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<article xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" dtd-version="3.0" article-type="research-article" xml:lang="pt">
  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">bgNzTWxK7zRNvJb8py5Ghsp</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2014000100003</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="previous-pid">S0066-782X2013005000107</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">0003</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">S0066-782X2013005000107</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5935/abc.20130225</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigos Originais</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title xml:lang="pt">Avalia&#231;&#227;o da Rela&#231;&#227;o entre a Doen&#231;a Hep&#225;tica N&#227;o Gordurosa
               e CAD utilizando TCMF</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Efe</surname>
            <given-names>Duran</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Ayg&#252;n</surname>
            <given-names>Fatih</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02">2</xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c01"/>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff01">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Mevlana University</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Faculdade de Medicina</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv2">Departamento de Radiologia</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Konya</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country>Turquia</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Departamento de Radiologia, Faculdade de Medicina,
               Mevlana University, Konya, Turquia</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff02">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Mevlana University</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Faculdade de Medicina</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv2">Departamento de Cirurgia
               Cardiovascular</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Konya</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country>Turquia</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Departamento de Cirurgia Cardiovascular, Faculdade
               de Medicina, Mevlana University, Konya, Turquia</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01"><bold>Correspond&#234;ncia: Fatih Ayg&#252;n,</bold> Aksinne Mahallesi Esmeta&#351; Sokak n&#186;16,
               C&#243;digo Postal: 42040, Meram-Konya, Turquia. E-mail:
                  <email>fatihaygun@ttmail.com</email>
            </corresp>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potencial Conflito de Interesses</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Declaro n&#227;o haver conflito de interesses pertinentes.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date pub-type="collection">
        <month>1</month>
        <year>2014</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date pub-type="epub">
        <day>22</day>
        <month>11</month>
        <year>2013</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>102</volume>
      <issue>1</issue>
      <fpage>10</fpage>
      <lpage>18</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>21</day>
          <month>03</month>
          <year>2013</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>16</day>
          <month>07</month>
          <year>2013</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>23</day>
          <month>08</month>
          <year>2013</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/">
          <license-p>This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative
                  Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License which permits unrestricted
                  non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the
                  original work is properly cited. </license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract xml:lang="pt">
        <sec>
          <title>Fundamento:</title>
          <p> Alguns fatores de risco para a aterosclerose s&#227;o acompanhados pela doen&#231;a
                  hep&#225;tica gordurosa n&#227;o alco&#243;lica (DHGNA). Desejamos usar a tomografia
                  computadorizada multi-fatias (TCMF) como a t&#233;cnica para encontrar rela&#231;&#227;o entre a
                  DHGNA e a doen&#231;a arterial coronariana (DAC). </p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objetivo:</title>
          <p> A rela&#231;&#227;o entre a DHGNA e a DAC foi investigada atrav&#233;s de TCMF. </p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>M&#233;todos:</title>
          <p> Um total de 372 indiv&#237;duos com ou sem sintomas card&#237;acos, que foram submetidos &#224;
                  angiografia por TCMF, foram inclu&#237;dos no estudo. Os pacientes foram divididos em
                  dois grupos, de acordo com a presen&#231;a da DHGNA. Os segmentos arteriais
                  coronarianos foram avaliados visualmente via angiografia por TCMF. Com base no
                  grau de estenose arterial coronariana, aqueles com placas ausentes ou m&#237;nimas
                  foram considerados como normais, enquanto aqueles que apresentavam estenose de
                  menos do que 50% e no m&#237;nimo uma placa foram considerados como portadores da
                  doen&#231;a arterial coronariana n&#227;o obstrutiva (n&#227;o-obsDAC). Os pacientes que
                  apresentaram no m&#237;nimo uma placa e estenose arterial coronariana de 50% ou mais
                  foram considerados como portadores de doen&#231;a arterial coronariana obstrutiva
                  (obsDAC). A DHGNA foi determinada de acordo com o protocolo de TCMF, utilizando a
                  densidade hep&#225;tica. </p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Resultados:</title>
          <p> De acordo com a densidade hep&#225;tica, o n&#250;mero de pacientes com doen&#231;a hep&#225;tica
                  gordurosa n&#227;o alco&#243;lica (grupo 1) foi de 204 (149 homens, 54,8%) e com f&#237;gado
                  normal (grupos 2) foi de 168 (95 homens, 45.2%). Houve 50 (24,5%) n&#227;o-obsDAC e 57
                  (27,9%) casos de obsDAC no Grupo 1, e 39 (23,2%) n&#227;o-obsDAC e 23 (13,7%) casos de
                  obsDAC no Grupo 2. </p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclus&#245;es:</title>
          <p> O presente estudo utilizando TCMF demonstrou que a frequ&#234;ncia da doen&#231;a arterial
                  coronariana em pacientes com NAFDL foi significativamente superior do que nos
                  pacientes em NAFDL.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <kwd>F&#237;gado Gorduroso</kwd>
        <kwd>Hepatite</kwd>
        <kwd>S&#237;ndrome x Metab&#243;lica</kwd>
        <kwd>Doen&#231;a da Art&#233;ria Coronariana</kwd>
        <kwd>Aterosclerose</kwd>
        <kwd>Tomografia</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <counts>
        <fig-count count="5"/>
        <table-count count="3"/>
        <equation-count count="0"/>
        <ref-count count="35"/>
        <page-count count="9"/>
      </counts>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
      <p>Atualmente, a doen&#231;a hep&#225;tica gordurosa n&#227;o alco&#243;lica (DHGNA) &#233; considerada a doen&#231;a
            hep&#225;tica cr&#244;nica mais comum nas popula&#231;&#245;es ocidentais<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B01">1</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B02">2</xref>. Como os casos s&#227;o
            geralmente assintom&#225;ticos, a real preval&#234;ncia da DHGNA &#233; desconhecida. As enzimas
            hep&#225;ticas est&#227;o dentro dos limites normais em 70% dos pacientes. Estudos da triagem de
            adultos descobriram a preval&#234;ncia da DHGNA como sendo 10%-15% em indiv&#237;duos com peso
            normal, mas 70%-80% em pessoas obesas<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B03">3</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B04">4</xref>. A DHGNA constitui um
            amplo espectro de dano hep&#225;tico, indo da simples esteatose e esteato-hepatite at&#233; a
            fibrose e cirrose avan&#231;adas<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B03">3</xref>. Os fatores de risco
            de aterosclerose incluindo hipertens&#227;o, obesidade, diabetes, s&#237;ndrome metab&#243;lica,
            dislipidemia e resist&#234;ncia &#224; insulina acompanham a DHGNA<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B05">5</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B08">8</xref>.</p>
      <p>A tomografia computadorizada (TC) &#233; a modalidade correta para detectar a doen&#231;a hep&#225;tica
               gordurosa<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B09">9</xref>. As diferen&#231;as do valor de
            atenua&#231;&#227;o entre o f&#237;gado e ba&#231;o s&#227;o utilizadas para o diagn&#243;stico da esteatose hep&#225;tica.
            O valor m&#233;dio de atenua&#231;&#227;o hep&#225;tica menus o valor m&#233;dio de atenua&#231;&#227;o espl&#234;nico
            apresentando uma diferen&#231;a de &#8804;10 Unidades de Hounsfield indicam esteatose hep&#225;tica<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B09">9</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>.</p>
      <p>A angiografia coron&#225;ria por tomografia computadorizada multi-fatias (TCMF) &#233; considerada
            uma modalidade n&#227;o invasiva para a detec&#231;&#227;o e classifica&#231;&#227;o da doen&#231;a arterial
            coronariana (DAC)<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref>.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="methods">
      <title>M&#233;todos</title>
      <sec>
        <title>Caracter&#237;sticas Cl&#237;nicas dos Pacientes</title>
        <p>O presente estudo investigou a rela&#231;&#227;o entre a DAC e a doen&#231;a hep&#225;tica gordurosa n&#227;o
               alco&#243;lica utilizando o protocolo de angiografia por TCMF.</p>
        <p>O presente estudo englobou 372 pacientes com ou sem sintomas card&#237;acos, que se
               submeteram &#224; angiografia por TCMF em nossa cl&#237;nica entre janeiro de 2008 e setembro
               de 2012. Os dados foram coletados retrospectivamente e a aprova&#231;&#227;o do comit&#234; de &#233;tica
               foi obtida.</p>
        <p>Os grupos do estudo inclu&#237;ram indiv&#237;duos que n&#227;o consumiam &#225;lcool ou que apresentavam
               um consumo de &#225;lcool inferior a 20 g/dia de etanol. As pessoas com sorologia positiva
               para hepatite B ou C, que apresentavam um hist&#243;rico de doen&#231;a hep&#225;tica cr&#244;nica, foram
               exclu&#237;das do estudo.</p>
        <p>A dislipidemia foi definida como o n&#237;vel s&#233;rico de triglic&#233;rides em jejum &#8805; 150
               mg/dl, o n&#237;vel de colesterol de lipoprote&#237;na de baixa densidade (LDL) &#8805; 140 mg/dl,
               e/ou n&#237;vel de colesterol de lipoprote&#237;na de alta densidade (HDL) &lt; 40 mg/dl, e
               &#224;queles recebendo ou n&#227;o tratamento m&#233;dico ativo para isto<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref>.</p>
        <p>Antes da varredura por TC, a altura (M&#225;quina de Pesagem Humana, NAN TARTI A&#350;,
               Turquia) e peso corporal (TANITA Analisador da Composi&#231;&#227;o Corporal, TANITA
               Corporation, Jap&#227;o) dos participantes foram medidos, e seus &#237;ndices de massa corp&#243;rea
               (IMC) foram calculados. Aqueles com um IMC inferior a 25 quilogramas (kg)/metro
               quadrado (m<sup>2</sup>) (IMC &lt; 25 kg/m<sup>2</sup>) foram considerados com peso
               normal, aqueles com IMC entre 25 e 30 kg/m<sup>2</sup> (25 kg/m<sup>2</sup> &#8804; IMC
               &lt; 30 kg/m<sup>2</sup>) foram considerados com sobrepreso e aqueles com um IMC &#8805; 30
                  kg/m<sup>2</sup> (30 kg/m<sup>2</sup> &#8804; IMC) foram considerados obesos.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Reconstru&#231;&#227;o da Imagem de TCMF e avalia&#231;&#227;o da DAC</title>
        <p>A angiografia por TCMF foi realizada por meio do dispositivo de tomografia Somatom
               Sensation 64 (Siemens, Forchheim, Alemanha). Os par&#226;metros de aquisi&#231;&#227;o foram um
               tempo de rota&#231;&#227;o da estrutura de 330 milissegundos, voltagem do tubo de 120 kilowatt,
               250 milliamps (mAs) e colima&#231;&#227;o do detector de 0,6 mil&#237;metros. As varreduras foram
               obtidas com uma pausa na respira&#231;&#227;o, em aproximadamente 8,4-13,1 segundos, na dire&#231;&#227;o
               craniocaudal a partir do n&#237;vel da carina at&#233; o n&#237;vel subcostal. Durante a angiografia
               por TCMF, 80 a 110 mililitros (ml) de agente n&#227;o i&#244;nico de contraste (Iomeron 400,
               Bracco s.p.a., Mil&#227;o, It&#225;lia), dependendo do peso corporal do paciente, foram
               administrados atrav&#233;s de uma veia antecubital em uma taxa de 5,0 mililitros
               (ml)/segundo (s) seguidos por uma administra&#231;&#227;o em bolus de 40 ml de solu&#231;&#227;o salina
               normal. A intensidade autom&#225;tica do pico de contraste na aorta ascendente foi
               determinada como sendo +140 unidades de Hounsfield. As imagens foram reconstru&#237;das
               atrav&#233;s de uma t&#233;cnica de comuta&#231;&#227;o retrospectiva eletrocardiogr&#225;fica (com uma
               espessura de fatia de 0,6 mm e um &#237;ndice de reconstru&#231;&#227;o de 0,6 mm). A reconstru&#231;&#227;o
               multiplanar e do volume tridimensional foram criadas a partir das se&#231;&#245;es axiais e a
               anatomia arterial coronariana foi estudada.</p>
        <p>Todos os segmentos da art&#233;ria coron&#225;ria foram examinados visualmente. Entre os
               participantes do estudo, aqueles com placas ausentes ou m&#237;nimas foram considerados
               como normais (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01">Figura 1</xref>), aqueles com estenose inferior a 50% e que apresentavam no
               m&#237;nimo uma placa foram considerados como portadores de doen&#231;a arterial coronariana
               n&#227;o obstrutiva (n&#227;o-obsDAC) (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02">Figuras 2a</xref> e <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02">2b</xref>), e aqueles com no m&#237;nimo uma placa e
               estenose arterial coronariana &#8805; 50% foram considerados como portadores de doen&#231;a
               arterial coronariana obstrutiva (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f03">Figuras 3a</xref> e <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f03">3b</xref>). Os exames de angiografia coron&#225;ria
               por TCMF foram realizados por radiologistas, cirurgi&#245;es cardiovasculares e
               cardiologistas.</p>
        <fig id="f01" fig-type="other">
          <label>Figura 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Imagem de reconstru&#231;&#227;o 3D exibindo art&#233;rias coronarianas nromais (ACD:
                     art&#233;ria coronariana direita; Cx: art&#233;ria coronariana circunflexa; ADAE: art&#233;ria
                     descendente anterior esquerda).</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-102-01-0010-30225-gf01.jpg"/></fig>
        <fig id="f02" fig-type="other">
          <label>Figura 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>A) Imagem de reconstru&#231;&#227;o multiplanar exibindo placadas coron&#225;rias
                     esten&#243;ticas leves e calcificadas na &#225;rea proximal de ACD (Setas). B) Imagem de
                     reconstru&#231;&#227;o 3D exibindo placadas coron&#225;rias esten&#243;ticas leves e calcificadas
                     na &#225;rea proximal de RCA (Setas) (ACD: art&#233;ria coronariana direita).</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-102-01-0010-30225-gf02.jpg"/></fig>
        <fig id="f03" fig-type="other">
          <label>Figura 3</label>
          <caption>
            <title>A) Imagem de reconstru&#231;&#227;o multiplanar exibindo oclus&#227;o total do vaso da
                     art&#233;rai coronariana direita devido &#224; placa macia difusa (setas). B) Imagem de
                     reconstru&#231;&#227;o 3D exibindo consider&#225;vel aterosclerose com calcifica&#231;&#245;es difusas
                     de ADAE e Cx (setas) (ADAE: art&#233;ria descendente anterior esquerda; Cx: art&#233;ria
                     coronariana circunflexa).</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-102-01-0010-30225-gf03.jpg"/></fig>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Avalia&#231;&#227;o da DHGNA</title>
        <p>A maioria dos indiv&#237;duos com DHGNA n&#227;o apresenta sinais e sintomas de doen&#231;a
               hep&#225;tica. A hepatomegalia pode ser o &#250;nico achado f&#237;sico. A anomalia laboratorial
               mais comum &#233; a eleva&#231;&#227;o leve a moderada dos n&#237;veis s&#233;ricos das enzimas hep&#225;ticas. O
               diagn&#243;stico da DHGNA &#233; feito com base na infiltra&#231;&#227;o comprovada de gordura no f&#237;gado
               de indiv&#237;duos sem doen&#231;a hep&#225;tica cr&#244;nica (prim&#225;ria ou secund&#225;ria) e sem consumo de
               &#225;lcool. Embora a ultrassonografia absdominal seja a modalidade mais comumente
               utilizada, o presente estudo utilizou imagens n&#227;o contrastadas do f&#237;gado obtidas pelo
               protocolo de varredura de angiografia por TCMF.</p>
        <p>Os indiv&#237;duos, cujas varreduras de TC sem contras no protocolo de angiografia por
               TCMF envolveram o n&#237;vel entre a carina e o plano subcostal, foram inclu&#237;dos no
               estudo. As densidades do f&#237;gado e ba&#231;o foram medidas (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f04">Figura 4</xref>). Os indiv&#237;duos com
               densidade hep&#225;tica inferior &#224; densidade hep&#225;tica em 10 HU ou superior foram
               denominados como Grupo 1. Os outros participantes do estudo sem esteatose hep&#225;tica
               foram considerados como portadores de f&#237;gados normais e foram denominados como Grupo
               2. As medi&#231;&#245;es das densidades hep&#225;ticas e espl&#234;nicas foram efetuadas atrav&#233;s do
               esbo&#231;o de uma regi&#227;o circular de interesse (ROI) nas tr&#234;s fatias axiais e os valores
               m&#233;dios foram registrados. As estruturas vasculares e biliares foram evitadas enquanto
               os ROIs eram esbo&#231;ados (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f04">Figura 4</xref>).</p>
        <fig id="f04" fig-type="other">
          <label>Figura 4</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Deposi&#231;&#227;o de gordura difusa no f&#237;gado (sec&#231;&#227;o de TC sem contraste).
                     Densidade hep&#225;tica de 37 HU densidade espl&#234;nica de 68 HU.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-102-01-0010-30225-gf04.jpg"/></fig>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>An&#225;lise Estat&#237;stica</title>
        <p>A an&#225;lise estat&#237;stica foi realizada atrav&#233;s do software SPSS vers&#227;o (SPSS Inc.,
               Chicago, IL, USA). A compara&#231;&#227;o dos dados n&#227;o param&#233;tricos entre os grupos foi
               realizada utilizando a an&#225;lise de Chi-Quadrado de Pearson. Os dados param&#233;tricos
               foram apresentados como m&#237;nimos, m&#225;ximos e m&#233;dia &#177; desvio padr&#227;o. A compara&#231;&#227;o dos
               dados param&#233;tricos entre os grupos foi realizada com um teste-t de student
               independente. Os resultados eram considerados como estatisticamente significativos
               caso o valor de p com duas extremidades fosse inferior a 0,01 (p &lt; 0,01) (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t01">Tabela
               1</xref>). As diferentes caracter&#237;sticas entre os grupos inclu&#237;ram a idade, g&#234;nero,
               dislipidemia, uso de tabaco foram sujeitas &#224; An&#225;lise de Regress&#227;o Log&#237;stica Bin&#225;ria.
               Os resultados eram considerados como estatisticamente significativos se o valor de p
               com duas extremidades fosse inferior a 0,01 (p &lt; 0,01) (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t02">Tabela 2</xref>).</p>
        <table-wrap id="t01">
          <label>Tabela 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Dados e resultados estat&#237;sticos sobre os grupos</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="rows">
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th> </th>
                <th align="center">
                  <bold>Grupo 1 (n = 204)</bold>
                </th>
                <th align="center">
                  <bold>Grupo 2 (n = 168)</bold>
                </th>
                <th align="center">
                  <bold>Valor de p</bold>
                </th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td>Idade (&#177;SD)</td>
                <td align="center">50,8 &#177; 10,9</td>
                <td align="center">48,09 &#177; 11,5</td>
                <td align="center">0,018<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="t01-fn01">&#165;</xref></td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>G&#234;nero (masculino)</td>
                <td align="center">149 (% 73)</td>
                <td align="center">95 (% 56,5)</td>
                <td align="center">0,001<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="t01-fn02">&#167;</xref></td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Densidade hep&#225;tica (HU)</td>
                <td align="center">43,7 &#177; 9</td>
                <td align="center">62,2 &#177; 5,2</td>
                <td align="center">0<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="t01-fn01">&#165;</xref></td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td colspan="4">
                  <bold>Diabetes</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>n&#227;o diab&#233;tico</td>
                <td align="center">130 (% 63,7)</td>
                <td align="center">124 (% 73,8)</td>
                <td rowspan="3" align="center">0,112<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="t01-fn02">&#167;</xref></td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>oral a/d</td>
                <td align="center">54 (% 26,5)</td>
                <td align="center">33 (% 19,8)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>parenteral a/d</td>
                <td align="center">20 (% 9,4)</td>
                <td align="center">11 (% 6,5)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Dislipidemia</td>
                <td align="center">161 (% 78,9)</td>
                <td align="center">108 (% 64,3)</td>
                <td align="center">0,002<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="t01-fn02">&#167;</xref></td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Hipertens&#227;o</td>
                <td align="center">125 (% 61,3)</td>
                <td align="center">94 (% 56)</td>
                <td align="center">0,323<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="t01-fn02">&#167;</xref></td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Tabagista</td>
                <td align="center">96 (% 47,1)</td>
                <td align="center">56 (% 33,3)</td>
                <td align="center">0,007<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="t01-fn02">&#167;</xref></td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Consumo de &#225;lcool &#8805; 20 g/dia (&#177; DP)</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td colspan="4">
                  <bold>Peso corporal</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Peso excessivo</td>
                <td align="center">61 (% 29,9)</td>
                <td align="center">39 (% 23,2)</td>
                <td rowspan="2" align="center">0<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="t01-fn02">&#167;</xref></td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Obesidade</td>
                <td align="center">104 (% 51)</td>
                <td align="center">34 (% 20,2)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td colspan="4">
                  <bold>Doen&#231;a CAD</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>N&#227;o obs CAD</td>
                <td align="center">50 (% 24,5)</td>
                <td align="center">39 (% 23,2)</td>
                <td rowspan="2" align="center">0,002<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="t01-fn02">&#167;</xref></td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>CAD obs</td>
                <td align="center">57 (% 27,9)</td>
                <td align="center">23 (% 13,7)</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="t01-fn01">
              <label>&#165;</label>
              <p>o valor de p foi apresentado conforme um resultado do teste t de
                        Student;</p>
            </fn>
            <fn id="t01-fn02">
              <label>&#167;</label>
              <p>o valor de p foi apresentado conforme um resultado do teste de chi-quadrado
                        de Pearson. DP: desvio padr&#227;o; HU: unidade de Haunsfiled; a/d: agente
                        anti-diab&#233;tico; CAD: doen&#231;a da art&#233;ria coronariana; n&#227;o obs: n&#227;o obstrutiva;
                        obs: obstrutiva.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <table-wrap id="t02">
          <label>Tabela 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Efeito estat&#237;stico das diferentes caracter&#237;sticas nos grupos</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="rows">
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th> </th>
                <th align="center">
                  <bold>OR n&#227;o ajustada</bold>
                </th>
                <th align="center">
                  <bold>%95 IC</bold>
                </th>
                <th align="center">
                  <bold>Valor de p</bold>
                </th>
                <th align="center">
                  <bold>OR ajustada</bold>
                </th>
                <th align="center">
                  <bold>%95 IC</bold>
                </th>
                <th align="center">
                  <bold>Valor de p</bold>
                </th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td>Idade (&#177; DP)</td>
                <td align="center">1,082</td>
                <td align="center">1,039-1,127</td>
                <td align="center">0,000</td>
                <td align="center">1,065</td>
                <td align="center">1,029-1,101</td>
                <td align="center">0,000</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>G&#234;nero</td>
                <td align="center">2,498</td>
                <td align="center">0,972-6,425</td>
                <td align="center">0,057</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Dislipidemia</td>
                <td align="center">0,111</td>
                <td align="center">0,035-0,355</td>
                <td align="center">0,000</td>
                <td align="center">0,121</td>
                <td align="center">0,039-0,377</td>
                <td align="center">0,000</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Tabagismo</td>
                <td align="center">1,883</td>
                <td align="center">0,840-4,223</td>
                <td align="center">0,125</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn>
              <p>OR: raz&#227;o de possibilidades; DP: desvio padr&#227;o.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="results">
      <title>Resultados</title>
      <p>De acordo com as medi&#231;&#245;es da densidade hep&#225;tica dos 372 indiv&#237;duos participantes do
            estudo, 204 (149 homens, 54,8%) apresentavam doen&#231;a hep&#225;tica gordurosa n&#227;o alco&#243;lica
            (Grupo 1) enquanto 168 (95 homens, 45,2%) eram normais (Grupo 2). O presente estudo
            descorbiu que a diferen&#231;a entre a preval&#234;ncia da doen&#231;a arterial coronariana encontrada
            no grupo com DHGNA e no grupo com tecido hep&#225;tico normal foi estatisticamente
            significativa.</p>
      <p>Todos os pacientes foram examinados para doen&#231;a arterial coronariana, incluindo o uso de
            tabaco, hipertens&#227;o, diabetes mellitus, dislipidemia e doen&#231;a arterial coronariana
            familiar. A distribui&#231;&#227;o et&#225;ria dos pacientes variou de 24 a 74 anos (y) (m&#233;dia &#177; desvio
            padr&#227;o 49,6 &#177; 11,2 y). Destes, 244 (65,6%) eram homens e 128 (34,4%) eram mulheres. O
            valor de atenua&#231;&#227;o m&#233;dio do par&#234;nquima hep&#225;tico foi medido como sendo 52 &#177; 11,9 HU
            (varia&#231;&#227;o, 14-75). Enquanto o n&#250;mero de pacientes com hipertens&#227;o (HT) era 102 (27,4%),
            o n&#250;mero de pacientes com dislipidemia era 131 (35,2%). Dentro os participantes, 239
            (64,2%) n&#227;o apresentavam diabetes mellitus (DM), o n&#250;mero de indiv&#237;duos recebendo agente
            anti-diab&#233;tico era 133 (35,8%); 96 (25,8%) deles estavam recebendo um agente
            anti-diab&#233;tico oral e 37 (9,9%) estavam recebendo um agente anti-diab&#233;tico parenteral.
            Havia 152 (40,9%) usu&#225;rios de tabaco ativos e 220 (59,1%) n&#227;o fumantes. Com base no IMC,
            96 (25%) paciente apresentavam peso normal, 149 (40,1%) apresentavam sobrepeso e 127
            (34,1%) eram obesos. A doen&#231;a hep&#225;tica gordurosa foi detectada em 168 (45,2%) dos
            participantes do estudo. O n&#250;mero de pacientes com f&#237;gado normal era 204 (54,8%).
            (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t03">Tabela 3</xref>)</p>
      <table-wrap id="t03">
        <label>Tabela 3</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Dados sobre os participantes do estudo</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="rows">
          <thead>
            <tr>
              <th> </th>
              <th>    </th>
              <th>
                <bold>Todos os Participantes (n = 372)</bold>
              </th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody>
            <tr>
              <td>Idade (&#177; DP)</td>
              <td> </td>
              <td align="center">49,6 &#177; 11,2 anos (faixa de 24-74 anos)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>G&#234;nero (masculino)</td>
              <td> </td>
              <td align="center">244 (65,6%)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Densidade hep&#225;tica (HU)</td>
              <td> </td>
              <td align="center">52 &#177; 11,9 HU (faixa, 14-75 HU)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td colspan="3">
                <bold>Diabetes</bold>
              </td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>N&#227;o diab&#233;ticos</td>
              <td> </td>
              <td align="center">239 (64,2%)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Oral a/d</td>
              <td> </td>
              <td align="center">96 (25,8%)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Parenteral a/d</td>
              <td> </td>
              <td align="center">37 (9,9%)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Dislipidemia</td>
              <td> </td>
              <td align="center">131 (35,2%)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Hipertens&#227;o</td>
              <td> </td>
              <td align="center">102 (27,4%)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Tabagismo (tabagistas ativos)</td>
              <td> </td>
              <td align="center">152 (40,9%)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Consumo de &#225;lcool &#8805; 20 g/dia (&#177; DP)</td>
              <td> </td>
              <td align="center">-</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td colspan="3">
                <bold>Peso corp&#243;reo</bold>
              </td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Peso excessivo</td>
              <td> </td>
              <td align="center">149 (40,1%)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Obesidade</td>
              <td> </td>
              <td align="center">127 (34,1%)</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
        <table-wrap-foot>
          <fn>
            <p>&#165;: o valor de p foi apresentado conforme um resultado do teste t de Student. &#167;:
                     o valor de p foi apresentado conforme um resultado do teste de chi-quadrado de
                     Pearson. DP: Desvio padr&#227;o; HU: Unidade de Haunsfiled; a/d: Agente
                     anti-diab&#233;tico.</p>
          </fn>
        </table-wrap-foot>
      </table-wrap>
      <p>A densidade hep&#225;tica m&#233;dia era de 43&#177;9,1 HU (intervalo 14-56) em homens e 45,5&#177;8,4 HU
            (intervalo 31-58) em mulheres do Grupo 1. Os valores correspondentes foram 61,8&#177;4,7 HU
            (intervalo, 56-75) e 62,6&#177;5,7 HU (intervalo, 54-74) nos homens e mulheres do Grupo 2,
            respectivamente. As densidades hep&#225;ticas m&#233;dias dos grupos de acordo com suas idades s&#227;o
            demonstradas na <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f05">Figura 5</xref>.</p>
      <fig id="f05" fig-type="other">
        <label>Figura 5</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Densidade hep&#225;tica m&#233;dia de acordo com as idades</title>
        </caption>
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-102-01-0010-30225-gf05.jpg"/></fig>
      <p>A avalia&#231;&#227;o das art&#233;rias coronarianas dos participantes do estudo revelou que 203 deles
            (107 homnes, 52,7%) apresentavam art&#233;rias coronarianas normais, 89 (69 homens, 77,5%)
            apresentavam n&#227;o-obsDAC e 80 (68 homens, 21.5%) apresentavam obsDAC. </p>
      <p>O n&#250;mero de homens sem doen&#231;a arterial coronariana foi 62 (41,6%), &#225;que,es com
            n&#227;o-obsDAC eram 42 (28,2%) e &#224;queles com obsDAC eram 45 (30,2%) no Grupo 1. O n&#250;mero de
            mulheres sem doen&#231;a arterial coronariana era 35 (63,6%), com n&#227;o-obsDAC eram 8 (14,5%) e
            com obsDAC eram 12 (21,8%).</p>
      <p>No Grupo 2, houve 45 (47,4%) homens sem doen&#231;a arterial coronariana, 27 (28,4%) homens
            com n&#227;o-obsDAC e 23 (24,2%) homens com obsDAC. O n&#250;mero de mulheres sem doen&#231;a arterial
            coronariana era 61 (83,6%), com n&#227;o-obsDAC 12 (16,4%) e com obsDAC era 0 no Grupo 2.</p>
      <p>Os indiv&#237;duos no Grupo 1 eram mais velhos e mais dislipid&#234;micos do que o Grupo 2.
            Adicionalmente, o Grupo 1 apresentava mais homens e fumantes do que o Grupo 2. Estas
            caracter&#237;sticas de pessoas afetadas em obsDAC foram avaliadas com An&#225;lise de Regress&#227;o
            Log&#237;stica Bin&#225;ria na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t03">Tabela 3</xref>. A idade e dilipidemia afetadas em obsDAC foram
            consideradas como estaticamente significativas (p &lt; 0,01).</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="discussion">
      <title>Discuss&#227;o</title>
      <p>A angiografia coron&#225;ria por TCMF &#233; um m&#233;todo importante de detec&#231;&#227;o da DAC na etapa
            prim&#225;ria. Um estudo que comparou a angiografia por TCMF e a angiografia coron&#225;ria
            invasiva para a avalia&#231;&#227;o das art&#233;rias coronarianas e segmentos da art&#233;ria coronariana
            maiores do que 1,5 mm descobriu a sensibilidade da angiografia por MSCF como sendo de
            94% e a especificidade como sendo 97%<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref>. Al&#233;m
            disso, a TC tamb&#233;m &#233; utilizada para o diagn&#243;stico da esteatose hep&#225;tica. A sensibilidade
            e especificidade da TC para o diagn&#243;stico da esteatose hep&#225;tica &#233; de 82% e 100%,
               respectivamente<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B09">9</xref>. O presente estudo utilizou
            as imagens hep&#225;ticas de TC utilizadas no protocolo de varredura de angiografia por TCMF. </p>
      <p>Com base no TCMF, o presente estudo descobriu que a preval&#234;ncia da doen&#231;a arterial
            coronariana em pacientes com DHGNA foi significativamente superior do que &#224;queles com
            tecido hep&#225;tico normal (p &lt; 0,01). A compara&#231;&#227;o estat&#237;stica entre os dois grupos &#233;
            apresentada na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t02">Tabela 2</xref>.</p>
      <p>Estudos de outros pa&#237;ses relataram que a DHGNA era mais comum entre mulheres<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref>. Contudo, um estudo da Turquia encontrou que a frequ&#234;ncia de esteatose
            hep&#225;tica n&#227;o alco&#243;lica &#233; inferior em mulheres (3,7%)<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref>. Alguns estudos da preval&#234;ncia verificaram o diagn&#243;stico da DHGNA em 76%
            das 146 amostras de bi&#243;psias hep&#225;ticas obtidas de pacientes obesos que se submeteram &#224;
            cirurgia bari&#225;trica; um estudo de menor escala na Turquia, contudo, relatou a
            preval&#234;ncia de DHGNA como sendo de 72% dentre os pacientes obesos<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref>.</p>
      <p>Um n&#250;mero gradualmente crescente de estudos indicam DHGNA como a manifesta&#231;&#227;o da
            s&#237;ndrome metab&#243;lica hep&#225;tica<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref>. Embora a s&#237;ndrome metab&#243;lica &#233; um precursor
            conhecido de DAC<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref>, a associa&#231;&#227;o entre DHGNA e DAC permanece
            obscuro.</p>
      <p>Existem estudos demonstrando que a citosinas pr&#243;-inflamat&#243;rias incluindo o fator alpha
            de necrose do tumor (TNF-&#945;), prote&#237;na C-reativa (PCR) e inibidor I do ativador do
            plasminog&#234;nio (PAI-I) estavam elevados em pacientes com DHGNA e DAC<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref>. Enfatizou-se que aumento nos marcadores pr&#243;-inflamat&#243;rios
            aumenta os futuros eventos de DAC<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref>. Tamb&#233;m se
            destacou que isso pode independer da s&#237;ndrome metab&#243;lica e dos fatores de risco
            relacionados. Alguns estudos conduzidos em usu&#225;rios de insulina demonstraram que a
            resist&#234;ncia &#224; insulina &#233; um fator preditor para os eventos de DAC e desempenha um papel
            importante no desenvolvimento de resultados cl&#237;nicos desfavor&#225;veis para os pacientes com
               DHGNA<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref>.</p>
      <p>A associa&#231;&#227;o entre a DHGNA, da simples esteatose &#224; DHGNA avan&#231;ada, e o alto risco de
            DAC, foi atribu&#237;da ao aumento do stress oxidativo e inflama&#231;&#227;o subcl&#237;nica<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref>.</p>
      <p>Um estudo conduzido por Perseghin declarou que a DHGNA foi caracterizada pela apari&#231;&#227;o
            de altera&#231;&#245;es metab&#243;licas e patol&#243;gicas vasculares precoces da aterosclerose. Contudo,
            apesar de todos estes achados, enfatixou-se que as evid&#234;ncias indicando a associa&#231;&#227;o
            entre a DHGNA e a DAC s&#227;o fracas<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref>.</p>
      <p>Embora uma associa&#231;&#227;o pr&#243;xima entre a DHGNA e a DAC ainda n&#227;o esteja clara, a deposi&#231;&#227;o
            de gordura na DHGNA &#233; considerada como elevadora dos &#225;cidos graxos livres que levam &#224;
            DAC causando inflama&#231;&#227;o de baixo grau<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref>. A
            presen&#231;a da DHGNA em pacientes com diabetes do tipo 2 sugeriu que a DHGNA sejam um forte
            preditor da DAC<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">32</xref>.</p>
      <p>Brea e cols.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">33</xref> encontraram uma associa&#231;&#227;o entre a
            DHGNA e a aterosclerose car&#243;tida. Targher e cols.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34">34</xref> sugeriram uma rela&#231;&#227;o entre a DHGNA e a espessura da parede da car&#243;tida em
            paciente com diabetes mellitus do tipo 2 controlada com dieta. Lin e cols.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B35">35</xref> declararam que a DHGNA era um fator de risco
            independente para DAC isqu&#234;mica.</p>
      <sec>
        <title>Limita&#231;&#245;es do Estudo</title>
        <p>Ao medir a densidade hep&#225;tica de alguns casos, a sele&#231;&#227;o ideal das regi&#245;es hep&#225;ticas
               adequadas n&#227;o incluindo as estruturas vasculares e biliares n&#227;o foi poss&#237;vel, devido
               &#224; resolu&#231;&#227;o espacial inadequada. Durante a angiografia coron&#225;ria por TCMF, tivemos
               algumas dificuldades ocasionais na detec&#231;&#227;o do grau de estenose em placas massivas
               calcificadas. Al&#233;m disso, houve dificuldades na diferencia&#231;&#227;o de prov&#225;veis placas
               macias da art&#233;ria coron&#225;ria de artefatos respirat&#243;rios nas imagens dos casos com
               esfor&#231;o respirat&#243;rio.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="conclusions">
      <title>Conclus&#227;o</title>
      <p>Com base na TCMF, o presente estudo descorbiu que a diferena&#231; entre a preval&#234;ncia da
            doen&#231;a arterial coronariana encontrada no grupo com DHGNA e no grupo com tecido hep&#225;tico
            normal foi estatisticamente normal.</p>
      <p>Podemos dizer que a probabilidade da DAC em indiv&#237;duos com esteatose hep&#225;tica n&#227;o
            consumindo ou consumindo menos do que 20 g/dia de &#225;lcool &#233; superior do que em indiv&#237;duos
            sem esteatose hep&#225;tica.</p>
      <p>Acreditamos que esta hip&#243;tese deve ser verificada em estudos mais amplos.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec>
      <title>Contribui&#231;&#227;o dos autores</title>
      <p>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa, Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados, An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados:
            Efe D. An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica, Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito, Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto
            ao conte&#250;do intelectual: Ayg&#252;n F.</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
    <ack>
      <p>Agradecemos ao Professor Associado Ismail Keskin*, PhD por suas contribui&#231;&#245;es para a
            avalia&#231;&#227;o dos resultados e an&#225;lise estat&#237;stica.</p>
      <p>*Sel&#231;uk University, Divis&#227;o de Zootecnia, Departamento de Biometria e Gen&#233;tica, Konya,
            Turquia.</p>
    </ack>
    <ref-list>
      <title>Refer&#234;ncias</title>
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              <surname>Janney</surname>
              <given-names>CG</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Di Bisceglie</surname>
              <given-names>AM</given-names>
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    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>
          <bold>Vincula&#231;&#227;o Acad&#234;mica</bold>
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        <p>N&#227;o h&#225; vincula&#231;&#227;o deste estudo a programas de p&#243;s-gradua&#231;&#227;o.</p>
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      <fn fn-type="financial-disclosure">
        <p>
          <bold>Fontes de Financiamento</bold>
        </p>
        <p>O presente estudo n&#227;o teve fontes de financiamento externas.</p>
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  </back>
  <sub-article id="SA1" article-type="translation" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Articles</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title xml:lang="en">Assessment of the Relationship between Non-Alcoholic Fatty
               Liver Disease and CAD using MSCT</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Efe</surname>
            <given-names>Duran</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff03">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Ayg&#252;n</surname>
            <given-names>Fatih</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff04">2</xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c02"/>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff03">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Mevlana University</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Faculdade de Medicina</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv2">Departamento de Radiologia</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Konya</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country>Turkey</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Departamento de Radiologia, Faculdade de Medicina,
               Mevlana University, Konya - Turkey</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff04">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Mevlana University</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Faculdade de Medicina</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv2">Departamento de Cirurgia
               Cardiovascular</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Konya</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country>Turkey</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Departamento de Cirurgia Cardiovascular, Faculdade
               de Medicina, Mevlana University, Konya - Turkey</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c02"><bold>Mailing Address: Fatih Ayg&#252;n,</bold> Aksinne Mahallesi Esmeta&#351; Sokak n&#186;16.
               Postal Code 42040, Meram-Konya - Turkey. E-mail: <email>fatihaygun@ttmail.com</email>
            </corresp>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potential Conflict of Interest</bold>
          </p>
          <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <abstract xml:lang="en">
        <sec>
          <title>Background:</title>
          <p> Some risk factors for atherosclerosis are followed by non-alcoholic fatty liver
                  disease (NAFLD). We wanted to use Multislice computed tomography (MSCT) as
                  technique for searching relationship between NAFLD and coronary artery disease
                  (CAD). </p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objective:</title>
          <p> The relationship between NAFLD and CAD was investigated using MSCT. </p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Methods:</title>
          <p> A total of 372 individuals with or without cardiac symptoms who had undergone
                  MSCT angiography were included in the study. The patients were divided into two
                  groups according to the presence of NAFLD. Coronary artery segments were visually
                  evaluated via MSCT angiography. Based on the coronary artery stenosis degree,
                  those with no or minimal plaques were considered normal, whereas those who had
                  stenosis of less than 50% and at least one plaque were considered to have
                  non-obstructive coronary artery disease (non-obsCAD). The patients who had at
                  least one plaque and coronary artery stenosis of 50% or more were considered to
                  have obstructive coronary artery disease (obsCAD). NAFLD was determined according
                  to the MSCT protocol, using the liver density. </p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Results:</title>
          <p> According to the liver density, the number of patients with non-alcoholic fatty
                  liver disease (group 1) was 204 (149 males, 54.8%) and with normal liver (group 2)
                  was 168 (95 males, 45.2%). There were 50 (24.5%) non-obsCAD and 57 (27.9%) obsCAD
                  cases in Group 1, and 39 (23.2%) non-obsCAD and 23 (13.7%) obsCAD cases in Group
                  2. </p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclusions:</title>
          <p> The present study using MSCT demonstrated that the frequency of coronary artery
                  disease in patients with NAFDL was significantly higher than that of patients
                  without NAFDL.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>Fatty Liver</kwd>
        <kwd>Hepatitis</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <counts>
        <fig-count count="5"/>
        <table-count count="3"/>
        <equation-count count="0"/>
        <ref-count count="35"/>
        <page-count count="9"/>
      </counts>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>Introduction</title>
        <p>Today, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is considered as the most common
               chronic liver disease in Western populations<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B01">1</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B02">2</xref>. Since the cases are
               generally asymptomatic, the true prevalence of NAFLD is unknown. Hepatic enzymes are
               within normal ranges in 70% of the patients. Adult screening studies found the
               prevalence of NAFLD to be 10%-15% in normal-weight individuals, but 70%-80% in obese
                  people<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B03">3</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B04">4</xref>. NAFLD comprises a wide spectrum of hepatic damage ranging from
               simple steatosis and steatohepatitis to advanced fibrosis and cirrhosis<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B03">3</xref>. Risk factors for atherosclerosis including
               hypertension, obesity, diabetes, metabolic syndrome, dyslipidemia and insulin
               resistance, accompany NAFLD<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B05">5</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B08">8</xref>.</p>
        <p>Computed tomography (CT) is the right modality for detecting fatty liver disease<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B09">9</xref>. The attenuation value differences between
               liver and spleen are used for hepatosteatosis diagnosis. The mean liver attenuation
               value minus the mean spleen attenuation value presenting a difference of &#8804; 10
               Hounsfield Units indicates hepatosteatosis<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B09">9</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>.</p>
        <p>Multislice computed tomography (MSCT) coronary angiography is considered a
               non-invasive modality for the detection and classification of coronary artery disease
                  (CAD)<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref>.</p>
        <p>The present study investigated the relation between CAD and non-alcoholic fatty liver
               disease using MSCT angiography protocol.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="methods">
        <title>Methods</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Patients' Clinical Characteristics</title>
          <p>The present study comprises 372 patients with or without cardiac symptoms, who
                  underwent MSCT angiography in our clinic between January 2008 and September 2012.
                  Data were collected retrospectively and the ethical committee approval was
                  obtained.</p>
          <p>Study groups included individuals who did not consume alcohol or had an alcohol
                  consumption of less than 20 g/day ethanol. People with positive serology for
                  hepatitis B or C or who had a history of chronic liver disease were excluded from
                  the study.</p>
          <p>Dyslipidemia was defined as a fasting serum triglyceride level &#8805; 150 mg/dl,
                  low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol level &#8805; 140 mg/dl, and/or high-density
                  lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol level &lt; 40 mg/dl, and those receiving or not
                  active medical treatment for this<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref>.</p>
          <p>Before CT scan, the height (Human weighing machine, NAN TARTI A&#350;, Turkey) and body
                  weight (TANITA Body Composition Analyzer, TANITA Corporation, Japan) of the
                  participants were measured, and their body mass indexes (BMI) were calculated.
                  Those with a BMI lower than 25 kilogram (kg)/square meter (m<sup>2</sup>)
                  (BMI&lt;25 kg/m<sup>2</sup>) were considered normal-weight, those with a BMI
                  between 25 and 30 kg/m<sup>2</sup> (25 kg/m<sup>2</sup> &#8804; BMI &lt; 30
                     kg/m<sup>2</sup>) were considered over-weight, and those with a BMI &#8805; 30
                     kg/m<sup>2</sup> (30 kg/m<sup>2</sup> &#8804; BMI) were considered obese.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>MSCT Image Reconstruction and CAD evaluation</title>
          <p>MSCT angiography was performed via tomography device Somatom Sensation 64
                  (Siemens, Forchheim, Germany). The acquisition parameters were a gantry rotation
                  time of 330 milliseconds, tube voltage of 120 kilowatt, 250 milliamps (mAs), and
                  detector collimation of 0.6 millimeter. Scans were obtained within a breath-hold
                  in approximately 8.4-13.1 seconds in the craniocaudal direction from the level of
                  the carina to the subcostal level. During MSCT angiography scanning, 80-to-110
                  milliliters (ml) of non-ionic contrast agent (Iomeron 400, Bracco s.p.a., Milan,
                  Italy), depending on the patient's body weight, was given through an antecubital
                  vein at a rate of 5.0 milliliter (ml)/second (s) followed by a bolus
                  administration of 40 ml of normal saline. Automatic peak contrast intensity in the
                  ascending aorta was determined to be +140 Hounsfield units. The images were
                  reconstructed using a retrospective electrocardiographic gating technique (with a
                  slice thickness of 0.6 mm and a reconstruction index of 0.6 mm). Multiplanar and
                  three-dimensional volume rendering images were created from thin axial sections,
                  and coronary artery anatomy was studied.</p>
          <p>All coronary artery segments were visually examined. Among the study participants,
                  those with no or minimal plaques were considered normal (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f06">Figure 1</xref>), those with stenosis less than 50% and which had at
                  least one plaque were considered to have non-obstructive coronary artery disease
                  (non-obsCAD) (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f07">Figures 2a</xref> and <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f07">2b</xref>), and those with at least one plaque and
                  coronary artery stenosis &#8805;50% were considered to have obstructive coronary artery
                  disease (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f08">Figures 3a</xref> and <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f08">3b</xref>). MSCT coronary angiography examinations were performed by
                  radiologists, cardiovascular surgeons and cardiologists.</p>
          <fig id="f06" fig-type="other">
            <label>Figure 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>3-D reconstruction image are showing normal coronary arteries (RCA:
                        right coronary artery; Cx: circumflex coronary artery; LAD: left anterior
                        descending artery).</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-102-01-0010-30225-gf01-en.jpg"/></fig>
          <fig id="f07" fig-type="other">
            <label>Figure 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>A) Multiplanar reconstruction image is showing mild stenotic calcified
                        coronary plaques at proximal area of RCA(arrows) (RCA: right coronary
                        artery). B) 3-D reconstruction image are showing mild stenotic calcified
                        coronary plaques at proximal area of RCA(arrows) (RCA: right coronary
                        artery)</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-102-01-0010-30225-gf02-en.jpg"/></fig>
          <fig id="f08" fig-type="other">
            <label>Figure 3</label>
            <caption>
              <title>A) Multiplanar reconstruction image is showing total vessel occlusion of
                        the right coronary artery due to diffuse soft plaque (arrows). B) 3-D
                        reconstruction image is showing considerable atherosclerosis with diffuse
                        calcifications of LAD and Cx (arrows)(LAD: the left anterior descending
                        artery; Cx: circumflex coronary artery)</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-102-01-0010-30225-gf03-en.jpg"/></fig>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Assessment of NAFLD</title>
          <p>Most individuals with NAFLD have no symptoms and signs of liver disease.
                  Hepatomegaly may be the unique physical finding. The most common laboratory
                  abnormality is mild-to-moderate elevation in serum hepatic enzyme levels. The
                  diagnosis of NAFLD is made based on proven fatty infiltration in the liver of the
                  individuals without chronic liver disease (primary or secondary) and without
                  alcohol consumption. Although abdominal ultrasonography is the most commonly used
                  modality, the present study used the non-contrasted images of the liver obtained
                  by MSCT angiography scanning protocol.</p>
          <p>The individuals, whose non-contrast CT scans in the MSCT angiography protocol
                  involved the level between the carina and subcostal plane, were included in the
                  study. Densities of the liver and spleen were measured (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f09">Figure 4</xref>). Individuals with hepatic density lesser than spleen
                  density by 10 HU or higher were named as Group 1. The other study participants
                  without hepatosteatosis were considered to have normal livers and they were named
                  as Group 2. Hepatic and splenic density measurement was done by drawing circular
                  region of interests (ROIs) on three axial slices, and the mean values were
                  recorded. Vascular and biliary structures were avoided while drawing the ROIs
                     (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f09">Figure 4</xref>).</p>
          <fig id="f09" fig-type="other">
            <label>Figure 4</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Diffuse fat deposition in the liver (non-contrast CT section). Liver
                        density is 37 HU and spleen density is 68 HU.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-102-01-0010-30225-gf04-en.jpg"/></fig>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Statistical Analysis</title>
          <p>Statistical analysis was done using the SPSS software version (SPSS Inc., Chicago,
                  IL, USA). The comparison of nonparametric data between the groups was performed
                  with the Pearson's Chi-square analysis. Parametric data were presented as minimum,
                  maximum, and mean &#177; standard deviation. The comparison of parametric data between
                  the groups was performed with the independent student t-test. Results were
                  considered statistically significant if the two-tailed p value was lower than 0.01
                  (p &lt; 0.01) (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t04">Table 1</xref>). Different
                  characteristics between the groups including age, gender, dyslipidemia, smoking
                  were subjected to Binary Logistic Regression Analysis. Results were considered
                  statistically significant if the two-tailed p value was lower than 0.01 (p &lt;
                  0.01) (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t05">Table 2</xref>).</p>
          <table-wrap id="t04">
            <label>Table 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Data and statistical results about groups</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="rows">
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th> </th>
                  <th align="center">
                    <bold>Group 1 (n = 204)</bold>
                  </th>
                  <th align="center">
                    <bold>Group 2 (n = 168)</bold>
                  </th>
                  <th align="center">
                    <bold>p value</bold>
                  </th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td>Age (&#177;SD)</td>
                  <td align="center">50,8 &#177; 10,9</td>
                  <td align="center">48,09 &#177; 11,5</td>
                  <td align="center">0,018<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="t04-fn01">&#165;</xref></td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Gender (male)</td>
                  <td align="center">149 (% 73)</td>
                  <td align="center">95 (% 56,5)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,001<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="t04-fn02">&#167;</xref></td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Hepatic density (HU)</td>
                  <td align="center">43,7 &#177; 9</td>
                  <td align="center">62,2 &#177; 5,2</td>
                  <td align="center">0<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="t04-fn01">&#165;</xref></td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td colspan="4">
                    <bold>Diabetes</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Nondiabetic</td>
                  <td align="center">130 (% 63,7)</td>
                  <td align="center">124 (% 73,8)</td>
                  <td rowspan="3" align="center">0,112<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="t04-fn02">&#167;</xref></td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Oral a/d</td>
                  <td align="center">54 (% 26,5)</td>
                  <td align="center">33 (% 19,8)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Parenteral a/d</td>
                  <td align="center">20 (% 9,4)</td>
                  <td align="center">11 (% 6,5)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Dyslipidemia</td>
                  <td align="center">161 (% 78,9)</td>
                  <td align="center">108 (% 64,3)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,002<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="t04-fn02">&#167;</xref></td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Hypertension</td>
                  <td align="center">125 (% 61,3)</td>
                  <td align="center">94 (% 56)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,323<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="t04-fn02">&#167;</xref></td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Smoking</td>
                  <td align="center">96 (% 47,1)</td>
                  <td align="center">56 (% 33,3)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,007<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="t04-fn02">&#167;</xref></td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Alcohol consumption &#8805; 20 g/day (&#177; SD)</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td colspan="4">
                    <bold>Body weight</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Excessive weight</td>
                  <td align="center">61 (% 29,9)</td>
                  <td align="center">39 (% 23,2)</td>
                  <td rowspan="2" align="center">0<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="t04-fn02">&#167;</xref></td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Obesity</td>
                  <td align="center">104 (% 51)</td>
                  <td align="center">34 (% 20,2)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td colspan="4">
                    <bold>CAD disease</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Non-obs CAD</td>
                  <td align="center">50 (% 24,5)</td>
                  <td align="center">39 (% 23,2)</td>
                  <td rowspan="2" align="center">0,002<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="t04-fn02">&#167;</xref></td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Obs CAD</td>
                  <td align="center">57 (% 27,9)</td>
                  <td align="center">23 (% 13,7)</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="t04-fn01">
                <label>&#165;</label>
                <p>P value was presented as a result of Student t-test.</p>
              </fn>
              <fn id="t04-fn02">
                <label>&#167;</label>
                <p>P value was presented as a result of Pearson Chi-square test. SD:
                           Standart deviation; HU: Haunsfiled Unit; a/d: Antidiabetic agent; CAD:
                           Coronary artery disease; non-obs: Non-obstructive; obs: Obstructive.</p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
          <table-wrap id="t05">
            <label>Table 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Statistical effect of different characteristics in groups</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="rows">
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th> </th>
                  <th align="center">
                    <bold>Unadjusted OR</bold>
                  </th>
                  <th align="center">
                    <bold>%95 CI</bold>
                  </th>
                  <th align="center">
                    <bold>p value</bold>
                  </th>
                  <th align="center">
                    <bold>Adjusted OR</bold>
                  </th>
                  <th align="center">
                    <bold>%95 CI</bold>
                  </th>
                  <th align="center">
                    <bold>p value</bold>
                  </th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td>Age (&#177; SD)</td>
                  <td align="center">1,082</td>
                  <td align="center">1,039-1,127</td>
                  <td align="center">0,000</td>
                  <td align="center">1,065</td>
                  <td align="center">1,029-1,101</td>
                  <td align="center">0,000</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Gender</td>
                  <td align="center">2,498</td>
                  <td align="center">0,972-6,425</td>
                  <td align="center">0,057</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Dyslipidemia</td>
                  <td align="center">0,111</td>
                  <td align="center">0,035-0,355</td>
                  <td align="center">0,000</td>
                  <td align="center">0,121</td>
                  <td align="center">0,039-0,377</td>
                  <td align="center">0,000</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Smoking</td>
                  <td align="center">1,883</td>
                  <td align="center">0,840-4,223</td>
                  <td align="center">0,125</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn>
                <p>OR: Odds Ratio; SD: Standart deviation.</p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="results">
        <title>Results</title>
        <p>According to hepatic density measurements of the 372 individuals participated in the
               study, 204 (149 males, 54.8%) had non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (Group 1) whereas
               168 (95 males, 45.2%) were normal (Group 2). The present study found that the
               difference between the prevalence of coronary artery disease found in the group with
               NAFLD and in the group with normal liver tissue was statistically significant.</p>
        <p>All subjects were examined for coronary artery disease including smoking,
               hypertension, diabetes mellitus, dyslipidemia, and familial coronary artery disease.
               The age distribution of the participants ranged between 24 and 74 years (y) (mean &#177;
               standard deviation 49.6 &#177; 11.2 y). Of these, 244 (65.6%) were male and 128 (34.4%)
               were female. The mean attenuation value of the liver parenchyma was measured to be 52
               &#177; 11.9 HU (range, 14-75). While the number of patients with hypertension (HT) was 102
               (27.4%), the number of patients with dyslipidemia was 131 (35.2%). Among the
               participants, 239 (64.2%) had not diabetes mellitus (DM), the number of those
               receiving an antidiabetic agent was 133 (35.8%); 96 (25.8%) of them were receiving an
               oral antidiabetic agent and 37 (9.9%) of them were receiving a parenteral
               antidiabetic agent. There were 152 (40.9%) active smokers and 220 (59.1%) nonsmokers.
               Based on BMI, 96 (25%) patients were normal-weight, 149 (40.1%) were over-weight and
               127 (34.1%) were obese. Fatty liver disease was detected in 168 (45.2%) of study
               participants. Number of patients with normal liver was 204 (54.8%). (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t06">Table 3</xref>)</p>
        <table-wrap id="t06">
          <label>Table 3</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Data about study participants</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="rows">
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th> </th>
                <th>    </th>
                <th>
                  <bold>All participants ( n = 372)</bold>
                </th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td>Age (&#177; SD)</td>
                <td> </td>
                <td align="center">49.6 &#177; 11,2 years( range 24-74 years)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Gender (male)</td>
                <td> </td>
                <td align="center">244 (65,6%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Hepatic density (HU)</td>
                <td> </td>
                <td align="center">52 &#177; 11.9 HU (range, 14-75 HU)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td colspan="3">
                  <bold>Diabetes</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Nondiabetic</td>
                <td> </td>
                <td align="center">239 (64.2%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Oral a/d</td>
                <td> </td>
                <td align="center">96 (25.8%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>parenteral a/d</td>
                <td> </td>
                <td align="center">37 (9.9%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Dyslipidemia</td>
                <td> </td>
                <td align="center">131 (35,2%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Hypertension</td>
                <td> </td>
                <td align="center">102 (27,4%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Smoking ( active smokers)</td>
                <td> </td>
                <td align="center">152 (40,9%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Alcohol consumption &#8805; 20 g/day (&#177; SD)</td>
                <td> </td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td colspan="3">
                  <bold>Body weight</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Excessive weight</td>
                <td> </td>
                <td align="center">149 (40.1%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Obesity</td>
                <td> </td>
                <td align="center">127 (34.1%)</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn>
              <p>&#165;: P value was presented as a result of Student t-test. &#167;: P value was
                        presented as a result of Pearson Chi-square test. SD: Standart deviation;
                        HU: Haunsfiled Unit; a/d: Antidiabetic agent.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <p>The mean liver density was 43 &#177; 9.1 HU (range 14-56) in males, and 45.5 &#177; 8.4 HU
               (range 31-58) in females of Group 1. The corresponding figures were 61.8 &#177; 4.7 HU
               (range, 56-75), and 62.6 &#177; 5.7 HU (range, 54-74) in the males and females of Group 2,
               respectively. Mean liver densities of the groups according to their ages are
               demonstrated in <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f10">Figure 5</xref>.</p>
        <fig id="f10" fig-type="other">
          <label>Figure 5</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Mean hepatic density according to ages</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-102-01-0010-30225-gf05-en.jpg"/></fig>
        <p>Evaluation of the coronary arteries of the study participants revealed that 203 of
               them (107 males, 52.7%) had normal coronary arteries, 89 (69 males, 77.5%) had
               non-obsCAD, and 80 (68 males, 21.5%) had obsCAD.</p>
        <p>The number of males without coronary artery disease was 62 (41.6%), those with
               non-obsCAD was 42 (28.2%), and those with obsCAD was 45 (30.2%) in Group 1. The
               number of females without coronary artery disease was 35 (63.6%), with non-obsCAD was
               8 (14.5%), and with obsCAD was 12 (21.8%).</p>
        <p>In Group 2, there were 45 (47.4%) males without coronary artery disease, 27 (28.4%)
               males with non-obsCAD, and 23 (24.2%) males with obsCAD. The number of females
               without coronary artery disease was 61 (83.6%), with non-obsCAD was 12 (16.4%), and
               with obsCAD was 0 in Group 2.</p>
        <p>Individuals in Group 1 were older and dyslipidemic more than Group 2. In additionaly,
               Group 1 has more males and smokers than the Group 2. These characteristics of persons
               affected on obsCAD were evaluated with Binary Logistic Regresion Analysis in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t06">Table 3</xref>. Age and dyslipidemia affected on obsCAD
               were considered statistical significant (p &lt; 0.01).</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="discussion">
        <title>Discussion</title>
        <p>MSCT coronary angiography is an important method for detecting CAD in the early
               stage. A study which compared MSCT angiography and invasive coronary angiography for
               the evaluation of coronary arteries and coronary artery segments larger than 1.5 mm
               found the sensitivity of MSCT angiography to be 94% and specificity to be 97%<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref>. Besides, CT is also used for the diagnosis of
               hepatic steatosis. Sensitivity and specificity of CT for the diagnosis of hepatic
               steatosis is 82% and 100%, respectively<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B09">9</xref>. The
               present study used the hepatic CT images used in the MSCT angiography scanning
               protocol. </p>
        <p>Based on MSCT, the present study found that coronary artery disease prevalence in
               patients with NAFLD was significantly higher than that of those with normal liver
               tissue (p &lt; 0.01). Statistical comparison between the two groups is presented in
                  <xref ref-type="table" rid="t05">Table 2</xref>.</p>
        <p>Studies from other countries reported that NAFLD was more common among females<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref>. However, a study from Turkey found the frequency of non-alcoholic
               hepatic steatosis to be lower in females (32.7%)<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref>. Some prevalence studies verified the diagnosis of NAFLD in 76% of 146
               liver biopsy samples obtained from obese patients that underwent bariatric surgery; a
               smaller-scale study in Turkey, however, reported the prevalence of NAFLD to be 72%
               among obese patients<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref>.</p>
        <p>A gradually increasing number of studies indicate NAFLD as the hepatic manifestation
               of metabolic syndrome<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref>. Although metabolic syndrome is a well-known
               precursor of CAD<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref>, the association between NAFLD and CAD remains
               unclear.</p>
        <p>There are studies demonstrating that proinflammatory cytokines including tumor
               necrosis factor alpha (TNF-&#945;), C reactive protein (CRP) and plasminogen activator
               inhibitor I (PAI-I) have been increased in patients with both NAFLD and CAD<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref>. It has been emphasized that the increase in
               proinflammatory markers enhances future CAD events<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref>. It has been also highlighted that this might independ from metabolic
               syndrome and related risk factors. Some studies conducted in insulin users
               demonstrated that insulin resistance is a predictor for CAD events and plays an
               important role in the development of unfavorable clinical outcomes for NAFLD
                  patients<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref>.</p>
        <p>Association between NAFLD, from simple steatosis to advanced form of NAFLD, and high
               risk of CAD has been attributed to increased oxidative stress and subclinical
                  inflammation<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref>.</p>
        <p>A study conducted by Perseghin stated that NAFLD was characterized by the appearance
               of early metabolic and vascular pathological changes of atherosclerosis. However,
               despite all these findings, it has been emphasized that the evidences indicating the
               association between NAFLD and CAD are weak<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref>.</p>
        <p>Although the close association between NAFLD and CAD has not been clarified yet, fat
               deposition in NAFLD is considered to increase free fatty acids that lead to CAD by
               causing low-grade inflammation<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref>. The presence
               of NAFLD in patients with type 2 diabetes has suggested NAFLD as a strong predictor
               for CAD<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">32</xref>.</p>
        <p>Brea et al<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">33</xref> found an association between
               NAFLD and carotid atherosclerosis. Targher et al<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34">34</xref> suggested a relation between NAFLD and carotid artery wall thickness in
               type 2 diabetes mellitus patients controlled with diet. Lin et al<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B35">35</xref> stated that NAFLD was an independent risk
               factor for ischemic CAD.</p>
        <sec>
          <title>Study Limitations</title>
          <p>While measuring the liver density of some cases, the optimal selection of
                  appropriate hepatic regions not including vascular and biliary structures has not
                  been possible due to inadequate spatial resolution. During MSCT coronary
                  angiography, we had occasional difficulties in detecting the stenosis degree in
                  massive calcified plaques. Moreover, there have been difficulties in
                  differentiating probable coronary artery soft plaques from the respiratory
                  artifacts on the images of the cases with respiratory distress.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="conclusions">
        <title>Conclusion</title>
        <p>Based on MSCT, the present study found that the difference between the prevalence of
               coronary artery disease found in the group with NAFLD and in the group with normal
               liver tissue was statistically significant.</p>
        <p>We can say that the likelihood of CAD in individuals with hepatosteatosis not
               consuming or consuming less than 20 g/day of alcohol is higher than in the
               individuals without hepatosteatosis. </p>
        <p>We think that this hypothesis should be verified with larger studies.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Author contributions</title>
        <p>Conception and design of the research, Acquisition of data, Analysis and
               interpretation of the data: Efe D. Statistical analysis, Writing of the manuscript,
               Critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content: Ayg&#252;n F.</p>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <ack>
        <p>We thank Assoc. Prof. Ismail Keskin*, PhD for his contributions to the evaluation of
               results and statistical analysis.</p>
        <p>*Sel&#231;uk University, Zootechnics Division, Department of Biometry and Genetics, Konya,
               TURKEY.</p>
      </ack>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>
            <bold>Study Association</bold>
          </p>
          <p>This study is not associated with any post-graduation program.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="financial-disclosure">
          <p>
            <bold>Sources of Funding</bold>
          </p>
          <p>There were no external funding sources for this study.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
