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<article xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" dtd-version="3.0" article-type="research-article" xml:lang="pt">
  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">3NGjfBRrdMvrJmjbsG6SrMy</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2014000100004</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="previous-pid">S0066-782X2013005000102</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">0004</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">S0066-782X2013005000102</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5935/abc.20130222</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigos Originais</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title xml:lang="pt">Um Novo &#205;ndice de Doppler Tecidual para Prever Morte
               Card&#237;aca em Pacientes com Insufici&#234;ncia Card&#237;aca</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Mornos</surname>
            <given-names>Cristian</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Petrescu</surname>
            <given-names>Lucian</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02">2</xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Cozma</surname>
            <given-names>Dragos</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Ionac</surname>
            <given-names>Adina</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02">2</xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff01">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">"Victor Babes" University of Medicine and
               Pharmacy</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Timisoara</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country>Romania</country>
        <institution content-type="original">"Victor Babes" University of Medicine and Pharmacy,
               Timisoara- Romania</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff02">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Timisoara</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country>Romania</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases, Timisoara -
               Romania</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01"><bold>Correspond&#234;ncia: Lucian Petrescu</bold>, "Victor Babes" University of Medicine
               and Pharmacy, Timisoara, G.Adam 13&#170; - Romania. E-mail:
                  <email>drpetresculucian@gmail.com</email>
            </corresp>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potencial Conflito de Interesses</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Declaro n&#227;o haver conflito de interesses pertinentes.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date pub-type="collection">
        <month>1</month>
        <year>2014</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date pub-type="epub">
        <day>12</day>
        <month>11</month>
        <year>2013</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>102</volume>
      <issue>1</issue>
      <fpage>19</fpage>
      <lpage>29</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>25</day>
          <month>03</month>
          <year>2013</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>20</day>
          <month>07</month>
          <year>2013</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>07</day>
          <month>08</month>
          <year>2013</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/">
          <license-p>This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative
                  Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License which permits unrestricted
                  non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the
                  original work is properly cited. </license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract xml:lang="pt">
        <sec>
          <title>Fundamento:</title>
          <p>Foi demonstrado que um novo &#237;ndice de Doppler Tecidual, E/(E'&#215;S'), incluindo a
                  propor&#231;&#227;o entre a velocidade diast&#243;lica precoce transmitral e a do anel mitral
                  (E/E'), e a velocidade sist&#243;lica do anel mitral (S'), tem uma boa precis&#227;o como
                  preditor da press&#227;o de enchimento do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objetivo:</title>
          <p>Investigar o valor de E/(E'&#215;S') para prever a morte card&#237;aca em pacientes com
                  insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>M&#233;todos:</title>
          <p>Foi realizado sucessivamente o ecocardiograma em 339 pacientes hospitalizados com
                  insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca, em ritmo sinusal, ap&#243;s tratamento m&#233;dico adequado, no
                  momento e um m&#234;s depois da alta. O agravamento de E/(E'&#215;S') foi definido como um
                  aumento do valor padr&#227;o. O ponto final foi a morte card&#237;aca.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Resultados:</title>
          <p>Durante o per&#237;odo de acompanhamento (35,2 &#177; 8,8 meses), ocorreu a morte card&#237;aca
                  em 51 pacientes (15%). O melhor valor m&#237;nimo para E/(E'&#215; S') inicial na previs&#227;o
                  da morte card&#237;aca foi de 2,83 (76% de sensibilidade, 85% de especificidade). No
                  momento da alta, 252 pacientes (74,3%) apresentaram E/(E'&#215;S') &#8804; 2,83 (grupo I), e
                  87 (25,7%) apresentaram E/(E'&#215;S') &gt; 2,83 (grupo II), respectivamente. A morte
                  card&#237;aca foi significativamente maior no grupo II em rela&#231;&#227;o ao grupo I (38
                  mortes, 43,7% contra 13 mortes, 5,15%, p &lt; 0,001). Atrav&#233;s da an&#225;lise de
                  regress&#227;o multivariada de Cox, incluindo as vari&#225;veis que afetaram os resultados
                  na an&#225;lise univariada, a rela&#231;&#227;o E/(E'&#215;S') no momento da alta mostrou-se o melhor
                  preditor independente da morte card&#237;aca (taxa de risco = 3,09, 95% intervalo de
                  confian&#231;a = 1,81-5,31, p = 0,001). Pacientes com E/(E'&#215;S') &gt; 2,83 no momento da
                  alta e com um agravamento ap&#243;s um m&#234;s apresentaram o pior progn&#243;stico (todos p
                  &lt; 0,05).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclus&#227;o:</title>
          <p>Em pacientes com insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca a rela&#231;&#227;o E/(E'&#215;S') &#233; um poderoso preditor
                  da morte card&#237;aca, especialmente quando esta estiver associada com o seu
                  agravamento.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <kwd>Insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca / mortalidade</kwd>
        <kwd>Ecocardiografia Doppler</kwd>
        <kwd>Morte s&#250;bita card&#237;aca / preven&#231;&#227;o &amp; controle</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <funding-group>
        <award-group>
          <funding-source>CNCSIS-UEFISCU</funding-source>
          <award-id>PD 526/2010</award-id>
          <award-id>TD 530/2007</award-id>
        </award-group>
      </funding-group>
      <counts>
        <fig-count count="5"/>
        <table-count count="3"/>
        <equation-count count="0"/>
        <ref-count count="28"/>
        <page-count count="11"/>
      </counts>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
      <p>A taxa de mortalidade ap&#243;s o in&#237;cio da insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca (IC) permanece alta,
            apesar dos avan&#231;os recentes no tratamento desta condi&#231;&#227;o. A alta mortalidade associada &#224;
            disfun&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo (VE) resulta na necessidade de se obter informa&#231;&#245;es de
            progn&#243;stico o mais rapidamente poss&#237;vel. V&#225;rios &#237;ndices derivados da ecocardiografia t&#234;m
            sido usados na previs&#227;o dos resultado card&#237;acos de pacientes com IC, incluindo as
            dimens&#245;es da cavidade esquerda, fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o ventricular esquerda (FEVE), e os
            padr&#245;es de fluxo transmitral<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B01">1</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B04">4</xref>. Alguns estudos demonstraram que os par&#226;metros do
            Doppler tecidual (IDT) foram capazes de acrescentar informa&#231;&#245;es progn&#243;sticas na previs&#227;o
            da morte card&#237;aca na maioria das principais doen&#231;as card&#237;acas, como a IC<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B03">3</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B05">5</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B07">7</xref>, a s&#237;ndrome coronariana
               aguda<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B08">8</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B09">9</xref>, o infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref> e a hipertens&#227;o<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref>.</p>
      <p>A ecocardiografia &#233; um dos pilares do trabalho de diagn&#243;stico em pacientes
               dispneicos<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B02">2</xref>, onde a ecocardiografia com
            Doppler fornece informa&#231;&#245;es &#250;teis sobre a press&#227;o de enchimento do VE<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B09">9</xref>. No entanto, a press&#227;o de enchimento elevada do VE
            pode ser clinicamente silenciosa. A rela&#231;&#227;o da velocidade diast&#243;lica precoce transmitral
            /velocidade diast&#243;lica precoce do anel mitral (E/E') foi proposta como o melhor preditor
            de Doppler simples na avalia&#231;&#227;o da press&#227;o de enchimento do VE<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref>, e como um
            bom preditor da morte card&#237;aca<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B01">1</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B05">5</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B06">6</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B09">9</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>. Recentemente, um novo &#237;ndice de IDT, o
            E/(E'&#215;S'), que associa um marcador da fun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica (E/E') e um par&#226;metro que
            explora o desempenho sist&#243;lico do VE (velocidade sist&#243;lica do anel mitral, S'), foi
            demonstrado ser &#250;til para avaliar a press&#227;o de enchimento do VE em uma popula&#231;&#227;o
            heterog&#234;nea de pacientes card&#237;acos, independentemente da FEVE<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref>.</p>
      <p>Acreditamos que uma avalia&#231;&#227;o precisa do progn&#243;stico em pacientes com doen&#231;as card&#237;acas
            deve levar em conta os par&#226;metros que exploram a fun&#231;&#227;o global do VE. Por isso,
            investigamos o valor da rela&#231;&#227;o E/(E'&#215;S') na previs&#227;o da morte card&#237;aca em pacientes com
            IC.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="methods">
      <title>M&#233;todos</title>
      <sec>
        <title>Pacientes</title>
        <p>Foram analisados 500 pacientes prospectivos consecutivamente, internados em nossa
               cl&#237;nica entre outubro de 2006 e setembro de 2007 com IC, em ritmo sinusal. Foram
               inclu&#237;dos pacientes adultos (idade &#8805; 18 anos) com exacerba&#231;&#227;o dos sintomas de IC, com
               pelo menos uma classifica&#231;&#227;o de deteriora&#231;&#227;o do <italic>New York Heart
                  Association</italic> (NYHA), com sinais t&#237;picos de IC e evid&#234;ncia ecocardiogr&#225;fica
               de disfun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica e/ou diast&#243;lica do VE<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref>. Foram exclu&#237;dos os pacientes com imagens inadequadas de ecocardiograma,
               com doen&#231;a card&#237;aca cong&#234;nita, marca-passo/desfibrilador card&#237;aco, doen&#231;a card&#237;aca
               valvular prim&#225;ria significativa, s&#237;ndrome coronariana aguda na inclus&#227;o,
               revasculariza&#231;&#227;o coron&#225;ria durante o acompanhamento, doen&#231;a pulmonar grave, neoplasia
               maligna ou insufici&#234;ncia renal. Os demais 339 pacientes formaram o nosso grupo de
               estudo. O estudo foi aprovado pelo comit&#234; de &#233;tica em pesquisa local.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Ecocardiografia</title>
        <p>Antes da alta e em condi&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica razoavelmente est&#225;vel (no per&#237;odo de 24 horas),
               nossos pacientes foram submetidos a um exame ecocardiogr&#225;fico, com um sistema de
               ultrassonografia (Vivid 7 General Electric, Milwaukee, WI), equipado com um
               transdutor de multifrequ&#234;ncia. O FEVE foi calculado a partir de cortes apicais de
               duas e quatro c&#226;maras, utilizando-se a regra de Simpson modificada<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref>. O volume do &#225;trio esquerdo (AE) foi calculado
               usando-se o m&#233;todo de &#225;rea-comprimento biplano com cortes apicais de quatro c&#226;maras e
               de duas c&#226;maras no final da s&#237;stole ventricular (tamanho m&#225;ximo do AE). O volume do
               AE foi indexado em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; superf&#237;cie corp&#243;rea<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref>. A gravidade da regurgita&#231;&#227;o mitral foi avaliada a partir dos cortes
               apicais utilizando-se o m&#233;todo de converg&#234;ncia proximal; foram determinados a &#225;rea do
               orif&#237;cio regurgitante (ROA) e o volume regurgitante (RV)<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref>. Os padr&#245;es do fluxo transmitral foram registrados a partir
               das janelas apicais de quatro c&#226;maras com 4 -5 mm de volume de amostra de Doppler
               pulsado, colocado entre as pontas da valva mitral em di&#225;stole durante cinco ciclos
               card&#237;acos consecutivos. Foi tomado o cuidado para se obter o menor &#226;ngulo poss&#237;vel
               entre a dire&#231;&#227;o do fluxo transmital e o feixe do ultrassom. As velocidades m&#225;ximas de
               ondas E e o fluxo transmitral tardio (A) foram medidos durante a apneia expirat&#243;ria
               final; as velocidades foram registradas por cinco ciclos card&#237;acos consecutivos, e os
               resultados foram calculados. Os sinais de Doppler pulsado foram registrados em uma
               varredura horizontal de 100 mm/s. O &#237;ndice global do mioc&#225;rdio (IGM) foi determinado
               utilizando-se intervalos de tempo de Doppler medidos a partir de fluxo mitral e os
               tra&#231;ados de Doppler do escoamento do VE, como a soma de contra&#231;&#227;o isovolum&#233;trica e do
               tempo de relaxamento dividido pelo tempo de eje&#231;&#227;o<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref>. A medida da press&#227;o sist&#243;lica da art&#233;ria pulmonar foi realizada
               utilizando-se a velocidade m&#225;xima regurgitante na v&#225;lvula tric&#250;spide pelo Doppler
               cont&#237;nuo.</p>
        <p>O programa de IDT foi definido no modo Doppler de onda puls&#225;til. O movimento do anel
               mitral foi gravado em corte apical de quatro c&#226;maras, a uma rela&#231;&#227;o de 80-140 quadros
               por segundo<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref>. Um volume de amostra de 4-5 mm
               foi posicionado sequencialmente nos cantos lateral e septal do anel mitral. Foi
               determinado o pico da velocidade diast&#243;lica precoce do anel mitral (E'). O pico da
               velocidade sist&#243;lica do anel mitral (S') foi definido como a velocidade m&#225;xima
               durante a s&#237;stole, excluindo a contra&#231;&#227;o isovolum&#233;trica. Todas as velocidades foram
               registradas por cinco ciclos card&#237;acos consecutivos, durante a apneia expirat&#243;ria
               final, e os resultados foram calculados. Todos os sinais do IDT foram registrados no
               tempo da varredura horizontal, fixada em 100 mm/s, de acordo com as diretrizes
                  atuais<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref>. Foram calculados E/E' e
               E/(E'&#215;S'); a m&#233;dia das velocidades do local septal e lateral do anel mitral foi
               utilizada para a an&#225;lise. As medi&#231;&#245;es do IDT foram repetidas um m&#234;s ap&#243;s a alta
               hospitalar (30 &#177; 3 dias). O agravamento da rela&#231;&#227;o E/(E'&#215;S') foi definida como um
               valor maior do que o valor anterior, determinado no momento da alta. Todas as
               medi&#231;&#245;es foram realizadas por um profissional especializado em ecocardiograma.</p>
        <p>As variabilidades inter e intra-observador para E/E', S' e E/(E'&#215;S') foram
               examinadas. As medi&#231;&#245;es foram realizadas em um grupo de 30 indiv&#237;duos escolhidos
               aleatoriamente por um observador em dois momentos distintos, e por dois pesquisadores
               que desconheciam as medidas um do outro, e do ponto de tempo de estudo.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Vari&#225;veis Cl&#237;nicas Registradas</title>
        <p>As seguintes vari&#225;veis cl&#237;nicas foram registradas na alta hospitalar e inclu&#237;das no
               modelo de progn&#243;stico: idade, sexo, &#237;ndice de massa corporal, press&#227;o arterial m&#233;dia,
               frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca, etiologia da IC, classe funcional, n&#237;veis da fra&#231;&#227;o do terminal
               N do pr&#243;-pept&#237;deo natriur&#233;tico cerebral (NTproBNP) (determinados no per&#237;odo de 30
               minutos antes ou depois da ecocardiografia). A prescri&#231;&#227;o das principais classes
               terap&#234;uticas em IC tamb&#233;m foi registrada.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Resultado cl&#237;nico</title>
        <p>Os pacientes foram acompanhados durante &#8805; 24 meses. A morte card&#237;aca foi considerada
               como o ponto final do estudo. A causa da morte foi determinada a partir da
               documenta&#231;&#227;o do hospital, da informa&#231;&#227;o dos m&#233;dicos dos atendimentos, e do atestado
               de &#243;bito. A morte card&#237;aca foi definida como morte diretamente relacionada com a
               doen&#231;a card&#237;aca, especialmente a insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca congestiva, ou como morte
               s&#250;bita. A morte por motivos n&#227;o card&#237;acos foi definida como morte n&#227;o devida
               principalmente a causas card&#237;acas.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>An&#225;lise Estat&#237;stica</title>
        <p>Os dados est&#227;o expressos como m&#233;dia &#177; desvio padr&#227;o para vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas e em
               propor&#231;&#245;es para vari&#225;veis categ&#243;ricas. As vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas foram comparadas entre
               os grupos por meio do teste <italic>t</italic> n&#227;o pareado (vari&#225;veis com
               distribui&#231;&#227;o normal) ou teste de Mann-Whitney (U) (vari&#225;veis n&#227;o-normalmente
               distribu&#237;das). As propor&#231;&#245;es foram comparadas pelo teste do qui-quadrado e o teste
               exato de Fischer. A an&#225;lise univariada proporcional de Cox foi realizada para
               investigar a signific&#226;ncia de um n&#250;mero de vari&#225;veis de previs&#227;o de morte card&#237;aca.
               As vari&#225;veis associadas com o resultado foram colocadas em um modelo de regress&#227;o
               multivariada de Cox para identificar os preditores independentes da morte
               cardiovascular. O resultado desta an&#225;lise foi expresso como raz&#227;o de risco e
               intervalo de confian&#231;a de 95%. Forma obtidas as curvas cumulativas de mortalidade
               pelo m&#233;todo de Kaplan-Meier. Os pacientes que morreram de causas n&#227;o cardiovasculares
               foram censurados (como n&#227;o-eventos) na data da morte. Um valor de p &lt; 0,05 foi
               considerado significativo. As curvas caracter&#237;sticos receptor-operador (ROC) foram
               plotadas para definir os valores m&#237;nimos de preditores independentes. A variabilidade
               intra-observador e a variabilidade inter-observador para E/E', S' e E/(E'&#215;S') foram
               medidas pelo coeficiente de correla&#231;&#227;o intraclasse, e pelo coeficiente de varia&#231;&#227;o
               (CV) com o m&#233;todo da raiz quadrada m&#233;dia. O c&#225;lculo da capacidade foi realizada
               usando o software PS vers&#227;o 3.0 da Vanderbilt University (Nashville, TN). Para o
               c&#225;lculo da capacidade, o limiar de signific&#226;ncia foi de &#945; = 0,05 e o tempo acumulado
               foi de 12 meses. Todas as demais an&#225;lises foram realizadas com o software de
               estat&#237;stica SPSS, vers&#227;o 18.0 (SPSS Inc., Chicago, Illinois). Este trabalho foi
               apoiado pelo CNCSIS-UEFISCU, n&#250;mero do projeto PN II/c&#243;digo RU PD 526/2010 e TD
               530/2007.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="results">
      <title>Resultados</title>
      <p>O presente estudo incluiu 339 pacientes consecutivos (62 &#177; 13 anos; 106 mulheres),
            hospitalizados por insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca, em ritmo sinusal. A etiologia da IC foi de
            doen&#231;a arterial coronariana (218 pacientes), cardiomiopatia n&#227;o-isqu&#234;mica (85 pacientes)
            e hipertens&#227;o arterial sist&#234;mica (36 pacientes). A FEVE m&#233;dia foi de 41 &#177; 14% e as
            velocidades anulares do IDT foram registradas em ambos os locais em todos os 339
            pacientes. As caracter&#237;sticas padr&#227;o do grupo global s&#227;o apresentadas na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t01">Tabela 1</xref>.</p>
      <table-wrap id="t01">
        <label>Tabela 1</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Caracter&#237;sticas b&#225;sicas do grupo todo de 339 pacientes com insufici&#234;ncia
                  card&#237;aca</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="rows">
          <thead>
            <tr>
              <th colspan="2" align="left">
                <bold>Caracter&#237;sticas</bold>
              </th>
              <th>    </th>
              <th>
                <bold>Dados</bold>
              </th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody>
            <tr>
              <td colspan="4">
                <bold>Caracter&#237;sticas Cl&#237;nicas</bold>
              </td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td> </td>
              <td>Idade, anos</td>
              <td> </td>
              <td align="center">62 &#177; 13</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td> </td>
              <td>G&#234;nero Feminino/masculino, n (%)</td>
              <td> </td>
              <td align="center">106 (31,3) / 233 (68,7)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td> </td>
              <td>&#205;ndice de Massa corporal, kg/m<sup>2</sup></td>
              <td> </td>
              <td align="center">26,1 &#177; 4,1</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td> </td>
              <td>Frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca, batimentos/min</td>
              <td> </td>
              <td align="center">75,5 &#177; 21</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td> </td>
              <td>Press&#227;o Arterial m&#233;dia, mmHg</td>
              <td> </td>
              <td align="center">97,2 &#177; 14,1</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td> </td>
              <td>Doen&#231;a da Art&#233;ria Coronariana, n (%)</td>
              <td> </td>
              <td align="center">218 (64,3)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td> </td>
              <td>Miocardiopatia n&#227;o-isqu&#234;mica, n (%)</td>
              <td> </td>
              <td align="center">85 (25,1)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td> </td>
              <td>Hipertens&#227;o Sist&#234;mica, n (%)</td>
              <td> </td>
              <td align="center">36 (10,6)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td> </td>
              <td>NYHA classe I/II/III/IV, n (%)</td>
              <td> </td>
              <td align="center">20 (5,9)/167 (49,3)/133 (39,2)/19 (5,6)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td> </td>
              <td>NTproBNP, pg/ml</td>
              <td> </td>
              <td align="center">3049 &#177; 3993</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td colspan="4">
                <bold>Terapia M&#233;dica</bold>
              </td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td> </td>
              <td>Beta bloqueador, n (%)</td>
              <td> </td>
              <td align="center">297 (87,6)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td> </td>
              <td>IECA/ antagonista do receptor da angiotensina, n (%)</td>
              <td> </td>
              <td align="center">323 (95,3)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td> </td>
              <td>Diur&#233;ticos, n (%)</td>
              <td> </td>
              <td align="center">294 (86,7)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td> </td>
              <td>Digoxina, n (%)</td>
              <td> </td>
              <td align="center">84 (24,8)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td> </td>
              <td>Nitratos, n (%)</td>
              <td> </td>
              <td align="center">223 (65,8)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td colspan="4">
                <bold>Par&#226;metros Ecocardiogr&#225;ficos</bold>
              </td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td> </td>
              <td>Fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o VE, %</td>
              <td> </td>
              <td align="center">41 &#177; 14</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td> </td>
              <td>Volume atrial esquerdo, ml</td>
              <td> </td>
              <td align="center">92 &#177; 44</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td> </td>
              <td>Volume atrial esquerdo indexado, ml/m<sup>2</sup></td>
              <td> </td>
              <td align="center">48 &#177; 25</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td> </td>
              <td>Press&#227;o sist&#243;lica da art&#233;ria pulmonar, mmHg</td>
              <td> </td>
              <td align="center">40 &#177; 15</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td> </td>
              <td>&#193;rea do orif&#237;cio mitral regurgitante, mm<sup>2</sup></td>
              <td> </td>
              <td align="center">27,1 &#177; 10,1</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td> </td>
              <td>Volume mitral regurgitante, ml</td>
              <td> </td>
              <td align="center">37,6 &#177; 14</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
        <table-wrap-foot>
          <fn>
            <p>IECA: inibidor da enzima conversora da angiotensina; VE: ventr&#237;culo esquerdo;
                     NTproBNP: terminal N do pr&#243;-pept&#237;deo natriur&#233;tico cerebral; NYHA: New York
                     Heart Association.</p>
          </fn>
        </table-wrap-foot>
      </table-wrap>
      <p>Durante o per&#237;odo de acompanhamento (m&#233;dia: 35,2 &#177; 8,8 meses), a morte card&#237;aca ocorreu
            em 51 pacientes (15%). As caracter&#237;sticas cl&#237;nicas e ecocardiogr&#225;ficas do grupo de
            sobreviventes e n&#227;o sobreviventes s&#227;o apresentados na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t02">Tabela 2</xref>. Quando comparados com os pacientes que n&#227;o desenvolveram a morte
            card&#237;aca, os pacientes que desenvolveram a morte card&#237;aca apresentaram n&#237;veis
            significativamente mais elevados de NTproBNP e de press&#227;o sist&#243;lica da art&#233;ria pulmonar,
            maior AE e VE, menor FEVE e velocidades de E'e S', e valores mais elevados para E, E/A,
            E/E' e E/(E'&#215;S'). Al&#233;m disso, n&#227;o houve diferen&#231;a no que diz respeito &#224; distribui&#231;&#227;o de
            idade, sexo, etiologia da IC, frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca, press&#227;o arterial, &#237;ndice de massa
            corporal, classe funcional, medica&#231;&#227;o (em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; beta bloqueadores, inibidores da
            enzima de antagonista receptor inibidor/enzima angiotensina, nitratos e diur&#233;ticos),
            tempo de desacelera&#231;&#227;o E, ORA, VD e GMI. A m&#233;dia de E/(E'&#215;S') no momento da alta foi de
            3,67 &#177; 1,69 em pacientes que desenvolveram a morte card&#237;aca, enquanto que, nos demais,
            foi de 1,05 &#177; 1,09 (p &lt; 0,001).</p>
      <table-wrap id="t02">
        <label>Tabela 2</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Caracter&#237;sticas cl&#237;nicas e ecocardiogr&#225;ficas dos grupos de pacientes na alta
                  hospitalar</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="rows">
          <thead>
            <tr>
              <th colspan="2" align="left">
                <bold>Caracter&#237;sticas</bold>
              </th>
              <th>
                <bold>Sobreviventes (n = 288)</bold>
              </th>
              <th>
                <bold>Morte Card&#237;aca (n = 51)</bold>
              </th>
              <th>
                <bold>Valor de p</bold>
              </th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody>
            <tr>
              <td colspan="5">
                <bold>Caracter&#237;sticas Cl&#237;nicas</bold>
              </td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td> </td>
              <td>Idade, anos</td>
              <td align="center">61,8 &#177; 12,9</td>
              <td align="center">64,1 &#177; 11,1</td>
              <td align="center">0,22</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td> </td>
              <td>G&#234;nero feminino/masculino</td>
              <td align="center">88 / 200</td>
              <td align="center">18 / 33</td>
              <td align="center">0,51</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td> </td>
              <td>&#205;ndice de Massa Corporal, kg/m<sup>2</sup></td>
              <td align="center">25,7 &#177; 3,8</td>
              <td align="center">28,4 &#177; 5,9</td>
              <td align="center">0,43</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td> </td>
              <td>Frequ&#234;ncia Card&#237;aca, batimentos/min</td>
              <td align="center">75&#177;17</td>
              <td align="center">78 &#177; 22</td>
              <td align="center">0,47</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td> </td>
              <td>Press&#227;o Arterial M&#233;dia, mmHg</td>
              <td align="center">97,7 &#177; 13,8</td>
              <td align="center">94,8 &#177; 15,7</td>
              <td align="center">0,56</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td> </td>
              <td>Doen&#231;a da art&#233;ria coronariana, n (%)</td>
              <td align="center">186 (64,6)</td>
              <td align="center">32 (62,7)</td>
              <td align="center">0,80</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td> </td>
              <td>Miocardiopatia n&#227;o-isqu&#234;mica, n (%)</td>
              <td align="center">74 (25,7)</td>
              <td align="center">11 (21,6)</td>
              <td align="center">0,53</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td> </td>
              <td>Hipertens&#227;o Sist&#234;mica, n (%)</td>
              <td align="center">28 (9,7)</td>
              <td align="center">8 (15,7)</td>
              <td align="center">0,20</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td> </td>
              <td>NYHA classe I/II/III/IV, n</td>
              <td align="center">17/140/118/13</td>
              <td align="center">3/27/15/6</td>
              <td align="center">0,13</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td> </td>
              <td>NTproBNP, pg/ml</td>
              <td align="center">2454 &#177; 3039</td>
              <td align="center">6411 &#177; 6418</td>
              <td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td colspan="5">
                <bold>Terapia M&#233;dica</bold>
              </td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td> </td>
              <td>Beta bloqueador, n (%)</td>
              <td align="center">254 (88,1)</td>
              <td align="center">43 (84,3)</td>
              <td align="center">0,73</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td> </td>
              <td>IECA/ antagonista do receptor da angiotensina, n (%)</td>
              <td align="center">276 (95,8)</td>
              <td align="center">47 (92,1)</td>
              <td align="center">0,25</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td> </td>
              <td>Diur&#233;ticos, n (%)</td>
              <td align="center">247 (85,7)</td>
              <td align="center">47 (92,1)</td>
              <td align="center">0,21</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td> </td>
              <td>Digoxina, n (%)</td>
              <td align="center">64 (22,2)</td>
              <td align="center">20 (39,2)</td>
              <td align="center">0,01</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td> </td>
              <td>Nitratos, n (%)</td>
              <td align="center">187 (64,9)</td>
              <td align="center">36 (70,5)</td>
              <td align="center">0,43</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td colspan="5">
                <bold>Vari&#225;veis Ecocardiogr&#225;ficas</bold>
              </td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td> </td>
              <td>&#205;ndice de volume diast&#243;lico final do VE, ml/m<sup>2</sup></td>
              <td align="center">92 &#177; 32</td>
              <td align="center">113 &#177; 41</td>
              <td align="center">0,005</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td> </td>
              <td>&#205;ndice de volume sist&#243;lico final do VE, ml/m<sup>2</sup></td>
              <td align="center">53 &#177; 26</td>
              <td align="center">75 &#177; 29</td>
              <td align="center">0,008</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td> </td>
              <td>Fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do VE, %</td>
              <td align="center">42 &#177; 14</td>
              <td align="center">33 &#177; 15</td>
              <td align="center">0,001</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td> </td>
              <td>Volume do &#225;trio esquerdo, ml</td>
              <td align="center">87 &#177; 40</td>
              <td align="center">118 &#177; 49</td>
              <td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td> </td>
              <td>Volume indexado do &#225;trio esquerdo, ml/m<sup>2</sup></td>
              <td align="center">45 &#177; 22</td>
              <td align="center">65 &#177; 29</td>
              <td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td> </td>
              <td>Press&#227;o arterial pulmonar sist&#243;lica, mmHg</td>
              <td align="center">39 &#177; 14</td>
              <td align="center">47 &#177; 18</td>
              <td align="center">0,001</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td> </td>
              <td>&#205;ndice de Performance Mioc&#225;rdica</td>
              <td align="center">0,61 &#177; 0,42</td>
              <td align="center">0,72 &#177; 0,45</td>
              <td align="center">0,07</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td> </td>
              <td>&#193;rea do orif&#237;cio mitral regurgitante, mm<sup>2</sup></td>
              <td align="center">26,6 &#177; 10,3</td>
              <td align="center">29,9 &#177; 9,8</td>
              <td align="center">0,41</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td> </td>
              <td>Volume mitral regurgitante, ml</td>
              <td align="center">37 &#177; 15</td>
              <td align="center">41 &#177; 22</td>
              <td align="center">0,22</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td> </td>
              <td>E, cm/s</td>
              <td align="center">79 &#177; 25</td>
              <td align="center">101 &#177; 33</td>
              <td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td> </td>
              <td>Rela&#231;&#227;o E/A</td>
              <td align="center">1,14 &#177; 0,76</td>
              <td align="center">1,64 &#177; 1,08</td>
              <td align="center">0,003</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td> </td>
              <td>Tempo de desacelera&#231;&#227;o E, ms</td>
              <td align="center">171 &#177; 75</td>
              <td align="center">158 &#177; 71</td>
              <td align="center">0,27</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td> </td>
              <td>E', cm/s</td>
              <td align="center">7,4 &#177; 2,7</td>
              <td align="center">5,5 &#177; 1,6</td>
              <td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td> </td>
              <td>S', cm/s</td>
              <td align="center">6,9 &#177; 2,6</td>
              <td align="center">5,1 &#177; 1,9</td>
              <td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td> </td>
              <td>Rela&#231;&#227;o E/E'</td>
              <td align="center">10,9 &#177; 4,02</td>
              <td align="center">18,7 &#177; 5,91</td>
              <td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td> </td>
              <td>Rela&#231;&#227;o E/(E'xS')</td>
              <td align="center">1,57 &#177; 1,09</td>
              <td align="center">3,67 &#177; 1,69</td>
              <td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
        <table-wrap-foot>
          <fn>
            <p>A: velocidade de fluxo tardio transmitral; IECA: inibidor da enzima conversora
                     da angiotensina; E: velocidade de fluxo precoce diast&#243;lico transmitral; E:
                     velocidade diast&#243;lica precoce do anel mitral; VE: ventr&#237;culo esquerdo; NYHA:
                     New York Heart Association; S': velocidade sist&#243;lica do anel mitral; NTproBNP:
                     terminal N do pr&#243;-pept&#237;deo natriur&#233;tico cerebral.</p>
          </fn>
        </table-wrap-foot>
      </table-wrap>
      <p>A <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01">Figura 1</xref> mostra a curva ROC para E/(E'&#215;S') no
            momento da alta para a previs&#227;o da morte card&#237;aca. O valor m&#237;nimo para a rela&#231;&#227;o
            E/(E'&#215;S') foi de 2,83 com sensibilidade de 76% e 85% de especificidade. Os pacientes
            foram divididos em dois grupos de acordo com a rela&#231;&#227;o E/(E'&#215;S') no momento da alta: o
            grupo I foi constitu&#237;do de pacientes com E/(E'&#215;S') &#8804; 2,83 (252 pacientes, 74,3%) e o
            grupo II com E/(E'&#215;S') &gt; 2,83 (87 pacientes, 25,7%). A an&#225;lise de Kaplan-Meier
            mostrou que a taxa de sobreviv&#234;ncia durante o acompanhamento foi significativamente
            maior no grupo I do que no grupo II (teste de Log rank, p &lt; 0,001) (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02">Figura 2a</xref>). O tempo m&#233;dio de sobrevida a partir do
            ecocardiograma basal foi de 42,1 meses no grupo de pacientes com E/(E'&#215;S') &#8804; 2,83, e de
            26,2 meses em pessoas com E/(E'&#215;S') &gt; 2,83. A an&#225;lise estat&#237;stica mostrou uma
            capacidade de 81% na detec&#231;&#227;o da diferen&#231;a entre os tempos m&#233;dios de sobreviv&#234;ncia para
            os dois grupos. Para investigar o poss&#237;vel impacto da FEVE, os pacientes com FEVE &#8805; 50%
            (108 pacientes, 31,9%) e com FEVE &lt;50% (231 pacientes, 68,1%) foram analisados
            separadamente. Em ambos os grupos, a taxa de sobreviv&#234;ncia foi significativamente mais
            elevada nos pacientes do grupo I em rela&#231;&#227;o ao grupo II, como mostrado na representa&#231;&#227;o
            gr&#225;fica de Kaplan-Meier (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02">Figuras 2b</xref> e <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02">2c</xref>).</p>
      <fig id="f01" fig-type="other">
        <label>Figura 1</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Curva caracter&#237;stica receptor-operador (ROC) para a rela&#231;&#227;o E/(E&#8217;&#215;S&#8217;) no
                  momento da alta hospitalar na previs&#227;o da morte card&#237;aca. AUC: &#225;rea sob a curva
                  ROC; E: velocidade diast&#243;lica precoce m&#225;xima; E&#8217;: m&#225;xima velocidade precoce
                  diast&#243;lica do anel mitral usando a m&#233;dia da regi&#227;o medial e lateral do anel
                  mitral; S&#8217;: velocidade m&#225;xima sist&#243;lica do anel mitral usando a m&#233;dia da regi&#227;o
                  medial e lateral do anel mitral; IC 95%: intervalo de confian&#231;a de 95%.</title>
        </caption>
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-102-01-0019-30222-gf01.jpg"/></fig>
      <fig id="f02" fig-type="other">
        <label>Figura 2</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Curvas de sobrevida de Kaplan-Meier da popula&#231;&#227;o total (339 pacientes) com
                  insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca (a), naqueles com fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o ventricular esquerda
                  preservada (VE) (b), e naqueles com fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o ventricular esquerda reduzida
                  (c), de acordo com a rela&#231;&#227;o E/(E&#8217;&#215;S&#8217;) no momento da alta abaixo e acima de 2,83.
                  E: velocidade do in&#237;cio diast&#243;lico transmitral m&#225;ximo; E&#8217;: velocidade m&#225;xima
                  precoce diast&#243;lica do anel mitral usando a m&#233;dia da regi&#227;o medial e lateral do
                  anel mitral; S&#8217;: velocidade m&#225;xima sist&#243;lica do anel mitral usando a m&#233;dia da
                  regi&#227;o medial e lateral do anel mitral.</title>
        </caption>
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-102-01-0019-30222-gf02.jpg"/></fig>
      <p>A <xref ref-type="table" rid="t03">Tabela 3</xref> mostra as vari&#225;veis que previram a
            morte card&#237;aca na an&#225;lise de regress&#227;o de Cox univariada (p &lt; 0,05): os n&#237;veis de
            NTproBNP, FEVE, press&#227;o sist&#243;lica da art&#233;ria pulmonar, volume indexado do AE, rela&#231;&#227;o
            E/A, E', S', E/E', E/(E'&#215; S'), e FEVE &#8804; 40% combinado com E/E' &gt; 15. Por outro lado,
            a idade, o sexo, a frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca, press&#227;o arterial, etiologia da IC (doen&#231;a
            arterial coronariana etc.), classe funcional, o &#237;ndice de volume diast&#243;lico final do VE,
            &#237;ndice de volume sist&#243;lico final do VE, GMI, o tempo de desacelera&#231;&#227;o E, A, VD e ROA,
            n&#227;o estavam significativamente associados &#224; morte card&#237;aca na an&#225;lise univariada. Apenas
            as vari&#225;veis que afetaram o resultado foram inclu&#237;das na an&#225;lise de regress&#227;o
            multivariada de Cox. Essa an&#225;lise identificou a rela&#231;&#227;o E/(E'&#215;S') no momento da alta
            como o melhor preditor independente da morte card&#237;aca em pacientes com insufici&#234;ncia
            card&#237;aca (IC = 3,09, intervalo de confian&#231;a de 95% = 1,81-5,31, p = 0,001). A <xref ref-type="table" rid="t03">Tabela 3</xref> mostra o modelo de Cox multivariado final.
            A morte n&#227;o card&#237;aca foi semelhante no grupo I em rela&#231;&#227;o ao grupo II [4 (1,58%) versus
            2 (2,29%), p = 0,66].</p>
      <table-wrap id="t03">
        <label>Tabela 3</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Vari&#225;veis cl&#237;nicas, laboratoriais, e ecocardiogr&#225;ficas no momento da alta
                  hospitalar associadas com a morte card&#237;aca na an&#225;lise univariada e multivariada de
                  Cox</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="rows">
          <thead>
            <tr>
              <th align="left">
                <bold>Vari&#225;veis</bold>
              </th>
              <th>
                <bold>Univariada HR (IC 95%)</bold>
              </th>
              <th>
                <bold>Valor de p</bold>
              </th>
              <th>
                <bold>Multivariada HR (IC 95%)</bold>
              </th>
              <th>
                <bold>Valor de p</bold>
              </th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody>
            <tr>
              <td>N&#237;veis de NTproBNP</td>
              <td align="center">1,03 (1,01-1,05)</td>
              <td align="center">0,002</td>
              <td align="center">NA</td>
              <td align="center">NA</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>FEVE</td>
              <td align="center">0,95 (0,93-0,97)</td>
              <td align="center">0,003</td>
              <td align="center">NA</td>
              <td align="center">NA</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>PASP</td>
              <td align="center">1,03 (1,01-1,05)</td>
              <td align="center">0,001</td>
              <td align="center">1,02 (0,97-1,03)</td>
              <td align="center">0,029</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Volume indexado atrial esquerdo</td>
              <td align="center">1,03 (1,02-1,04)</td>
              <td align="center">0,001</td>
              <td align="center">1,03 (1,01-1,04)</td>
              <td align="center">0,018</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Rela&#231;&#227;o E/A</td>
              <td align="center">1,72 (1,35-2,19)</td>
              <td align="center">0,001</td>
              <td align="center">NA</td>
              <td align="center">NA</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Velocidade E'</td>
              <td align="center">0,67 (0,57-0,81)</td>
              <td align="center">0,001</td>
              <td align="center">NA</td>
              <td align="center">NA</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Velocidade S'</td>
              <td align="center">0,62 (0,51-0,75)</td>
              <td align="center">0,009</td>
              <td align="center">NA</td>
              <td align="center">NA</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Rela&#231;&#227;o E/E'</td>
              <td align="center">1,24 (1,17-1,3)</td>
              <td align="center">0,007</td>
              <td align="center">NA</td>
              <td align="center">NA</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Rela&#231;&#227;o E/(E'xS')</td>
              <td align="center">2,41 (2,02-2,85)</td>
              <td align="center">0,001</td>
              <td align="center">3,09 (1,81-5,31)</td>
              <td align="center">0,001</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>FEVE&#8804;40% e E/E'&gt;15</td>
              <td align="center">6,88 (3,94-12,02)</td>
              <td align="center">0,001</td>
              <td align="center">NA</td>
              <td align="center">NA</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
        <table-wrap-foot>
          <fn>
            <p>A: velocidade diast&#243;lica tardia transmitral; IC: intervalo de confian&#231;a; E:
                     velocidade diast&#243;lica precoce transmitral; E&#8217;: velocidade diast&#243;lica do anel
                     mitral; HR: raz&#227;o de risco; FEVE: fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o ventricular esquerda; S&#8217;:
                     velocidade sist&#243;lica do anel mitral; NA: n&#227;o aplic&#225;vel; NTproBNP: terminal N do
                     pr&#243;-pept&#237;deo natriur&#233;tico cerebral; PASP: press&#227;o sist&#243;lica da art&#233;ria
                     pulmonar.</p>
          </fn>
        </table-wrap-foot>
      </table-wrap>
      <p>O benef&#237;cio adicional de E/(E'&#215;S') na previs&#227;o da morte cardiovascular &#233; mostrado na
               <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f03">Figura 3</xref>. No entanto, a adi&#231;&#227;o de E/(E'&#215;S')
            melhorou significativamente a utilidade do progn&#243;stico do modelo contendo FEVE, do
            volume indexado do AE, E/E' e S'. N&#243;s inclu&#237;mos neste modelo apenas os par&#226;metros
            ecocardiogr&#225;ficos tradicionais, e n&#227;o todas as vari&#225;veis que preveem a morte card&#237;aca na
            an&#225;lise univariada.</p>
      <fig id="f03" fig-type="other">
        <label>Figura 3</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Benef&#237;cio adicional de E/(E&#8217;&#215;S&#8217;) no momento da alta hospitalar para previs&#227;o
                  da morte card&#237;aca. A adi&#231;&#227;o de E/(E&#8217;&#215;S&#8217;) melhorou notoriamente a utilidade de
                  progn&#243;stico do modelo contendo a fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o ventricular esquerda (FEVE),
                  &#237;ndice de volume atrial esquerdo (IVAE), rela&#231;&#227;o E/E&#8217; e onda S&#8217;. E: velocidade
                  m&#225;xima precoce diast&#243;lica transmitral; E&#8217;: velocidade m&#225;xima precoce do anel
                  mitral usando a m&#233;dia da regi&#227;o medial e lateral do anel mitral, S&#8217;: velocidade
                  m&#225;xima sist&#243;lica do anel mitral usando a m&#233;dia da regi&#227;o medial e lateral do anel
                  mitral. *p &lt; 0,05.</title>
        </caption>
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-102-01-0019-30222-gf03.jpg"/></fig>
      <p>Um m&#234;s ap&#243;s a alta hospitalar foram identificados agravamentos da rela&#231;&#227;o E/(E'&#215;S') em
            97 pacientes (28,6%). Destes pacientes, 37 (10,9%) apresentavam o valor inicial de
            E/(E'&#215;S') maior do que 2,83. No entanto, como mostrado na <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f04">Figura 4</xref>, o agravamento da rela&#231;&#227;o E/(E'&#215;S') estava associado a menor taxa de
            sobreviv&#234;ncia, independentemente do valor do E/(E'&#215;S') no momento de inclus&#227;o no estudo
            (43,2% versus 66%, p = 0,021 em pacientes com a rela&#231;&#227;o inicial E/(E'&#215;S') &gt; 2,83, e
            90,3% versus 96,3%, p = 0,046 em pacientes com E/(E'&#215;S') &#8804; 2,83 no momento da alta
            hospitalar, respectivamente). O subgrupo de pacientes com uma rela&#231;&#227;o inicial de
            E/(E'&#215;S') &gt; 2,83, e seu agravamento depois de um m&#234;s apresentou o pior progn&#243;stico na
            popula&#231;&#227;o em geral, e naqueles com FEVE preservado ou reduzido (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f04">Figuras 4</xref> e <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f05">5</xref>). Esta an&#225;lise
            foi de capacidade fraca (&lt; 80%) por causa do pequeno tamanho da amostra, uma pequena
            diferen&#231;a na sobrevida mediana, e as compara&#231;&#245;es dos subgrupos.</p>
      <fig id="f04" fig-type="other">
        <label>Figura 4</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Curvas de sobreviv&#234;ncia de Kaplan-Meier de pacientes classificados de acordo
                  com o valor precoce e ao agravamento E/(E&#8217;&#215;S&#8217;) um m&#234;s ap&#243;s a alta hospitalar. A
                  porcentagem de sobreviv&#234;ncia foi de 96,3% em pacientes com valor inicial de
                  E/(E&#8217;&#215;S&#8217;) &#8804; 2,83 e sem agravamento, 90,3% dos pacientes com E/(E&#8217;&#215;S&#8217;) &#8804; 2,83
                  e agravamento ap&#243;s um m&#234;s, 66% em pacientes com E/(E&#8217;&#215;S&#8217;) &gt; 2,83 e sem
                  agravamento, e 43,2% naqueles com valor inicial de E/(E&#8217;&#215;S&#8217;) &gt; 2,83 e
                  agravamento ap&#243;s um m&#234;s, respectivamente. E: velocidade m&#225;xima precoce diast&#243;lica
                  transmitral; E&#8217;: velocidade m&#225;xima precoce do anel mitral usando a m&#233;dia da regi&#227;o
                  medial e lateral do anel mitral, S&#8217;: velocidade m&#225;xima sist&#243;lica do anel mitral
                  usando a m&#233;dia da regi&#227;o medial e lateral do anel mitral.</title>
        </caption>
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-102-01-0019-30222-gf04.jpg"/></fig>
      <fig id="f05" fig-type="other">
        <label>Figura 5</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Curvas de sobreviv&#234;ncia de Kaplan-Meier de pacientes classificados de acordo
                  com o valor inicial E/(E&#8217;&#215;S&#8217;) e ao agravamento E/(E&#8217;&#215;S&#8217;) um m&#234;s ap&#243;s a alta
                  hospitalar: <bold>a)</bold> em pacientes com fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o ventricular esquerda
                  &#8805; 50%, o percentual de sobreviv&#234;ncia foi de 95,7% naqueles com valor inicial
                  E/(E&#8217;&#215;S&#8217;) &#8804; 2,83 e sem agravamento, 96,3% dos pacientes com E/(E&#8217;&#215;S&#8217;) &#8804; 2,83 e
                  agravamento ap&#243;s um m&#234;s, 62,5% em pacientes com E/(E&#8217;&#215;S&#8217;) &gt; 2,83 e sem
                  agravamento, e de 25% naqueles com valor inicial E/(E&#8217;&#215;S&#8217;) &gt; 2,83 e agravamento
                  de um m&#234;s, respectivamente; <bold>b)</bold> em pacientes com fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o
                  ventricular esquerda &lt;50%, o percentual de sobreviv&#234;ncia foi de 95,7% naqueles
                  com valor inicial E/(E&#8217;&#215;S&#8217;) &#8804; 2,83 e sem agravamento, 85,7% dos pacientes com
                  E/(E&#8217;&#215;S&#8217;) &#8804; 2,83 e agravamento ap&#243;s um m&#234;s, 66,7% dos pacientes com E/(E&#8217;&#215;S&#8217;) &gt;
                  2,83 e sem agravamento, e 45,5% naqueles com valor inicial E/(E&#8217;&#215;S&#8217;) &gt; 2,83 e
                  agravamento ap&#243;s um m&#234;s, respectivamente. E: velocidade m&#225;xima precoce diast&#243;lica
                  transmitral; E&#8217;: velocidade m&#225;xima precoce do anel mitral usando a m&#233;dia da regi&#227;o
                  medial e lateral do anel mitral, S&#8217;: velocidade m&#225;xima sist&#243;lica do anel mitral
                  usando a m&#233;dia da regi&#227;o medial e lateral do anel mitral.</title>
        </caption>
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-102-01-0019-30222-gf05.jpg"/></fig>
      <p>Os coeficientes de intraclasse do intra-observador para E/E', S' e E/(E'&#215;S') foram de
            0,95 (2,6% CV), 0,93 (CV 3,1%), e 0,93 (CV 3%), respectivamente. Os coeficientes de
            intraclasse do inter-observador para E/E', S' e E/(E'&#215; S') foram de 0,93 (CV 2,8%), 0,91
            (CV 3%), e 0,90 (CV 3,2%), respectivamente.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="discussion">
      <title>Discuss&#227;o</title>
      <p>Para o nosso melhor conhecimento, este &#233; o primeiro estudo a investigar o valor de um
            novo &#237;ndice derivado de IDT, E/(E'&#215;S') na previs&#227;o da morte card&#237;aca em pacientes com
            IC, em ritmo sinusal. A rela&#231;&#227;o E/(E'&#215;S') na alta hospitalar foi o preditor mais forte
            em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; morte cardiovascular quando comparado com v&#225;rios outros par&#226;metros
            ecocardiogr&#225;ficos, com a doen&#231;a arterial coronariana, classe funcional de NYHA e n&#237;veis
            plasm&#225;ticos de NTproBNP.</p>
      <p>A import&#226;ncia cl&#237;nica da previs&#227;o da morte card&#237;aca em pacientes com disfun&#231;&#227;o
            ventricular esquerda tem aumentado. V&#225;rios estudos anteriores com imagens
            ecocardiogr&#225;ficas sugerem que os &#237;ndices de volumes de FEVE<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref> e do VE<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref> e o tamanho do
               AE<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B04">4</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref> s&#227;o fortes preditores dos resultados da insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca congestiva.
            Em nosso estudo, a FEVE, preditor de resultados na an&#225;lise univariada, foi eliminada em
            uma an&#225;lise multivariada. Embora o volume indexado do AE parecia ser um par&#226;metro
            ecocardiogr&#225;fico valioso para a previs&#227;o de morte cardiovascular, a rela&#231;&#227;o E/(E'&#215;S')
            foi um melhor preditor em nossos pacientes.</p>
      <p>O IDT est&#225;, agora, amplamente dispon&#237;vel em equipamento ecocardiogr&#225;fica de v&#225;rios
            fabricantes, e &#233; cada vez mais utilizado na pr&#225;tica cl&#237;nica, mas a import&#226;ncia relativa
            das diferentes vari&#225;veis continua a ser firmemente estabelecida. Esta nova t&#233;cnica n&#227;o
            requer rastreamento dos contornos endoc&#225;rdicos, diferentemente dos volumes do VE e da
               FEVE<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref>. A rela&#231;&#227;o E/E' foi proposta como o
            melhor preditor de Doppler simples na avalia&#231;&#227;o da press&#227;o de enchimento do VE<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref>. Em um estudo anterior, demonstramos que um novo &#237;ndice IDT, incluindo o
            pico de velocidade sist&#243;lica do anel mitral (S') e E/E', E/(E'&#215;S'), foi &#250;til para
            avaliar a press&#227;o de enchimento do VE, independentemente de FEVE<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref>. Estudos recentes abordaram a implica&#231;&#227;o progn&#243;stica dos
            par&#226;metros de IDT em doen&#231;as card&#237;acas importantes, como a IC<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B03">3</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B05">5</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B07">7</xref>, a s&#237;ndrome coronariana
               aguda<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B08">8</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B09">9</xref>, infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref> e a hipertens&#227;o<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref>.</p>
      <p>Wang e cols.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref> mostraram, em uma popula&#231;&#227;o
            heterog&#234;nea de pacientes card&#237;acos, que tanto as velocidades de S' como de E' foram
            preditores da mortalidade card&#237;aca na an&#225;lise univariada, mas a velocidade que E' foi
            marginalmente superior, na an&#225;lise multivariada. Outros estudos relataram que a rela&#231;&#227;o
               E/E'<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B01">1</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B05">5</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B06">6</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B09">9</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref> e a onda S'<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref> foram fortes preditores independentes da morte card&#237;aca em popula&#231;&#245;es com
            IC sist&#243;lica. M&#248;ller e cols.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref> estudaram um grupo
            de pacientes ap&#243;s o primeiro infarto do mioc&#225;rdio e informaram que E/E' foi um preditor
            independente de todas as causas de morte. Mais recentemente, Hirata e cols.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B01">1</xref> demonstraram que um &#237;ndice combinado, incluindo a
            FEVE &#8804; 40% e o E/E' &gt; 15, permitiu a identifica&#231;&#227;o de pacientes com maior risco de
            desenvolver complica&#231;&#245;es card&#237;acas, em pacientes com IC. Este par&#226;metro combinado foi um
            bom preditor de resultados na an&#225;lise univariada em nosso estudo, mas foi eliminado na
            an&#225;lise multivariada. O presente estudo demonstra, pela primeira vez, que a E/(E'&#215;S') &#233;
            um forte preditor ecocardiogr&#225;fico independente da morte cardiovascular em pacientes com
            IC. Ele mant&#233;m seu valor progn&#243;stico ap&#243;s o ajuste para dados cl&#237;nicos e para outro
            ecocardiograma, o Doppler convencional, e os &#237;ndices de IDT. A superioridade da rela&#231;&#227;o
            E/(E'&#215;S') sobre o &#237;ndice combinado de FEVE &#8804; 40% e E/E' &gt; 15 pode ser atribu&#237;do &#224;
            capacidade reduzida da velocidade de S' em identificar a disfun&#231;&#227;o do VE em indiv&#237;duos
            com FEVE<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref> normal. A taxa de sobreviv&#234;ncia foi
            significativamente maior em pacientes com E/(E'&#215;S') &#8804; 2,83 no momento da alta do que no
            grupo com E/(E'&#215;S') &gt; 2,83, independentemente da FEVE. O subgrupo de pacientes com
            uma rela&#231;&#227;o inicial de E/(E'&#215;S') &gt; 2,83, e seu agravamento ap&#243;s um m&#234;s, apresentou o
            pior progn&#243;stico. Este resultado pode ter implica&#231;&#245;es para a estratifica&#231;&#227;o de risco
            desta popula&#231;&#227;o de pacientes.</p>
      <p>Em nosso estudo, diferentemente do que &#233; observado na literatura, o n&#237;vel plasm&#225;tico de
            NTproBNP n&#227;o foi um bom preditor de morte. No entanto, nestes estudos foram inclu&#237;dos
            pacientes no servi&#231;o de emerg&#234;ncia com quadro de dispneia<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref>, pacientes consecutivos com IC aguda ou cr&#244;nica<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref>, ou
            disfun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica do VE<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref>. Em nossa popula&#231;&#227;o,
            foi realizado o ecocardiograma e a determina&#231;&#227;o do NTproBNP ap&#243;s tratamento m&#233;dico
            adequado. A an&#225;lise estat&#237;stica dos nossos dados suporta a observa&#231;&#227;o de que o NTproBNP
            tem valor progn&#243;stico, mas &#233; inferior ao &#237;ndice de E/(E'&#215;S').</p>
      <p>A doen&#231;a arterial coronariana foi altamente prevalente na presente s&#233;rie e n&#227;o se pode
            descartar a ocorr&#234;ncia de eventos isqu&#234;micos que contribuem para a morte dos pacientes.
            Em nosso estudo, a presen&#231;a de doen&#231;a arterial coronariana n&#227;o foi um preditor de morte
            cardiovascular.</p>
      <p>Nossos resultados devem ser considerados no contexto de v&#225;rias limita&#231;&#245;es. O n&#250;mero de
            pacientes neste estudo foi relativamente pequeno; no entanto, fomos capazes de chegar a
            v&#225;rias observa&#231;&#245;es significativas. Deliberadamente, n&#227;o usamos os par&#226;metros de Doppler
            mais sofisticados que s&#227;o dif&#237;ceis de serem registrados e, portanto, inadequados para a
            pr&#225;tica di&#225;ria. Limitamos as medi&#231;&#245;es do IDT em dois locais (anel mitral medial e
            lateral), e n&#227;o examinou as velocidades anteriores e posteriores que poderiam ter
            fornecido informa&#231;&#245;es adicionais. O centro de estudos funcionava como um centro
            terci&#225;rio invasivo e, portanto, a popula&#231;&#227;o do estudo pode n&#227;o refletir a popula&#231;&#227;o
            geral de pacientes com IC. Nosso estudo &#233; um estudo conduzido em um &#250;nico centro, e a
            sua reprodu&#231;&#227;o em outros centros ou estudos multic&#234;ntricos, questionariam sua validade.
            S&#227;o necess&#225;rios estudos futuros para comparar o valor do progn&#243;stico da E/(E'&#215; S') com
            aquele de par&#226;metros mais novos de an&#225;lise de deforma&#231;&#227;o do mioc&#225;rdio, como o deforma&#231;&#227;o
            longitudinal do VE, taxa de deforma&#231;&#227;o e/ou tor&#231;&#227;o determinada por duas ou tr&#234;s imagens
            dimensionais ecocardiogr&#225;ficas.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="conclusions">
      <title>Conclus&#227;o</title>
      <p>Os nossos resultados indicam que, em pacientes com IC em ritmo sinusal, o &#237;ndice IDT
            derivado, a E/(E'&#215;S'), &#233; um &#237;ndice importante de progn&#243;stico independente de longo prazo
            de morte card&#237;aca. Independentemente da FEVE, um valor de E/(E'&#215;S') &gt; 2,83 no momento
            da alta hospitalar pode identificar pacientes com alto risco de morte cardiovascular,
            especialmente se estiver associado com o agravamento depois de um m&#234;s.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec>
      <title>Contribui&#231;&#227;o dos autores</title>
      <p>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa, An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados, Reda&#231;&#227;o do
            manuscrito e Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual: Mornos C,
            Petrescu L, Cozma D, Ionac A; Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados: Mornos C, Petrescu L, Cozma D; An&#225;lise
            estat&#237;stica: Mornos C, Cozma D; Obten&#231;&#227;o de financiamento: Mornos C.</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
    <ack>
      <p>Este trabalho teve o suporte do CNCSIS-UEFISCU, n&#250;mero do projeto PN II/RU, c&#243;digo PD
            526/2010 e TD 530/2007.</p>
    </ack>
    <ref-list>
      <title>Refer&#234;ncias</title>
      <ref id="B01">
        <label>1</label>
        <mixed-citation>1. Hirata K, Hyodo E, Hozumi T, Kita R, Hirose M, Sakanoue Y, et al.
               Usefulness of a combination of systolic function by left ventricular ejection
               fraction and diastolic function by E/E' to predict prognosis in patients with heart
               failure. Am J Cardiol. 2009;103(9):1275-9.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Hirata</surname>
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  </back>
  <sub-article id="SA1" article-type="translation" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Articles</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title xml:lang="en">A New Tissue Doppler Index to Predict Cardiac Death in
               Patients with Heart Failure</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Mornos</surname>
            <given-names>Cristian</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff03">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff04">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Petrescu</surname>
            <given-names>Lucian</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff03">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff04">2</xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c02"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Cozma</surname>
            <given-names>Dragos</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff03">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff04">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Ionac</surname>
            <given-names>Adina</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff03">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff04">2</xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff03">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">"Victor Babes" University of Medicine and
               Pharmacy</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Timisoara</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country>Romania</country>
        <institution content-type="original">"Victor Babes" University of Medicine and Pharmacy,
               Timisoara- Romania</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff04">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Timisoara</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country>Romania</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases, Timisoara -
               Romania</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c02"><bold>Mailing Address: Lucian Petrescu</bold>, "Victor Babes" University of Medicine
               and Pharmacy, Timisoara, G.Adam 13&#170; - Romania. E-mail:
                  <email>drpetresculucian@gmail.com</email>
            </corresp>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potential Conflict of Interest</bold>
          </p>
          <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <abstract xml:lang="en">
        <sec>
          <title>Background:</title>
          <p>It has been shown that a new tissue Doppler index, E/(E'&#215;S'), including the ratio
                  between early diastolic transmitral and mitral annular velocity (E/E'), and the
                  systolic mitral annular velocity (S'), has a good accuracy to predict left
                  ventricular filling pressure.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objectives:</title>
          <p>We investigated the value of E/(E'&#215;S') to predict cardiac death in patients with
                  heart failure.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Methods:</title>
          <p>Echocardiography was performed in 339 consecutive hospitalized patients with heart
                  failure, in sinus rhythm, after appropriate medical treatment, at discharge and
                  after one month. Worsening of E/(E'&#215;S') was defined as any increase of baseline
                  value. The end point was cardiac death.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Results:</title>
          <p>During the follow-up period (35.2 &#177; 8.8 months), cardiac death occurred in 51
                  patients (15%). The optimal cut-off value for the initial E/(E'&#215;S') to predict
                  cardiac death was 2.83 (76% sensitivity, 85% specificity). At discharge, 252
                  patients (74.3%) presented E/(E'&#215;S') &#8804; 2.83 (group I) and 87 (25.7%) presented
                  E/(E'&#215;S') &gt; 2.83 (group II), respectively. Cardiac death was significantly
                  higher in group II than in group I (38 deaths, 43.7% vs 13 deaths, 5.15%, p &lt;
                  0.001). By multivariate Cox regression analysis, including variables that affected
                  outcome in univariate analysis, E/(E'&#215;S') at discharge was the best independent
                  predictor of cardiac death (hazard ratio = 3.09, 95% confidence interval =
                  1.81-5.31, p = 0.001). Patients with E/(E'&#215;S') &gt; 2.83 at discharge and its
                  worsening after one month presented the worst prognosis (all p &lt; 0.05).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclusions:</title>
          <p>In patients with heart failure, the E/(E'&#215;S') ratio is a powerful predictor of
                  cardiac death, particularly if it is associated with its worsening.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>Heart Failure / mortality</kwd>
        <kwd>Echocardiography, Doppler</kwd>
        <kwd>Death, Sudden, Cardiac / prevention &amp; control</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <funding-group>
        <award-group>
          <funding-source>CNCSIS / UE Fiscu</funding-source>
          <award-id>PD 526/2010</award-id>
          <award-id>TD 530/2007</award-id>
        </award-group>
      </funding-group>
      <counts>
        <fig-count count="5"/>
        <table-count count="3"/>
        <equation-count count="0"/>
        <ref-count count="28"/>
        <page-count count="11"/>
      </counts>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>Introduction</title>
        <p>The mortality rate after the onset of heart failure (HF) remains high despite recent
               advances in the management of this condition. The high mortality associated to left
               ventricular (LV) dysfunction results in the necessity to obtain prognosis information
               as soon as possible. A variety of indexes derived using echocardiography have been
               used to predict cardiac outcome of patients with HF, including left cavity
               dimensions, LV ejection fraction (LVEF), and transmitral flow patterns<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B01">1</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B04">4</xref>. Some studies demonstrated that tissue Doppler imaging (TDI) parameters
               were capable of adding prognostic information to predict cardiac death in major
               cardiac diseases, such as HF<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B03">3</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B05">5</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B07">7</xref>, acute coronary syndrome<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B08">8</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B09">9</xref>, acute myocardial
                  infarction<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>, and hypertension<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref>.</p>
        <p>Echocardiography is a mainstay of the diagnostic work-up of dyspneic patients<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B02">2</xref>, with Doppler echocardiography providing useful
               information regarding LV filling pressure<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B09">9</xref>.
               However, elevated LV filling pressure may be clinically silent. The early diastolic
               transmitral velocity/early mitral annular diastolic velocity ratio (E/E') has been
               proposed as the best single Doppler predictor for evaluating LV filling pressure<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13
               </xref>and as a good predictor of cardiac death<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B01">1</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B05">5</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B06">6</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B09">9</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>. Recently, a new
               TDI index, E/(E'&#215;S'), that associates a marker of diastolic function (E/E') and a
               parameter that explores LV systolic performance (systolic mitral annular velocity,
               S'), had been shown to be useful to assess the LV filling pressure in a heterogeneous
               population of cardiac patients, regardless of LVEF<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref>.</p>
        <p>We believe that a precise assessment of prognosis in patients with cardiac diseases
               must take into account parameters that explore global LV function. Therefore, we
               investigated the value of E/(E'&#215;S') ratio to predict cardiac death in patients with
               HF.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="methods">
        <title>Methods</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Patients</title>
          <p>We analyzed prospectively 500 consecutive patients, hospitalized at our clinic
                  between October 2006 and September 2007 with HF, in sinus rhythm. We included
                  adult patients (age &#8805; 18 years) with exacerbation of symptoms of HF with at least
                  1 New York Heart Association (NYHA) class deterioration, with typical signs of HF
                  and echocardiographic evidence of systolic and/or diastolic LV dysfunction<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref>. Patients with inadequate echocardiographic
                  images, congenital heart disease, cardiac pacemaker/defibrillator, significant
                  primary valvular heart disease, acute coronary syndrome at inclusion, coronary
                  revascularization during follow-up, severe pulmonary disease, malignant neoplasia
                  or renal failure, were excluded. The remaining 339 patients formed our study
                  group. The study was approved by the local research ethics committee.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Echocardiography</title>
          <p>Before discharge and in a reasonably stable clinical condition (within 24 hour),
                  our patients underwent an echocardiographic examination with an ultrasonographic
                  system (Vivid 7 General Electric, Milwaukee, WI) equipped with multifrequency
                  transducer. LVEF was calculated from apical two- and four-chamber views using a
                  modified Simpson's rule<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref>. Left atrial (LA)
                  volume was calculated using the biplane area-length method at the apical
                  four-chamber and apical two-chamber views at ventricular end-systole (maximum LA
                  size). LA volume was indexed for body surface area<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref>. The severity of mitral regurgitation was assessed from the apical
                  views using proximal convergence method; the regurgitant orifice area (ROA) and
                  the regurgitant volume (RV) were determined<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref>. Transmitral flow patterns were recorded from apical four-chamber
                  windows with 4-5 mm pulsed-sample Doppler volume placed between mitral valve tips
                  in diastole during five consecutive cardiac cycles. Care was taken to obtain the
                  smallest possible angle between the direction of transmitral flow and the
                  ultrasound beam. Maximal velocities of E and late transmitral flow (A) waves were
                  measured during end-expiratory apnea; the velocities were recorded for five
                  consecutive cardiac cycles, and the results were averaged. Pulsed Doppler signals
                  were recorded at a horizontal sweep of 100 mm/s. The global myocardial index (GMI)
                  was determined using Doppler time intervals measured from mitral inflow and LV
                  outflow Doppler tracings as the sum of isovolumic contraction and relaxation time
                  divided by the ejection time<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref>. Measurement
                  of systolic pulmonary artery pressure was performed using the maximal regurgitant
                  velocity at the tricuspide valve by continous Doppler.</p>
          <p>The TDI program was set in pulsed-wave Doppler mode. Motion of mitral annulus was
                  recorded in the apical four-chamber view at a frame rate of 80 to 140 frames per
                     second<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref>. A 4-5 mm sample volume was
                  positioned sequentially at the lateral and septal corners of the mitral annulus.
                  The peak early diastolic mitral annular velocity (E') was determined. The peak
                  mitral annular systolic velocity (S') was defined as the maximum velocity during
                  systole, excluding the isovolumic contraction. All velocities were recorded for
                  five consecutive cardiac cycles during end-expiratory apnea, and the results were
                  averaged. All TDI signals were recorded at horizontal time sweep set at 100 mm/s
                  accordingly to current guidelines<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref>. E/E'
                  and E/(E'&#215;S') were calculated; the average of the velocities from the septal and
                  lateral site of the mitral annulus was used for the analysis. TDI measurements
                  were repeated one month after hospital discharge (30 &#177; 3 days). Worsening of
                  E/(E'&#215;S') was defined as a value greater than the previous value determined at
                  discharge. An experienced echocardiographer performed all measurements.</p>
          <p>The inter- and intra-observer variabilities for E/E', S' and E/(E'&#215;S') were
                  examined. Measurements were performed in a group of 30 randomly selected subjects
                  by one observer at two separate times and by two investigators who were unaware of
                  the other's measurements and of the study time point.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Clinical Variables Recorded</title>
          <p>The following clinical variables were recorded at hospital discharge and included
                  in the prognostic model: age, sex, body mass index, mean arterial pressures, heart
                  rate, etiology of HF, NYHA functional class, N-terminal pro-brain natriuretic
                  peptide (NTproBNP) levels (determined within 30 minutes before or after
                  echocardiography). Prescription of the main therapeutic classes in HF was also
                  recorded.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Clinical Outcome</title>
          <p>Patients were followed for &#8805; 24 months. Cardiac death was regarded as the study
                  end- point. The cause of death was determined from hospital documentation,
                  information from attending physicians and death certificate. Cardiac death was
                  defined as a death directly related either to cardiac disease, mainly congestive
                  HF, or sudden death. Non-cardiac death was defined as a death that was not
                  primarily due to cardiac causes.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Statistical Analysis</title>
          <p>Data are expressed as mean &#177; standard deviation for continuous variables and as
                  proportions for categorical variables. Continuous variables were compared between
                  groups using unpaired <italic>t</italic> test (variables with normal distribution)
                  or Mann-Whitney U test (non-normally distributed variables). Proportions were
                  compared using chi-square test and Fischer's exact test. Univariate Cox
                  proportional hazards analysis was performed to investigate the significance of a
                  number of variables in predicting cardiac death. Variables associated with outcome
                  were put into a multivariate Cox regression model to identify independent
                  predictors of cardiovascular death. The output of this analysis was expressed as
                  hazard ratio with 95% confidence interval. Cumulative mortality curves were
                  obtained using the Kaplan-Meier method. Patients who died of non-cardiovascular
                  causes were censored (as non-events) at date of death. A p value &lt; 0.05 was
                  considered significant. Receiver-operator characteristic (ROC) curves were plotted
                  to define cut-off values of independent predictors. Intra-observer variability and
                  inter-observer variability for E/E', S' and E/(E'&#215;S') were measured by the
                  intraclass correlation coefficient and by the coefficient of variation (CV) with
                  the root-mean-square method. The power calculation was conducted using the PS
                  software version 3.0 from Vanderbilt University (Nashville, TN). For the power
                  calculation, the threshold for significance was &#945; = 0.05 and the accrual time was
                  12 months. All other analyses were carried out with the SPSS, version 18.0 (SPSS
                  Inc., Chicago, Illinois) statistical software. This work was supported by
                  CNCSIS-UEFISCU, project number PN II/RU, code PD 526/2010 and TD 530/2007.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="results">
        <title>Results</title>
        <p>The current study included 339 consecutive patients (62 &#177; 13 years; 106 women),
               hospitalized for HF, in sinus rhythm. The aetiology of HF was coronary artery disease
               (218 patients), non-ischemic cardiomyopathy (85 patients) and systemic hypertension
               (36 patients). The mean LVEF was 41 &#177; 14% and mitral annular velocities from TDI were
               recordable at both sites in all 339 patients. Baseline characteristics of the overall
               group are presented in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t04">Table 1</xref>.</p>
        <table-wrap id="t04">
          <label>Table 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Baseline characteristics of the overall group of 339 patients with heart
                     failure</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="rows">
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th colspan="2" align="left">
                  <bold>Characteristics</bold>
                </th>
                <th>    </th>
                <th>
                  <bold>Data</bold>
                </th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td colspan="4">
                  <bold>Clinical characteristics</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td> </td>
                <td>Age, years</td>
                <td> </td>
                <td align="center">62 &#177; 13</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td> </td>
                <td>Female/male gender, n (%)</td>
                <td> </td>
                <td align="center">106 (31.3) / 233 (68.7)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td> </td>
                <td>Body mass index, kg/m<sup>2</sup></td>
                <td> </td>
                <td align="center">26,1 &#177; 4.1</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td> </td>
                <td>Heart rate, beats/min</td>
                <td> </td>
                <td align="center">75.5 &#177; 21</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td> </td>
                <td>Mean arterial pressure, mmHg</td>
                <td> </td>
                <td align="center">97.2 &#177; 14.1</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td> </td>
                <td>Coronary artery disease, n (%)</td>
                <td> </td>
                <td align="center">218 (64.3)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td> </td>
                <td>Non-ischemic cardiomyopathy, n (%)</td>
                <td> </td>
                <td align="center">85 (25.1)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td> </td>
                <td>Systemic hypertension, n (%)</td>
                <td> </td>
                <td align="center">36 (10.6)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td> </td>
                <td>NYHA class I/II/III/IV, n (%)</td>
                <td> </td>
                <td align="center">20 (5.9)/167 (49.3)/133 (39.2)/19 (5.6)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td> </td>
                <td>NTproBNP, pg/ml</td>
                <td> </td>
                <td align="center">3049 &#177; 3993</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td colspan="4">
                  <bold>Medical therapy</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td> </td>
                <td>Beta blocker, n (%)</td>
                <td> </td>
                <td align="center">297 (87.6)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td> </td>
                <td>ACEI/angiotensin receptor antagonist, n (%)</td>
                <td> </td>
                <td align="center">323 (95.3)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td> </td>
                <td>Diuretics, n (%)</td>
                <td> </td>
                <td align="center">294 (86.7)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td> </td>
                <td>Digoxin, n (%)</td>
                <td> </td>
                <td align="center">84 (24.8)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td> </td>
                <td>Nitrates, n (%)</td>
                <td> </td>
                <td align="center">223 (65.8)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td colspan="4">
                  <bold>Echocardiographic parameters</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td> </td>
                <td>LV ejection fraction, %</td>
                <td> </td>
                <td align="center">41 &#177; 14</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td> </td>
                <td>Left atrial volume, ml</td>
                <td> </td>
                <td align="center">92 &#177; 44</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td> </td>
                <td>Indexed left atrial volume, ml/m<sup>2</sup></td>
                <td> </td>
                <td align="center">48 &#177; 25</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td> </td>
                <td>Systolic pulmonary artery pressure, mmHg</td>
                <td> </td>
                <td align="center">40 &#177; 15</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td> </td>
                <td>Mitral regurgitant orifice area, mm<sup>2</sup></td>
                <td> </td>
                <td align="center">27.1 &#177; 10.1</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td> </td>
                <td>Mitral regurgitant volume, ml</td>
                <td> </td>
                <td align="center">37.6 &#177; 14</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn>
              <p>ACEI: angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitor; LV: left ventricle; NTproBNP:
                        N-terminal pro-brain natriuretic pe ptide; NYHA: New York Heart
                        Association.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <p>During the follow-up period (average: 35.2 &#177; 8.8 months) cardiac death occurred in 51
               patients (15%). The clinical and echocardiographic characteristics of the group of
               survivors and non-survivors are presented in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t05">Table
                  2</xref>. As compared with patients who did not develop cardiac death, patients
               who developed cardiac death had significantly higher NTproBNP levels and pulmonary
               artery systolic pressures, larger LA and LV, lower LVEF, E' and S' velocities and
               higher values for E, E/A, E/E' and E/(E'&#215;S'). In addition, there was no difference
               with regard to the distribution of age, gender, etiology of HF, heart rate, mean
               arterial pressure, body mass index, NYHA class, medication (regarding beta blocker,
               angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitor/angiotensin receptor antagonist, nitrates and
               diuretics), E-deceleration time, ORA, RV and GMI. Mean E/(E'&#215;S') at discharge was
               3.67 &#177; 1.69 in patients who developed cardiac death, while it was 1.05 &#177; 1.09 in the
               rest (p &lt; 0.001).</p>
        <table-wrap id="t05">
          <label>Table 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Clinical and echocardiographic characteristics of the groups of patients at
                     hospital discharge</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="rows">
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th colspan="2" align="left">
                  <bold>Characteristics</bold>
                </th>
                <th>
                  <bold>Survivors (n = 288)</bold>
                </th>
                <th>
                  <bold>Cardiac death (n = 51)</bold>
                </th>
                <th>
                  <bold>p value</bold>
                </th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td colspan="5">
                  <bold>Clinical characteristics</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td> </td>
                <td>Age, years</td>
                <td align="center">61.8 &#177; 12.9</td>
                <td align="center">64.1 &#177; 11.1</td>
                <td align="center">0.22</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td> </td>
                <td>Female/male gender</td>
                <td align="center">88 / 200</td>
                <td align="center">18 / 33</td>
                <td align="center">0.51</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td> </td>
                <td>Body mass index, kg/m<sup>2</sup></td>
                <td align="center">25.7 &#177; 3.8</td>
                <td align="center">28.4 &#177; 5.9</td>
                <td align="center">0.43</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td> </td>
                <td>Heart rate, beats/min</td>
                <td align="center">75&#177;17</td>
                <td align="center">78 &#177; 22</td>
                <td align="center">0.47</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td> </td>
                <td>Mean arterial pressure, mmHg</td>
                <td align="center">97.7 &#177; 13.8</td>
                <td align="center">94.8 &#177; 15.7</td>
                <td align="center">0.56</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td> </td>
                <td>Coronary artery disease, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">186 (64.6)</td>
                <td align="center">32 (62.7)</td>
                <td align="center">0.80</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td> </td>
                <td>Non-ischemic cardiomyopathy, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">74 (25.7)</td>
                <td align="center">11 (21.6)</td>
                <td align="center">0.53</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td> </td>
                <td>Systemic hypertension, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">28 (9.7)</td>
                <td align="center">8 (15.7)</td>
                <td align="center">0.20</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td> </td>
                <td>NYHA class I/II/III/IV, n</td>
                <td align="center">17/140/118/13</td>
                <td align="center">3/27/15/6</td>
                <td align="center">0.13</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td> </td>
                <td>NTproBNP, pg/ml</td>
                <td align="center">2454 &#177; 3039</td>
                <td align="center">6411 &#177; 6418</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0.001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td colspan="5">
                  <bold>Medical therapy</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td> </td>
                <td>Beta blocker, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">254 (88.1)</td>
                <td align="center">43 (84.3)</td>
                <td align="center">0.73</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td> </td>
                <td>ACEI/angiotensin receptor antagonist, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">276 (95.8)</td>
                <td align="center">47 (92.1)</td>
                <td align="center">0.25</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td> </td>
                <td>Diuretics, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">247 (85.7)</td>
                <td align="center">47 (92.1)</td>
                <td align="center">0.21</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td> </td>
                <td>Digoxin, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">64 (22.2)</td>
                <td align="center">20 (39.2)</td>
                <td align="center">0.01</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td> </td>
                <td>Nitrates, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">187 (64.9)</td>
                <td align="center">36 (70.5)</td>
                <td align="center">0.43</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td colspan="5">
                  <bold>Echocardiographic variables</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td> </td>
                <td>LV end-diastolic volume index, ml/m<sup>2</sup></td>
                <td align="center">92 &#177; 32</td>
                <td align="center">113 &#177; 41</td>
                <td align="center">0.005</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td> </td>
                <td>LV end-systolic volume index, ml/m<sup>2</sup></td>
                <td align="center">53 &#177; 26</td>
                <td align="center">75 &#177; 29</td>
                <td align="center">0.008</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td> </td>
                <td>LV ejection fraction, %</td>
                <td align="center">42 &#177; 14</td>
                <td align="center">33 &#177; 15</td>
                <td align="center">0.001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td> </td>
                <td>Left atrial volume, ml</td>
                <td align="center">87 &#177; 40</td>
                <td align="center">118 &#177; 49</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0.001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td> </td>
                <td>Indexed left atrial volume, ml/m<sup>2</sup></td>
                <td align="center">45 &#177; 22</td>
                <td align="center">65 &#177; 29</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0.001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td> </td>
                <td>Systolic pulmonary artery pressure, mmHg</td>
                <td align="center">39 &#177; 14</td>
                <td align="center">47 &#177; 18</td>
                <td align="center">0.001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td> </td>
                <td>Global myocardial index</td>
                <td align="center">0.61 &#177; 0.42</td>
                <td align="center">0.72 &#177; 0.45</td>
                <td align="center">0.07</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td> </td>
                <td>Mitral regurgitant orifice area, mm<sup>2</sup></td>
                <td align="center">26.6 &#177; 10.3</td>
                <td align="center">29.9 &#177; 9.8</td>
                <td align="center">0.41</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td> </td>
                <td>Mitral regurgitant volume, ml</td>
                <td align="center">37 &#177; 15</td>
                <td align="center">41 &#177; 22</td>
                <td align="center">0.22</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td> </td>
                <td>E. cm/s</td>
                <td align="center">79 &#177; 25</td>
                <td align="center">101 &#177; 33</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0.001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td> </td>
                <td>E/A ratio</td>
                <td align="center">1.14 &#177; 0.76</td>
                <td align="center">1.64 &#177; 1.08</td>
                <td align="center">0.003</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td> </td>
                <td>E-deceleration time, ms</td>
                <td align="center">171 &#177; 75</td>
                <td align="center">158 &#177; 71</td>
                <td align="center">0.27</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td> </td>
                <td>E'. cm/s</td>
                <td align="center">7.4 &#177; 2.7</td>
                <td align="center">5.5 &#177; 1.6</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0.001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td> </td>
                <td>S'. cm/s</td>
                <td align="center">6.9 &#177; 2.6</td>
                <td align="center">5.1 &#177; 1.9</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0.001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td> </td>
                <td>E/E&#8217; ratio</td>
                <td align="center">10.9 &#177; 4.02</td>
                <td align="center">18.7 &#177; 5.91</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0.001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td> </td>
                <td>E/(E&#8217;&#215;S&#8217;) ratio</td>
                <td align="center">1.57 &#177; 1.09</td>
                <td align="center">3.67 &#177; 1.69</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0.001</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn>
              <p>A: late transmitral flow velocity; ACEI: angiotensin converting enzyme
                        inhibitor; E: early diastolic transmitral flow velocity; E&#8217;: early mitral
                        annular diastolic velocity; LV: left ventricle; NYHA: New York Heart
                        Association; S&#8217;: systolic velocity of mitral annulus; NTproBNP: N-terminal
                        pro-brain natriuretic peptide.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <p><xref ref-type="fig" rid="f06">Figure 1</xref> shows the ROC curve for E/(E'&#215;S') at
               discharge to predict cardiac death. The optimal cut-off value for E/(E'&#215;S') ratio was
               2.83 with 76% sensitivity and 85% specificity. Patients were divided into 2 groups
               according to E/(E'&#215;S') at discharge: group I consisted of patients with E/(E'&#215;S') &#8804;
               2.83 (252 patients, 74.3%) and group II with E/(E'&#215;S') &gt; 2.83 (87 patients,
               25.7%). Kaplan-Meier analysis showed that the survival rate during follow-up was
               significantly higher in group I than in group II (log rank, p &lt; 0.001) (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f07">Figure 2a</xref>). The median survival time from the
               baseline echocardiography was 42.1 months in the group of patients with E/(E'&#215;S') &#8804;
               2.83 and 26.2 months in those with E/(E'&#215;S') &gt; 2.83. Statistical analysis showed a
               power of 81% to detect the difference between median survival times for the two
               groups. To investigate the possible impact of LVEF, patients with LVEF &#8805; 50% (108
               patients, 31.9%) and with LVEF &lt; 50% (231 patients, 68.1%) were analyzed
               separately. In both groups, the survival rate was significantly higher in patients
               from group I than in those from group II, as shown by Kaplan-Meier plots (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f07">Figures 2b</xref> and <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f07">2c</xref>).</p>
        <fig id="f06" fig-type="other">
          <label>Figure 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>The receiver-operator characteristic (ROC) curve for E/(E&#8217;&#215;S&#8217;) ratio at
                     hospital discharge to predict cardiac death. AUC: area under ROC curve; E:
                     maximal early diastolic transmitral velocity; E&#8217;: maximal early mitral annular
                     diastolic velocity using the average of the medial and lateral site of mitral
                     annulus; S&#8217;: maximal systolic mitral annular velocity using the average of the
                     medial and lateral site of mitral annulus; 95% CI: 95% confidence
                     interval.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-102-01-0019-30222-gf01-en.jpg"/></fig>
        <fig id="f07" fig-type="other">
          <label>Figure 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Kaplan-Meier survival curves in the overall population (339 patients) with
                     heart failure (a), in those with preserved left ventricular (LV) ejection
                     fraction (b), and in those with reduced LV ejection fraction (c), according to
                     E/(E&#8217;&#215;S&#8217;) ratio at discharge below and above 2.83. E: maximal early diastolic
                     transmitral velocity; E&#8217;: maximal early mitral annular diastolic velocity using
                     the average of the medial and lateral site of mitral annulus; S&#8217;: maximal
                     systolic mitral annular velocity using the average of the medial and lateral
                     site of mitral annulus.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-102-01-0019-30222-gf02-en.jpg"/></fig>
        <p><xref ref-type="table" rid="t06">Table 3</xref> shows the variables that predicted
               cardiac death on univariate Cox regression analysis (p &lt; 0.05): NTproBNP levels,
               LVEF, systolic pulmonary artery pressure, indexed LA volume, E/A ratio, E', S', E/E',
               E/(E'&#215;S'), and LVEF &#8804; 40% combined with E/E' &gt;15. Conversely, age, sex, heart
               rate, blood pressure, etiology of HF (coronary artery disease, etc.), NYHA functional
               class, LV end-diastolic volume index, LV end-systolic volume index, GMI,
               E-deceleration time, A, RV and ROA, were not significantly associated with cardiac
               death on univariate analysis. Only variables that affected outcome were included in
               the multivariate forward Cox regression analysis. This analysis identified E/(E'&#215;S')
               at discharge as the best independent predictor of cardiac death in patients with HF
               (HR = 3.09, 95% confidence interval = 1.81-5.31, p = 0.001). <xref ref-type="table" rid="t06">Table 3</xref> shows the final multivariate Cox model. Non-cardiac death
               was similar in group I compared to group II [4 (1.58%) vs. 2 (2.29%), p = 0.66 ].</p>
        <table-wrap id="t06">
          <label>Table 3</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Clinical, laboratory, and echocardiographic variables at hospital discharge
                     associated with cardiac death in Cox univariate and multivariate
                     analysis</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="rows">
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">
                  <bold>Variables</bold>
                </th>
                <th>
                  <bold>Univariate HR (95% CI)</bold>
                </th>
                <th>
                  <bold>p value</bold>
                </th>
                <th>
                  <bold>Multivariate HR (95% CI)</bold>
                </th>
                <th>
                  <bold>p value</bold>
                </th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td>NTproBNP levels</td>
                <td align="center">1.03 (1.01-1.05)</td>
                <td align="center">0.002</td>
                <td align="center">NA</td>
                <td align="center">NA</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>LVEF</td>
                <td align="center">0.95 (0.93-0.97)</td>
                <td align="center">0.003</td>
                <td align="center">NA</td>
                <td align="center">NA</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>PASP</td>
                <td align="center">1.03 (1.01-1.05)</td>
                <td align="center">0.001</td>
                <td align="center">1.02 (0.97-1.03)</td>
                <td align="center">0.029</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Indexed left atrial volume</td>
                <td align="center">1.03 (1.02-1.04)</td>
                <td align="center">0.001</td>
                <td align="center">1.03 (1.01-1.04)</td>
                <td align="center">0.018</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>E/A ratio</td>
                <td align="center">1.72 (1.35-2.19)</td>
                <td align="center">0.001</td>
                <td align="center">NA</td>
                <td align="center">NA</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>E&#8217; velocity</td>
                <td align="center">0.67 (0.57-0.81)</td>
                <td align="center">0.001</td>
                <td align="center">NA</td>
                <td align="center">NA</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>S&#8217; velocity</td>
                <td align="center">0.62 (0.51-0.75)</td>
                <td align="center">0.009</td>
                <td align="center">NA</td>
                <td align="center">NA</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>E/E&#8217; ratio</td>
                <td align="center">1.24 (1.17-1.3)</td>
                <td align="center">0.007</td>
                <td align="center">NA</td>
                <td align="center">NA</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>E/(E&#8217;&#215;S&#8217;) ratio</td>
                <td align="center">2.41 (2.02-2.85)</td>
                <td align="center">0.001</td>
                <td align="center">3.09 (1.81-5.31)</td>
                <td align="center">0.001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>LVEF &#8804; 40% and E/E&#8217;&gt;15</td>
                <td align="center">6.88 (3.94-12.02)</td>
                <td align="center">0.001</td>
                <td align="center">NA</td>
                <td align="center">NA</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn>
              <p>A: late diastolic transmitral velocity; CI: confidence interval; E: early
                        diastolic transmitral velocity; E&#8217;: mitral annular diastolic velocity; HR:
                        hazard ratio; LVEF: left ventricular ejection fraction; S&#8217;: systolic
                        velocity of mitral annulus; NA: not applicable; NTproBNP: N-terminal
                        pro-brain natriuretic peptide; PASP: pulmonary artery systolic pressure.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <p>The additional benefit of E/(E'&#215;S') to predict cardiovascular death is shown in <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f08">Figure 3</xref>. However, the addition of E/(E'&#215;S')
               markedly improved the prognostic utility of the model containing LVEF, indexed LA
               volume, E/E' and S'. We included in this model only the traditional echocardiographic
               parameters and not all of the variables that predicted cardiac death on univariate
               analysis.</p>
        <fig id="f08" fig-type="other">
          <label>Figure 3</label>
          <caption>
            <title>The additional benefit of E/(E&#8217;&#215;S&#8217;) at hospital discharge to predict
                     cardiac death. The addition of E/(E&#8217;&#215;S&#8217;) markedly improved the prognostic
                     utility of the model containing left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF), left
                     atrial volume index (LAVI), E/E&#8217; ratio and S&#8217; wave. E: maximal early diastolic
                     transmitral velocity; E&#8217;: maximal early mitral annular diastolic velocity using
                     the average of the medial and lateral site of mitral annulus; S&#8217;: maximal
                     systolic mitral annular velocity using the average of the medial and lateral
                     site of mitral annulus. *p &lt; 0.05</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-102-01-0019-30222-gf03-en.jpg"/></fig>
        <p>One month after hospital discharge we identified worsening of E/(E'&#215;S') ratio in 97
               patients (28.6%). Of these patients, 37 (10.9%) presented the initial value of
               E/(E'&#215;S') greater than 2.83. However, as shown in <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f09">Figure 4</xref>, E/(E'&#215;S') worsening was associated with lower survival rate,
               regardless of the E/(E'&#215;S') value at inclusion in the study (43.2% versus 66%, p =
               0.021 in patients with the initial E/(E'&#215;S') &gt; 2.83, and 90.3% vs. 96.3%, p =
               0.046 in those with E/(E'&#215;S') &#8804; 2.83 at hospital discharge, respectively). The
               subgroup of patients with an initial E/(E'&#215;S') ratio &gt; 2.83 and its worsening
               after one month presented the worst prognosis in the overall population, and in those
               with preserved or reduced LVEF (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f09">Figures 4</xref> and
                  <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f10">5</xref>). This analysis was underpowered (&lt;
               80%) because of small sample size, small difference in median survival, and subgroup
               comparisons.</p>
        <fig id="f09" fig-type="other">
          <label>Figure 4</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Kaplan-Meier survival curves of patients classified according to the
                     initial E/(E&#8217;&#215;S&#8217;) value and to E/(E&#8217;&#215;S&#8217;) worsening one month after hospital
                     discharge. The percent of survival was 96.3% in patients with initial E/(E&#8217;&#215;S&#8217;)
                     &#8804; 2.83 and no worsening, 90.3% in patients with E/(E&#8217;&#215;S&#8217;) &#8804; 2.83 and worsening
                     after one month, 66% in patients with E/(E&#8217;&#215;S&#8217;) &gt; 2.83 and no worsening, and
                     43.2% in those with initial E/(E&#8217;&#215;S&#8217;) &gt; 2.83 and worsening at one month,
                     respectively. E: maximal early diastolic transmitral velocity; E&#8217;: maximal
                     early mitral annular diastolic velocity using the average of the medial and
                     lateral site of mitral annulus; S&#8217;: maximal systolic mitral annular velocity
                     using the average of the medial and lateral site of mitral annulus. </title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-102-01-0019-30222-gf04-en.jpg"/></fig>
        <fig id="f10" fig-type="other">
          <label>Figure 5</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Kaplan-Meier survival curves of patients classified according to the
                     initial E/(E&#8217;&#215;S&#8217;) value and to E/(E&#8217;&#215;S&#8217;) worsening one month after hospital
                     discharge: <bold>a)</bold> in patients with left ventricular ejection fraction
                     &#8805;50%, the percentage of survival was 95.7% in those with initial E/(E&#8217;&#215;S&#8217;)
                     &#8804;2.83 and no worsening, 96.3% in patients with E/(E&#8217;&#215;S&#8217;) &#8804;2.83 and worsening
                     after one month, 62.5% in patients with E/(E&#8217;&#215;S&#8217;) &gt;2.83 and no worsening,
                     and 25% in those with initial E/(E&#8217;&#215;S&#8217;) &gt;2.83 and worsening at one month,
                     respectively; <bold>b)</bold> in patients with left ventricular ejection
                     fraction &lt;50% the percentage of survival was 95.7% in those with initial
                     E/(E&#8217;&#215;S&#8217;) &#8804;2.83 and no worsening, 85.7% in patients with E/(E&#8217;&#215;S&#8217;) &#8804;2.83 and
                     worsening after one month, 66.7% in patients with E/(E&#8217;&#215;S&#8217;) &gt;2.83 and no
                     worsening, and 45.5% in those with initial E/(E&#8217;&#215;S&#8217;) &gt;2.83 and worsening at
                     one month, respectively. E: maximal early diastolic transmitral velocity; E&#8217;:
                     maximal early mitral annular diastolic velocity using the average of the medial
                     and lateral site of mitral annulus; S&#8217;: maximal systolic mitral annular
                     velocity using the average of the medial and lateral site of mitral
                     annulus.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-102-01-0019-30222-gf05-en.jpg"/></fig>
        <p>The intra-observer intraclass coefficients for E/E', S' and E/(E'&#215;S') were 0.95 (CV
               2.6%), 0.93 (CV 3.1%), and 0.93 (CV 3%), respectively. The inter-observer intraclass
               coefficients for E/E', S' and E/(E'&#215;S') were 0.93 (CV 2.8%), 0.91 (CV 3%), and 0.90
               (CV 3.2%), respectively.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="discussion">
        <title>Discussion</title>
        <p>To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study investigating the value of a
               new TDI derived index, E/(E'&#215;S') to predict cardiac death in patients with HF, in
               sinus rhythm. E/(E'&#215;S') ratio at hospital discharge was the strongest predictor of
               cardiovascular death when compared to several other echocardiographic parameters,
               coronary artery disease, NYHA functional class and plasmatic NTproBNP levels.</p>
        <p>The clinical importance of predicting cardiac death in patients with LV dysfunction
               has been increasing. Several previous studies with echocardiographic imaging have
               suggested that LVEF<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref>, LV volumes indices<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref> and LA size<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B04">4</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21 </xref>are strong
               predictors of outcome in the setting of congestive HF. In our study, LVEF, predictor
               of outcome on univariate analysis, was eliminated on multivariate analysis. Although
               indexed LA volume seemed to be a valuable echocardiographic parameter for prediction
               of cardiovascular death, E/(E'&#215;S') was a better predictor in our patients.</p>
        <p>TDI is now widely available on echocardiographic equipment of various manufacturers
               and is increasingly used in clinical practice but the relative importance of
               different variables remains to be firmly established. This new technique does not
               require tracing of endocardial contours, unlike LV volumes and LVEF<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref>. The E/E' ratio has been proposed as the best
               single Doppler predictor for evaluating LV filling pressure<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref>. In a
               previous study we demonstrated that a new TDI index including peak systolic velocity
               of mitral annulus (S') and E/E' ratio, E/(E'&#215;S'), was useful to assess the LV filling
               pressure, regardless of LVEF<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref>. Recent studies
               have addressed the prognostic implication of TDI parameters in major cardiac
               diseases, such as HF<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B03">3</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B05">5</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B07">7</xref>, acute coronary syndrome<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B08">8</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B09">9</xref>, acute myocardial
                  infarction<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>, and hypertension<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref>.</p>
        <p>Wang et al<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref> showed in a heterogeneous
               population of cardiac patients that both S' and E' velocities were predictors of
               cardiac mortality on univariate analysis, but that E' velocity was marginally
               superior on multivariate analysis. Other studies reported that E/E' ratio<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B01">1</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B05">5</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B06">6</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B09">9</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10
               </xref>and S' wave<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20 </xref>were strong independent
               predictors of cardiac death in populations with systolic HF. M&#248;ller et al<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref> studied a group of patients after first
               myocardial infarction and reported that E/E' was an independent predictor of
               all-cause death. More recently, Hirata et al<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B01">1</xref>
               showed that a combined index including LVEF &#8804; 40% and E/E' &gt; 15 allowed the
               identification of patients at higher risk of cardiac outcome in patients with HF.
               This combined parameter was a good predictor of outcome on univariate analysis in our
               study, but it was eliminated on multivariate analysis. The present study has shown,
               for the first time, that E/(E'&#215;S') is a strong independent echocardiographic
               predictor of cardiovascular death in patients with HF. It retains its prognostic
               value after adjustment for clinical data and other echocardiographic, conventional
               Doppler, and TDI indices. The superiority of E/(E'&#215;S') ratio over the combined index
               LVEF &#8804; 40% and E/E' &gt; 15 can be attributed to the capacity of reduced S' velocity
               to identify LV dysfunction in subjects with normal LVEF<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref>. The survival rate was significantly higher in patients with
               E/(E'&#215;S') &#8804; 2.83 at discharge than in group with E/(E'&#215;S') &gt; 2.83, regardless of
               LVEF. The subgroup of patients with an initial E/(E'&#215;S') ratio &gt; 2.83 and its
               worsening after one month presented the worst prognosis. This result may have
               implications for the risk stratification of this patient population.</p>
        <p>In our study, differently from what is observed in the literature, plasmatic NTproBNP
               level was not a good predictor of death. However, in these studies were included
               patients presenting to the emergency department with dyspnea<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref>, consecutive patients with acute or chronic HF<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27
               </xref>or LV systolic dysfunction<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref>. In our
               population, we performed echocardiography and NTproBNP determination after
               appropriate medical treatment. Statistical analysis of our data supports the
               observation that NTproBNP has prognostic value but it is inferior to E/(E'&#215;S')
               index.</p>
        <p>Coronary artery disease was highly prevalent in the present series and one cannot
               rule out the occurrence of ischemic events contributing to the death of the patients.
               In our study, the presence of coronary artery disease was not a predictor of
               cardiovascular death.</p>
        <p>Our results should be considered in the context of several limitations. The number of
               patients in this study was relatively small; however, we were able to reach several
               significant observations. We deliberately did not use sophisticated Doppler
               parameters that are more difficult to record and thus are not suitable for daily
               practice. We have limited TDI measurements at two sites (medial and lateral mitral
               annulus) and we did not examine anterior and posterior velocities that might have
               provided additional information. The study centre functioned as a tertiary invasive
               centre and therefore the study population may not reflect a general population of
               patients with HF. Our study is a single-center study and its reproduction in other
               centers or by multicenter studies may argue for its validity. Future studies are also
               necessary to compare the prognostic value of E/(E'&#215;S') ratio with that of the newer
               parameters analyzing myocardial deformation, like LV longitudinal strain, strain rate
               and/or torsion determined by two- or three- dimensional echocardiography.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="conclusions">
        <title>Conclusion</title>
        <p>Our findings indicate that in patients with HF, in sinus rhythm, the novel TDI
               derived index, E/(E'&#215;S'), is an important independent long-term prognostic index of
               cardiac death. Regardless of LVEF, an E/(E'&#215;S') value &gt; 2.83 at hospital discharge
               can identify patients at high risk of cardiovascular death, particularly if it is
               associated with worsening after one month.</p>
        <p>Conception and design of the research: Mornos C, Petrescu L, Cozma D, Ionac A.
               Acquisition of data: Mornos C, Petrescu L, Cozma D. Analysis and interpretation of
               the data: Mornos C, Petrescu L, Cozma D, Ionac A. Statistical analysis: Mornos C,
               Cozma D. Writing of the manuscript: Mornos C, Petrescu L, Cozma D, Ionac A. Critical
               revision of the manuscript for intellectual content: Mornos C, Petrescu L, Cozma D,
               Ionac A. Supervision / as the major investigator: Mornos C, Petrescu L, Ionac A.</p>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <ack>
        <p>This work was supported by CNCSIS-UEFISCU, project number PN II/RU, code PD 526/2010
               and TD 530/2007.</p>
      </ack>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>
            <bold>Study Association</bold>
          </p>
          <p>This study is not associated with any post-graduation program.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="financial-disclosure">
          <p>
            <bold>Sources of Funding</bold>
          </p>
          <p>This study was funded by CNCSIS / UE Fiscu.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
