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<article xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" dtd-version="3.0" article-type="research-article" xml:lang="pt">
  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">dLpVvx6qKvQWqp7dRHYDCbt</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2014000100006</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="previous-pid">S0066-782X2014000100006</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">0006</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">S0066-782X2014000100006</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5935/abc.20130227</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigos Originais</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title xml:lang="pt">Fatores de Risco Associados aos N&#237;veis Press&#243;ricos Elevados
               em Crian&#231;as de Dois a Cinco Anos</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Crispim</surname>
            <given-names>Paula Azevedo Aranha</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Peixoto</surname>
            <given-names>Maria do Ros&#225;rio Gondim</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Jardim</surname>
            <given-names>Paulo C&#233;sar Brand&#227;o Veiga</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff01">
          <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal de Goi&#225;s</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Goi&#225;s</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">GO</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country>Brasil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal de Goi&#225;s - Goi&#226;nia, Goi&#225;s,
                  GO - Brasil</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01"><bold>Correspond&#234;ncia:</bold> Paula Azevedo Aranha Crispim, Rua 05, n&#186;361, Ed.
               Veladero, Ap. 1001, Setor Oeste, CEP 74115-060, Goi&#225;s, GO - Brasil. E-mail:
                  <email>paulacrispim87@hotmail.com</email>
            </corresp>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potencial Conflito de Interesses</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Declaro n&#227;o haver conflito de interesses pertinentes.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date pub-type="collection">
        <month>1</month>
        <year>2014</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date pub-type="epub">
        <day>22</day>
        <month>11</month>
        <year>2013</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>102</volume>
      <issue>1</issue>
      <fpage>39</fpage>
      <lpage>46</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>25</day>
          <month>04</month>
          <year>2013</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>14</day>
          <month>07</month>
          <year>2013</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>16</day>
          <month>08</month>
          <year>2013</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/">
          <license-p>This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative
                  Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License which permits unrestricted
                  non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the
                  original work is properly cited. </license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract xml:lang="pt">
        <sec>
          <title>Fundamento:</title>
          <p> A preval&#234;ncia de hipertens&#227;o arterial em crian&#231;as aumentou nas &#250;ltimas d&#233;cadas.
                  Diversos fatores de risco est&#227;o envolvidos na g&#234;nese da hipertens&#227;o arterial
                  infantil e sua identifica&#231;&#227;o precoce pode prevenir o desenvolvimento posterior da
                  doen&#231;a. </p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objetivos:</title>
          <p> Avaliar a preval&#234;ncia de press&#227;o arterial elevada e fatores associados em
                  crian&#231;as. </p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>M&#233;todos:</title>
          <p> Estudo transversal de base populacional e domiciliar. Foram avaliadas 276
                  crian&#231;as de dois a cinco anos residentes em Goi&#226;nia, Goi&#225;s, investigando-se
                  press&#227;o arterial, caracter&#237;sticas sociodemogr&#225;ficas, peso ao nascer, hist&#243;rico de
                  hipertens&#227;o arterial na fam&#237;lia, tabagismo passivo, aleitamento materno,
                  alimenta&#231;&#227;o, h&#225;bito sedent&#225;rio e estado nutricional. A regress&#227;o de Poisson foi
                  utilizada para avaliar a associa&#231;&#227;o entre os fatores de risco e a press&#227;o arterial
                  elevada. </p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Resultados:</title>
          <p> A m&#233;dia de idade foi 3,1 &#177; 0,79 anos, sendo press&#227;o arterial elevada e excesso de
                  peso observados em 19,9% e 11,2% das crian&#231;as, respectivamente. Houve associa&#231;&#227;o
                  direta de press&#227;o arterial elevada com idade [raz&#227;o de preval&#234;ncia (RP) = 2,3;
                  IC95%: 1,2 - 4,8; p = 0,017] e excesso de peso (RP = 2,0; IC95%: 1,2 - 3,6; p =
                  0,014). As demais vari&#225;veis n&#227;o se associaram a press&#227;o arterial elevada. </p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclus&#245;es:</title>
          <p> A preval&#234;ncia de press&#227;o arterial elevada em crian&#231;as foi alta. Aquelas com
                  excesso de peso e mais jovens apresentaram maior preval&#234;ncia de n&#237;veis press&#243;ricos
                  elevados.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <kwd>Fatores de risco</kwd>
        <kwd>Press&#227;o arterial</kwd>
        <kwd>Hipertens&#227;o</kwd>
        <kwd>Crian&#231;a</kwd>
        <kwd>Pr&#233;-Escolar</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <counts>
        <fig-count count="0"/>
        <table-count count="4"/>
        <equation-count count="0"/>
        <ref-count count="39"/>
        <page-count count="8"/>
      </counts>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
      <p>As Doen&#231;as Cardiovasculares (DCV) s&#227;o a primeira causa de incapacidade e morte prematura
            no mundo<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B01">1</xref>. A Hipertens&#227;o Arterial Sist&#234;mica
            (HAS), por sua vez, &#233; um dos fatores de risco mais importantes para desenvolvimento das
               DCV<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B01">1</xref>.</p>
      <p>Nas &#250;ltimas d&#233;cadas, a preval&#234;ncia de Press&#227;o Arterial (PA) elevada tem aumentado entre
            as crian&#231;as, e a falta de diagn&#243;stico pode levar ao n&#227;o tratamento da enfermidade e sua
            persist&#234;ncia at&#233; a idade adulta<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B02">2</xref>. A presen&#231;a de
            PA elevada em crian&#231;as pode antecipar o aparecimento de les&#245;es em &#243;rg&#227;os-alvo, como
            hipertrofia do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo, aumento da espessura das art&#233;rias car&#243;tidas,
            altera&#231;&#245;es vasculares na retina, e at&#233; mesmo sutis altera&#231;&#245;es cognitivas<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B03">3</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B05">5</xref>.</p>
      <p>V&#225;rios fatores podem estar associados ao desenvolvimento de PA elevada em crian&#231;as. Um
            estudo cl&#225;ssico, <italic>The Bogalusa Heart Study</italic>, demonstrou que fatores
            heredit&#225;rios, excesso de peso e baixo peso ao nascer influenciam significantemente no
            desenvolvimento de n&#237;veis press&#243;ricos elevados nessa faixa et&#225;ria<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B06">6</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B08">8</xref>. Outros
            poss&#237;veis fatores de risco s&#227;o a presen&#231;a de h&#225;bitos sedent&#225;rios, alimenta&#231;&#227;o de baixa
            qualidade, aus&#234;ncia de aleitamento materno (AM) e tabagismo dos pais ou cuidadores<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B09">9</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref>.</p>
      <p>Nos &#250;ltimos anos houve a realiza&#231;&#227;o de estudos nacionais<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref> e internacionais<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref> sobre a HAS em crian&#231;as e adolescentes, por&#233;m a PA em pr&#233;-escolares ainda
            &#233; insatisfatoriamente investigada.</p>
      <p>Diante da alta preval&#234;ncia de PA elevada em pr&#233;-escolares e da escassez de pesquisas
            nacionais sobre o comportamento da PA nessa faixa et&#225;ria, a proposta deste estudo foi
            avaliar a preval&#234;ncia de PA elevada nessa faixa et&#225;ria, bem como investigar os fatores
            associados &#224; sua eleva&#231;&#227;o em crian&#231;as menores de cinco anos de idade.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="methods">
      <title>M&#233;todos</title>
      <p>Estudo com delineamento transversal, de base populacional, domiciliar, inserido no
            projeto matriz "Perfil nutricional de crian&#231;as menores de cinco anos da cidade de
            Goi&#226;nia". Os domic&#237;lios foram selecionados por conglomerados em m&#250;ltiplos est&#225;gios:
            sorteio dos Setores Censit&#225;rios (SC), domic&#237;lio e crian&#231;a participante. No primeiro
            est&#225;gio, foi realizado sorteio aleat&#243;rio de 87 SC entre os 1.063 SC. A segunda etapa foi
            sorteio do domicilio participante. Em cada SC, a coleta iniciou pela quadra com a
            esquina esquerda mais superior do mapa; a partir dessa, foi visitado o 1&#186;e o
            3&#186;domic&#237;lios com o salto de um domic&#237;lio, caminhando em sentido hor&#225;rio. O terceiro
            est&#225;gio correspondeu ao sorteio aleat&#243;rio preestabelecido, caso houvesse mais de uma
            crian&#231;a menor de cinco anos de idade na resid&#234;ncia.</p>
      <p>Para o estudo matriz, foram inclu&#237;das crian&#231;as com at&#233; quatro anos 11 meses e 29 dias de
            idade residentes na &#225;rea urbana de Goi&#226;nia. Foram exclu&#237;das as que estavam
            institucionalizadas, hospitalizadas, portadoras de defici&#234;ncia f&#237;sica e/ou mental que
            dificultasse a coleta dos dados antropom&#233;tricos e aqueles com alimenta&#231;&#227;o via enteral ou
            parenteral.</p>
      <p>Foram investigadas 835 crian&#231;as. Foram eleg&#237;veis para o presente estudo um total de 470
            crian&#231;as de dois a quatro anos 11 meses e 29 dias; dessas 110 (23,4%) se recusaram a
            fazer a medida da PA e seis (1,3%) se recusaram a fazer as medidas antropom&#233;tricas; e
            para 69 (14,7%) crian&#231;as o manguito ficou grande para a circunfer&#234;ncia do bra&#231;o. Vale
            ressaltar que nove (1,9%) crian&#231;as foram exclu&#237;das por terem valores de PA considerados
               <italic>outliers</italic>
            <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref>.</p>
      <p>Com essas perdas e exclus&#245;es foram analisadas 276 crian&#231;as. C&#225;lculo a
               <italic>posteriori</italic> demonstrou que essa amostra permitiu detectar a
            preval&#234;ncia de PA elevada, com um erro absoluto de 4,8%, considerando preval&#234;ncia de
            press&#227;o arterial elevada em crian&#231;as de 22,1%<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref>.</p>
      <p>A coleta de dados ocorreu de setembro de 2011 a outubro de 2012, por meio de
            question&#225;rio padronizado, aplicado &#224; m&#227;e ou respons&#225;vel pela crian&#231;a, por alunos de
            gradua&#231;&#227;o e p&#243;s-gradua&#231;&#227;o devidamente capacitados para realiza&#231;&#227;o do question&#225;rio,
            medidas antropom&#233;tricas e aferi&#231;&#227;o da PA. Entre as vari&#225;veis sociodemogr&#225;ficas, foram
            investigados: sexo, idade, escolaridade da m&#227;e e classe econ&#244;mica. A idade foi
            apresentada em anos completos (dois, tr&#234;s e quatro anos). A escolaridade da m&#227;e foi
            pesquisada em anos de estudo completos e distribu&#237;da em: &lt; nove anos e &#8805; nove anos de
            estudo. </p>
      <p>A classe econ&#244;mica foi avaliada pela aplica&#231;&#227;o do question&#225;rio sobre bens de consumo e
               escolaridade<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref>. Ap&#243;s a classifica&#231;&#227;o, as
            classes foram agrupadas e categorizadas em: A e B com pontua&#231;&#227;o &#8805; 17 pontos, C com
            pontua&#231;&#227;o entre 11 e 16 pontos, e D e E correspondendo a 0 a 10 pontos.</p>
      <p>Dentre as vari&#225;veis de sa&#250;de, foram obtidos dados sobre o peso ao nascer, hist&#243;ria
            antecedente de HAS na fam&#237;lia (pais e av&#243;s), tabagismo passivo e dura&#231;&#227;o do AM
            exclusivo. O baixo peso ao nascer foi definido para aquelas crian&#231;as que apresentaram
            peso ao nascimento &#8804; 2.500 g, sendo essa informa&#231;&#227;o coletada na Caderneta da
               Crian&#231;a<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref>. O hist&#243;rico de HAS na fam&#237;lia foi
            considerado positivo pelo relato da enfermidade em pais ou av&#243;s das crian&#231;as. O
            tabagismo passivo foi categorizado como positivo se o pai ou a m&#227;e ou cuidador da
            crian&#231;a entrevistada tivesse esse h&#225;bito<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref>. O AM
            exclusivo foi categorizado em: &#8805; quatro meses e &lt; quatro meses.</p>
      <p>Para as vari&#225;veis de estilo de vida foram considerados: h&#225;bitos alimentares e habito
            sedent&#225;rio. Foi aplicado um question&#225;rio de frequ&#234;ncia de consumo alimentar, validado
            para crian&#231;as de dois a cinco anos<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref>, para
            avalia&#231;&#227;o do consumo regular de alimentos considerados marcadores da alimenta&#231;&#227;o
            saud&#225;vel (hortali&#231;as, frutas, leite e derivados) e marcadores da alimenta&#231;&#227;o n&#227;o
            saud&#225;vel (embutidos, biscoitos, refrigerantes e guloseimas). Foi considerado regular o
            consumo em cinco dias ou mais da semana<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref>. O
            ponto de corte para sedentarismo correspondeu a assistir mais de duas horas de TV por
               dia<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref>.</p>
      <p>Foram realizadas medidas de peso, estatura e press&#227;o arterial. O peso foi aferido em
            balan&#231;a digital <italic>G-Tech<sup>@</sup></italic>, com capacidade 150 kg e precis&#227;o de
            100 g, estando a crian&#231;a com o m&#237;nimo de roupa poss&#237;vel. A estatura foi obtida
            utilizando-se fita m&#233;trica flex&#237;vel e inel&#225;stica, com precis&#227;o de 0,1 cm, fixada &#224;
            parede, sem rodap&#233;, sendo a medida realizada com auxilio de um esquadro de madeira<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref>.</p>
      <p>A partir das medidas de peso e estatura foi calculado o &#205;ndice de Massa Corporal/Idade
            (IMC/Idade). O estado nutricional foi categorizado em: magreza valores de escore-z &lt;
            -2, eutr&#243;fico aqueles com valores de escore-z &#8805; -2 e &#8804; + 1, risco de sobrepeso com
            valores &gt; escore-z + 1 e &#8804; + 2 e excesso de peso aqueles com escore-z &gt; +2<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref>.</p>
      <p>A PA foi obtida por aparelho semiautom&#225;tico da marca OMRON-HEM 705 CP, com manguito de
            largura 9 cm. Foram obtidas duas medidas da press&#227;o arterial em posi&#231;&#227;o sentado; bra&#231;o
            esquerdo; repouso de cinco minutos antes da obten&#231;&#227;o da primeira medida e intervalo de
            dois minutos para a segunda medida, segundo as recomenda&#231;&#245;es do <italic>4<sup>th</sup>
               Task Force</italic>
            <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref>. A primeira medida foi desprezada, sendo
            considerada a segunda medida nas an&#225;lises estat&#237;sticas.</p>
      <p>A PA foi categorizada em: sem press&#227;o elevada correspondendo a valores de Press&#227;o
            Arterial Sist&#243;lica (PAS) e Press&#227;o Arterial Diast&#243;lica (PAD) que estivessem abaixo do
            percentil 95, e com press&#227;o elevada, valores de PAS e/ou PAD iguais ou acima do
            percentil 95, considerando sexo, idade e comprimento das crian&#231;as<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref>. Para classifica&#231;&#227;o da PA foi utilizado o
               <italic>software</italic> MedCalc 3000.</p>
      <p>O banco de dados foi constru&#237;do no programa EPI INFO<sup>&#174;</sup>, vers&#227;o 3.5.2, com
            dupla entrada para verifica&#231;&#227;o da consist&#234;ncia da digita&#231;&#227;o. As an&#225;lises estat&#237;sticas
            foram realizadas utilizando-se o programa STATA/SE<sup>&#174;</sup>, vers&#227;o 12.0. A vari&#225;vel
            PA foi adotada como vari&#225;vel desfecho. Foram feitas an&#225;lises de associa&#231;&#227;o entre as
            vari&#225;veis independentes e a vari&#225;vel desfecho por meio do teste de Qui-quadrado de
            Pearson. Para identificar os fatores que estavam associados com a PA elevada,
            utilizou-se a regress&#227;o de Poisson em modelos ajustados pelas vari&#225;veis que na an&#225;lise
            bivariada apresentaram signific&#226;ncia menor que 20% (p &lt; 0,20). A magnitude da
            associa&#231;&#227;o entre os fatores de risco e a ocorr&#234;ncia da vari&#225;vel desfecho foi expressa em
            Raz&#227;o de Preval&#234;ncia (RP) e respectivos intervalos de confian&#231;as (IC95%).
            Considerando-se significativo p &lt; 0,05</p>
      <p>Este estudo foi aprovado pelo Comit&#234; de &#201;tica da Universidade Federal de Goi&#225;s - UFG
            (078/2011) e os respons&#225;veis autorizaram a participa&#231;&#227;o da crian&#231;a na pesquisa a partir
            da assinatura do Termo de Consentimento Livre Esclarecido.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="results">
      <title>Resultados</title>
      <p>As crian&#231;as apresentaram m&#233;dia de idade de 3,1 &#177; 0,79 anos, IMC de 16,3 &#177; 2,1
               Kg/m<sup>2</sup>, PAS de 95,0 &#177; 11,0 mmHg e PAD de 60,4 &#177; 10,7 mmHg. Na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t01">tabela 1</xref> s&#227;o descritas caracter&#237;sticas
            sociodemogr&#225;ficas da amostra estudada. Foi avaliado um total de 276 crian&#231;as, sendo 145
            (52,5%) do sexo masculino. A maioria das crian&#231;as tinha m&#227;es com mais de nove anos de
            estudo (71,4%) e pertencia &#224; classe econ&#244;mica C (54,3%). O baixo peso ao nascer foi
            observado em 7,2%, e a preval&#234;ncia de AM exclusivo por um per&#237;odo maior que quatro meses
            foi de 44,6% da amostra. A hist&#243;ria familiar de HAS esteve presente em 69,9% das
            fam&#237;lias e 27,1% das crian&#231;as tinham pai ou m&#227;e ou cuidador tabagista. Foi detectada
            preval&#234;ncia de 19,9% de PA elevada e o excesso de peso foi identificado em 11,2% dos
            participantes.</p>
      <table-wrap id="t01">
        <label>Tabela 1</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Distribui&#231;&#227;o da amostra e preval&#234;ncia de press&#227;o arterial elevada segundo
                  caracter&#237;sticas sociodemogr&#225;ficas, de sa&#250;de, estilo de vida e antropom&#233;tricas de
                  crian&#231;as de dois a cinco anos Goi&#226;nia, 2012. (n = 276)</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="rows">
          <thead>
            <tr>
              <th colspan="2" align="left">
                <bold>Vari&#225;veis</bold>
              </th>
              <th>
                <bold>Distribui&#231;&#227;o da amostra n (%)</bold>
              </th>
              <th>
                <bold>Press&#227;o Arterial Alta n (%)</bold>
              </th>
              <th>
                <bold>p<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="t01-fn05">*</xref></bold>
              </th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody>
            <tr>
              <td colspan="5">
                <bold>Sexo</bold>
              </td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td colspan="2">Masculino</td>
              <td align="center">145 (52,5)</td>
              <td align="center">28 (19,3)</td>
              <td rowspan="2" align="center">0,787</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td colspan="2">Feminino</td>
              <td align="center">131 (47,5)</td>
              <td align="center">27 (20,6)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td colspan="5">
                <bold>Idade (anos)</bold>
              </td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td colspan="2">2</td>
              <td align="center">77 (28,0)</td>
              <td align="center">23 (29,9)</td>
              <td rowspan="3" align="center">0,007</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td colspan="2">3</td>
              <td align="center">105 (38,0)</td>
              <td align="center">22 (21,0)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td colspan="2">4</td>
              <td align="center">94 (34,0)</td>
              <td align="center">10 (10,6)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td colspan="5">
                <bold>Escolaridade da m&#227;e (anos de estudo)</bold>
              </td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td colspan="2">&lt; 9</td>
              <td align="center">79 (28,6)</td>
              <td align="center">13 (16,5)</td>
              <td rowspan="2">0,361</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td colspan="2">&#8805; 9</td>
              <td align="center">197 (71,4)</td>
              <td align="center">42 (21,3)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td colspan="5">
                <bold>Classe econ&#244;mica</bold>
              </td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td colspan="2">A/B</td>
              <td align="center">93 (33,7)</td>
              <td align="center">18 (19,3)</td>
              <td rowspan="3">0,935</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td colspan="2">C</td>
              <td align="center">150 (54,3)</td>
              <td align="center">31 (20,7)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td colspan="2">D/E</td>
              <td align="center">33 (12,0)</td>
              <td align="center">6 (18,2)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td colspan="5">
                <bold>Peso ao nascer<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="t01-fn01">1</xref></bold>
              </td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td> </td>
              <td>&lt; 2.500 g</td>
              <td align="center">20 (7,2)</td>
              <td align="center">5 (15,0)</td>
              <td rowspan="2" align="center">0,567</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td> </td>
              <td>&#8805; 2500 g</td>
              <td align="center">253 (92,8)</td>
              <td align="center">49 (20,3)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td colspan="5">
                <bold>Hist&#243;ria familiar de HAS (pais e av&#243;s)<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="t01-fn02">2</xref></bold>
              </td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td colspan="2">Sim</td>
              <td align="center">185 (69,0)</td>
              <td align="center">37 (20,0)</td>
              <td rowspan="2" align="center">0,928</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td colspan="2">N&#227;o</td>
              <td align="center">83 (31,0)</td>
              <td align="center">17 (20,5)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td colspan="5">
                <bold>Tabagismo passivo<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="t01-fn03">3</xref></bold>
              </td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td colspan="2">Sim</td>
              <td align="center">72 (27,1)</td>
              <td align="center">10 (13,9)</td>
              <td rowspan="2" align="center">0,113</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td colspan="2">N&#227;o</td>
              <td align="center">194 (72,9)</td>
              <td align="center">44 (22,7)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td colspan="5">
                <bold>AM Exclusivo por tempo &#8805; 4 meses<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="t01-fn04">4</xref> (meses)</bold>
              </td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td colspan="2">Sim</td>
              <td align="center">121 (44,6)</td>
              <td align="center">21 (17,4)</td>
              <td rowspan="2" align="center">0,412</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td colspan="2">N&#227;o</td>
              <td align="center">150 (55,4)</td>
              <td align="center">32 (21,3)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td colspan="5">
                <bold>Tempo de TV (horas)</bold>
              </td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td colspan="2">&lt; 2h</td>
              <td align="center">141 (51,0)</td>
              <td align="center">30 (21,3)</td>
              <td rowspan="2" align="center">0,566</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td colspan="2">&#8805; 2h</td>
              <td align="center">135 (48,9)</td>
              <td align="center">25 (18,5)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td colspan="5">
                <bold>Estado nutricional</bold>
              </td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td colspan="2">Magreza/ Eutr&#243;fico</td>
              <td align="center">196 (71,0)</td>
              <td align="center">33 (16,8)</td>
              <td rowspan="3" align="center">0,048</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td colspan="2">Risco de sobrepeso</td>
              <td align="center">49 (17,8)</td>
              <td align="center">11 (22,4)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td colspan="2">Excesso de peso</td>
              <td align="center">31 (11,2)</td>
              <td align="center">11 (35,5)</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
        <table-wrap-foot>
          <fn id="t01-fn01">
            <label>1</label>
            <p>n = 273</p>
          </fn>
          <fn id="t01-fn02">
            <label>2</label>
            <p>n = 271</p>
          </fn>
          <fn id="t01-fn03">
            <label>3</label>
            <p>n = 266</p>
          </fn>
          <fn id="t01-fn04">
            <label>4</label>
            <p>n = 248</p>
          </fn>
          <fn id="t01-fn05">
            <label>*</label>
            <p>Teste de Qui-Quadrado de Pearson. HAS: Hipertens&#227;o arterial sist&#234;mica; AM:
                     Aleitamento materno.</p>
          </fn>
        </table-wrap-foot>
      </table-wrap>
      <p>Em rela&#231;&#227;o ao consumo alimentar observou-se que a maioria das crian&#231;as consumia
            regularmente alimentos saud&#225;veis, hortali&#231;as (87,0%), frutas (84,8%) e leite (96%); no
            entanto, apresentavam consumo regular de alimentos n&#227;o saud&#225;veis, com destaque para o
            consumo de refrigerante em 33,7% das crian&#231;as (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t02">Tabela
               2</xref>).</p>
      <table-wrap id="t02">
        <label>Tabela 2</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Distribui&#231;&#227;o da amostra e preval&#234;ncia de press&#227;o arterial elevado de acordo
                  com o consumo alimentar de crian&#231;as de dois a cinco anos. Goi&#226;nia, 2012. (n =
                  276)</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="rows">
          <thead>
            <tr>
              <th>
                <bold>Vari&#225;veis</bold>
              </th>
              <th>
                <bold>Distribui&#231;&#227;o da amostra n (%)</bold>
              </th>
              <th>
                <bold>Press&#227;o Arterial Alta n (%)</bold>
              </th>
              <th>
                <bold>p<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="t02-fn01">*</xref></bold>
              </th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody>
            <tr>
              <td colspan="4">
                <bold>Consumo alimentar em mais de 5x/sem</bold>
              </td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td colspan="4">
                <bold>Hortali&#231;as</bold>
              </td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Sim</td>
              <td align="center">240 (87,0)</td>
              <td align="center">46 (19,2)</td>
              <td rowspan="2" align="center">0,414</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>N&#227;o</td>
              <td align="center">36 (13,0)</td>
              <td align="center">9 (25,0)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td colspan="4">
                <bold>Frutas</bold>
              </td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Sim</td>
              <td align="center">234 (84,8)</td>
              <td align="center">48 (20,5)</td>
              <td rowspan="2" align="center">0,566</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>N&#227;o</td>
              <td align="center">42 (15,2)</td>
              <td align="center">7 (16,7)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td colspan="4">
                <bold>Leite e derivados</bold>
              </td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Sim</td>
              <td align="center">265 (96,0)</td>
              <td align="center">50 (18,9)</td>
              <td rowspan="2" align="center">0,031</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>N&#227;o</td>
              <td align="center">11 (4,0)</td>
              <td align="center">5 (45,4)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td colspan="4">
                <bold>Refrigerante</bold>
              </td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Sim</td>
              <td align="center">93 (33,7)</td>
              <td align="center">21 (22,6)</td>
              <td rowspan="2" align="center">0,432</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>N&#227;o</td>
              <td align="center">183 (66,3)</td>
              <td align="center">34 (18,6)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td colspan="4">
                <bold>Guloseimas</bold>
              </td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Sim</td>
              <td align="center">35 (12,7)</td>
              <td align="center">6 (17,1)</td>
              <td rowspan="2" align="center">0,659</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>N&#227;o</td>
              <td align="center">241 (87,3)</td>
              <td align="center">49 (20,3)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td colspan="4">
                <bold>Embutidos</bold>
              </td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Sim</td>
              <td align="center">28 (10,1)</td>
              <td align="center">2 (7,4)</td>
              <td rowspan="2" align="center">0,074</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>N&#227;o</td>
              <td align="center">248 (89,9)</td>
              <td align="center">53(21,4)</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
        <table-wrap-foot>
          <fn id="t02-fn01">
            <label>*</label>
            <p>Teste de Qui-Quadrado de Pearson.</p>
          </fn>
        </table-wrap-foot>
      </table-wrap>
      <p>Na an&#225;lise bivariada observou-se que a idade (p = 0,003) e o excesso de peso (p = 0,010)
            apresentaram rela&#231;&#227;o direta com a PA elevada, e o consumo regular de leite e derivados
            apresentou associa&#231;&#227;o inversa com a PA elevada (p = 0,031) (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t01">Tabelas 1</xref> e <xref ref-type="table" rid="t02">2</xref>). As vari&#225;veis
            sexo, escolaridade da m&#227;e, classe econ&#244;mica, peso ao nascer, hist&#243;ria familiar de HAS,
            AM, consumo regular de hortali&#231;as, frutas, refrigerante, guloseimas e embutidos, tempo
            em frente &#224; TV, tabagismo passivo n&#227;o se associaram com a presen&#231;a de PA elevada.</p>
      <p>Na an&#225;lise ajustada pelas vari&#225;veis idade, consumo de leite e derivados, consumo de
            embutidos, tabagismo passivo e estado nutricional que apresentaram p &lt; 0,20 na
            an&#225;lise bruta, a associa&#231;&#227;o permaneceu para a idade e o estado nutricional (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t03">Tabelas 3</xref> e <xref ref-type="table" rid="t04">4</xref>). As crian&#231;as de dois anos tiveram preval&#234;ncia de PA elevada 2,3 vezes
            maior que as crian&#231;as de quatro anos (RP = 2,3; IC95%: 1,2 - 4,8 p = 0,017) e aquelas
            classificadas com excesso de peso tiveram o dobro da preval&#234;ncia de PA elevada quando
            comparadas com as eutr&#243;ficas (RP = 2,0; IC95%: 1,2 - 3,6 p = 0,014).</p>
      <table-wrap id="t03">
        <label>Tabela 3</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Raz&#227;o de preval&#234;ncia bruta (RP) e respectivos intervalos de confian&#231;a (IC 95%)
                  da associa&#231;&#227;o de caracter&#237;sticas sociodemogr&#225;ficas, de sa&#250;de, estilo de vida e
                  antropom&#233;tricas com a press&#227;o arterial elevada. Goi&#226;nia, Goi&#225;s, Brasil, 2012. (n =
                  276)</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="rows">
          <thead>
            <tr>
              <th colspan="2" align="left">
                <bold>Vari&#225;veis</bold>
              </th>
              <th>
                <bold>RP Bruta (IC95%)</bold>
              </th>
              <th>
                <bold>p</bold>
              </th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody>
            <tr>
              <td colspan="4">
                <bold>Sexo</bold>
              </td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td colspan="2">Masculino</td>
              <td align="center">0,9 (0,6 - 1,5)</td>
              <td align="center">0,787</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td colspan="2">Feminino</td>
              <td align="center">1</td>
              <td align="center">
                <italic>-</italic>
              </td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td colspan="4">
                <bold>Faixa et&#225;ria (anos)</bold>
              </td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td colspan="2">2</td>
              <td align="center">2,80 (1,42 - 5,54)</td>
              <td align="center">0,003</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td colspan="2">3</td>
              <td align="center">1,97 (0,98 - 3,04)</td>
              <td align="center">0,056</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td colspan="2">4</td>
              <td align="center">1</td>
              <td align="center">-</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td colspan="4">
                <bold>Escolaridade (anos)</bold>
              </td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td colspan="2">&lt; 9</td>
              <td align="center">1</td>
              <td align="center">-</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td colspan="2">&#8805; 9</td>
              <td align="center">1,3 (0,7 - 2,3)</td>
              <td align="center">0,370</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td colspan="4">
                <bold>Renda</bold>
              </td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td colspan="2">A/B</td>
              <td align="center">1</td>
              <td align="center">-</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td colspan="2">C</td>
              <td align="center">1,1 (0,6 - 1,8)</td>
              <td align="center">0,805</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td colspan="2">D/E</td>
              <td align="center">0,9 (0,4 - 2,2)</td>
              <td align="center">0,883</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td colspan="4">
                <bold>Peso ao nascer</bold>
              </td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td colspan="2">&lt; 2.500 g</td>
              <td align="center">1</td>
              <td align="center">-</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td colspan="2">&#8805; 2.500 g</td>
              <td align="center">1,4 (0,5 - 3,9)</td>
              <td align="center">0,580</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td colspan="4">
                <bold>Hist&#243;rico familiar de HAS (pais e av&#243;s)</bold>
              </td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td colspan="4">Sim 1 -</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td colspan="2">N&#227;o</td>
              <td align="center">1,0 (0,6 - 1,7)</td>
              <td align="center">0,928</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td colspan="2">AM exclusivo por tempo &gt; 4 meses<sup>3</sup> (meses)</td>
              <td align="center">0,8 (0,5 - 1,3)</td>
              <td align="center">0,415</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td colspan="4">
                <bold>Consumo alimentar em mais de 5x/sem</bold>
              </td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td colspan="2">Hortali&#231;as</td>
              <td align="center">0,8 (0,4 - 1,4)</td>
              <td align="center">0,404</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td colspan="2">Frutas</td>
              <td align="center">1,2 (0,6 - 2,5)</td>
              <td align="center">0,574</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td colspan="2">Leite e derivados</td>
              <td align="center">0,4 (0,2 - 0,8)</td>
              <td align="center">0,013</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td colspan="2">Refrigerante</td>
              <td align="center">1,2 (0,7 - 2,0)</td>
              <td align="center">0,430</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td colspan="2">Guloseimas</td>
              <td align="center">0,8 (0,4 - 1,8)</td>
              <td align="center">0,665</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td colspan="2">Embutidos</td>
              <td align="center">0,3 (0,1 - 1,3)</td>
              <td align="center">0,114</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td colspan="4">
                <bold>Tempo na TV</bold>
              </td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td colspan="2">&lt; 2h</td>
              <td align="center">1</td>
              <td align="center">-</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td colspan="2">&#8805; 2h</td>
              <td align="center">0,9 (0,5 - 1,4)</td>
              <td align="center">0,568</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td colspan="2">Tabagismo passivo</td>
              <td align="center">1,6 (0,9 - 3,1)</td>
              <td align="center">0,128</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td colspan="4">
                <bold>Estado Nutricional</bold>
              </td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td> </td>
              <td>Magreza/ Eutr&#243;fico</td>
              <td align="center">1</td>
              <td align="center">-</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td> </td>
              <td>Risco de sobrepeso</td>
              <td align="center">1,3 (0,7 - 2,4)</td>
              <td align="center">0,353</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td> </td>
              <td>Excesso de peso</td>
              <td align="center">2,1 (1,2 - 3,7)</td>
              <td align="center">0,010</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
        <table-wrap-foot>
          <fn>
            <p>HAS: Hipertens&#227;o arterial sist&#234;mica; AM: Aleitamento materno</p>
          </fn>
        </table-wrap-foot>
      </table-wrap>
      <table-wrap id="t04">
        <label>Tabela 4</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Raz&#227;o de preval&#234;ncia ajustada (RP) e respectivos intervalos de confian&#231;a (IC
                  95%) da associa&#231;&#227;o de caracter&#237;sticas sociodemogr&#225;ficas, de sa&#250;de, estilo de vida
                  e antropom&#233;tricas com a press&#227;o arterial elevada. Goi&#226;nia, Goi&#225;s, Brasil, 2012. (n
                  = 276)</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="rows">
          <thead>
            <tr>
              <th>
                <bold>Vari&#225;veis</bold>
              </th>
              <th>
                <bold>RP Ajustada (IC95%)</bold>
              </th>
              <th>
                <bold>p</bold>
              </th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody>
            <tr>
              <td colspan="3">
                <bold>Faixa et&#225;ria (anos)</bold>
              </td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>2</td>
              <td>2,3 (1,2 - 4,8)</td>
              <td>0,017</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>3</td>
              <td>1,7 (0,8 - 3,4)</td>
              <td>0,129</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>4</td>
              <td>1</td>
              <td>-</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td colspan="3">
                <bold>Estado Nutricional</bold>
              </td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Magreza/ Eutr&#243;fico</td>
              <td>1</td>
              <td>-</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Risco de sobrepeso</td>
              <td>1,2 (0,7 - 2,2)</td>
              <td>0,533</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Excesso de peso</td>
              <td>2,0 (1,2 - 3,6)</td>
              <td>0,014</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
      </table-wrap>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="discussion">
      <title>Discuss&#227;o</title>
      <p>Estudos epidemiol&#243;gicos t&#234;m demonstrado a import&#226;ncia da monitoriza&#231;&#227;o da PA na
               inf&#226;ncia<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref>. A eleva&#231;&#227;o dos n&#237;veis press&#243;ricos na inf&#226;ncia predisp&#245;e a uma
            maior chance de desenvolvimento da hipertens&#227;o na idade adulta<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B04">4</xref>.</p>
      <p>A preval&#234;ncia de PA elevada de 19,9% no presente estudo foi inferior ao observado em
            estudos internacionais com pr&#233;-escolares, como 24,1% observado em Seychelles na &#193;frica e
            22,2% em crian&#231;as chinesas, e foi elevada quando comparada a 13,7% encontrado para
            pr&#233;-escolares australianos e de 7,4% das crian&#231;as canadenses<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref>. Essas varia&#231;&#245;es na preval&#234;ncia de press&#227;o
            elevada podem ocorrer, em parte, devido a diferentes metodologias de aferi&#231;&#227;o da PA,
            como o tipo de aparelho e a diferen&#231;a no n&#250;mero de medidas.</p>
      <p>No Brasil, n&#227;o foi encontrado nenhum estudo espec&#237;fico sobre a preval&#234;ncia de PA elevada
            para pr&#233;-escolares. O estudo de Naguettini e cols.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref> encontrou tamb&#233;m em Goi&#226;nia uma preval&#234;ncia de 1,7% de press&#227;o elevada em
            indiv&#237;duos de tr&#234;s a 10 anos, muito inferior ao apresentado no presente estudo; todavia,
            essas crian&#231;as tiveram intervalo de dois meses entre a primeira e a segunda medida. A
            primeira medida da PA em crian&#231;as tende a ser maior que a segunda. Ocorre uma maior
            variabilidade entre as duas medidas da PA se essas forem realizadas em situa&#231;&#245;es
            distintas quando comparada com aferi&#231;&#245;es em uma mesma ocasi&#227;o<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref>. </p>
      <p>Na an&#225;lise multivariada a idade teve associa&#231;&#227;o direta com a press&#227;o elevada, com maior
            preval&#234;ncia observada entre crian&#231;as de dois anos. Duncan e cols.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref> avaliaram o efeito do estado emocional na PAS de pr&#233;-escolares e
            encontraram uma maior ansiedade na ocasi&#227;o da medida da PA em crian&#231;as de dois e tr&#234;s
            anos, refletindo em maiores valores de PAS. Essa observa&#231;&#227;o deve ser levada em
            considera&#231;&#227;o em estudos da PA na inf&#226;ncia, e se a crian&#231;a estiver em um estado de
            ansiedade na ocasi&#227;o da medida da PA essa deve ser repetida em outra visita<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref>.</p>
      <p>O baixo peso ao nascer esteve presente em 7,2% das crian&#231;as, sendo esse valor inferior a
            9,6% encontrado tamb&#233;m para Goi&#226;nia em 2007<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">32</xref>.
            N&#227;o foi observada associa&#231;&#227;o entre a press&#227;o elevada e o baixo peso ao nascer. Tilling e
               cols<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">33</xref>. tamb&#233;m n&#227;o observaram associa&#231;&#227;o
            significativa entre o peso ao nascer e a PA em crian&#231;as bielo-russas e demonstraram que
            o r&#225;pido ganho de peso na inf&#226;ncia parece estar mais relacionado aos n&#237;veis press&#243;ricos
            elevados na idade pr&#233;-escolar.</p>
      <p>A presen&#231;a de HAS em pais ou av&#243;s ocorreu em grande parte da amostra estudada. Alguns
            achados mostram associa&#231;&#227;o entre a presen&#231;a da doen&#231;a na fam&#237;lia e maiores n&#237;veis
            press&#243;ricos em crian&#231;as<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref>, por&#233;m no presente estudo n&#227;o foi encontrada
            associa&#231;&#227;o significativa com a PA elevada. Novas pesquisas s&#227;o necess&#225;rias para
            evidenciar essa associa&#231;&#227;o para pr&#233;-escolares. </p>
      <p>O tabagismo passivo n&#227;o se associou aos n&#237;veis press&#243;ricos elevados nas crian&#231;as
            estudadas. Estudos evidenciam que o h&#225;bito de fumar durante a gesta&#231;&#227;o e durante o AM
            parece estar mais associado &#224; PA elevada que o tabagismo passivo<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34">34</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B35">35</xref>. </p>
      <p>Da mesma forma, o AM exclusivo por um tempo igual ou superior a quatro meses n&#227;o foi
            associado com a eleva&#231;&#227;o da PA. Parikh e cols.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B36">36</xref>,
            que avaliaram o efeito do AM sobre fatores de risco para DCV, tamb&#233;m n&#227;o encontraram
            rela&#231;&#227;o com a PA. O efeito protetor do AM na eleva&#231;&#227;o da PA de crian&#231;as foi apresentado
            por alguns estudos<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref>. Assim, &#233; necess&#225;ria a realiza&#231;&#227;o de outras
            pesquisas, com car&#225;ter prospectivo, a fim de esclarecer essa casualidade.
            Independentemente do resultado, &#233; fundamental o incentivo dessa pr&#225;tica para o
            crescimento e desenvolvimento saud&#225;vel de crian&#231;as<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref>. </p>
      <p>O consumo alimentar n&#227;o esteve associado &#224; eleva&#231;&#227;o da PA. Vale, entretanto, ressaltar
            que mais de 80% das crian&#231;as tinham um consumo de frutas e hortali&#231;as em mais de cinco
            vezes por semana. O incentivo ao consumo desses alimentos diariamente pode prevenir o
            aparecimento de DCV<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>. Esses alimentos parecem
            diminuir o processo inflamat&#243;rio vascular, regulando os n&#237;veis press&#243;ricos<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>.</p>
      <p>O tempo m&#233;dio em frente &#224; TV esteve acima do ponto de corte para o sedentarismo segundo
            American Academy of Pediatrics<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref>. Nessa pesquisa
            n&#227;o houve associa&#231;&#227;o significativa entre o tempo de TV e a press&#227;o elevada, por&#233;m, vale
            ressaltar a associa&#231;&#227;o positiva entre o tempo de TV e o excesso de peso (dados n&#227;o
               apresentados)<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>. Assim, a preven&#231;&#227;o da
            obesidade seria uma forma indireta de evitar, concomitantemente, a PA elevada, j&#225; que o
            excesso de peso, como foi demonstrado neste e em outros estudos, est&#225; associado com o
            desenvolvimento de HAS em crian&#231;as<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B01">1</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B08">8</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B37">37</xref>.</p>
      <p>A preval&#234;ncia de excesso de peso foi de 11,2%, inferior ao encontrado por Naguettini e
               cols.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref> para a mesma cidade (21,0%). Todavia,
            esse estudo englobava uma faixa et&#225;ria maior (de tr&#234;s a 10 anos) e com diferente ponto
            de corte para o excesso de peso. Em compara&#231;&#227;o com a Pesquisa Nacional de Demografia e
            Sa&#250;de da Crian&#231;a e da Mulher (2009)<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B38">38</xref>, nossos
            resultados mostram uma maior preval&#234;ncia, uma vez que a pesquisa encontrou 7,5% de
            excesso de peso para a Regi&#227;o Centro-Oeste, considerando-se o mesmo ponto de corte
            utilizado no presente estudo.</p>
      <p>Na an&#225;lise multivariada, o excesso de peso teve associa&#231;&#227;o direta e significante com a
            PA elevada. Crian&#231;as com excesso de peso tiveram o dobro da preval&#234;ncia de PA elevada
            quando comparada &#224;s eutr&#243;ficas. Esse achado reafirma a informa&#231;&#227;o obtida em v&#225;rios
            estudos nacionais e internacionais da rela&#231;&#227;o delet&#233;ria entre o excesso de peso e a
            hipertens&#227;o infantil<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref>.</p>
      <p>O grau de eleva&#231;&#227;o da press&#227;o sangu&#237;nea com o ganho de peso em crian&#231;as parece ocorrer
            em raz&#227;o do aumento da frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca e do d&#233;bito card&#237;aco. Esse aumento promove
            ativa&#231;&#227;o do sistema nervoso simp&#225;tico, al&#233;m da influ&#234;ncia existente pela resist&#234;ncia a
               insulina<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B39">39</xref>. O <italic>The Bougalusa Heart
               Study</italic> evidenciou associa&#231;&#227;o do excesso de peso com a PA elevada, que pode
            levar ao aparecimento de les&#245;es em &#243;rg&#227;os alvos predispondo ao desenvolvimento de DCV na
            idade adulta. Assim, a&#231;&#245;es que previnam esse ganho de peso s&#227;o importantes para evitar o
            aparecimento da HAS em crian&#231;as<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B04">4</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B07">7</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B37">37</xref>.</p>
      <p>Como limita&#231;&#245;es do presente estudo destaca-se a dificuldade encontrada em acalmar a
            crian&#231;a antes de aferir a PA, e o fato de a medida da PA ter sido realizada em uma &#250;nica
            ocasi&#227;o pode ter superestimado os n&#237;veis press&#243;ricos. O <italic>The 4<sup>Th</sup> Task
               Force</italic> orienta que para o diagn&#243;stico da HAS em crian&#231;as s&#227;o necess&#225;rias tr&#234;s
            aferi&#231;&#245;es em ocasi&#245;es diferentes<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref>. Ressalta-se,
            no entanto, que em estudos epidemiol&#243;gicos a considera&#231;&#227;o do segundo valor ou da m&#233;dia
            da PA tem sido utilizada para estudos sobre a preval&#234;ncia de PA elevada. Outro aspecto
            refere-se ao fato de o estudo ser transversal, o que limita a interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos
            resultados, devido, principalmente, &#224; impossibilidade de se estabelecer rela&#231;&#245;es de
            casualidade.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="conclusions">
      <title>Conclus&#245;es</title>
      <p>Foi observada alta preval&#234;ncia de PA elevada para todas as faixas et&#225;rias em ambos os
            sexos. O excesso de peso e a idade de dois anos estiveram associados aos n&#237;veis
            press&#243;ricos elevados. Os resultados encontrados s&#227;o compat&#237;veis com achados da
            literatura, sendo importante salientar que a preven&#231;&#227;o do excesso de peso &#233; um
            importante componente para evitar a PA elevada<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B38">38</xref>.</p>
      <p>O estudo fornece subs&#237;dios para novas investiga&#231;&#245;es, preferencialmente prospectivas,
            para melhor compreens&#227;o e conhecimento sobre a din&#226;mica dos fatores de risco em
            crian&#231;as. Dessa forma, o estudo serve como um norteador para o tratamento da HA desde a
            inf&#226;ncia, com a valoriza&#231;&#227;o da educa&#231;&#227;o em sa&#250;de e a promo&#231;&#227;o de ambientes
            saud&#225;veis.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec>
      <title>Contribui&#231;&#227;o dos autores</title>
      <p>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa: Peixoto MRG, Jardim PCBV. Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados: Cristim
            PAA. An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica: Cristim PAA, Peixoto MRG. An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados,
            Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual, Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito:
            Cristim PAA, Peixoto MRG, Jardim PCBV.</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
    <ack>
      <p>Agradecemos aos pais e respons&#225;veis pelas crian&#231;as participantes deste estudo, aos
            volunt&#225;rios na coleta de dados, &#224; Secretaria Estadual de Sa&#250;de e &#224; Liga de Hipertens&#227;o
            Arterial da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade Federal de Goi&#225;s - UFG.</p>
    </ack>
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    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>
          <bold>Vincula&#231;&#227;o Acad&#234;mica</bold>
        </p>
        <p>Este artigo &#233; parte de tese de mestrado de Paula Azevedo Aranha Crispim pela
               Universidade Federal de Goi&#225;s.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="financial-disclosure">
        <p>
          <bold>Fontes de Financiamento</bold>
        </p>
        <p>O presente estudo foi financiado pela Funda&#231;&#227;o de Amparo &#224; Pesquisa do Estado de
               Goi&#225;s.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
  </back>
  <sub-article id="SA1" article-type="translation" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Articles</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title xml:lang="en">Risk Factors Associated with High Blood Pressure in Two-to
               Five-Year-Old Children</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Crispim</surname>
            <given-names>Paula Azevedo Aranha</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c02"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Peixoto</surname>
            <given-names>Maria do Ros&#225;rio Gondim</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Jardim</surname>
            <given-names>Paulo C&#233;sar Brand&#227;o Veiga</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff02">
          <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal de Goi&#225;s</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Goi&#226;nia</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">Goi&#225;s</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country>Brazil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal de Goi&#225;s - Goi&#226;nia, Goi&#225;s,
                  GO - Brazil</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c02"><bold>Mailing Address:</bold> Paula Azevedo Aranha Crispim, Rua 05, n&#186; 361, Ed.
               Veladero, Ap. 1001, Setor Oeste. Postal Code 74115-060, Goi&#225;s, GO - Brazil. E-mail:
                  <email>paulacrispim87@hotmail.com</email>
            </corresp>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p><bold>Potential Conflict of Interest</bold> No potential conflict of interest
                  relevant to this article was reported.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <abstract xml:lang="en">
        <sec>
          <title>Background:</title>
          <p> Over recent decades, the prevalence of high blood pressure (BP) has increased
                  among children. Several risk factors are involved in the genesis of high BP during
                  childhood, and their early identification can prevent the development of that
                  disease. </p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objectives:</title>
          <p> To assess the prevalence of high BP and associated factors in children. </p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Methods:</title>
          <p> Cross-sectional, population-based study, carried out at the household. This study
                  included 276 two- to five-year-old children in the city of Goi&#226;nia, state of
                  Goi&#225;s, and assessed their BP, sociodemographic characteristics, birth weight, high
                  BP family history, passive smoking, maternal breastfeeding, dietary habits,
                  sedentary lifestyle and nutritional status. Poisson regression was used to assess
                  the association between risk factors and high BP. </p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Results:</title>
          <p> Their mean age was 3.1 &#177; 0.79 years, and high BP and overweight were observed in
                  19.9% and 11.2% of the children, respectively. Direct association of high BP was
                  identified with age [prevalence ratio (PR) = 2.3; 95%CI: 1.2 - 4.8; p = 0.017] and
                  overweight (PR = 2.0; 95%CI: 1.2 - 3.6; p = 0.014). No other variable associated
                  with high BP. </p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclusions:</title>
          <p> The prevalence of high BP in children was high. Overweight and younger children
                  had greater prevalence of high BP.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>Risk factors</kwd>
        <kwd>Blood pressure</kwd>
        <kwd>High blood pressure</kwd>
        <kwd>Children</kwd>
        <kwd>Preschoolers</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <counts>
        <fig-count count="0"/>
        <table-count count="4"/>
        <equation-count count="0"/>
        <ref-count count="39"/>
        <page-count count="8"/>
      </counts>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>Introduction</title>
        <p>Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) are the major cause of disability and early death
                  worldwide<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B01">1</xref>. Systemic arterial hypertension
               (SAH) is one of the most important risk factors for the development of CVDs<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B01">1</xref>.</p>
        <p>Over recent decades, the prevalence of high blood pressure (BP) has increased among
               children, and failure to diagnose it can lead to no treatment and illness persistence
               until adulthood<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B02">2</xref>. The presence of high BP in
               children can anticipate the onset of lesions in target organs, such as left ventricle
               hypertrophy, increased thickness of the carotid arteries, retinal vascular changes,
               and even subtle cognitive changes<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B03">3</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B05">5</xref>.</p>
        <p>Several factors can be associated with the development of high BP in children. A
               classic study, the Bogalusa Heart Study, has demonstrated that hereditary factors,
               overweight and low birth weight significantly influence the development of high BP
               levels in that age group<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B06">6</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B08">8</xref>. Other possible risk factors are sedentary
               lifestyle, low-quality food, lack of maternal breastfeeding (MB), and the smoking
               habit of parents or caregivers<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B09">9</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref>.</p>
        <p>In recent years, national<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref> and international<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref> studies
               on SAH have been conducted in children and adolescents, but BP of preschoolers is yet
               unsatisfactorily investigated.</p>
        <p>Considering the high prevalence of high BP among preschoolers and the scarcity of
               Brazilian research about BP behavior in that age group, this study aimed at assessing
               the prevalence of high BP in preschoolers, and at investigating the factors
               associated with BP elevation in children under the age of five years.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="methods">
        <title>Methods</title>
        <p>This is a cross-sectional, population-based study, carried out at the household and
               inserted in the matrix project "Nutritional Profile of Children Under the Age of Five
               in the City of Goi&#226;nia". The households were selected by use of cluster sampling in
               multiple stages: random drawing of census sectors (CS), household, and participant
               child. In the first stage, a random drawing of 87 CS among 1,063 CS was performed.
               The second stage consisted of the random drawing of the participant household. In
               each CS, data collection initiated at the block with the highest left corner in the
               map; then, in the clockwise direction, the first and third households were visited.
               The third stage consisted of the pre-established random drawing of the participant
               child, if there was more than one child under the age of five in the household.</p>
        <p>The matrix study included children aged up to four years, 11 months and 29 days
               living in the urban area of the city of Goi&#226;nia. Children with the following
               characteristics were excluded: institutionalized; hospitalized; physically and/or
               mentally disabled, who made anthropometric data collection difficult; and those on
               enteral or parenteral nutrition. </p>
        <p>This study investigated 835 children, of whom, 470 aged from two years to four years,
               11 months and 29 days were eligible for the study. Of those 470 eligible children,
               110 (23.4%) refused to undergo BP measurement, six (1.3%) refused to undergo
               anthropometric measurements, and the cuff was too big for the arm circumference of 69
               (14.7%) children. It is worth noting that nine (1.9%) children were excluded from the
               study because, due to their BP levels, they were considered outliers<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref>.</p>
        <p>With those losses and exclusions, 276 children were assessed in this study. A
               calculation demonstrated that such sample allowed the detection of high BP prevalence
               with a 4.8% absolute error, considering the high BP prevalence in children as
                  22.1%<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref>.</p>
        <p>Data were collected from September 2011 to October 2012, by applying a standard
               questionnaire to the mothers or guardians, by undergraduate or post-graduate students
               properly trained for that task and taking the anthropometric and BP measures. The
               following sociodemographic variables were assessed: sex; age; and mother's
               educational level and socioeconomic class. Age was presented in complete years (two,
               three and four yeas). The mother's educational level was presented as complete
               schooling years and distributed as follows: &lt; nine schooling years and &#8805; nine
               schooling years.</p>
        <p>The socioeconomic class was assessed by use of the questionnaire about consumer goods
               and educational level<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref>. After the
               classification, the classes were grouped and categorized as follows: A and B, score &#8805;
               17 points; C, score between 11 and 16 points; and D and E, score from 0 to 10
               points.</p>
        <p>The following health variables were assessed: birth weight; family history of SAH
               (parents and grandparents); passive smoking; and duration of exclusive MB. Low birth
               weight was defined as that &#8804; 2,500 g, and the information was collected from the
               child's health records<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref>. A family history of
               SAH was considered positive when SAH was reported in children's parents or
               grandparents. Passive smoking was categorized as positive when the child's father,
               mother or caregiver had that habit<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref>.
               Exclusive maternal breastfeeding was categorized as follows: &#8805; four months and &lt;
               four months. </p>
        <p>The lifestyle variables considered were dietary habits and sedentary lifestyle. A
               questionnaire about dietary ingestion, validated for children aged from two to five
                  years<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref>, was applied to assess the regular
               ingestion of food considered markers of a healthy diet (vegetables, fruits, milk and
               derivatives) and markers of an unhealthy diet (charcuterie, cookies, sodas and
               candies). The ingestion was considered regular when occurring five or more days per
                  week<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref>. The cutoff point of a sedentary
               lifestyle corresponded to watching TV for more than two hours per day<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref>. </p>
        <p>The following children's measures were taken: weight, height, and BP level. The
               children wearing light clothes were weighted on a G-Tech<sup>@</sup> digital scale,
               with maximum capacity of 150 kg and accuracy of 100 g. Height was measured with a
               flexible and unextendable measuring tape (0.1-cm accuracy) fixed to the wall, and
               with the help of a wooden set-square<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref>.</p>
        <p>The body mass index/age (BMI/age) was calculated based on weight and height measures.
               The nutritional status was categorized as follows: slimness, z score &lt;-2;
               eutrophy, z score &#8805; -2 and &#8804; + 1; at risk for overweight, z score &gt; +1 and &#8804; + 2;
               and overweight, z score &gt; +2<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref>.</p>
        <p>Blood pressure was measured by using a semiautomatic device (OMRON-HEM 705 CP) and a
               9-cm arm cuff. Blood pressure was measured twice on the left arm and in the sitting
               position, with a five-minute rest before the first measurement and a two-minute
               interval between measurements, according to the 4<sup>th</sup> Task Force
                  recommendations<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref>. The first measure was
               discarded, and the second one was considered for the statistical analyses.</p>
        <p>Blood pressure was categorized as follows: no high BP, corresponding to systolic BP
               (SBP) and diastolic BP (DBP) values below the 95th percentile; and high BP, SBP
               and/or DBP values equal to or above the 95th percentile, considering children's sex,
               age and height<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref>. The MedCalc 3000 software
               was used to classify BP.</p>
        <p>The database was built with the Epi Info<sup>TM</sup> software, version 3.5.2, with
               double entry to assess typing consistency. The statistical analyses were performed by
               using the Stata/SE software, version 12.0. The variable BP was adopted as the outcome
               variable. Association analyses between independent variables and the outcome variable
               were performed by using Pearson chi-square test. To identify the factors associated
               with high BP, Poisson regression was used in models adjusted by the variables that
               showed significance lower than 20% (p &lt; 0.20) on bivariate analysis. The magnitude
               of the association between the risk factors and the outcome variable occurrence was
               expressed as prevalence ratio (PR) and respective confidence intervals (95%CI). The
               significance level adopted was <italic>p </italic>&lt; 0.05</p>
        <p>This study was approved by the Ethics Committee of the Federal University of Goi&#225;s
               (UFG 078/2011) and the parents/guardians authorized the participation of the children
               in this research by signing the written informed consent.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="results">
        <title>Results</title>
        <p>This study assessed 276 children, 145 of whom (52.5%) were males. The mean values of
               the children's variables were as follows: age, 3.1 &#177; 0.79 years; BMI, 16.3 &#177; 2.1
                  kg/m<sup>2</sup>; SBP, 95.0 &#177; 11.0 mm Hg; and DBP, 60.4 &#177; 10.7 mm Hg. <xref ref-type="table" rid="t05">Table 1</xref> shows the sociodemographic
               characteristics of the sample studied. Most of the mothers of the children assessed
               had more than nine schooling years (71.4%) and belonged to C economic class (54.3%).
               Low birth weight was observed in 7.2% of the children, and the prevalence of
               exclusive MB for more than four months was observed in 44.6% of the sample. Family
               history of SAH was present in 69.9% of the families, and either the fathers or the
               mothers or the caregivers of 27.1% of the children were smokers. The prevalence of
               high BP was 19.9%, and that of overweight, 11.2%.</p>
        <table-wrap id="t05">
          <label>Table 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Sample distribution and high blood pressure prevalence according to
                     sociodemographic, health and anthropometric characteristics, and lifestyle of
                     two- to five-year-old children in the city of Goi&#226;nia, state of Goi&#225;s, Brazil,
                     2012. (n = 276)</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="rows">
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th colspan="2" align="left">
                  <bold>Variables</bold>
                </th>
                <th>
                  <bold>Sample distribution n (%)</bold>
                </th>
                <th>
                  <bold>High blood pressure n (%)</bold>
                </th>
                <th>
                  <bold>p<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="t05-fn05">*</xref></bold>
                </th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td colspan="5">
                  <bold>Sex</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td colspan="2">Male</td>
                <td align="center">145 (52.5)</td>
                <td align="center">28 (19.3)</td>
                <td rowspan="2" align="center">0.787</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td colspan="2">Female</td>
                <td align="center">131 (47.5)</td>
                <td align="center">27 (20.6)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td colspan="5">
                  <bold>Age (years)</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td colspan="2">2</td>
                <td align="center">77 (28.0)</td>
                <td align="center">23 (29.9)</td>
                <td rowspan="3" align="center">0.007</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td colspan="2">3</td>
                <td align="center">105 (38.0)</td>
                <td align="center">22 (21.0)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td colspan="2">4</td>
                <td align="center">94 (34.0)</td>
                <td align="center">10 (10.6)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td colspan="5">
                  <bold>Mother&#8217;s educational level (schooling
                           years)</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td colspan="2">&lt; 9</td>
                <td align="center">79 (28.6)</td>
                <td align="center">13 (16.5)</td>
                <td rowspan="2">0.361</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td colspan="2">&#8805; 9</td>
                <td align="center">197 (71.4)</td>
                <td align="center">42 (21.3)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td colspan="5">
                  <bold>Economic class</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td colspan="2">A/B</td>
                <td align="center">93 (33.7)</td>
                <td align="center">18 (19.3)</td>
                <td rowspan="3">0.935</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td colspan="2">C</td>
                <td align="center">150 (54.3)</td>
                <td align="center">31 (20.7)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td colspan="2">D/E</td>
                <td align="center">33 (12.0)</td>
                <td align="center">6 (18.2)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td colspan="5">
                  <bold>Birth weight<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="t05-fn01">1</xref></bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td> </td>
                <td>&lt; 2,500 g</td>
                <td align="center">20 (7.2)</td>
                <td align="center">5 (15.0)</td>
                <td rowspan="2" align="center">0.567</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td> </td>
                <td>&#8805; ,500 g</td>
                <td align="center">253 (92.8)</td>
                <td align="center">49 (20.3)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td colspan="5">
                  <bold>Family history of SAH (parents and grandparents)<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="t05-fn02">2</xref></bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td colspan="2">Yes</td>
                <td align="center">185 (69.0)</td>
                <td align="center">37 (20.0)</td>
                <td rowspan="2" align="center">0.928</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td colspan="2">No</td>
                <td align="center">83 (31.0)</td>
                <td align="center">17 (20.5)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td colspan="5">
                  <bold>Passive smoking<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="t05-fn03">3</xref></bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td colspan="2">Yes</td>
                <td align="center">72 (27.1)</td>
                <td align="center">10 (13.9)</td>
                <td rowspan="2" align="center">0.113</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td colspan="2">No</td>
                <td align="center">194 (72.9)</td>
                <td align="center">44 (22.7)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td colspan="5">
                  <bold>Exclusive MB for &#8805; 4 months<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="t05-fn04">4</xref> (months)</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td colspan="2">Yes</td>
                <td align="center">121 (44.6)</td>
                <td align="center">21 (17.4)</td>
                <td rowspan="2" align="center">0.412</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td colspan="2">No</td>
                <td align="center">150 (55.4)</td>
                <td align="center">32 (21.3)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td colspan="5">
                  <bold>TV time (hours)</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td colspan="2">&lt; 2h</td>
                <td align="center">141 (51.0)</td>
                <td align="center">30 (21.3)</td>
                <td rowspan="2" align="center">0.566</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td colspan="2">&#8805; 2h</td>
                <td align="center">135 (48.9)</td>
                <td align="center">25 (18.5)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td colspan="5">
                  <bold>Nutritional status</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td colspan="2">Slimness/ Eutrophy</td>
                <td align="center">196 (71.0)</td>
                <td align="center">33 (16.8)</td>
                <td rowspan="3" align="center">0.048</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td colspan="2">At risk for overweight</td>
                <td align="center">49 (17.8)</td>
                <td align="center">11 (22.4)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td colspan="2">Overweight</td>
                <td align="center">31 (11.2)</td>
                <td align="center">11 (35.5)</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="t05-fn01">
              <label>1</label>
              <p>n = 273 ;</p>
            </fn>
            <fn id="t05-fn02">
              <label>2</label>
              <p>n = 271,</p>
            </fn>
            <fn id="t05-fn03">
              <label>3</label>
              <p>n = 266</p>
            </fn>
            <fn id="t05-fn04">
              <label>4</label>
              <p>n = 248</p>
            </fn>
            <fn id="t05-fn05">
              <label>*</label>
              <p>Pearson chi-square test; SAH: systemic arterial hypertension; MB: Maternal
                        breastfeeding.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <p>Regarding food consumption, most children had regularly a healthy diet, which
               included vegetables (87.0%), fruits (84.8%) and milk (96%). However, they also ate
               regularly unhealthy food, mainly sodas (33.7% of the children) (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t06">Table 2</xref>).</p>
        <table-wrap id="t06">
          <label>Table 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Sample distribution and high blood pressure prevalence according to food
                     consumption of two- to five-year-old children in the city of Goi&#226;nia, state of
                     Goi&#225;s, Brazil, 2012. (n = 276)</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="rows">
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th>
                  <bold>Variables </bold>
                </th>
                <th>
                  <bold>Sample distribution n (%)</bold>
                </th>
                <th>
                  <bold>High blood pressure n (%)</bold>
                </th>
                <th>
                  <bold>p<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="t06-fn01">*</xref></bold>
                </th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td colspan="4">
                  <bold>Food ingestion more than 5x/week</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td colspan="4">
                  <bold>Vegetables</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Yes</td>
                <td align="center">240 (87.0)</td>
                <td align="center">46 (19.2)</td>
                <td rowspan="2" align="center">0.414</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>No</td>
                <td align="center">36 (13.0)</td>
                <td align="center">9 (25.0)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td colspan="4">
                  <bold>Fruits</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Yes</td>
                <td align="center">234 (84.8)</td>
                <td align="center">48 (20.5)</td>
                <td rowspan="2" align="center">0.566</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>No</td>
                <td align="center">42 (15.2)</td>
                <td align="center">7 (16.7)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td colspan="4">
                  <bold>Milk and derivatives </bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Yes</td>
                <td align="center">265 (96.0)</td>
                <td align="center">50 (18.9)</td>
                <td rowspan="2" align="center">0.031</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>No</td>
                <td align="center">11 (4.0)</td>
                <td align="center">5 (45.4)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td colspan="4">
                  <bold>Soda</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Yes</td>
                <td align="center">93 (33.7)</td>
                <td align="center">21 (22.6)</td>
                <td rowspan="2" align="center">0.432</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>No</td>
                <td align="center">183 (66.3)</td>
                <td align="center">34 (18.6)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td colspan="4">
                  <bold>Candies</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Yes</td>
                <td align="center">35 (12.7)</td>
                <td align="center">6 (17.1)</td>
                <td rowspan="2" align="center">0.659</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>No</td>
                <td align="center">241 (87.3)</td>
                <td align="center">49 (20.3)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td colspan="4">
                  <bold>Charcuterie</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Yes</td>
                <td align="center">28 (10.1)</td>
                <td align="center">2 (7.4)</td>
                <td rowspan="2" align="center">0.074</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>No</td>
                <td align="center">248 (89.9)</td>
                <td align="center">53(21.4)</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="t06-fn01">
              <label>*</label>
              <p>Pearson chi-square test.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <p>The bivariate analysis showed that age (p = 0.003) and overweight (p = 0.010)
               correlated directly with high BP, while the regular intake of milk and derivatives
               showed an inverse association with high BP (p = 0.031) (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t05">Tables 1</xref> and <xref ref-type="table" rid="t06">2</xref>). The
               following variables showed no association with high BP: child's sex; mother's
               educational level; mother's socioeconomic class; birth weight; family history of SAH;
               MB; regular intake of vegetables, fruits, sodas, candies and charcuterie; time in
               front of the TV; and passive smoking.</p>
        <p>On the analysis adjusted by age, intake of milk and derivatives, intake of
               charcuterie, passive smoking, and nutritional status (p &lt; 0.20 on raw analysis),
               the association remained for age and nutritional status (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t07">Tables 3</xref> and <xref ref-type="table" rid="t08">4</xref>). Children
               aged two years had a prevalence of high BP 2.3 times greater than that of children
               aged four years (PR = 2.3, 95% CI: 1.2 - 4.8; p = 0.017) and those classified as
               overweight had a twice greater prevalence of high BP as compared with eutrophic ones
               (PR = 2.0, 95% CI: 1.2 - 3.6; p = 0.014).</p>
        <table-wrap id="t07">
          <label>Table 3</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Raw prevalence ratio (PR) and respective confidence intervals (95%CI) of
                     the association of high blood pressure with sociodemographic, health and
                     anthropometric characteristics, and lifestyle in the city of Goi&#226;nia, state of
                     Goi&#225;s, Brazil, 2012. (n = 276)</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="rows">
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">
                  <bold>Variables</bold>
                </th>
                <th>
                  <bold>Raw PR (95%CI)</bold>
                </th>
                <th>
                  <bold>p</bold>
                </th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td colspan="3">
                  <bold>Sex</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Male</td>
                <td align="center">0,9 (0,6 - 1,5)</td>
                <td align="center">0,787</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Female</td>
                <td align="center">1</td>
                <td align="center">
                  <italic>-</italic>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td colspan="3">
                  <bold>Age group (years)</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>2</td>
                <td align="center">2,80 (1,42 - 5,54)</td>
                <td align="center">0,003</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>3</td>
                <td align="center">1,97 (0,98 - 3,04)</td>
                <td align="center">0,056</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>4</td>
                <td align="center">1</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td colspan="3">
                  <bold>Educational level (schooling years)</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>&lt; 9</td>
                <td align="center">1</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>&#8805; 9</td>
                <td align="center">1,3 (0,7 - 2,3)</td>
                <td align="center">0,370</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td colspan="3">
                  <bold>Economic class</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>A/B</td>
                <td align="center">1</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>C</td>
                <td align="center">1,1 (0,6 - 1,8)</td>
                <td align="center">0,805</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>D/E</td>
                <td align="center">0,9 (0,4 - 2,2)</td>
                <td align="center">0,883</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td colspan="3">
                  <bold>Birth weight</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>&lt; 2.500 g</td>
                <td align="center">1</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>&#8805; 2.500 g</td>
                <td align="center">1,4 (0,5 - 3,9)</td>
                <td align="center">0,580</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td colspan="3">
                  <bold>Family history of SAH (parents and
                              grandparents)</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Yes</td>
                <td align="center">1</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>No</td>
                <td align="center">1,0 (0,6 - 1,7)</td>
                <td align="center">0,928</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Exclusive MB for &#8805; 4 months<sup>3</sup> (months)</td>
                <td align="center">0,8 (0,5 - 1,3)</td>
                <td align="center">0,415</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td colspan="3">
                  <bold>Food ingestion more than 5x/week</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Vegetables</td>
                <td align="center">0,8 (0,4 - 1,4)</td>
                <td align="center">0,404</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Fruits</td>
                <td align="center">1,2 (0,6 - 2,5)</td>
                <td align="center">0,574</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Milk and derivatives</td>
                <td align="center">0,4 (0,2 - 0,8)</td>
                <td align="center">0,013</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Soda</td>
                <td align="center">1,2 (0,7 - 2,0)</td>
                <td align="center">0,430</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Candies</td>
                <td align="center">0,8 (0,4 - 1,8)</td>
                <td align="center">0,665</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Charcuterie</td>
                <td align="center">0,3 (0,1 - 1,3)</td>
                <td align="center">0,114</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td colspan="3">
                  <bold>TV time</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>&lt; 2h</td>
                <td align="center">1</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>&#8805; 2h</td>
                <td align="center">0,9 (0,5 - 1,4)</td>
                <td align="center">0,568</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Passive smoking</td>
                <td align="center">1,6 (0,9 - 3,1)</td>
                <td align="center">0,128</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td colspan="3">
                  <bold>Nutritional status</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Slimness/ Eutrophy</td>
                <td align="center">1</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>At risk for overweight</td>
                <td align="center">1,3 (0,7 - 2,4)</td>
                <td align="center">0,353</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Overweight</td>
                <td align="center">2,1 (1,2 - 3,7)</td>
                <td align="center">0,010</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn>
              <p>HAS: Hipertens&#227;o arterial sist&#234;mica; AM: Aleitamento materno.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <table-wrap id="t08">
          <label>Table 4</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Adjusted prevalence ratio (PR) and respective confidence intervals (95%CI)
                     of the association of high blood pressure with sociodemographic, health and
                     anthropometric characteristics, and lifestyle in the city of Goi&#226;nia, state of
                     Goi&#225;s, Brazil, 2012. (n = 276)</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="rows">
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">
                  <bold>Variables</bold>
                </th>
                <th>
                  <bold>Adjusted PR (95%CI)</bold>
                </th>
                <th>
                  <bold>p</bold>
                </th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td colspan="3">
                  <bold>Age group (years)</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>2</td>
                <td align="center">2.3 (1.2 - 4.8)</td>
                <td align="center">0.017</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>3</td>
                <td align="center">1.7 (0.8 - 3.4)</td>
                <td align="center">0.129</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>4</td>
                <td align="center">1</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td colspan="3">
                  <bold>Nutritional status</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Slimness/ Eutrophy</td>
                <td align="center">1</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>At risk for overweight</td>
                <td align="center">1.2 (0.7 - 2.2)</td>
                <td align="center">0.533</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Overweight</td>
                <td align="center">2.0 (1.2 - 3.6)</td>
                <td align="center">0.014</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
        </table-wrap>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="discussion">
        <title>Discussion</title>
        <p>Epidemiological studies have shown the importance of BP monitoring during
                  childhood<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref>. Elevated BP levels during childhood
               predisposes to the development of high BP in adulthood<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B04">4</xref>.</p>
        <p>The 19.9% prevalence of high BP in the present study was lower than that reported in
               some international studies with preschoolers (24.1% in the Seychelles Islands, in
               Africa, and 22.2% in Chinese children) and higher than that reported for Australian
               preschoolers (13.7%) and Canadian children (7.4%)<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref>. Such variations in high BP prevalence can be due to methodological
               differences in BP measurement, such as the type of device used and the number of
               measurements taken. </p>
        <p>In Brazil, no specific study on high BP prevalence in preschoolers was found. The
               study by Naguettini et al<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref> has reported in
               the city of Goi&#226;nia a 1.7% prevalence of high BP in individuals aged three to ten
               years, much lower than that of the present study; however, there was a two-month
               interval between the first and second BP measurements of those children. The first BP
               measurement in children tends to be higher than the second. Greater variability
               between the two BP measurements occurs if they are taken under distinct circumstances
               as compared to measurements taken on the same occasion<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref>. </p>
        <p>On multivariate analysis, age associated directly with high BP, the greatest
               prevalence being observed among two-year-old children. Duncan et als.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref> have assessed the effect of the emotional
               status on SBP of preschoolers and reported greater anxiety on the occasion of
               measuring BP of two- and three-year-old children, reflecting higher SBP levels. That
               observation should be considered in studies of BP during childhood, and, if the child
               is anxious on the occasion of BP measurement, it should be repeated at another
                  visit<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref>.</p>
        <p>Low birth weight was identified in 7.2% of the children studied, a value lower than
               the 9.6% found for the city of Goi&#226;nia in 2007<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">32</xref>. No association was found between high BP and low birth weight. Tilling
               et al<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">33</xref> have not reported a significant
               association between birth weight and BP in Belarusian children and demonstrated that
               rapid weight gain in childhood seems to be more related to high BP levels in
               preschoolers.</p>
        <p>Parents and grandparents with SAH were identified in a large part of the sample
               studied. Some studies have reported an association between the presence of that
               illness within the family and higher BP levels in children<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref>, but the
               present study found no significant association between illness in the family and high
               BP. Further studies are required to evidence that association for preschoolers.</p>
        <p>Passive smoking showed no association with high BP levels in the children studied.
               Studies have evidenced that smoking during pregnancy and MB seem to be more
               associated with high BP than passive smoking<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34">34</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B35">35</xref>.</p>
        <p>Similarly, exclusive maternal breastfeeding for at least four months was not
               associated with an elevation in BP. Parikh et als.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B36">36</xref>, assessing the effect of maternal breastfeeding on the risk factors for
               CVD, have not found any relationship with BP. The protective effect of maternal
               breastfeeding against BP elevation in children has been reported by some studies<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref>. Thus, further prospective research is required to clarify that
               finding. Regardless of the result, that practice should be encouraged for the healthy
               growth and development of children<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref>. </p>
        <p>Food intake was not associated with BP elevation. It is worth emphasizing, however,
               that more than 80% of the children ingested fruits and vegetables more than five
               times a week. Encouraging the daily consumption of such food might prevent the
               appearance of CVDs<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>. That type of food seems
               to reduce the vascular inflammatory process, regulating BP levels<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>.</p>
        <p>The mean time spent in front of a TV was above the cutoff point for sedentary
               lifestyle according to the American Academy of Pediatrics<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref>. A study has found no significant association between TV time
               and high BP; however, it is worth noting the positive association between TV time and
               overweight (data not presented)<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>. Thus,
               preventing obesity would be an indirect way to prevent high BP, because excessive
               weight, as already demonstrated in this and other studies, is associated with SAH
               development in children<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B01">1</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B08">8</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B37">37</xref>.</p>
        <p>The prevalence of overweight was 11.2%, lower than that reported by Naguettini et
                  al<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref> for the same city (21.0%). However,
               that study comprised a wider age group (from three to ten years) and a different
               cutoff point for excessive weight. Comparing with the 2009 Brazilian Survey on
               Demography and Health of Children and Women<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B38">38</xref>,
               our results show greater prevalence, since that survey found 7.5% of overweight in
               the Brazilian West-Central region, considering the same cutoff point used in the
               present study.</p>
        <p>On multivariate analysis, overweight associated directly and significantly with high
               BP. The prevalence of high BP in overweight children was twice that in eutrophic
               children. That finding reinforces the information obtained in several national and
               international studies about the deleterious relationship between overweight and
               hypertension during childhood<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref>.</p>
        <p>Blood pressure elevation with weight gain in children seems to result from the
               increase in heart rate and cardiac output. That increase activates the sympathetic
               nervous system, in addition to the influence of insulin resistance<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B39">39</xref>. The Bougalusa Heart Study has evidenced the
               association of overweight and high BP, which can lead to target-organ lesions,
               predisposing to CVD development in adulthood. Thus, actions preventing weight gain
               are important to avoid SAH appearance in children<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B04">4</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B07">7</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B37">37</xref>.</p>
        <p>The limitations of the present study include the difficulty to calm children down
               before measuring BP, and the fact that BP measurement taken on one single occasion
               might have overestimated BP levels. The 4<sup>th</sup> Task Force recommends that,
               for the diagnosis of SAH in children, three BP measurements on different occasions
               are necessary<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref>. It is worth noting, however,
               that epidemiological studies on the prevalence of high BP have considered the second
               BP measurement or the mean BP value. Another aspect relates to the cross-sectional
               design of this study, which limits the interpretation of results, mainly due to the
               impossibility of establishing causality relationships.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="conclusions">
        <title>Conclusions</title>
        <p>Elevated prevalence of high BP was observed for all age groups and both sexes.
               Overweight and age greater than two years associated with high BP levels. The results
               found are compatible with those of the literature, and it is worth noting that
               overweight prevention plays an important role in preventing high BP<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B38">38</xref>.</p>
        <p>This study provides data for new investigations, preferably prospective, to better
               understand the dynamics of risk factors in children. Thus, this study serves as a
               guide for the treatment of high BP since childhood, emphasizing the importance of
               health education and promotion of healthy environments.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Author contributions</title>
        <p>Conception and design of the research: Peixoto MRG, Jardim PCBV. Acquisition of data:
               Cristim PAA. Statistical analysis: Cristim PAA, Peixoto MRG. Analysis and
               interpretation of the data, Critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual
               content, Writing of the manuscript: Cristim PAA, Peixoto MRG, Jardim PCBV.</p>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <ack>
        <p>We thank the parents and guardians of this study participants, the volunteers in data
               collection, the State Health Secretariat, and the League of Arterial Hypertension of
               the Medical School of the Universidade Federal de Goi&#225;s (UFG).</p>
      </ack>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>
            <bold>Study Association</bold>
          </p>
          <p>This article is part of the thesis of doctoral submitted by Paula Azevedo Aranha
                  Crispim, from Universidade Federal de Goi&#225;s.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="financial-disclosure">
          <p>
            <bold>Sources of Funding</bold>
          </p>
          <p>This study was funded by Funda&#231;&#227;o de Amparo &#224; Pesquisa do Estado de Goi&#225;s.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
