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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">m4L6SrKCpmz95fbP3gSWwpF</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2014000100005</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="previous-pid">S0066-782X2013005000097</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">0005</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">S0066-782X2013005000097</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5935/abc.20130211</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigos Originais</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title xml:lang="pt">Abla&#231;&#227;o de Fibrila&#231;&#227;o Atrial por Mapeamento
               Eletroanat&#244;mico: Efic&#225;cia e Fatores de Recorr&#234;ncia</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Kalil</surname>
            <given-names>Carlos</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Bartholomay</surname>
            <given-names>Eduardo</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Borges</surname>
            <given-names>Anibal</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Gazzoni</surname>
            <given-names>Guilherme</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Lima</surname>
            <given-names>Edimar de</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Etchepare</surname>
            <given-names>Renata</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Moraes</surname>
            <given-names>Rafael</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Sussenbach</surname>
            <given-names>Carolina</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Andrade</surname>
            <given-names>Karina</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Kalil</surname>
            <given-names>Renato</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02">2</xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff01">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Pontif&#237;cia Universidade Cat&#243;lica do Rio Grande do
               Sul</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Hospital S&#227;o Lucas</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Porto Alegre</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">RS</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country>Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Hospital S&#227;o Lucas, Pontif&#237;cia Universidade
               Cat&#243;lica do Rio Grande do Sul, PUC-RS, Porto Alegre, RS - Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff02">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Funda&#231;&#227;o Universit&#225;ria de Cardiologia</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Instituto de Cardiologia do Rio Grande do
               Sul</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Porto Alegre</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">RS</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country>Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Instituto de Cardiologia do Rio Grande do
               Sul/Funda&#231;&#227;o Universit&#225;ria de Cardiologia, Porto Alegre, RS - Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01"><bold>Correspond&#234;ncia:</bold> Carlos Antonio Abunader Kalil, Rua Artur Rocha,
               920/1.001, Auxiliadora, CEP 90450-170, Porto Alegre, RS - Brasil. E-mail:
                  <email>ckalil@cardiol.br</email>, <email>c.kalil@terra.com.br</email>
            </corresp>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potencial Conflito de Interesses</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Declaro n&#227;o haver conflito de interesses pertinentes.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date pub-type="collection">
        <month>1</month>
        <year>2014</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date pub-type="epub">
        <day>25</day>
        <month>10</month>
        <year>2013</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>102</volume>
      <issue>1</issue>
      <fpage>30</fpage>
      <lpage>38</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>12</day>
          <month>03</month>
          <year>2013</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>22</day>
          <month>05</month>
          <year>2013</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>24</day>
          <month>06</month>
          <year>2013</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/">
          <license-p>This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative
                  Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License which permits unrestricted
                  non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the
                  original work is properly cited. </license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract xml:lang="pt">
        <sec>
          <title>Fundamento:</title>
          <p> A abla&#231;&#227;o por cateter de radiofrequ&#234;ncia guiada por mapeamento eletroanat&#244;mico &#233;,
                  atualmente, uma importante op&#231;&#227;o terap&#234;utica para o tratamento da fibrila&#231;&#227;o
                  atrial. A complexidade do procedimento, as diferentes t&#233;cnicas e a diversidade de
                  pacientes dificultam a reprodu&#231;&#227;o dos resultados bem como a indica&#231;&#227;o do
                  procedimento. </p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objetivo:</title>
          <p> Avaliar a efic&#225;cia e os fatores relacionados &#224; recorr&#234;ncia de fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial.
               </p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>M&#233;todos:</title>
          <p> Estudo de coorte prospectivo com pacientes consecutivos submetidos ao tratamento
                  de fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial por abla&#231;&#227;o e mapeamento eletroanat&#244;mico. Foram inclu&#237;dos os
                  seguintes pacientes: idade acima de 18 anos; portadores de fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial
                  parox&#237;stica, persistente ou persistente de longa dura&#231;&#227;o; com registro de
                  fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial em eletrocardiograma, Holter ou ergometria (dura&#231;&#227;o &gt; 15
                  minutos); com sintomas associados aos epis&#243;dios de fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial; e
                  apresentando refratariedade a, pelo menos, duas drogas antiarr&#237;tmicas (entre elas
                  amiodarona) ou impossibilidade do uso de drogas antiarr&#237;tmicas. </p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Resultados:</title>
          <p> Foram inclu&#237;dos 95 pacientes (idade 55 &#177; 12 anos, 84% homens, CHADS2 m&#233;dio = 0,8)
                  que realizaram 102 procedimentos com seguimento mediano de 13,4 meses. A taxa
                  livre de recorr&#234;ncia ap&#243;s o procedimento foi de 75,5% ap&#243;s 12 meses. Os pacientes
                  portadores de fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial parox&#237;stica e fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial persistente
                  apresentaram recorr&#234;ncia de 26,9% <italic>versus</italic> 45,8% dos pacientes
                  portadores de fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial persistente de longa dura&#231;&#227;o (p = 0,04). Das
                  vari&#225;veis analisadas, o tamanho do &#225;trio esquerdo demonstrou ser preditor
                  independente de recorr&#234;ncia de fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial ap&#243;s o procedimento (HR = 2,58,
                  IC95% = 1,36-4,89). Houve complica&#231;&#245;es em 4,9% dos procedimentos. </p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclus&#227;o:</title>
          <p> A abla&#231;&#227;o de fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial guiada por mapeamento eletroanat&#244;mico demonstrou
                  ser um procedimento com boa efic&#225;cia. O aumento do tamanho do &#225;trio esquerdo foi
                  associado &#224; recorr&#234;ncia de fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <kwd>Arritmias Card&#237;acas</kwd>
        <kwd>Fibrila&#231;&#227;o Atrial</kwd>
        <kwd>Abla&#231;&#227;o por Cateter</kwd>
        <kwd>&#193;trios do Cora&#231;&#227;o</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <counts>
        <fig-count count="3"/>
        <table-count count="4"/>
        <equation-count count="0"/>
        <ref-count count="35"/>
        <page-count count="9"/>
      </counts>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
      <p>A Fibrila&#231;&#227;o Atrial (FA) &#233; a arritmia persistente mais comum na cl&#237;nica m&#233;dica,
            acometendo aproximadamente 1,5 a 2% da popula&#231;&#227;o nos pa&#237;ses desenvolvidos, com m&#233;dia de
            idade ainda crescente, atualmente na faixa entre 75 e 85 anos<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B01">1</xref>. Estimase que, no Brasil, h&#225; em torno de 1,5 milh&#227;o de indiv&#237;duos
            portadores de FA. Estima-se tamb&#233;m que a FA seja respons&#225;vel por 33% de todas as
            interna&#231;&#245;es por arritmias, estando associada ao aumento do risco de Acidente Vascular
            Encef&#225;lico (AVE), Insufici&#234;ncia Card&#237;aca (IC) e mortalidade total<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B02">2</xref>.</p>
      <p>A abla&#231;&#227;o da FA, cada vez mais, torna-se uma importante op&#231;&#227;o terap&#234;utica no arsenal de
            tratamento da FA<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B03">3</xref>. A complexidade do
            procedimento, as diversas t&#233;cnicas utilizadas na abla&#231;&#227;o, a diversidade de pacientes com
            FA e suas diferentes patogenias dificultam a reprodu&#231;&#227;o dos resultados bem como a
            indica&#231;&#227;o do procedimento<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B04">4</xref>. A recorr&#234;ncia da FA
            persiste como a maior limitante nos resultados do procedimento de abla&#231;&#227;o de FA, sendo
            que seus mecanismos envolvidos e marcadores n&#227;o est&#227;o totalmente esclarecidos.</p>
      <p>Desde a contribui&#231;&#227;o dada por Ha&#239;ssaguerre<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B05">5</xref>, em
            que a valoriza&#231;&#227;o dos focos ect&#243;picos em Veias Pulmonares (VP) tornou-se um fator
            importante na fisiopatogenia da FA, abriuse uma nova perspectiva para o tratamento dessa
            arritmia atrav&#233;s do cateter. A experi&#234;ncia cl&#237;nica adquirida nos &#250;ltimos anos e o avan&#231;o
            tecnol&#243;gico t&#234;m proporcionado maior seguran&#231;a e efetividade no tratamento da FA. Nesse
            contexto, o mapeamento tridimensional tornou-se uma importante ferramenta para auxiliar
            o eletrofisiologista em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; anatomia e &#224; localiza&#231;&#227;o do cateter, proporcionando um
            tratamento seguro e efetivo das les&#245;es realizadas dentro do &#193;trio Esquerdo (AE) e ao
            redor das VP<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B06">6</xref>. </p>
      <p>O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a efic&#225;cia e os fatores relacionados &#224; recorr&#234;ncia
            de FA, ap&#243;s abla&#231;&#227;o por Cateter de Radiofrequ&#234;ncia (RF), guiada por mapeamento
            eletroanat&#244;mico.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="methods">
      <title>M&#233;todos</title>
      <sec>
        <title>Delineamento</title>
        <p>Estudo de coorte prospectivo, que incluiu pacientes consecutivos submetidos &#224; abla&#231;&#227;o
               por cateter de RF guiada por mapeamento eletroanat&#244;mico para o tratamento da FA.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Popula&#231;&#227;o</title>
        <p>O presente estudo foi realizado no Servi&#231;o de Arritmias do Hospital S&#227;o Lucas (HSL)
               da Pontif&#237;cia Universidade Cat&#243;lica do Rio Grande do Sul (PUC-RS), na cidade de Porto
               Alegre (RS), entre abril de 2007 e mar&#231;o de 2012. Foram inclu&#237;dos 95 pacientes, que
               totalizaram 102 procedimentos para o tratamento da FA, por meio da abla&#231;&#227;o com
               cateter de RF guiada por mapeamento eletroanat&#244;mico. Os crit&#233;rios de inclus&#227;o foram:
               ter mais de 18 anos; ser portador de FA parox&#237;stica, persistente ou persistente de
               longa dura&#231;&#227;o; ter registro de FA em Eletrocardiograma (ECG), ergometria ou Holter
               (com dura&#231;&#227;o superior a 15 minutos); apresentar sintomas associados aos epis&#243;dios de
               FA; refratariedade da FA a, pelo menos, duas drogas antiarr&#237;tmicas, sendo uma delas
               amiodarona, ou na impossibilidade do uso de drogas antiarr&#237;tmicas. Os crit&#233;rios de
               exclus&#227;o foram: presen&#231;a de trombo em AE, contraindica&#231;&#227;o para anticoagula&#231;&#227;o e a n&#227;o
               assinatura do termo de consentimento informado.</p>
        <p>O projeto foi aprovado pelo Comit&#234; de &#201;tica em Pesquisa do Instituto de Cardiologia
               do Rio grande do Sul/Funda&#231;&#227;o Universit&#225;ria de Cardiologia, com parecer 103.749.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Coleta de dados e seguimento</title>
        <p>Ap&#243;s a assinatura do termo de consentimento informado, todas as informa&#231;&#245;es
               referentes aos dados cl&#237;nicos dos pacientes e aos procedimentos foram coletados de
               forma prospectiva. Os pacientes foram seguidos clinicamente e com a realiza&#231;&#227;o de um
               ECG e Holter de 24 horas aos 30 dias e aos 3, 6, 18 e 24 meses. A avalia&#231;&#227;o dos
               resultados foi realizada de forma independente do seguimento cl&#237;nico normalmente
               realizado e por avaliadores n&#227;o relacionados com o procedimento, a fim de diminuir
               poss&#237;veis vieses relacionados &#224; coleta de dados.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Procedimento de abla&#231;&#227;o</title>
        <p>Todos os pacientes foram submetidos a ecocardiograma transesof&#225;gico antes do
               procedimento. A partir de 2010, os pacientes realizaram tamb&#233;m angiotomografia pr&#233;via
               ao procedimento, para possibilitar a integra&#231;&#227;o de imagens da tomografia com o
               sistema de mapeamento (Cartomerge, Biosense Webster Inc). Os pacientes em uso de
               varfarina ajustaram a medica&#231;&#227;o para a realiza&#231;&#227;o do procedimento com raz&#227;o
               normalizada internacional (RNI) entre 1,5 e 2,5. A abordagem do AE foi realizada por
               meio de duas pun&#231;&#245;es transeptais guiadas por ecocardiograma intracard&#237;aco para
               coloca&#231;&#227;o de cateter Lasso (Cordis Corporation, Biosense Webster) e do cateter
               irrigado com solu&#231;&#227;o salina com ponta de 3,5 mm (NaviStar, ThermoCool, Biosense
               Webster), utilizado para reconstru&#231;&#227;o geom&#233;trica e abla&#231;&#227;o. Posterioemente, foi
               realizado um b&#243;lus de 10.000 U de heparina n&#227;o fracionada intravenosa, seguida de
               avalia&#231;&#245;es pelo tempo de coagula&#231;&#227;o ativado a cada 30 minutos, com objetivo de manter
               o valor entre 250 e 350 segundos.</p>
        <p>Foram realizadas linhas de abla&#231;&#227;o ponto a ponto, ao redor das VP e cerca de 1 a 2 cm
               de dist&#226;ncia dos &#243;stios das mesmas. As aplica&#231;&#245;es de RF ocorreram com pot&#234;ncia de 25
               a 30 W e temperatura m&#225;xima de 45&#186; C, sendo mantidas at&#233; que fosse atingida uma
               diminui&#231;&#227;o de 50% da amplitude do eletrograma atrial localizado na &#225;rea de abla&#231;&#227;o ou
               que fosse obtido um eletrograma &lt; 0,1 mV. O sucesso do procedimento foi
               demonstrado pela obten&#231;&#227;o do isolamento completo das VP, que inclu&#237;a a identifica&#231;&#227;o
               de bloqueio de entrada e sa&#237;da das VP. O bloqueio de entrada foi definido pela
               aus&#234;ncia ou pela dissocia&#231;&#227;o dos potenciais de VP, por meio de estimula&#231;&#227;o atrial ou
               em ritmo sinusal; o bloqueio de sa&#237;da foi identificado por meio da incapacidade da
               atividade el&#233;trica das VP alcan&#231;ar o AE durante estimula&#231;&#227;o el&#233;trica no interior das
               VP. Ap&#243;s a demonstra&#231;&#227;o do isolamento el&#233;trico das VP, houve uma espera de 20 minutos
               para observar se houve ou n&#227;o reconex&#227;o de alguma VP. Em casos de FA persistente ou
               persistente de longa dura&#231;&#227;o, naqueles que permaneciam em FA ap&#243;s a desconex&#227;o
               el&#233;trica das VP, linhas adicionais de abla&#231;&#227;o eram realizadas em sequ&#234;ncia no istmo
               mitral, al&#233;m de jun&#231;&#227;o das linhas no teto do AE, na base do AE e no interior do seio
               coronariano, at&#233; a revers&#227;o da FA. Nos casos de n&#227;o revers&#227;o espont&#226;nea, procedeu-se
               com uma tentativa de cardiovers&#227;o el&#233;trica. Frente &#224; revers&#227;o, o procedimento era
               interrompido. Nos casos de n&#227;o revers&#227;o, aplica&#231;&#245;es adicionais de RF foram realizadas
               em potenciais fracionados na parede posterior. Novamente, procedeu-se com uma
               cardiovers&#227;o el&#233;trica, seguida da interrup&#231;&#227;o do procedimento. Considerou-se falha no
               procedimento no caso de n&#227;o obten&#231;&#227;o do sucesso inicial descrito acima, ou n&#227;o
               revers&#227;o da FA, mesmo com cardiovers&#227;o el&#233;trica. As bainhas venosas foram retiradas
               ap&#243;s o t&#233;rmino do procedimento, atingindo-se um tempo de coagula&#231;&#227;o ativado menor do
               que 180 segundos, espontaneamente ou com uso da protamina. Heparina endovenosa
               cont&#237;nua foi iniciada 6 horas ap&#243;s a retirada das bainhas e mantida por 24 horas,
               quando foi substitu&#237;da por heparina de baixo peso molecular at&#233; se atingir RNI maior
               do que 2 com varfarina. </p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Defini&#231;&#227;o de vari&#225;veis</title>
        <p>A classifica&#231;&#227;o da FA foi realizada de acordo com o <italic>The Task Force for the
                  Management of Atrial Fibrillation of the European Society of
                  Cardiology</italic><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B07">7</xref>, e as vari&#225;veis foram
               relacionadas ao procedimento de acordo com o HRS/EHRA/ESC<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B08">8</xref>. A FA foi considerada parox&#237;stica quando autolimitada
               usualmente dentro de 48 horas, mas podendo durar at&#233; 7 dias. A FA foi considerada
               persistente quando os epis&#243;dios duram mais de 7 dias ou necessitam revers&#227;o por meio
               da cardiovers&#227;o. A FA foi considerada persistente de longa dura&#231;&#227;o se apresentasse
               dura&#231;&#227;o &#8805; 1 ano, quando era decidida estrat&#233;gia de controle do ritmo. O paciente foi
               considerado livre de recorr&#234;ncia quando n&#227;o apresentou FA, <italic>flutter</italic>
               atrial ou taquicardia atrial ap&#243;s os 30 dias da realiza&#231;&#227;o do procedimento e durante
               o seguimento observado. As recorr&#234;ncias nos primeiros 30 dias foram registradas; no
               entanto, n&#227;o foram inclu&#237;das como recorr&#234;ncia para o desfecho principal.</p>
        <p>As complica&#231;&#245;es foram consideradas maiores quando resultaram em sequela permanente,
               morte, necessidade de interven&#231;&#227;o terap&#234;utica ou prolongamento da hospitaliza&#231;&#227;o. A
               estimativa da import&#226;ncia cl&#237;nica da FA foi avaliada pelo escore da EHRA<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B09">9</xref>.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</title>
        <p>As vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas foram expressas em m&#233;dia e desvio padr&#227;o, e o teste <italic>t
               </italic>de Student foi utilizado para comparar as diferen&#231;as. As diferen&#231;as entre as
               vari&#225;veis categ&#243;ricas foram avaliadas pelo teste do qui-quadrado ou exato de Fisher.
               A taxa de recorr&#234;ncia foi avaliada pela curva de Kaplan-Meier. A an&#225;lise da
               signific&#226;ncia entre vari&#225;veis (univariada) foi realizada pelo teste de <italic>long
                  rank</italic>. As vari&#225;veis que apresentaram associa&#231;&#227;o com o desfecho com valor
               de p &lt; 0,10 ou de import&#226;ncia cl&#237;nica foram selecionadas para uma regress&#227;o de
               Cox, em rela&#231;&#227;o ao desfecho de recorr&#234;ncia da FA, ap&#243;s abla&#231;&#227;o. O valor de p &lt;
               0,05 bicaudal foi considerado como estatisticamente significativo, e os resultados da
               regress&#227;o de Cox foram expressos pela raz&#227;o de densidade de incid&#234;ncia (HR) e seus
               respectivos intervalos de confian&#231;a (IC) de 95%. A an&#225;lise foi realizada com o
               programa Statistical Package for the Social Science (SPSS), vers&#227;o 20.0.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="results">
      <title>Resultados</title>
      <sec>
        <title>Caracter&#237;sticas da popula&#231;&#227;o </title>
        <p>Foram realizados 102 procedimentos de abla&#231;&#227;o de FA em 95 pacientes,
               predominantemente homens, portadores de FA parox&#237;stica e de baixo risco para o
               desenvolvimento de eventos tromboemb&#243;licos. As principais caracter&#237;sticas da
               popula&#231;&#227;o est&#227;o descritas na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t01">Tabela 1</xref>.</p>
        <table-wrap id="t01">
          <label>Tabela 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Caracter&#237;sticas da popula&#231;&#227;o</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="rows">
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th colspan="2">
                  <bold>Caracter&#237;sticas</bold>
                </th>
                <th>
                  <bold>n = 95</bold>
                </th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td colspan="2">Idade (anos)</td>
                <td align="center">55,5 12,1</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td colspan="2">G&#234;nero (masculino)</td>
                <td align="center">80 (84,2)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td colspan="3">
                  <bold>Classifica&#231;&#227;o da FA</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td> </td>
                <td>Parox&#237;stica</td>
                <td align="center">62 (65,3)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td> </td>
                <td>Persistente</td>
                <td align="center">12 (12,6)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td> </td>
                <td>Persistente de longa dura&#231;&#227;o</td>
                <td align="center">21 (22,1)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td colspan="2">EHRA (m&#233;dia)</td>
                <td align="center">2,4 &#177; 0,8</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td> </td>
                <td>1</td>
                <td align="center">13 (13,7)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td> </td>
                <td>2</td>
                <td align="center">36 (37,9)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td> </td>
                <td>3</td>
                <td align="center">40 (42,1)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td> </td>
                <td>4</td>
                <td align="center">6 (6,3)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td colspan="2">HAS</td>
                <td align="center">46 (48,4)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td colspan="2">DM</td>
                <td align="center">8 (8,42)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td colspan="2">IC</td>
                <td align="center">5 (5,26)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td colspan="2">Escore CHADS<sub>2</sub> (m&#233;dia)</td>
                <td align="center">0,8 &#177; 0,9</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td> </td>
                <td>0</td>
                <td align="center">42 (44,2)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td> </td>
                <td>1</td>
                <td align="center">35 (36,8)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td> </td>
                <td>2</td>
                <td align="center">11 (11,6)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td> </td>
                <td>3</td>
                <td align="center">6 (7,4)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td colspan="2">Di&#226;metro AE (mm)</td>
                <td align="center">43 &#177; 5</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td colspan="2">Fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o (%)</td>
                <td align="center">66 9</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn>
              <p>Dados expressos por m&#233;dia &#177; desvio padr&#227;o ou n (%). FA: fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial;
                        EHRA: European Heart Rhythm Association; HAS: hipertens&#227;o arterial
                        sist&#234;mica; DM: diabetes melito; IC: insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca; AE: &#225;trio
                        esquerdo.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <p>Nenhum paciente apresentava doen&#231;a valvar, miocardiopatia hipertr&#243;fica assim&#233;trica ou
               insufici&#234;ncia renal grave (<italic>clearence</italic> de creatinina &lt; 40 mL/min).
               A maioria dos pacientes (85 pacientes) estava em uso de medica&#231;&#227;o antiarr&#237;tmica,
               sendo que 48 (56,5%) estavam em uso de amiodarona, 15 (17,6%) de propafenona, 5
               (5,9%) de sotalol e 17 (20,0%) de duas ou mais drogas antiarr&#237;tmicas. Quarenta e nove
               pacientes (51,6%) j&#225; haviam realizado pelo menos uma cardiovers&#227;o el&#233;trica e 66
               (69,5%) j&#225; haviam sido internados por FA nos &#250;ltimos 12 meses. </p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Procedimento</title>
        <p>As principais caracter&#237;sticas em rela&#231;&#227;o aos procedimentos realizados na popula&#231;&#227;o
               est&#227;o descritas na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t02">Tabela 2</xref>. Houve
               necessidade de um segundo procedimento em seis pacientes, e de um terceiro
               procedimento somente em um paciente. A maioria dos casos estava em ritmo sinusal no
               t&#233;rmino do procedimento.Obteve-se isolamento completo das VP em 89,7% dos
               procedimentos.</p>
        <table-wrap id="t02">
          <label>Tabela 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Caracter&#237;sticas dos procedimentos de abla&#231;&#227;o</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="rows">
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th colspan="2" align="left">
                  <bold>Caracter&#237;sticas</bold>
                </th>
                <th>    </th>
                <th>
                  <bold>n = 102</bold>
                </th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td colspan="2">Tempo de procedimento (min)</td>
                <td> </td>
                <td align="center">167 &#177; 50</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td colspan="2">Tempo de radioscopia (min)</td>
                <td> </td>
                <td align="center">51 &#177; 18</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td colspan="4">N&#250;mero procedimentos</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td> </td>
                <td>1</td>
                <td> </td>
                <td align="center">95 (93,1)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td> </td>
                <td>2</td>
                <td> </td>
                <td align="center">6 (5,9)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td> </td>
                <td>3</td>
                <td> </td>
                <td align="center">1 (1,0)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td colspan="4">
                  <bold>Ritmo final</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td> </td>
                <td>Sinusal espont&#226;neo</td>
                <td> </td>
                <td align="center">77 (75,5)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td> </td>
                <td>Sinusal ap&#243;s CVE</td>
                <td> </td>
                <td align="center">15 (14,7)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td> </td>
                <td>FA</td>
                <td> </td>
                <td align="center">10 (9,8)</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn>
              <p>Dados expressos por m&#233;dia &#177; desvio padr&#227;o ou n (%). CVE: cardiovers&#227;o
                        el&#233;trica; FA: fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <p>Obteve-se isolamento completo das VP em 89,7% dos procedimentos.</p>
        <p>A compara&#231;&#227;o do tempo total de procedimentos e de radioscopia, em rela&#231;&#227;o aos anos
               iniciais e mais recentes pode ser avaliada na Figura 1, na qual &#233; poss&#237;vel verificar
               uma diminui&#231;&#227;o progressiva do tempo total do procedimento (p &lt; 0,001) e do tempo
               de radioscopia (p &lt; 0,001), nos &#250;ltimos anos, pelo teste de tend&#234;ncia linear.
               Entre os anos de 2009 e 2012, per&#237;odo correspondente ao maior n&#250;mero de
               procedimentos, houve redu&#231;&#227;o de 18 minutos/ano no tempo total de procedimento (p =
               0,001) e de 6,6 minutos/ ano no tempo de radioscopia (p = 0,005).</p>
        <fig id="f01" fig-type="other">
          <label>Figura 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Tempo m&#233;dio de procedimento e radioscopia de acordo com o ano em que foi
                     realizado.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-102-01-0030-30211-gf01.jpg"/></fig>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Efic&#225;cia do procedimento</title>
        <p>O tempo mediano de seguimento foi de 13,4 meses. A taxa livre de recorr&#234;ncia nos
               pacientes submetidos ao procedimento de abla&#231;&#227;o guiada por mapeamento eletroanat&#244;mico
               foi de 75,5% em 12 meses de seguimento (Figura 2). Houve 33 recorr&#234;ncias, sendo que,
               para elas, o tempo para recorr&#234;ncia apresentou mediana de 8 meses. A taxa de
               pacientes sem o uso de drogas antiarr&#237;tmicas naqueles livres de recorr&#234;ncia foi de
               33,3% aos 3 meses, 66,7% aos 6 meses e 88,2% aos 18 meses de seguimento.</p>
        <fig id="f02" fig-type="other">
          <label>Figura 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Curva de Kaplan-Meier para recorr&#234;ncia de fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-102-01-0030-30211-gf02.jpg"/></fig>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Vari&#225;veis associadas &#224; recorr&#234;ncia da fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial</title>
        <p>As principais caracter&#237;sticas cl&#237;nicas e relacionadas ao procedimento est&#227;o expressas
               na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t03">Tabela 3</xref>, estratificadas pelo desfecho
               recorr&#234;ncia.</p>
        <table-wrap id="t03">
          <label>Tabela 3</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Caracter&#237;sticas cl&#237;nicas e relacionadas ao procedimento, estratificadas
                     pelo desfecho recorr&#234;ncia</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="rows">
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th colspan="2" align="left">
                  <bold>Caracter&#237;sticas</bold>
                </th>
                <th>
                  <bold>Aus&#234;ncia de recorr&#234;ncia FA (n = 69)</bold>
                </th>
                <th>
                  <bold>Recorr&#234;ncia de FA (n = 33)</bold>
                </th>
                <th>
                  <bold>Valor de p</bold>
                </th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td colspan="2">Idade (anos)</td>
                <td align="center">55,5 &#177; 12</td>
                <td align="center">55,7 &#177; 10</td>
                <td align="center">0,91</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td colspan="2">G&#234;nero (masculino)</td>
                <td align="center">58 (84,1)</td>
                <td align="center">29 (87,9)</td>
                <td align="center">0,76</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td colspan="5">
                  <bold>Classifica&#231;&#227;o da FA</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td> </td>
                <td>Parox&#237;stica</td>
                <td align="center">47 (68,1)</td>
                <td align="center">19 (57,6)</td>
                <td rowspan="3" align="center">0,96</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td> </td>
                <td>Persistente</td>
                <td align="center">10 (14,5)</td>
                <td align="center">2 (6,1)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td> </td>
                <td>Persistente de longa dura&#231;&#227;o</td>
                <td align="center">13 (18,8)</td>
                <td align="center">11 (33,3)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td colspan="2">HAS</td>
                <td align="center">34 (49,3)</td>
                <td align="center">17 (51,5)</td>
                <td align="center">0,83</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td colspan="2">Escore CHADS<sub>2</sub> (m&#233;dia)</td>
                <td align="center">0,75 &#177; 0,8</td>
                <td align="center">0,87 &#177; 0,9</td>
                <td rowspan="5" align="center">0,50</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td> </td>
                <td>0</td>
                <td align="center">31 (44,9)</td>
                <td align="center">13 (39,4)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td> </td>
                <td>1</td>
                <td align="center">26 (37,7)</td>
                <td align="center">13 (39,4)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td> </td>
                <td>2</td>
                <td align="center">8 (11,6)</td>
                <td align="center">3 (9,1)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td> </td>
                <td>3</td>
                <td align="center">3 (4,3)</td>
                <td align="center">3 (9,1)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td colspan="2">Di&#226;metro AE (mm)</td>
                <td align="center">41 &#177; 4</td>
                <td align="center">48 &#177; 4</td>
                <td align="center">0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td colspan="2">Fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o (%)</td>
                <td align="center">66 &#177; 9</td>
                <td align="center">66 &#177; 6</td>
                <td align="center">0,91</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td colspan="2">Tempo de procedimento</td>
                <td align="center">151 &#177; 50</td>
                <td align="center">187 &#177; 56</td>
                <td align="center">0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td colspan="2">Tempo de radioscopia</td>
                <td align="center">47 &#177; 19</td>
                <td align="center">58 &#177; 15</td>
                <td align="center">0,44</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn>
              <p>Dados expressos por m&#233;dia desvio padr&#227;o ou n (%). FA: fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial;
                        HAS: hipertens&#227;o arterial sist&#234;mica; AE: &#225;trio esquerdo.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <p>A vari&#225;vel classifica&#231;&#227;o da FA foi dicotomizada em FA parox&#237;stica + FA persistente,
               somando 78 procedimentos, com uma taxa de recorr&#234;ncia por procedimento de 26,9% no
               tempo de seguimento e FA persistente de longa dura&#231;&#227;o, somando 24 procedimentos, com
               uma taxa de recorr&#234;ncia de 45,8% (p = 0,04).</p>
        <p>Ap&#243;s ser obtido modelo ajustado para idade, g&#234;nero, classifica&#231;&#227;o de FA, presen&#231;a de
               Hipertens&#227;o Arterial Sist&#234;mica (HAS), CHADS2 e fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o, o tamanho do AE
               demonstrou ser preditor independente de recorr&#234;ncia de FA ap&#243;s o procedimento, com um
               HR = 2,58 (IC95% = 1,36- 4,89) por mil&#237;metro ajustado.</p>
        <p>A vari&#225;vel "tamanho do AE" foi dividida em tr&#234;s grupos, com base na mediana (42 mm) e
               no percentil 75 (46 mm) da amostra: Grupo 1 (G1), composto por AE entre 34 e 42 mm;
               Grupo 2 (G2), composto por AE entre 43 e 46 mm; e Grupo 3 (G3), composto por AE entre
               47 e 55 mm. A Figura 3 demonstra as diferentes curvas de recorr&#234;ncia de FA, de acordo
               com o tamanho do AE, quando avaliados todos os procedimentos.</p>
        <fig id="f03" fig-type="other">
          <label>Figura 3</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Curva de Kaplan-Meier para recorr&#234;ncia de fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial ap&#243;s
                     procedimento, conforme tamanho do &#225;trio esquerdo.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-102-01-0030-30211-gf03.jpg"/></fig>
        <p>A an&#225;lise da recorr&#234;ncia da FA, de acordo com o tamanho do AE, est&#225; disponibilizada
               na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t04">Tabela 4</xref>.</p>
        <table-wrap id="t04">
          <label>Tabela 4</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Taxas de recorr&#234;ncia de fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial (FA), de acordo com o tamanho do
                     &#225;trio esquerdo (AE)</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="rows">
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">
                  <bold>Tamanho do AE (mm)</bold>
                </th>
                <th>
                  <bold>n</bold>
                </th>
                <th>
                  <bold>Recorr&#234;ncia de FA n (%)</bold>
                </th>
                <th>
                  <bold>HR</bold>
                </th>
                <th>
                  <bold>IC95%</bold>
                </th>
                <th>
                  <bold>Valor de p</bold>
                </th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td>34-42</td>
                <td align="center">53</td>
                <td align="center">3 (5,7)</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>43-46</td>
                <td align="center">25</td>
                <td align="center">10 (40,0)</td>
                <td align="center">10,04</td>
                <td align="center">1,51-66,77</td>
                <td align="center">0,017</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>47-55</td>
                <td align="center">24</td>
                <td align="center">20 (83,3)</td>
                <td align="center">18,07</td>
                <td align="center">2,71-120,58</td>
                <td align="center">0,003</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn>
              <p>Valor de p tend&#234;ncia &lt; 0,001; *qui-quadrado de Wald versus grupo basal
                        (&#225;trio esquerdo normal, entre 34-39 mm). HR: raz&#227;o de densidade de
                        incid&#234;ncia; IC95%: intervalo de confian&#231;a de 95%.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <p>A &#225;rea sob a curva ROC do tamanho do &#225;trio esquerdo em predizer recorr&#234;ncia foi de
               0,89 (IC95% = 0,812-0,968).</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Seguran&#231;a do procedimento</title>
        <p>Houve cinco complica&#231;&#245;es relacionadas ao procedimento(4,9%). Um paciente evoluiu com
               AVE, cujo trombo foi visualizado no ecocardiograma intracard&#237;aco ap&#243;s a pun&#231;&#227;o
               transeptal; no entanto, ele se desprendeu antes que pudesse ser aspirado. O
               procedimento foi suspenso. Ap&#243;s revers&#227;o da anestesia, o paciente apresentou sinais
               cl&#237;nicos de AVE com escore 11 segundo o <italic>National Institute of Health
                  </italic>(NIH)<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>. O achado foi confirmado
               por resson&#226;ncia magn&#233;tica. O paciente recebeu tratamento com alteplase ap&#243;s 2 horas,
               desde o in&#237;cio dos sintomas, com sucesso (NIH = 0, ap&#243;s 8 horas desde o t&#233;rmino da
               infus&#227;o). Foi acompanhado um caso de estenose de VP diagnosticada por
               angiotomografia. Devido &#224; baixa repercuss&#227;o na cintilografia, optou-se por tratamento
               cl&#237;nico. Outra complica&#231;&#227;o foi a forma&#231;&#227;o de um pseudoaneurisma em regi&#227;o femoral, o
               qual foi corrigido cirurgicamente. Dois pacientes apresentaram casos semelhantes de
               edema pulmonar com press&#227;o capilar pulmonar normal, associada a aumento importante de
               marcadores inflamat&#243;rios (velocidade de sedimenta&#231;&#227;o globular e prote&#237;na C-reativa)
               24 horas ap&#243;s abla&#231;&#245;es extensas, devido &#224; FA persistente de longa dura&#231;&#227;o. Ambos
               responderam a doses elevadas de corticoide, evoluindo satisfatoriamente ap&#243;s 48
               horas. Houve um caso de morte tardia (ap&#243;s 30 dias) n&#227;o relacionada ao procedimento,
               e sim a um AVE hemorr&#225;gico secund&#225;rio &#224; terapia anticoagulante em paciente de 70 anos
               com <italic>clearence</italic> de creatinina de 35 mL/min.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="discussion">
      <title>Discuss&#227;o</title>
      <p>A abla&#231;&#227;o por cateter por RF teve um r&#225;pido desenvolvimento e hoje &#233; uma das principais
            op&#231;&#245;es terap&#234;uticas para o tratamento da FA<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B08">8</xref>. </p>
      <p>Com o ac&#250;mulo de evid&#234;ncias em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; efic&#225;cia e &#224; seguran&#231;a do procedimento, em 2012
            uma nova recomenda&#231;&#227;o foi sugerida pelo comit&#234; representante da HRS/EHRA/ESC, colocando
            a terap&#234;utica de abla&#231;&#227;o por cateter de RF como classe I, n&#237;vel de evid&#234;ncia A, para
            pacientes com FA parox&#237;stica, sintom&#225;ticos e refrat&#225;rios &#224; terapia medicamentosa. No
            mesmo documento, foi publicado um consenso quanto aos aspectos t&#233;cnicos e em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224;s
            estrat&#233;gias utilizadas para o tratamento por abla&#231;&#227;o da FA. Independentemente da t&#233;cnica
            utilizada, o isolamento el&#233;trico completo de todas as VP deve ser realizado como
            objetivo inicial do procedimento<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B04">4</xref>. O mapeamento
            tridimensional proporciona melhor acur&#225;cia em identificar a anatomia para aplica&#231;&#227;o da
            RF no AE e ao redor das VP<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B06">6</xref>. </p>
      <p>Baseados na taxa de recorr&#234;ncia, muitos pacientes s&#227;o candidatos a repetir a abla&#231;&#227;o. Em
            duas revis&#245;es sistem&#225;ticas e uma meta-an&#225;lise, envolvendo pacientes com FA parox&#237;stica
            ou persistente e persistente de longa dura&#231;&#227;o, foi demonstrado que a taxa de sucesso de
            um &#250;nico procedimento de abla&#231;&#227;o foi de 57%, e que essa taxa subiu para 77% quando
            analisada sob o aspecto de m&#250;ltiplos procedimentos<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref>.</p>
      <p>Neste estudo, foi encontrado um maior n&#250;mero de pacientes livres de recorr&#234;ncia de
            portadores de FA parox&#237;stica e persistente, quando comparados aos pacientes portadores
            de FA persistente de longa dura&#231;&#227;o, no tempo de seguimento.</p>
      <p>Um fator importante a ser considerado foi a poss&#237;vel influ&#234;ncia da curva de
               aprendizado<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref>. Houve diminui&#231;&#227;o no tempo total
            de procedimento e no tempo de radioscopia com a curva de aprendizado, sendo esse &#250;ltimo
            tamb&#233;m influenciado pela associa&#231;&#227;o da reconstru&#231;&#227;o por meio do <italic>software
            </italic>Cartomerge, resultados semelhantes ao do estudo de Tang e cols.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref>. Por&#233;m, os mesmos achados n&#227;o foram encontrados
            no registro italiano<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref>.</p>
      <p>Apesar do maior n&#250;mero de recorr&#234;ncias de FA ap&#243;s os procedimentos iniciais (54% nos 3
            primeiros anos da realiza&#231;&#227;o do m&#233;todo), foi obtida uma taxa de pacientes livres de
            recorr&#234;ncia p&#243;s-procedimento semelhante aos resultados encontrados na literatura<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref>. Quando analisados somente os &#250;ltimos 2 anos, atinge-se uma taxa de
            pacientes livres de FA ap&#243;s procedimento de 77%, semelhante &#224; de centros de maior
            experi&#234;ncia nesse tipo de procedimento, nos quais a taxa varia de 20 a 60%<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref>.</p>
      <p>O aumento do AE foi a &#250;nica vari&#225;vel associada de forma independente &#224; recorr&#234;ncia da FA
            ap&#243;s o procedimento. No <italic>Framingham Heart Study</italic>, o alargamento do AE
            tamb&#233;m foi considerado como preditor independente de aparecimento de FA na popula&#231;&#227;o
               geral<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref>. Diversos estudos identificaram
            fatores associados &#224; recorr&#234;ncia de FA ap&#243;s abla&#231;&#227;o, e o tamanho do AE tem sido a
            vari&#225;vel mais frequentemente encontrada<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref>. O estudo de Hsieh e
               cols.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24 </xref>mostraram que, em 207 pacientes
            submetidos &#224; abla&#231;&#227;o, as principais vari&#225;veis cl&#237;nicas encontradas em pacientes com
            recorr&#234;ncia ap&#243;s 1 ano foram HAS e aumento do AE definido como di&#226;metro &gt; 40 mm.
            Dados semelhantes aos do estudo de Berruezo e cols.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref>, no qual o aumento do AE foi identificado como preditor independente para
            recorr&#234;ncia de FA ap&#243;s a abla&#231;&#227;o por RF. Recentemente, Zhuang e cols.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref> apresentaram uma meta-an&#225;lise com 22 estudos,
            incluindo 3.750 pacientes, enfatizando que o AE aumentado &#233; um marcador avan&#231;ado de
            remodelamento e o principal marcador de aumento do risco de FA ap&#243;s a abla&#231;&#227;o. Em fase
            de publica&#231;&#227;o, outra meta-an&#225;lise demonstrou que AE &gt; 50 mm foi preditor de
            recorr&#234;ncia para FA<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref>. Neste estudo, verificou-se
            aumento significativo de recorr&#234;ncia ap&#243;s a abla&#231;&#227;o associado ao tamanho do AE. O
            aumento do AE est&#225; associado a um grau de remodelamento atrial manifestado por aumento
            da fibrose, com altera&#231;&#245;es do substrato, favorecendo &#224; persist&#234;ncia da FA<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref> e dificultando a efic&#225;cia da abla&#231;&#227;o por RF pela
            necessidade de les&#245;es mais profundas para completar a abla&#231;&#227;o<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref>.</p>
      <p>O achado relevante entre as complica&#231;&#245;es observadas foram dois casos de uma s&#237;ndrome
            inflamat&#243;ria pulmonar<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">32</xref> associada a procedimentos nos quais foram
            realizadas linhas adicionais na parede posterior do AE. Essa complica&#231;&#227;o n&#227;o apresenta
            descri&#231;&#245;es claras na literatura e n&#227;o foi descrita em nenhuma das s&#233;ries mundiais de
            abla&#231;&#227;o de FA. Acredita-se que esse achado possa estar relacionado a uma resposta
            inflamat&#243;ria &#224;s extensas les&#245;es realizadas em alguns procedimentos. No entanto, um maior
            n&#250;mero de casos deve ser observado para se elucidar melhor esse tipo de complica&#231;&#227;o. A
            taxa de complica&#231;&#245;es encontradas neste estudo (4,9%) e relacionadas ao procedimento foi
            semelhante ao &#250;ltimo registro mundial de abla&#231;&#227;o de FA (4,5%)<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">33</xref>, por&#233;m menor em rela&#231;&#227;o ao descrito no registro da Sociedade
            Brasileira de Arritmias Card&#237;acas (14,5%)<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref>. </p>
      <sec>
        <title>Limita&#231;&#245;es do estudo </title>
        <p>Limita&#231;&#245;es importantes devem ser consideradas na an&#225;lise dos resultados deste estudo.
               Entre as principais limita&#231;&#245;es est&#227;o a curva de aprendizado na realiza&#231;&#227;o de um
               procedimento complexo e o pequeno n&#250;mero de recorr&#234;ncias que, sem d&#250;vida, &#233; o maior
               limitante deste estudo para a identifica&#231;&#227;o de outras vari&#225;veis de valor independente
               associadas a esse desfecho. A magnitude do evento ainda n&#227;o est&#225; bem determinada
               devido ao pequeno tamanho da amostra. Limita&#231;&#245;es associadas a esse tipo de an&#225;lise,
               como, por exemplo, recorr&#234;ncias assintom&#225;ticas, s&#227;o inerentes aos estudos de abla&#231;&#227;o
               da FA<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34">34</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B35">35</xref> e devem ser consideradas.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="conclusions">
      <title>Conclus&#245;es</title>
      <p>A efic&#225;cia do procedimento de abla&#231;&#227;o da FA por cateter de RF guiada por mapeamento
            eletroanat&#244;mico, no presente meio, foi semelhante a de outros centros com experi&#234;ncia
            nesse tipo de procedimento. A curva de aprendizado mostrou-se importante na diminui&#231;&#227;o
            do tempo de procedimento, tempo de radioscopia e efic&#225;cia da abla&#231;&#227;o da FA nesta s&#233;rie. </p>
      <p>No presente estudo, o tamanho do AE foi &#224; &#250;nica vari&#225;vel de valor independente para o
            desfecho de recorr&#234;ncia da FA. </p>
    </sec>
    <sec>
      <title>Contribui&#231;&#227;o dos autores</title>
      <p>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa: Kalil C. Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados: Kalil C, Bartholomay E,
            Borges AP, Gazzoni G, Lima E, Etchepare R, Moraes R, Sussenbach C, Andrade K. An&#225;lise e
            interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados: Kalil C, Bartholomay E. An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica: Kalil C. Reda&#231;&#227;o
            do manuscrito: Kalil C, Bartholomay E, Borges AP. Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto
            ao conte&#250;do intelectual: Kalil C, Kalil R. Supervis&#227;o / como investigador principal:
            Kalil R.</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
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    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>
          <bold>Vincula&#231;&#227;o Acad&#234;mica</bold>
        </p>
        <p>Este artigo &#233; parte de tese de Doutorado de Carlos A. A. Kalil.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="financial-disclosure">
        <p>
          <bold>Fontes de Financiamento</bold>
        </p>
        <p>O presente estudo n&#227;o teve fontes de financiamento externas.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
  </back>
  <sub-article id="SA1" article-type="translation" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Articles</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title xml:lang="en">Atrial Fibrillation Ablation by Use of Electroanatomical
               Mapping: Efficacy and Recurrence Factors</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Kalil</surname>
            <given-names>Carlos</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff03">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c02"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Bartholomay</surname>
            <given-names>Eduardo</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff03">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Borges</surname>
            <given-names>Anibal</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff03">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Gazzoni</surname>
            <given-names>Guilherme</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff03">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Lima</surname>
            <given-names>Edimar de</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff03">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Etchepare</surname>
            <given-names>Renata</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff03">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Moraes</surname>
            <given-names>Rafael</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff03">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Sussenbach</surname>
            <given-names>Carolina</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff03">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Andrade</surname>
            <given-names>Karina</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff04">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Kalil</surname>
            <given-names>Renato</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff04">2</xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff03">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Pontif&#237;cia Universidade Cat&#243;lica do Rio Grande do
               Sul</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Hospital S&#227;o Lucas</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Porto Alegre</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">RS</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country>Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Hospital S&#227;o Lucas, Pontif&#237;cia Universidade
               Cat&#243;lica do Rio Grande do Sul, PUC-RS, Porto Alegre, RS - Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff04">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Instituto de Cardiologia do Rio Grande do
               Sul/Funda&#231;&#227;o Universit&#225;ria de Cardiologia</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Porto Alegre</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">RS</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country>Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Instituto de Cardiologia do Rio Grande do
               Sul/Funda&#231;&#227;o Universit&#225;ria de Cardiologia, Porto Alegre, RS - Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c02"><bold>Mailing Address:</bold> Carlos Antonio Abunader Kalil, Rua Artur Rocha,
               920/1.001, Auxiliadora. Postal Code 90450-170, Porto Alegre, RS - Brazil. E-mail:
                  <email>ckalil@cardiol.br</email>, <email>c.kalil@terra.com.br</email>
            </corresp>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potential Conflict of Interest</bold>
          </p>
          <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <abstract xml:lang="en">
        <sec>
          <title>Background:</title>
          <p> Radiofrequency catheter ablation guided by electroanatomical mapping is currently
                  an important therapeutic option for the treatment of atrial fibrillation. The
                  complexity of the procedure, the several techniques used and the diversity of the
                  patients hinder the reproduction of the results and the indication for the
                  procedure. </p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objective:</title>
          <p> To evaluate the efficacy and factors associated with recurrence of atrial
                  fibrillation. </p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Methods:</title>
          <p> Prospective cohort study with consecutive patients submitted to atrial
                  fibrillation ablation treatment guided by electroanatomical mapping. The inclusion
                  criteria were as follows: minimum age of 18 years; presence of paroxysmal,
                  persistent or long-standing persistent AF; AF recording on an electrocardiogram,
                  exercise testing or Holter monitoring (duration longer than 15 minutes); presence
                  of symptoms associated with AF episodes; AF refractoriness to, at least, two
                  antiarrhythmic drugs, one of which being amiodarone, or impossibility to use
                  antiarrhythmic drugs. </p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Results:</title>
          <p> The study included 95 patients (age 55 &#177; 12 years, 84% men, mean CHADS2 = 0.8)
                  who underwent 102 procedures with a median follow-up of 13.4 months. The
                  recurrence-free rate after the procedure was 75.5% after 12 months. Atrial
                  fibrillation recurred as follows: 26.9% of patients with paroxysmal and persistent
                  atrial fibrillation; 45.8% of patients with long-standing persistent atrial
                  fibrillation (p = 0.04). Of the analyzed variables, the increased size of the left
                  atrium has proven to be an independent predictor of atrial fibrillation recurrence
                  after the procedure (HR = 2.58; 95% CI: 1.26-4.89). Complications occurred in 4.9%
                  of the procedures. </p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclusion:</title>
          <p> Atrial fibrillation ablation guided by electroanatomical mapping has shown good
                  efficacy. The increase in left atrium size was associated with atrial fibrillation
                  recurrence.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>Arrhythmias, Cardiac</kwd>
        <kwd>Atrial Fibrillation</kwd>
        <kwd>Catheter Ablation</kwd>
        <kwd>Heart Atria</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <counts>
        <fig-count count="3"/>
        <table-count count="4"/>
        <equation-count count="0"/>
        <ref-count count="35"/>
        <page-count count="9"/>
      </counts>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>Introduction</title>
        <p>Atrial fibrillation (AF) is the most common persistent arrhythmia in clinical
               practice, affecting approximately 1.5% to 2% of the population in developed
               countries, with a still increasing mean age, currently ranging from 75 to 85
                  years<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B01">1</xref>. In Brazil, around 1.5 million
               individuals are estimated to have AF, which is considered to account for 33% of all
               hospitalizations due to arrhythmia, being associated with an increased risk for
               encephalic vascular accident (EVA), heart failure (HF) and overall mortality<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B02">2</xref>. </p>
        <p>Ablation of AF is increasingly becoming an important therapeutic option<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B03">3</xref>. The complexity of the procedure, the diversity
               of techniques used in ablation and of patients with AF and their different
               pathogenicities hinder the reproduction of results and the indication for the
                  procedure<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B04">4</xref>. Recurrence of AF remains the
               major hindrance to the results of AF ablation, and the mechanisms involved and
               markers have not been totally clarified. </p>
        <p>Since the contribution by Ha&#239;ssaguerre<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B05">5</xref>,
               emphasizing the value of ectopic foci in pulmonary veins (PV) as an important factor
               in AF physiopathogenesis, a new perspective for the treatment of that arrhythmia by
               using a catheter has emerged. The clinical experience acquired over recent years
               along with technological advances have provided greater safety and efficacy to the
               treatment of AF. In that context, tridimensional mapping has become an important tool
               to the electrophysiologist regarding catheter anatomy and location, providing a safe
               and effective treatment of the lesions inside the left atrium (LA) and around the
                  PV<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B06">6</xref>. </p>
        <p>This study aimed at assessing the efficacy of AF ablation by use of a radiofrequency
               (RF) catheter guided by electroanatomical mapping, and the factors related to AF
               recurrence. </p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="methods">
        <title>Methods</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Study design</title>
          <p>This is a prospective cohort study including consecutive patients submitted to RF
                  catheter ablation guided by electroanatomical mapping for the treatment of AF.
               </p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Population</title>
          <p>The present study was performed at the Arrhythmia Service of the Hospital S&#227;o
                  Lucas (HSL) of the Pontif&#237;cia Universidade Cat&#243;lica of Rio Grande do Sul (PUC-RS),
                  in the city of Porto Alegre, state of Rio Grande do Sul, from April 2007 to March
                  2012. This study included 95 patients, who underwent RF catheter ablation guided
                  by electroanatomical mapping for the treatment of AF (total of 102 procedures).
                  The patients' inclusion criteria were as follows: minimum age of 18 years;
                  presence of paroxysmal, persistent or longstanding persistent AF; AF recording on
                  an electrocardiogram (ECG), exercise testing or Holter monitoring (duration longer
                  than 15 minutes); presence of symptoms associated with AF episodes; AF
                  refractoriness to, at least, two antiarrhythmic drugs, one of which being
                  amiodarone, or impossibility to use antiarrhythmic drugs. The exclusion criteria
                  were as follows: presence of a thrombus in the LA; contraindication to
                  anticoagulation; and not providing written informed consent. </p>
          <p>This study project was approved by the Committee on Ethics and Research of the
                  Instituto de Cardiologia do Rio Grande do Sul/Funda&#231;&#227;o Universit&#225;ria de
                  Cardiologia (protocol 103.749). </p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Data collection and follow-up</title>
          <p>After the patients provided written informed consent, all information regarding
                  their clinical data and procedures were prospectively collected. The patients were
                  clinically followed up, and underwent ECG and 24-hour Holter monitoring on day 30,
                  and at 3, 6, 18 and 24 months. The results were assessed independently of the
                  clinical follow-up normally performed and by observers not related to the
                  procedure, to reduce possible biases inherent in data collection. </p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Ablation procedure </title>
          <p>All patients underwent transesophageal echocardiography before the procedure. From
                  2010 on, the patients also underwent computed tomographic angiography prior to the
                  procedure, enabling the integration of the tomographic images with the mapping
                  system (Cartomerge, Biosense Webster Inc). Patients on warfarin had their
                  medication adjusted to undergo the procedure, with an International Normalized
                  Ratio (INR) between 1.5 and 2.5. The LA was approached through two transseptal
                  punctures guided by intracardiac echocardiogram to place a Lasso catheter (Cordis
                  Corporation, Biosense Webster) and a catheter irrigated with saline solution with
                  a 3.5-mm tip (NaviStar, ThermoCool, Biosense Webster), used for geometrical
                  reconstruction and ablation. Later, an intravenous bolus of 10,000 U of
                  unfractionated heparin was administered, being followed by activated coagulation
                  time assessments every 30 minutes, aiming at maintaining that time between 250 and
                  350 seconds. </p>
          <p>Point-to-point ablation lines were placed around the PV and 1 to 2 cm from their
                  ostia. The RF was applied with a potency of 25-30 W and at a maximum temperature
                  of 45&#186; C, being kept until achieving a 50% decrease in the amplitude of the atrial
                  electrogram located in the ablation area or until reaching an electrogram &lt; 0.1
                  mV. The procedure was considered successful when complete isolation of the PV was
                  achieved, including PV entrance and exit block. Entrance block was defined as the
                  absence or dissociation of the potentials of the PV, through atrial stimulation or
                  sinus rhythm. Exit block was identified as the inability of the PV electrical
                  activity to achieve the LA during electrical stimulation inside the PV. After
                  demonstrating the PV electrical isolation, there was a 20-minute wait to observe
                  whether there was reconnection of any PV. In cases of persistent AF or
                  long-standing persistent AF, and those with persistent AF after the electrical
                  disconnection of the PV, additional ablation lines were sequentially performed in
                  the mitral isthmus, in addition to gathering the lines in the LA roof, at the LA
                  base and inside the coronary sinus, until AF reversion. When no spontaneous
                  reversion was achieved, electrical cardioversion was attempted. When reversion was
                  achieved, the procedure was interrupted. In case of no reversion, additional RF
                  applications were performed at fractionated potentials on the posterior wall.
                  Again, an electrical cardioversion was performed, followed by procedure
                  interruption. The procedure was considered to fail when the initial success above
                  described was not achieved or when no AF reversion was obtained, even with
                  electrical cardioversion. The venous sheaths were withdrawn after the end of the
                  procedure, reaching an activated coagulation time shorter than 180 seconds, either
                  spontaneously or by using protamine. Intravenous continuous heparin was initiated
                  6 hours after removing the sheaths and maintained for 24 hours, being then
                  replaced by low-molecular-weight heparin until reaching an INR greater than 2 with
                  warfarin. </p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Definition of the variables </title>
          <p>Atrial fibrillation was classified according to the Task Force for the Management
                  of Atrial Fibrillation of the European Society of Cardiology<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B07">7</xref>, and the variables were related to the procedure according
                  to the HRS/EHRA/ESC<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B08">8</xref>. Atrial fibrillation
                  is considered paroxysmal when self-terminating, usually within 48 hours, but may
                  continue for up to 7 days. Atrial fibrillation is considered persistent when an
                  episode lasts more than 7 days or requires termination by cardioversion. Atrial
                  fibrillation is considered long-standing persistent if it has lasted for &#8805; 1 year
                  when it is decided to adopt a rhythm control strategy. The patient was considered
                  recurrence-free when neither AF, atrial flutter nor atrial tachycardia occurred
                  within 30 days from the procedure and during the follow-up. Recurrence in the
                  first 30 days were recorded; however, they were not included as recurrence for the
                  major outcome. </p>
          <p>Major complications were considered when resulting in permanent sequela, death,
                  need for therapeutic intervention or prolongation of hospitalization. The clinical
                  importance of AF was estimated according to the EHRA score<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B09">9</xref>. </p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Statistical analysis</title>
          <p>Continuous variables were expressed as mean and standard deviation, and Student
                     <italic>t</italic> test was used to compare the differences. Chi-square test
                  and Fisher exact test were used to assess the differences between categorical
                  variables. The recurrence rate was assessed by using the Kaplan-Meier curve, and
                  the significance analysis between variables (univariate) was performed with the
                  long-rank test. The variables showing association with the outcome at a p value
                  &lt; 0.10 or those with clinical importance related to the outcome AF recurrence
                  after ablation were selected for Cox regression. The two-tailed p value &lt; 0.05
                  was considered statistically significant, and the results of Cox regression were
                  expressed as the incidence density ratio (HR) and its respective 95% confidence
                  intervals (CI). The analysis was performed with the Statistical Package for the
                  Social Science (SPSS) program, version 20.0. </p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="results">
        <title>Results</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Characteristics of the population</title>
          <p>This study assessed 102 procedures for AF ablation in 95 patients, mainly men,
                  with paroxysmal AF of low risk for thromboembolic events. <xref ref-type="table" rid="t05">Table 1</xref> shows the major characteristics of the population
                  studied.</p>
          <table-wrap id="t05">
            <label>Table 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Characteristics of the population studied</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th colspan="2">
                    <bold>Characteristics</bold>
                  </th>
                  <th>
                    <bold>n = 95</bold>
                  </th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td colspan="2">Age (years)</td>
                  <td align="center">55.5 &#177; 12.1</td>
                </tr>
                <tr style="border-bottom-style:solid;border-bottom-width:thin">
                  <td colspan="2">Sex (male)</td>
                  <td align="center">80 (84.2)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td colspan="3">AF classification</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td>Paroxysmal</td>
                  <td align="center">62 (65.3)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td>Persistent</td>
                  <td align="center">12 (12.6)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr style="border-bottom-style:solid;border-bottom-width:thin">
                  <td> </td>
                  <td>Long-standing persistent</td>
                  <td align="center">21 (22.1)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td colspan="2">EHRA (mean)</td>
                  <td align="center">2.4 &#177; 0.8</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td>1</td>
                  <td align="center">13 (13.7)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td>2</td>
                  <td align="center">36 (37.9)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td>3</td>
                  <td align="center">40 (42.1)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td>4</td>
                  <td align="center">6 (6.3)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr style="border-bottom-style:solid;border-bottom-width:thin">
                  <td colspan="2">SAH</td>
                  <td align="center">46 (48.4)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr style="border-bottom-style:solid;border-bottom-width:thin">
                  <td colspan="2">DM</td>
                  <td align="center">8 (8.42)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr style="border-bottom-style:solid;border-bottom-width:thin">
                  <td colspan="2">HF</td>
                  <td align="center">5 (5.26)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td colspan="2">CHADS<sub>2</sub> (mean)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.8 &#177; 0.9</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td>0</td>
                  <td align="center">42 (44.2)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td>1</td>
                  <td align="center">35 (36.8)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td>2</td>
                  <td align="center">11 (11.6)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td>3</td>
                  <td align="center">6 (7.4)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr style="border-bottom-style:solid;border-bottom-width:thin">
                  <td colspan="2">LA diameter (mm)</td>
                  <td align="center">43 &#177; 5</td>
                </tr>
                <tr style="border-bottom-style:solid;border-bottom-width:thin">
                  <td colspan="2">Ejection fraction (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">66 &#177; 9</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn>
                <p>Data expressed as mean &#177; standard deviation or n (%). AF: atrial
                           fibrillation; EHRA: European Heart Rhythm Association; SAH: systemic
                           arterial hypertension; DM: diabetes mellitus; HF: heart failure; LA: left
                           atrium.</p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
          <p>No patient had heart valve disease, asymmetric hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, or
                  severe kidney failure (creatinine clearance &lt; 40 mL/min). Most patients (85)
                  were on antiarrhythmic drugs as follows: amiodarone, 48 (56.5%); propafenone, 15
                  (17.6%); sotalol, 5 (5.9%); and two or more antiarrhythmic drugs, 17 (20.0%).
                  Forty-nine patients (51.6%) had already undergone at least one electrical
                  cardioversion and 66 (69.5%) had already been hospitalized due to AF in the
                  previous 12 months. </p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Procedure</title>
        <p><xref ref-type="table" rid="t06">Table 2</xref> shows the major characteristics of
               the procedures performed in this study. Six patients required a second procedure, and
               only one patient required a third one. Most patients had sinus rhythm by the end of
               the procedure.</p>
        <table-wrap id="t06">
          <label>Table 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Characteristics of the ablation procedures</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th colspan="2" align="left">
                  <bold>Characteristics</bold>
                </th>
                <th>    </th>
                <th>
                  <bold>n = 102</bold>
                </th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr style="border-bottom-style:solid;border-bottom-width:thin">
                <td colspan="2">Duration of procedure (min)</td>
                <td> </td>
                <td align="center">167 &#177; 50</td>
              </tr>
              <tr style="border-bottom-style:solid;border-bottom-width:thin">
                <td colspan="2">Duration of radioscopy (min)</td>
                <td> </td>
                <td align="center">51 &#177; 18</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td colspan="4">Number of procedures</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td> </td>
                <td>1</td>
                <td> </td>
                <td align="center">95 (93,1)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td> </td>
                <td>2</td>
                <td> </td>
                <td align="center">6 (5,9)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr style="border-bottom-style:solid;border-bottom-width:thin">
                <td> </td>
                <td>3</td>
                <td> </td>
                <td align="center">1 (1,0)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td colspan="4">Final rhythm</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td> </td>
                <td>Spontaneous sinus</td>
                <td> </td>
                <td align="center">77 (75,5)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td> </td>
                <td>Sinus after ECV</td>
                <td> </td>
                <td align="center">15 (14,7)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td> </td>
                <td>AF</td>
                <td> </td>
                <td align="center">10 (9,8)</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn>
              <p>Data expressed as mean &#177; standard deviation or n (%). ECV: electrical
                        cardioversion; AF: atrial fibrillation.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <p>Complete isolation of the PV was achieved in 89.7% of the procedures. </p>
        <p><xref ref-type="fig" rid="f04">Figure 1</xref>, comparing the total durations of the
               procedures and radioscopy between the initial years and more recent ones, shows a
               progressive decrease of both total durations (p &lt; 0.001 and p &lt; 0.001,
               respectively), according to the linear trend test. Between the years 2009 and 2012,
               the period corresponding to the greatest number of procedures, there was an
               18-minute/ year reduction in the total duration of the procedure (p = 0.001) and a
               6.6-minute/year reduction in the total duration of radioscopy (p = 0.005).</p>
        <fig id="f04" fig-type="other">
          <label>Figure 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Mean duration of the procedure and of radioscopy according to the year the
                     procedure was performed.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-102-01-0030-30211-gf01-en.jpg"/></fig>
        <sec>
          <title>Efficacy of the procedure</title>
          <p>The median follow-up duration was 13.4 months. The recurrence-free rate for
                  patients undergoing AF ablation guided by electroanatomical mapping was 75.5% in
                  12 months (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f05">Figure 2</xref>). There were 33
                  recurrences, whose median time was 8 months. The percentage of patients not using
                  antiarrhythmic drugs among those free from recurrence was 33.3% at 3 months, 66.7%
                  at 6 months, and 88.2% at 18 months of follow-up.</p>
          <fig id="f05" fig-type="other">
            <label>Figure 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Kaplan-Meier curve for atrial fibrillation recurrence.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-102-01-0030-30211-gf02-en.jpg"/></fig>
          <sec>
            <title>Variables associated with AF recurrence</title>
            <p><xref ref-type="table" rid="t07">Table 3</xref> shows the patients' major
                     clinical characteristics related to the procedure, stratified by the outcome
                     recurrence.</p>
            <table-wrap id="t07">
              <label>Table 3</label>
              <caption>
                <title>Clinical characteristics related to the procedure, stratified
                           according to atrial fibrillation recurrence</title>
              </caption>
              <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
                <thead>
                  <tr>
                    <th colspan="2" align="left">
                      <bold>Characteristics</bold>
                    </th>
                    <th>No AF recurrence (n = 69)</th>
                    <th>AF recurrence (n = 33)</th>
                    <th>
                      <bold>P value</bold>
                    </th>
                  </tr>
                </thead>
                <tbody>
                  <tr style="border-bottom-style:solid;border-bottom-width:thin">
                    <td colspan="2">Age (years)</td>
                    <td align="center">55.5 &#177; 12</td>
                    <td align="center">55.7 &#177; 10</td>
                    <td align="center">0.91</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr style="border-bottom-style:solid;border-bottom-width:thin">
                    <td colspan="2">Sex (male)</td>
                    <td align="center">58 (84.1)</td>
                    <td align="center">29 (87.9)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.76</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr style="border-bottom-style:solid;border-bottom-width:thin">
                    <td colspan="5">AF classification</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td>Paroxysmal</td>
                    <td align="center">47 (68.1)</td>
                    <td align="center">19 (57.6)</td>
                    <td rowspan="3" align="center" style="border-bottom-style:solid;border-bottom-width:thin">0.96</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td>Persistent</td>
                    <td align="center">10 (14.5)</td>
                    <td align="center">2 (6.1)</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr style="border-bottom-style:solid;border-bottom-width:thin">
                    <td> </td>
                    <td>Long-standing persistent</td>
                    <td align="center">13 (18.8)</td>
                    <td align="center">11 (33.3)</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr style="border-bottom-style:solid;border-bottom-width:thin">
                    <td colspan="2">SAH</td>
                    <td align="center">34 (49.3)</td>
                    <td align="center">17 (51.5)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.83</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td colspan="2">CHADS2 (mean)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.75 &#177; 0.8</td>
                    <td align="center">0.87 &#177; 0.9</td>
                    <td rowspan="5" align="center" style="border-bottom-style:solid;border-bottom-width:thin">0.50</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td>0</td>
                    <td align="center">31 (44.9)</td>
                    <td align="center">13 (39.4)</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td>1</td>
                    <td align="center">26 (37.7)</td>
                    <td align="center">13 (39.4)</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td>2</td>
                    <td align="center">8 (11.6)</td>
                    <td align="center">3 (9.1)</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr style="border-bottom-style:solid;border-bottom-width:thin">
                    <td> </td>
                    <td>3</td>
                    <td align="center">3 (4.3)</td>
                    <td align="center">3 (9.1)</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr style="border-bottom-style:solid;border-bottom-width:thin">
                    <td colspan="2">LA diameter (mm)</td>
                    <td align="center">41 &#177; 4</td>
                    <td align="center">48 &#177; 4</td>
                    <td align="center">0.001</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr style="border-bottom-style:solid;border-bottom-width:thin">
                    <td colspan="2">Ejection fraction (%)</td>
                    <td align="center">66 &#177; 9</td>
                    <td align="center">66 &#177; 6</td>
                    <td align="center">0.91</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr style="border-bottom-style:solid;border-bottom-width:thin">
                    <td colspan="2">Duration of procedure</td>
                    <td align="center">151 &#177; 50</td>
                    <td align="center">187 &#177; 56</td>
                    <td align="center">0.001</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr style="border-bottom-style:solid;border-bottom-width:thin">
                    <td colspan="2">Duration of radioscopy</td>
                    <td align="center">47 &#177; 19</td>
                    <td align="center">58 &#177; 15</td>
                    <td align="center">0.44</td>
                  </tr>
                </tbody>
              </table>
              <table-wrap-foot>
                <fn>
                  <p>Data expressed as mean &#177; standard deviation or n (%). AF: atrial
                              fibrillation; SAH: systemic arterial hypertension; LA: left
                              atrium.</p>
                </fn>
              </table-wrap-foot>
            </table-wrap>
            <p>The variable 'AF classification' was divided into paroxysmal AF + persistent AF
                     (total of 78 procedures, and recurrence rate per procedure of 26.9% in the
                     follow-up time) and long-standing persistent AF (total of 24 procedures, and
                     recurrence rate per procedure of 45.8%) (p = 0.04).</p>
            <p>After adjusting for age, sex, AF classification, presence of systemic arterial
                     hypertension (SAH), CHADS2 score, and ejection fraction, the size of the LA
                     showed to be an independent predictor of AF recurrence after the procedure,
                     with a HR of 2.58 (95% CI: 1.36-4.89) per adjusted millimeter. </p>
            <p>The variable 'size of the LA' was divided into three groups based on the median
                     (42 mm) and 75<sup>th</sup> percentile (46 mm) of the sample as follows: Group
                     1 (G1), composed by LA size between 34 and 42 mm; Group 2 (G2), composed by LA
                     size between 43 and 46 mm; and Group 3 (G3), composed by LA size between 47 and
                     55 mm. <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f06">Figure 3</xref> shows the different
                     curves of AF recurrence, according to LA size, considering all procedures.</p>
            <fig id="f06" fig-type="other">
              <label>Figure 3</label>
              <caption>
                <title>Kaplan-Meier curve for atrial fibrillation recurrence after the
                           procedure, according to left atrium size.</title>
              </caption>
              <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-102-01-0030-30211-gf03-en.jpg"/></fig>
            <p><xref ref-type="table" rid="t08">Table 4</xref> depicts the AF recurrence
                     according to LA size.</p>
            <table-wrap id="t08">
              <label>Table 4</label>
              <caption>
                <title>Atrial fibrillation (AF) recurrence rate according to the left atrium
                           (LA) size</title>
              </caption>
              <table frame="hsides" rules="rows">
                <thead>
                  <tr>
                    <th align="left">LA size (mm)</th>
                    <th>
                      <bold>n</bold>
                    </th>
                    <th>AF recurrence n (%)</th>
                    <th>
                      <bold>HR</bold>
                    </th>
                    <th>
                      <bold>95% CI</bold>
                    </th>
                    <th>
                      <bold>p value</bold>
                    </th>
                  </tr>
                </thead>
                <tbody>
                  <tr>
                    <td>34-42</td>
                    <td align="center">53</td>
                    <td align="center">3 (5,7)</td>
                    <td align="center">-</td>
                    <td align="center">-</td>
                    <td align="center">-</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>43-46</td>
                    <td align="center">25</td>
                    <td align="center">10 (40,0)</td>
                    <td align="center">10,04</td>
                    <td align="center">1,51-66,77</td>
                    <td align="center">0,017</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>47-55</td>
                    <td align="center">24</td>
                    <td align="center">20 (83,3)</td>
                    <td align="center">18,07</td>
                    <td align="center">2,71-120,58</td>
                    <td align="center">0,003</td>
                  </tr>
                </tbody>
              </table>
              <table-wrap-foot>
                <fn>
                  <p>p value trend &lt; 0.001; * Wald chi-square versus baseline group
                              (normal left atrium range: 34-39 mm). HR: incidence density ratio; 95%
                              CI: 95% confidence interval.</p>
                </fn>
              </table-wrap-foot>
            </table-wrap>
            <p>The area under the ROC curve of LA size to predict AF recurrence was 0.89 (95%
                     CI: 0.812-0.968). </p>
            <sec>
              <title>Safety of the procedure</title>
              <p>There were five complications related to the procedure (4.9%). One patient
                        evolved with EVA, and the thrombus was visualized on intracardiac
                        echocardiogram after transseptal puncture; however, the thrombus detached
                        before it could be aspirated. The procedure was suspended. After recovering
                        from anesthesia, the patient had clinical signs of EVA with a National
                        Institutes of Health (NIH) Stroke Scale of 11<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>. That finding was confirmed on magnetic resonance. The patient
                        was successfully treated with alteplase two hours after symptom onset (NIH =
                        0, 8 hours after end of infusion). One patient with PV stenosis diagnosed on
                        computed tomographic angiography was followed up. Because of the low
                        repercussion on scintigraphy, clinical treatment was chosen. Another
                        complication was the formation of a pseudoaneurysm in the femoral region,
                        which was surgically fixed. Two patients had similar cases of pulmonary
                        edema with normal pulmonary capillary pressure associated with an important
                        increase in inflammation markers (erythrocyte sedimentation rate and
                        C-reactive protein) 24 hours after extensive ablations, due to long-standing
                        persistent AF. Both patients responded to high corticosteroid doses, with a
                        satisfactory outcome after 48 hours. A 70-year-old male patient, with
                        creatinine clearance of 35 mL/min, died late (after 30 days), due to a cause
                        not related to the procedure, but to a hemorrhagic EVA secondary to
                        anticoagulant therapy. </p>
            </sec>
          </sec>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="discussion">
        <title>Discussion</title>
        <p>Radiofrequency catheter ablation has undergone rapid development, being currently one
               of the major therapeutic options for the treatment of AF<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B08">8</xref>. </p>
        <p>With the accumulation of evidence regarding the efficacy and safety of the procedure,
               in 2012 a new recommendation was suggested by the HRS/EHRA/ESC expert consensus,
               classifying RF catheter ablation as class I, level of evidence A, for symptomatic
               patients with paroxysmal AF refractory to drug therapy. The same document published a
               consensus about the technical aspects and the strategies used for the AF ablation
               treatment. Regardless of the technique used, the complete electrical isolation of all
               PV should be performed as the initial objective of the procedure<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B04">4</xref>. The tridimensional mapping provides better accuracy to
               identify the anatomy for RF application on the LA and around the PV<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B06">6</xref>.</p>
        <p>Based on the recurrence rate, many patients are candidates to repeat ablation. Two
               systematic reviews and one meta-analysis involving patients with paroxysmal or
               persistent or long-standing persistent AF had a success rate of one single ablation
               of 57%, and that rate increased to 77% when considering multiple procedures<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref>. </p>
        <p>In this study, the number of patients free from recurrence was higher among those
               with paroxysmal AF and persistent AF than among patients with long-standing
               persistent AF during follow-up.</p>
        <p>An important factor to be considered was the possible influence of the learning
               curve12. There was a reduction in the total procedure duration as well as in the
               radioscopy duration with the learning curve, the latter being also influenced by the
               association of reconstruction by use of the Cartomerge software. Such results were
               similar to those of the study by Tang et al<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref>
               Nevertheless, the same findings have not been reported by the Italian registry<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref>. </p>
        <p>Despite the greater number of AF recurrences after the initial procedures (54% within
               the first three years from the procedure), the post-procedure rate of AF
               recurrence-free patients was similar to that reported in the literature<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref>. When analyzing only the last two years, the post-procedure rate of AF
               recurrence-free patients was 77%, similar to those of centers with a greater
               experience in that type of procedure, whose rates have ranged from 20% to 60%<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref>. </p>
        <p>Enlargement of the LA was the only variable independently associated with AF
               recurrence after the procedure. In the Framingham Heart Study, LA enlargement was
               also considered an independent predictor of AF appearance in the general
                  population<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref>. Several studies have
               identified factors associated with post-ablation AF recurrence, and the LA size has
               been the most frequently found variable<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref>. The study by
               Hsieh et al<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref> has shown that, in 207 patients
               undergoing ablation, the major clinical variables found in patients with recurrence
               after one year were SAH and LA enlargement defined as a LA diameter &gt; 40 mm. Such
               data are similar to those from the study by Berruezo et al<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref>, which identified LA enlargement as an independent predictor
               of AF recurrence after RF ablation. Recently, Zhuang et al<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref> have reported a meta-analysis with 22 studies, including 3,750
               patients, emphasizing that LA enlargement is an advanced marker of remodeling and the
               major marker of the increased risk for AF after ablation. Another meta-analysis,
               which is being prepared for publication, has shown that LA diameter &gt; 50 mm was a
               predictor for AF recurrence<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref>. This study
               showed a significant increase in the post-ablation recurrence associated with LA
               size. Left atrial enlargement is associated with a degree of atrial remodeling
               manifested as increased fibrosis, with changes in the substrate, favoring AF
                  persistence<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref> and hindering the efficacy of
               RF ablation because of the need for deeper lesions to complete ablation<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref>. </p>
        <p>Among the complications observed, two cases of an inflammatory pulmonary
                  syndrome<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">32</xref> associated with procedures, in which additional lines in the
               LA posterior wall were performed, stand out. That complication has been clearly
               described neither in the literature nor in any world series of AF ablation. That
               finding is believed to be related to an inflammatory response to the extensive
               lesions performed in some procedures. However, a larger number of cases should be
               observed to better clarify that type of complication. The complication rate found in
               this study (4.9%) and related to the procedure was similar to that of the last world
               registry on AF ablation (4.5%)<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">33</xref>, but lower
               than that reported in the registry of the Brazilian Society of Cardiac Arrhythmias
                  (14.5%)<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref>. </p>
        <sec>
          <title>Study limitations</title>
          <p>Important limitations should be considered when analyzing the results of this
                  study. The major limitations are the learning curve for performing a complex
                  procedure and the small number of recurrences, which is the major limitation in
                  this study for identifying other independent variables associated with this
                  outcome. The magnitude of the event has not been clearly determined due to the
                  small size of the sample. Limitations associated with this type of analysis, such
                  as asymptomatic recurrences, are inherent in studies on AF ablation<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34">34</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B35">35</xref> and should be considered. </p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="conclusions">
        <title>Conclusions</title>
        <p>The efficacy of RF catheter AF ablation guided by electroanatomical mapping found in
               this study was similar to that of other centers with experience in that type of
               procedure. The learning curve proved to be important in reducing the durations of the
               procedure and of radioscopy, and in the efficacy of AF ablation in this series. </p>
        <p>In the present study, the size of the LA was the only variable with independent value
               for the AF recurrence outcome. </p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Author contributions</title>
        <p>Conception and design of the research: Kalil C. Acquisition of data: Kalil C,
               Bartholomay E, Borges AP, Gazzoni G, Lima E, Etchepare R, Moraes R, Sussenbach C,
               Andrade K. Analysis and interpretation of the data: Kalil C, Bartholomay E.
               Statistical analysis: Kalil C. Writing of the manuscript: Kalil C, Bartholomay E,
               Borges AP. Critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content: Kalil C,
               Kalil R. Supervision / as the major investigator: Kalil R.</p>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>
            <bold>Study Association</bold>
          </p>
          <p>This article is part of the thesis of Doctoral submitted by Carlos A. A.
                  Kalil.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="financial-disclosure">
          <p>
            <bold>Sources of Funding</bold>
          </p>
          <p>There were no external funding sources for this study.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
