o log
            TG/HDLc, que se acha altamente associado ao fen&#243;tipo B do LDLc, a n&#237;veis elevados de
            apoprote&#237;na B e a part&#237;culas pequenas e densas de LDLc, al&#233;m de a eventos
               cardiovasculares<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref>
				<sup>,</sup>
				<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref>
				<sup>,</sup>
				<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref>. A express&#227;o 'log TG/HDLc' &#233; chamada de '&#237;ndice aterog&#234;nico do plasma' por
            muitos autores, estando associada com hiperinsulinemia e s&#237;ndrome metab&#243;lica. Tal &#237;ndice
            correlacionou-se com microalbumin&#250;ria. Considerando-se a associa&#231;&#227;o observada entre os
            componentes da s&#237;ndrome metab&#243;lica e microalbumin&#250;ria, as duas s&#227;o complementares, pois
            indicam a influ&#234;ncia da s&#237;ndrome metab&#243;lica no come&#231;o da microalbumin&#250;ria em pacientes
            hipertensos sem diabetes <italic>mellitus</italic>. Os n&#237;veis de insulina n&#227;o foram
            medidos, mas 50 indiv&#237;duos de nossa amostra de hipertensos atenderam a pelo menos tr&#234;s
            dos crit&#233;rios para s&#237;ndrome metab&#243;lica, exceto hiperglicemia, embora glicemia de jejum
            anormal seja um dos crit&#233;rios para caracterizar aquela s&#237;ndrome. </p>
      <p>N&#237;veis altos de triglicer&#237;deos e baixos de HDLc foram associados com s&#237;ndrome
            metab&#243;lica; e hiperinsulinemia pode contribuir para dislipidemia ao aumentar a s&#237;ntese
            de VLDL pelo f&#237;gado<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">32</xref>, resultando em
            concentra&#231;&#245;es elevadas de triglicer&#237;deos. Concentra&#231;&#245;es baixas de HDLc podem indicar um
            aumento do catabolismo de apoAI visto em indiv&#237;duos com altos n&#237;veis de insulina<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">33</xref>. Assim, microalbumin&#250;ria acha-se associada com
            s&#237;ndrome metab&#243;lica, e os mecanismos que podem associar hiperinsulinemia com maior
            excre&#231;&#227;o urin&#225;ria de albumina s&#227;o o aumento na press&#227;o capilar glomerular, a maior
            permeabilidade da barreira de filtra&#231;&#227;o devido &#224; avan&#231;ada glicosila&#231;&#227;o de produtos
            finais, e a disfun&#231;&#227;o endotelial<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34">34</xref>. </p>
      <p>Por outro lado, nossos resultados mostraram que a CysC acha-se altamente associada com
            microalbumin&#250;ria. </p>
      <p>A CysC j&#225; foi descrita como sendo associada a excre&#231;&#227;o urin&#225;ria de prote&#237;na, &#237;ndice de
            massa ventricular esquerda e espessura intima-m&#233;dia carot&#237;dea. Pode vir a se tornar um
            marcador sens&#237;vel de disfun&#231;&#227;o renal precoce<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B05">5</xref>
				<sup>,</sup>
				<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B35">35</xref>. </p>
      <p>A CysC deve ser um preditor de microalbumin&#250;ria nos est&#225;gios iniciais de hipertens&#227;o,
            podendo, portanto, predizer eventos cardiovasculares al&#233;m de seu uso como marcador de
            fun&#231;&#227;o renal<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B36">36</xref>. Al&#233;m disso, a CysC apresentou uma
            correla&#231;&#227;o positiva com o n&#250;mero de crit&#233;rios de s&#237;ndrome metab&#243;lica em pacientes com
            dislipidemia, a despeito dos n&#237;veis de creatinina e modifica&#231;&#227;o da dieta na doen&#231;a renal
               (MDRD)<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B37">37</xref>. Al&#233;m disso, Vigil e cols.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B38">38 </xref>mostraram que a CysC estava associada com
            s&#237;ndrome metab&#243;lica na popula&#231;&#227;o hipertensa, concluindo que a medida da concentra&#231;&#227;o de
            CysC em pacientes hipertensos pode ser &#250;til para avalia&#231;&#227;o do perfil de risco
            cardiovascular. </p>
      <p>No presente estudo, a microalbumin&#250;ria tamb&#233;m apresentou correla&#231;&#227;o positiva com a PCR,
            que &#233; um marcador de inflama&#231;&#227;o sist&#234;mica de baixo grau, estando com frequ&#234;ncia elevada
            na popula&#231;&#227;o geral e naquela com hipertens&#227;o essencial. Tamb&#233;m pode predizer risco
               cardiovascular<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref>
				<sup>,</sup>
				<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref>
				<sup>,</sup>
				<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B39">39</xref>
				<sup>,</sup>
				<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B40">40</xref>. </p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="conclusions">
      <title>Conclus&#227;o</title>
      <p>As vari&#225;veis independentes PCR, CysC, log TG/HDLc e o n&#250;mero de crit&#233;rios para s&#237;ndrome
            metab&#243;lica, mas n&#227;o a creatinina, acham-se correlacionadas com microalbumin&#250;ria em
            pacientes com hipertens&#227;o essencial. Assim, CysC, junto com os marcadores de risco mais
            tradicionais, parece detectar les&#227;o renal precoce melhor do que creatinina, e parece ser
            um marcador de risco cardiovascular e de disfun&#231;&#227;o renal precoce em brasileiros com
            hipertens&#227;o essencial. Entre as limita&#231;&#245;es deste estudo citam-se: seu desenho
            transversal, o pequeno tamanho da amostra e a inclus&#227;o de apenas um ambulat&#243;rio de
            hipertens&#227;o. Entretanto, os resultados deste estudo indicam que a CysC &#233; um marcador de
            disfun&#231;&#227;o renal precoce em hipertensos devido &#224; presen&#231;a de microalbumin&#250;ria. No
            entanto, a medida rotineira de CysC em hipertensos ainda &#233; rara devido ao seu alto
            custo. Logo, estudos prospectivos adicionais fazem-se necess&#225;rios para uma melhor
            avalia&#231;&#227;o da associa&#231;&#227;o entre CysC e eventos cardiovasculares nessa popula&#231;&#227;o altamente
            miscigenada. </p>
    </sec>
    <sec>
      <title>Contribui&#231;&#227;o dos autores</title>
      <p>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa: Moura RSSS, Vasconcelos DF, Moura FJD, Rosa TT, Veiga
            JPR; Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados: Moura RSSS; An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados: Moura RSSS,
            Vasconcelos DF, Freitas E, Moura FJD, Rosa TT, Veiga JPR; An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica: Freitas
            E; Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito: Moura RSSS, Vasconcelos DF, Moura FJD, Rosa TT, Veiga JPR;
            Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual: Moura RSSS, Vasconcelos
            DF, Freitas E, Moura FJD, Rosa TT, Veiga JPR. </p>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
    <ack>
      <p>Os autores agradecem a Carolina G. V. Cunha por sua ajuda quanto ao idioma ingl&#234;s, e a
            Gl&#225;ucia Boff e Roberio Ant&#244;nio Ara&#250;jo por sua colabora&#231;&#227;o com os exames
            laboratoriais.</p>
    </ack>
    <ref-list>
      <title>Refer&#234;ncias</title>
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              <surname>Wachtel</surname>
              <given-names>TJ</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Brown</surname>
              <given-names>PC</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Driscoll</surname>
              <given-names>JL</given-names>
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    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p><bold>Vincula&#231;&#227;o Acad&#234;mica</bold> Este artigo &#233; parte de disserta&#231;&#227;o de Mestrado de
               Rafaela do Socorro Souza e Silva Moura em Ci&#234;ncias M&#233;dicas.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="financial-disclosure">
        <p>
          <bold>Fontes de Financiamento</bold>
        </p>
        <p>O presente estudo n&#227;o teve fontes de
               financiamento externas.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
  </back>
  <sub-article id="SA1" article-type="translation" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Articles</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title xml:lang="en">Cystatin C, CRP, log TG/HDLc and metabolic syndrome are
               associated with microalbuminuria in hypertension</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Moura</surname>
            <given-names>Rafaela do Socorro Souza e Silva</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff05">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Vasconcelos</surname>
            <given-names>Daniel Fran&#231;a</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff06">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Freitas</surname>
            <given-names>Eduardo</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff07">3</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Moura</surname>
            <given-names>Flavio Jos&#233; Dutra de</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff08">4</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Rosa</surname>
            <given-names>T&#226;nia Torres</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff08">4</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Veiga</surname>
            <given-names>Joel Paulo Russomano</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff08">4</xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c02"/>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff05">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade de Bras&#237;lia</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Faculdade de Medicina</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Bras&#237;lia</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">DF</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country>Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">P&#243;s-Gradua&#231;&#227;o em Ci&#234;ncias M&#233;dicas, Faculdade de
               Medicina, Universidade de Bras&#237;lia, Bras&#237;lia, DF - Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff06">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade de Bras&#237;lia</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Faculdade de Medicina</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Bras&#237;lia</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">DF</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country>Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">&#193;rea de Cardiologia, Faculdade de Medicina,
               Universidade de Bras&#237;lia, Bras&#237;lia, DF - Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff07">
        <label>3</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade de Bras&#237;lia</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Departamento de Estat&#237;stica</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Bras&#237;lia</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">DF</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country>Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Departamento de Estat&#237;stica, Universidade de
               Bras&#237;lia, Bras&#237;lia, DF - Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff08">
        <label>4</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade de Bras&#237;lia</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Faculdade de Medicina</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Bras&#237;lia</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">DF</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country>Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">&#193;rea de Cl&#237;nica M&#233;dica, Nefrologia, Faculdade de
               Medicina, Universidade de Bras&#237;lia, Bras&#237;lia, DF - Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c02"><bold>Mailing Address: Joel Paulo Russomano Veiga</bold>, Cl&#237;nica M&#233;dica, Nefrologia,
               Faculdade de Medicina, Campus Universit&#225;rio, Asa Norte. Postal Code 70910-900,
               Bras&#237;lia, DF - Brazil. E-mail: <email>joelprv@unb.br</email>;
                  <email>dfrancav@uol.com.br</email>
				</corresp>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p><bold>Potential Conflict of Interest </bold> No potential conflict of interest
                  relevant to this article was reported.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <abstract xml:lang="en">
        <sec>
          <title>Background:</title>
          <p> In patients with systemic hypertension, microalbuminuria is a marker of
                  endothelial damage and is associated with an increased risk for cardiovascular
                  disease. </p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objective:</title>
          <p> To determine the factors that may lead to the occurrence of microalbuminuria in
                  hypertensive patients with serum creatinine lower than 1.5 mg/dL. </p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Methods:</title>
          <p> This cross-sectional study included 133 Brazilians with essential hypertension
                  followed up at a hypertension outpatient clinic. Those with serum creatinine
                  higher than 1.5 mg/dL, as well as those with diabetes mellitus, were excluded.
                  Systolic and diastolic blood pressures were measured, and body mass index (BMI)
                  and GFR estimated by using the CKD-EPI formula were calculated. The serum levels
                  of the following were assessed: CysC, creatinine, total cholesterol, HDL
                  cholesterol, LDL cholesterol, triglycerides, C-reactive protein (CRP) and fasting
                  glucose. Microalbuminuria was determined in 24-hour urine. Hypertensive patients
                  were classified according to the presence of one or more criteria for metabolic
                  syndrome. </p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Results:</title>
          <p> In a multiple regression analysis, the serum levels of CysC and CRP, the
                  atherogenic index log TG/HDLc and the presence of three or more criteria for
                  metabolic syndrome were positively correlated with microalbuminuria
                  (r<sup>2</sup>: 0.277, p &lt; 0.05). </p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclusion:</title>
          <p> CysC, CRP, log TG/HDLc, and the presence of three or more criteria for metabolic
                  syndrome, regardless of serum creatinine, were associated with microalbuminuria,
                  an early marker of kidney damage and cardiovascular risk in patients with
                  essential hypertension.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>Metabolic Syndrome X</kwd>
        <kwd>Hypertension</kwd>
        <kwd>Albuminuria</kwd>
        <kwd>Kidney Diseases</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <counts>
        <fig-count count="0"/>
        <table-count count="3"/>
        <equation-count count="0"/>
        <ref-count count="40"/>
        <page-count count="6"/>
      </counts>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>Introduction</title>
        <p>Stratification of cardiovascular risk and early detection of end-organ damage are
               essential to guide the treatment of hypertensive individuals. Renal involvement in
               hypertensive disease is an independent and untraditional risk factor for adverse
               cardiovascular events, and its presence may result in higher morbidity and mortality. </p>
        <p>Increased levels of microalbuminuria are an early indicator of renal injury. In
               diabetics, microalbuminuria is used in the screening of early diabetic nephropathy;
               however, in hypertensive subjects, its use is not routine in clinical practice,
               although it is recommended by some guidelines<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B01">1</xref>. Microalbuminuria predicts proteinuria and cardiovascular mortality, but
               the collection procedure can be complicated for some patients. Range values of
               microalbuminuria can also be influenced by external factors such as diet, posture,
               and acute illness<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B02">2</xref>. </p>
        <p>Cystatin C has been suggested as a simple and early marker of renal damage. It is a
               13 kD basic protein, member of the cystatin superfamily of endogenous cysteine
               proteinase inhibitors, produced by all nucleated cells at a constant rate<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B03">3</xref>. Previous research has suggested that CysC is
               an alternative to creatinine to estimate glomerular filtration rate, especially to
               detect early-stage renal dysfunction<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B04">4</xref>
					<sup>-</sup>
					<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B07">7</xref>. Recent reports
               suggest that CysC can predict the risk of death and cardiovascular events
               independently of renal function<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B08">8</xref>
					<sup>-</sup>
					<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>. </p>
        <p>CRP is a classical cardiovascular risk factor and is associated with microalbuminuria
               in hypertensive subjects. This suggests the involvement of inflammation and
               endothelial dysfunction in vascular and kidney damage<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref>
					<sup>,</sup>
					<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref>. </p>
        <p>The atherogenic index of plasma (logarithm of the ratio is highly associated with
               phenotype B of LDL cholesterol, elevated apoprotein B and small dense LDL particles.
               It is also associated with the occurrence of cardiovascular events<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref>
					<sup>,</sup>
					<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref>. It could be a useful index for identifying hypertensive subjects at
               risk for dyslipidemia and metabolic syndrome. </p>
        <p>This is a cross-sectional survey of Brazilian essential hypertensive subjects with
               serum creatinine lower than 1.5 mg/dL. This study aims at evaluating the possible
               correlations of serum CysC, creatinine, CRP, log TG/HDLc, BMI, and the presence of
               three or more criteria of metabolic syndrome with microalbuminuria, an early marker
               of renal damage and risk factor for hypertensive subjects. </p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="methods">
        <title>Methods</title>
        <p>Adult patients with essential hypertension participated in this study. They were
               recruited at the hypertension ambulatory of the University of Brasilia Hospital from
               May 2008 to September 2009. Patients included in the study presented with Stage 1 or
               2 hypertension and were referred to a hypertension clinic to confirm the diagnosis.
               After confirmation, all hypertensive subjects were treated according to the V
               Brazilian guidelines<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref>. Patients with diabetes
               mellitus, smokers, with secondary hypertension, and with creatinine &#8805; 1.5 mg/dL were
               excluded from the study. Of the162 individuals invited to participate in the study,
               16 subjects were excluded because they showed serum creatinine higher than 1.5 mg/dL.
               Seven of them had fasting glycemia higher than 100 mg/dL and were also excluded. Six
               individuals did not return for clinical examination and did not complete the clinical
               investigation. Therefore, one hundred and thirty-three patients, fifty-six male, were
               included in this study. The patients were interviewed and clinically examined. Blood
               pressure was measured in the sitting position using a mercury sphygmomanometer
               according to the V Brazilian Guidelines<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref>.
               Weight (kg) and height (m) were measured with an automated scale
                  (Filizola<sup>R</sup>) and waist circumference (cm) was obtained with measuring
               tape. Body Mass Index (BMI) was calculated. Body surface (m<sup>2</sup>) was
               calculated according to the DuBois and DuBois method<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref>. Subjects were classified according the presence or absence of three or
               more criteria of metabolic syndrome as defined by Brazilian recommendations<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref>. </p>
        <p>Individual blood samples were collected in the morning after an overnight fasting
               period of at least 12 hours. Measurements of creatinine, glucose, total cholesterol,
               high-density lipoprotein (HDL)-cholesterol, and triglyceride were done using an
               automatic analyzer (Architect c 800). CysC was measured using a BN II Nephelometer
               (Dade Behring Inc.) by a particle-enhanced immunonephelometric assay (N latex
               Cystatin C). CRP was measured by means of a high-sensitivity assay. </p>
        <p>Microalbuminuria was determined through immunoturbidimetry (Malb Urin-Pack
                  Bayer<sup>R</sup>). Log TG/HDL) was calculated<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref>. Elevated serum glucose was defined as fasting glucose &#8805; 100 mg/dL and
               high HDL-C when serum concentration was &gt; 40 mg/dL in men and &gt; 50 mg/dL in
               women. </p>
        <p>Hypertriglyceridemia was characterized as serum TG concentration &#8805; 150 mg/dL<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref>. </p>
        <p>To estimate GFR the CKD-EPI equation was used<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref>. The study protocol was approved by the University Ethics Committee,
               and all patients gave their written informed consent to participate. The study
               followed the Declaration of Helsinky. </p>
        <sec>
          <title>Statistical Analysis </title>
          <p>Values are expressed in medians (interquartile range). The relationship between
                  urinary albumin excretion (microalbuminuria) and clinical and laboratory variables
                  (age, gender, BMI, CRP, CysC, logTG/HDLc, presence or absence of three or more
                  criteria of metabolic syndrome, and creatinine) was studied. Most variables did
                  not follow a Gaussian distribution, and a nonparametric test of Spearman rank
                  correlation coefficient (r<sub>s</sub>) was used. Multiple linear regression
                  analysis was used to evaluate which clinical and laboratory variables had an
                  independent effect on microalbuminuria. Log microalbuminuria was the dependent
                  outcome, and age, gender, BMI, CRP, CysC, log TG/HDLc, Metabolic Syndrome, EPI-CKD
                  and creatinine were included as either continuous or dichotomous data. Residuals
                  were normally distributed when the dependent outcome - urinary albumin
                  concentration - was log<sub>e</sub> transformed. Inflation was used to verify
                  multicollinearity among variables. EPI-CKD presented multicollinearity with age
                  and CysC and was excluded from the model. Manual backward elimination was
                  performed, and variables that were not significant (p &#8805; 0.05) were excluded from
                  the analysis.</p>
          <p>The software SAS (version 9.2) was used for statistical analysis. Values of p &lt;
                  0.05 were considered statistically significant. </p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="results">
        <title>Results</title>
        <p>The demographic and laboratory characteristics of the hypertensive subjects studied
               are presented in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t04">Table 1</xref>. </p>
        <table-wrap id="t04">
          <label>Table 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Demographic and Biochemical Data of Hypertensive Subjects (n = 133)</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="rows">
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">
                  <bold>Variables</bold>
                </th>
                <th>
                  <bold>Median (interquartile range)</bold>
                </th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td>Age (years)</td>
                <td align="center">53 (59.25 - 45.75)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Gender (M / F)</td>
                <td align="center">56/77</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>BMI (kg/m<sup>2</sup>)</td>
                <td align="center">28.08 (31.83 - 25.77)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Waist circumference (cm)</td>
                <td align="center">96.50 (102.00 - 88.50)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>SBP (mmHg)</td>
                <td align="center">140 (150 - 130)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>DBP (mmHg)</td>
                <td align="center">90 (97 - 80)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Cystatin c (mg/L)</td>
                <td align="center">0.89 (1.20 - 0.75)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Creatinine (mg/dL)</td>
                <td align="center">0.80 (1.00 - 0.70)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>CKD-EPI (ml/min/1,73m<sup>2</sup>)</td>
                <td align="center">88.00 (102.25 - 73.75)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>TC (mg/dL)</td>
                <td align="center">209.00 (234.00 - 186.00)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>TG (mg/dL)</td>
                <td align="center">178.00 (251.25 - 135.00)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>HDLc(mg/dL)</td>
                <td align="center">42.00 (48.00-36.00)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Malb(mg/24h)</td>
                <td align="center">8.60 (32.45-4.00)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Metabolic Syndrome (Absence/Presence)</td>
                <td align="center">83/50</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>CRP (mg/dL)</td>
                <td align="center">0.39 (0.70-0.30)</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn>
              <p>BMI: Body Mass Index; SBP: systolic blood pressure; DBP: diastolic blood
                        pressure; CKD-EPI: Chronic Kidney Disease Epidemiology Collaboration -
                        Estimated Glomerular Filtration Rate-MDRD; TC: Total Cholesterol; TG:
                        Triglycerides; HDLc: High Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol; Malb:
                        Microalbuminuria; CRP: C-Reactive Protein</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <p>According to the classification of hypertension, 18 patients had stage 2 and 115 had
               stage 1 hypertension. Ninety patients had high blood triglycerides (&gt; 150 mg / dL)
               and 83 subjects had low HDLc (&lt;40 mg/dL for men or &lt; 50 mg/dL for women). Fifty
               subjects presented three or more criteria for metabolic syndrome. Thirty-one
               hypertensive subjects had microalbuminuria higher than 30 mg/day (23.3%). Values of
               systolic and diastolic blood pressure were not associated with microalbumin&#250;ria
               (p&gt;0.05), but microalbuminuria was positively correlated with CRP
               (r<sub>s</sub>=0.293, p=0.0008), LogTG/HDLc (r<sub>s</sub> = 0.343, p = 0.0001), and
               CysC (rs = 0.191 e p = 0.036), but not with creatinine (r<sub>s</sub> = 0.141, p =
               0.11), age (r<sub>s</sub> = 0.172, p = 0.052) or BMI (r<sub>s</sub> = 0.037, p =
               0.671). (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t05">Table 2</xref>) </p>
        <table-wrap id="t05">
          <label>Table 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Association of microalbuminuria with clinical and laboratory variables in
                     hypertensive subjects using Spearman Rank Correlation Analysis</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="rows">
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">
                  <bold>Variables</bold>
                </th>
                <th> </th>
                <th>
                  <bold>Spearman Coefficient (r<sub>S</sub>)</bold>
                </th>
                <th> </th>
                <th>
                  <bold>p value</bold>
                </th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td>Age</td>
                <td> </td>
                <td align="center">-0.172</td>
                <td align="center"> </td>
                <td align="center">0.052</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Creatinine</td>
                <td> </td>
                <td align="center">0.141</td>
                <td align="center"> </td>
                <td align="center">0.110</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>BMI</td>
                <td> </td>
                <td align="center">0.037</td>
                <td align="center"> </td>
                <td align="center">0.671</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Cystatin C</td>
                <td> </td>
                <td align="center">0.191</td>
                <td align="center"> </td>
                <td align="center">0.036</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>CRP</td>
                <td> </td>
                <td align="center">0.293</td>
                <td align="center"> </td>
                <td align="center">0.0008</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Log TG/HDLc</td>
                <td> </td>
                <td align="center">0.343</td>
                <td align="center"> </td>
                <td align="center">0.0001</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn>
              <p>BMI: Body Mass Index; CRP: C-reactive Protein; Log TG/HDL: Logaritm of the
                        relation Triglycerides/High Density cholesterol</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <p>The dependent variable microalbuminuria may be predicted by the combination of the
               following predictor variables: CysC, CRP, log TG/HDLc, and three or more components
               of metabolic syndrome after adjustment for gender and age (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t06">Table 3</xref>). </p>
        <table-wrap id="t06">
          <label>Table 3</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Multiple regression analysis of the association of microalbuminuria with
                     cystatin C, CRP, log TG/HDLc, Metabolic Syndrome, gender, and age in
                     hypertensive subjects</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="rows">
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th rowspan="2" align="left">
                  <bold>Variables</bold>
                </th>
                <th>
                  <bold>Non-standardized Coefficients<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="t06-fn01">*</xref>
									</bold>
                </th>
                <th> </th>
                <th>
                  <bold>Standardized Coefficients<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="t06-fn01">*</xref>
									</bold>
                </th>
                <th> </th>
                <th> </th>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <th>
                  <bold>B</bold>
                </th>
                <th>
                  <bold>Std Error</bold>
                </th>
                <th>
                  <bold>Beta</bold>
                </th>
                <th>
                  <bold>T</bold>
                </th>
                <th>
                  <bold>p value</bold>
                </th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td>(Constant)</td>
                <td align="center">1.130</td>
                <td align="center">0.900</td>
                <td align="center"> </td>
                <td align="center">1.26</td>
                <td align="center">0.210</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Cystatin C</td>
                <td align="center">0.656</td>
                <td align="center">0.309</td>
                <td align="center">0.176</td>
                <td align="center">2.12</td>
                <td align="center">0.036</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>CRP</td>
                <td align="center">0.511</td>
                <td align="center">0.246</td>
                <td align="center">0.175</td>
                <td align="center">2.07</td>
                <td align="center">0.040</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Log TG/HDLc</td>
                <td align="center">0.985</td>
                <td align="center">0.473</td>
                <td align="center">0.173</td>
                <td align="center">2.08</td>
                <td align="center">0.039</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Female</td>
                <td align="center">-0.183</td>
                <td align="center">0.249</td>
                <td align="center">-0.060</td>
                <td align="center">-0.74</td>
                <td align="center">0.463</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Age</td>
                <td align="center">-0.011</td>
                <td align="center">0.014</td>
                <td align="center">-0.070</td>
                <td align="center">-0.84</td>
                <td align="center">0.405</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Presence MS</td>
                <td align="center">1.056</td>
                <td align="center">0.252</td>
                <td align="center">0.341</td>
                <td align="center">4.19</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0.001</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="t06-fn01">
              <label>*</label>
              <p> Dependent variable: log microalbuminuria Statistic F = 7.22, p &lt; 0.001
                        and R Square = 0.277; CRP: C-Reactive Protein; Log TG/HDL: Logarithm of the
                        relation Triglycerides/High Density cholesterol; MS: Metabolic Syndrome.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="discussion">
        <title>Discussion</title>
        <p>Hypertension has high prevalence worldwide, affecting about one billion people. It is
               believed that identification and treatment of risk factors associated with
               cardiovascular diseases and early detection of end-organ damage directly affect the
                  prognosis<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref>. Kidney injury can be detected
               by decreased GFR and/or proteinuria. Previous studies show that CysC is capable of
               detecting mild and moderate kidney damage<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B04">4</xref>
					<sup>-</sup>
					<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B07">7</xref>, and research has
               been conducted to evaluate whether CysC can also be considered a cardiovascular risk
               factor independently of renal function<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B08">8</xref>
					<sup>-</sup>
					<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>. </p>
        <p>We conducted a cross-sectional study of 133 essential hypertensive patients to
               evaluate whether CRP, log TG / HDLc, the criteria for metabolic syndrome, and CysC
               are correlated with microalbuminuria, an early expression of kidney damage. As the
               mechanism of kidney damage differs among patients with hypertension and diabetes,
               only patients with essential hypertension but without diabetes mellitus were studied.
               Patients with serum creatinine equal to or higher than 1.5 mg/dL were excluded from
               the study since our objective was to evaluate early kidney damage. </p>
        <p>All patients included in the study presented creatinine within reference limits
               (below 1.5 mg/dL), but sixteen patients (12.0%) had CKD-EPI &lt;
                  60ml/min/1.73m<sup>2</sup> and forty- three patients (36.7%) presented CysC higher
               than 0.95mg/L. This shows that measurement of serum creatinine alone was not
               efficient to detect all cases of renal dysfunction. </p>
        <p>In subjects with hypertension but without cardiovascular complications, prevalence of
               moderate-to-severe renal dysfunction is strongly influenced by the method used to
               estimate glomerular filtration rate<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref>.
               Research studies suggest that CysC is better than creatinine to diagnose mild and
               moderate chronic kidney injury<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B04">4</xref>
					<sup>-</sup>
					<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B07">7</xref>
					<sup>,</sup>
					<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref>
					<sup>,</sup>
					<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref>. In addition, previous meta-analysis have suggested that CysC has
               greater correlation with GFR than creatinine<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref>. Furthermore, CysC may predict adverse cardiovascular events independently
               of its role as a marker of renal function. </p>
        <p>Microalbuminuria has been considered a marker of endothelial damage and is associated
               with higher prevalence of diabetes, hypertension, metabolic syndrome, renal
               dysfunction, and with an increased risk for cardiovascular diseases<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref>
					<sup>-</sup>
					<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref>. In the present study there was a positive correlation between CRP,
               CysC, log TG/HDLc, and three or more components of metabolic syndrome with
               microalbuminuria even after adjustment for sex and age. There was no association
               between creatinine and microalbuminuria. These results indicate that CRP, CysC, log
               TG/HDLc and the presence of components of metabolic syndrome partially explain
               microalbuminuria and are related to kidney damage in patients with essential
               hypertension with serum creatinine lower than 1.5 mg/dL. Previous relevant population
               studies including a large sample have shown that central obesity is an independent
               risk factor for albuminuria and should be considered in the context of metabolic or
               insulin resistance syndrome<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref>
					<sup>-</sup>
					<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref>. We analyzed the ratio logTG/HDL, which is
               highly associated with phenotype B of LDL cholesterol, elevated apoprotein B, small
               dense LDL particles, and cardiovascular events<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref>
					<sup>,</sup>
					<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref>
					<sup>,</sup>
					<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref>. The expression logTG/HDL is called "plasma's
               atherogenic index" by many authors and is associated with hyperinsulinemia and
               metabolic syndrome. The index was correlated with microalbuminuria. Considering the
               association observed between the components of metabolic syndrome and
               microalbuminuria, the two are complementary because both point to the influence of
               metabolic syndrome on the onset of microalbuminuria in hypertensive patients without
               diabetes mellitus. Levels of insulin were not measured, but 50 subjects in our sample
               of hypertensive individuals met at least 3 criteria for metabolic syndrome, except
               for hyperglycemia, even though abnormal fasting glucose is one of the MS criteria. </p>
        <p>High triglycerides and low HDLc have been associated with metabolic syndrome, and
               hyperinsulinemia may contribute to dyslipidemia by increasing the synthesis of VLDL
               by the liver<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32"> 32</xref>, resulting in increased
               concentrations of triglycerides. Low concentrations of HDL may indicate an increased
               rate of apoAI catabolism seen in subjects with high levels of insulin<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">33</xref>. Therefore, microalbuminuria has been
               associated with metabolic syndrome, and the mechanisms that might associate
               hyperinsulinemia with higher urinary albumin excretion are increased pressure in
               glomerular capillary, enhanced permeability of the filtration barrier due to advanced
               glycosylation end products, and endothelial dysfunction<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34">34</xref>. </p>
        <p>On the other hand, our results showed that CysC was highly associated with
               microalbuminuria. </p>
        <p>Cystatin C has been previously described as being associated with urinary protein
               excretion, left ventricular mass index, and intimae media thickness. It might become
               a sensitive marker of early renal dysfunction<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B05">5</xref>
					<sup>,</sup>
					<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B35">35</xref>. </p>
        <p>Cystatin C should be a predictor of microalbuminuria in the early stages of
               hypertension and, thus, predict cardiovascular events beyond its use as a marker of
               renal function<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B36">36</xref>. In addition, CysC showed a
               positive correlation with the number of metabolic syndrome criteria in patients with
               dyslipidemia, regardless of creatinine levels and Modification of Diet in Renal
               Disease (MDRD)<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B37">37</xref>. Moreover, Vigil et al<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B38">38 </xref>showed that CysC was associated with metabolic
               syndrome in a hypertensive population and concluded that measurement of CysC
               concentration in hypertensive patients may be useful for evaluating their
               cardiovascular risk profile. </p>
        <p>In the present study, microalbuminuria was also positively correlated with CRP. CRP
               is a marker of systemic low-grade inflammation and is frequently high in the general
               and essential hypertension population. It may also predict cardiovascular risk<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref>
					<sup>,</sup>
					<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref>
					<sup>,</sup>
					<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B39">39</xref>
					<sup>,</sup>
					<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B40">40</xref>. </p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="conclusions">
        <title>Conclusion</title>
        <p>We noticed that the independent variables CRP, CysC, log TG/HDLc, and the number of
               metabolic syndrome criteria, but not creatinine, are correlated with microalbuminuria
               in patients with essential hypertension. Therefore, CysC, together with the more
               traditional risk markers, seems to detect early kidney damage better than creatinine
               and appears to be a marker of cardiovascular risk and early renal dysfunction in
               Brazilian patients with essential hypertension. The limitations of this study are its
               design (cross-sectional), sample size (small) and the inclusion of only one hospital
               outpatient clinic. However, the results of this study indicate that CysC is an early
               marker of renal dysfunction in hypertensive individuals due to the presence of
               microalbuminuria. Nevertheless, routine measurement of CysC in hypertensive
               individuals is still rare due to its high cost. Therefore, further prospective
               research studies are necessary to better evaluate the association between CysC and
               cardiovascular events in this highly miscegenated population. </p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Author contributions</title>
        <p>Conception and design of the research: Moura RSSS, Vasconcelos DF, Moura FJD, Rosa
               TT, Veiga JPR; Acquisition of data: Moura RSSS; Analysis and interpretation of the
               data: Moura RSSS, Vasconcelos DF, Freitas E, Moura FJD, Rosa TT, Veiga JPR;
               Statistical analysis: Freitas E; Writing of the manuscript: Moura RSSS, Vasconcelos
               DF, Moura FJD, Rosa TT, Veiga JPR; Critical revision of the manuscript for
               intellectual content: Moura RSSS, Vasconcelos DF, Freitas E, Moura FJD, Rosa TT,
               Veiga JPR. </p>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <ack>
        <p>The authors thank Carolina G. V. Cunha for her help with the English language and
               Gl&#225;ucia Boff and Roberio Ant&#244;nio Ara&#250;jo for their assistance with laboratory
               exams.</p>
      </ack>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>
            <bold>Study Association</bold>
          </p>
          <p>This article is part of the thesis of master
                  submitted by Rafaela do Socorro Souza e Silva Moura in Medical Sciences.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="financial-disclosure">
          <p>
            <bold>Sources of Funding</bold>
          </p>
          <p>There were no external funding sources for this
                  study.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
