<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.1 20151215//EN" "https://jats.nlm.nih.gov/publishing/1.1/JATS-journalpublishing1.dtd">
<article xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" specific-use="sps-1.9" dtd-version="1.1" xml:lang="pt" article-type="editorial">
  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
        <publisher-loc>S&#227;o Paulo, SP, Brazil</publisher-loc>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">rh5pP3jVgJD5cpC46Fnt9KB</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2013003200017</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v1">S0066-782X(13)10100600017</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5935/abc.20130236</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Ponto de Vista</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Reabilita&#231;&#227;o cardiovascular, dan&#231;a de sal&#227;o e disfun&#231;&#227;o sexual</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Carvalho</surname>
            <given-names>Tales de</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Gonz&#225;les</surname>
            <given-names>Ana In&#234;s</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Sties</surname>
            <given-names>Sabrina Weiss</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Carvalho</surname>
            <given-names>Gabriela Maria Dutra de</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff01">
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Florian&#243;polis</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">Santa Catarina</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade do Estado de Santa Catarina</institution>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
      </aff>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>12</month>
        <year>2013</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>101</volume>
      <issue>6</issue>
      <fpage>e107</fpage>
      <lpage>e108</lpage>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="pub">
        <day>11</day>
        <month>02</month>
        <year>2014</year>
      </pub-date>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <p>
      <bold>PONTO DE VISTA</bold>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Reabilita&#231;&#227;o cardiovascular, dan&#231;a de sal&#227;o e disfun&#231;&#227;o sexual</bold>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Tales de Carvalho; Ana In&#234;s Gonz&#225;les; Sabrina Weiss Sties; Gabriela Maria Dutra de Carvalho</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Universidade do Estado de Santa Catarina (UDESC), Florian&#243;polis, SC - Brasil</p>
    <p>
      <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="end">Correspond&#234;ncia</xref>
    </p>
    <p><bold>Palavras-chave: </bold>Doen&#231;as cardiovasculares; Reabilita&#231;&#227;o; Exerc&#237;cio; Terapia atrav&#233;s da dan&#231;a; Disfun&#231;&#227;o sexual fisiol&#243;gica.</p>
    <p>A disfun&#231;&#227;o sexual &#233; um problema de sa&#250;de p&#250;blica, de grande preval&#234;ncia global em homens e mulheres<sup>1,2</sup>, que se relaciona com as principais doen&#231;as cardiovasculares e metab&#243;licas eleg&#237;veis para a Reabilita&#231;&#227;o Cardiopulmonar e Metab&#243;lica (RCPM), como hipertens&#227;o arterial sist&#234;mica, doen&#231;a arterial coronariana, insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca e diabetes melito<sup>3,4</sup>. Dentre as anormalidades vasculares, estruturais e funcionais relacionadas &#224; disfun&#231;&#227;o sexual, destacam-se altera&#231;&#245;es no endot&#233;lio, eleva&#231;&#227;o da press&#227;o sist&#243;lica e aterosclerose<sup>5</sup>.</p>
    <p>Embora a melhora da fun&#231;&#227;o sexual seja bom par&#226;metro para avaliar a qualidade do tratamento das doen&#231;as cardiovasculares e beneficie a Qualidade de Vida dos pacientes<sup>6</sup>, que, em sua maioria, demonstram interesse em manter a vida sexual ativa, as manifesta&#231;&#245;es da sexualidade costumam ser subestimadas por m&#233;dicos e outros profissionais da sa&#250;de, em parte devido a aspectos culturais, tabus e preconceitos<sup>7</sup>. Tal quadro deve ser pass&#237;vel de mudan&#231;a, pois, ap&#243;s evento ou interven&#231;&#227;o cardiovascular, as orienta&#231;&#245;es sobre atividade sexual s&#227;o t&#227;o relevantes quanto as que se relacionam ao retorno ao trabalho e ao engajamento nos programas de exerc&#237;cio<sup>8</sup>. A complexidade dessa rela&#231;&#227;o e a necessidade de orienta&#231;&#227;o ficam evidentes em estudos como o COPE-ICD, no qual foi constatada, ao contr&#225;rio do esperado, expressiva piora da fun&#231;&#227;o sexual em pacientes de ambos os g&#234;neros que receberam o desfibrilador implant&#225;vel<sup>8</sup>.</p>
    <p>Historicamente, o tratamento farmacol&#243;gico para doen&#231;as cardiovasculares tem sido associado ao pior desempenho sexual<sup>5,9,10</sup>. Entretanto, medicamentos da nova gera&#231;&#227;o, como os modernos betabloqueadores (por exemplo: nebivolol e bisoprolol), os diur&#233;ticos (por exemplo: indapamida) e os bloqueadores dos receptores da angiotensina, parecem contribuir para a melhora da disfun&#231;&#227;o er&#233;til, em especial pelo aprimoramento da fun&#231;&#227;o endotelial e o incremento na aptid&#227;o card&#237;aca<sup>10,11</sup>, possibilitando o tratamento simult&#226;neo da disfun&#231;&#227;o sexual.</p>
    <p>A fun&#231;&#227;o sexual &#233; mediada por complexa intera&#231;&#227;o de fatores psicol&#243;gicos e fisiol&#243;gicos (hormonais, vasculares, musculares e neurol&#243;gicos), todos podendo ser influenciados pelo exerc&#237;cio<sup>3</sup>, com destaque para a maior produ&#231;&#227;o e menor degrada&#231;&#227;o do &#243;xido n&#237;trico, considerado o principal mediador da fun&#231;&#227;o sexual masculina e feminina<sup>12</sup>. Cabe ressaltar que pesquisas relacionadas ao exerc&#237;cio e &#224; fun&#231;&#227;o sexual demonstram que doses elevadas de atividade f&#237;sica diminuem o risco de infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio e morte s&#250;bita durante a rela&#231;&#227;o sexual<sup>13</sup>, e que, entre homens jovens, aqueles que t&#234;m melhor aptid&#227;o cardiorrespirat&#243;ria s&#227;o menos suscet&#237;veis &#224; disfun&#231;&#227;o er&#233;til<sup>14</sup>. Assim, torna-se evidente que o exerc&#237;cio f&#237;sico deva ser inclu&#237;do entre as interven&#231;&#245;es que beneficiam, concomitantemente, a sa&#250;de cardiovascular e a sexual<sup>11</sup>.</p>
    <p>Os efeitos do exerc&#237;cio sobre a aptid&#227;o f&#237;sica, a fun&#231;&#227;o endotelial, a modula&#231;&#227;o auton&#244;mica e tamb&#233;m sobre a esfera emocional (ansiedade, depress&#227;o, autoestima etc.) revelam o largo espectro de a&#231;&#245;es que demonstram sua import&#226;ncia no tratamento das doen&#231;as cardiovasculares e metab&#243;licas, assim como no manejo da disfun&#231;&#227;o sexual.</p>
    <p>Entretanto, as formas convencionais de exerc&#237;cio f&#237;sico oferecidas nos programas de RCPM parecem ser pouco atraentes para proporcionar a necess&#225;ria ader&#234;ncia ao tratamento, o que justifica a busca por novas estrat&#233;gias<sup>3,15-19</sup>. Nesse contexto, deve ser considerada a dan&#231;a de sal&#227;o, uma atividade de grande apelo popular, l&#250;dica, prazerosa e socializante, que pode contribuir para maior ader&#234;ncia e otimiza&#231;&#227;o dos benef&#237;cios do exerc&#237;cio. A manifesta&#231;&#227;o da sexualidade pode ser potencializada pela jun&#231;&#227;o da m&#250;sica com a atividade f&#237;sica, em situa&#231;&#227;o que naturalmente submete as pessoas a elevados n&#237;veis de horm&#244;nios do bem-estar, como as endorfinas<sup>6,15</sup>.</p>
    <p>Desde 2007, em nossos programas de RCPM, na cidade de Florian&#243;polis (SC), a dan&#231;a de sal&#227;o tem sido utilizada como meio de condicionamento f&#237;sico, com ado&#231;&#227;o de ritmos variados (forr&#243;, bolero, samba, merengue, valsa, <italic>rock and roll</italic> e salsa). Mais que o ensino t&#233;cnico dos passos, que exigiria frequentes interrup&#231;&#245;es, visamos manter os pacientes o maior tempo poss&#237;vel ativos, no intuito de sustentar a zona alvo da frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca durante o exerc&#237;cio. Por meio dessa sistem&#225;tica, temos sustentado resultados de maior ader&#234;ncia, com melhor resposta cronotr&#243;pica e controle da press&#227;o arterial, fatores amplamente associados com disfun&#231;&#227;o sexual e desfechos cardiovasculares<sup>20,21</sup>.</p>
    <p>A vantagem da dan&#231;a em rela&#231;&#227;o aos m&#233;todos convencionais de exerc&#237;cio incorporados &#224; RCPM decorre principalmente de suas caracter&#237;sticas, as quais aproximam as pessoas, tanto de forma f&#237;sica quanto emocional. &#201; neste cen&#225;rio que a dan&#231;a de sal&#227;o pode ser vista como estrat&#233;gia destinada &#224; terap&#234;utica concomitante de doen&#231;as cardiovasculares disfun&#231;&#227;o sexual.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Contribui&#231;&#227;o dos autores</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa e Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual: Gonz&#225;les AI, Carvalho GMD, Sties SW, Carvalho T; Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito: Sties SW, Carvalho T.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Potencial Conflito de Interesses</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Declaro n&#227;o haver conflito de interesses pertinentes.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Fontes de Financiamento</bold>
    </p>
    <p>O presente estudo n&#227;o teve fontes de financiamento externas.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Vincula&#231;&#227;o Acad&#234;mica</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Este artigo &#233; parte de disserta&#231;&#227;o de Mestrado de Ana In&#234;s Gonz&#225;les pela Universidade do Estado de Santa Catarina (UDESC).</p>
    <p>
      <fn id="end" fn-type="corresp">
        <label>
          <bold>Correspond&#234;ncia:</bold>
        </label>
        <p> Tales de Carvalho </p>
        <p> Avenida Jornalista Rubens de Arruda Ramos, 2.354, apto. 201, Centro </p>
        <p> CEP 88015-702, Florian&#243;polis, SC - Brasil </p>
        <p> E-mail: </p>
        <p>
          <email xlink:href="tales@cardiol.br">tales@cardiol.br</email>
        </p>
      </fn>
    </p>
    <p>Artigo recebido em 25/2/13; revisado em 27/5/13; aceito em 24/6/13.</p>
  </body>
  <back>
    <ref-list>
      <ref id="B1">
        <mixed-citation>1. Ayta AI, McKinlay JB, Krane RJ. The likely worldwide increase in erectile dysfunction between 1995 and 2025 and some possible policy consequences. BJU Int. 1999;84(1):50-6.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>The likely worldwide increase in erectile dysfunction between 1995 and 2025 and some possible policy consequences</article-title>
          <source>BJU Int</source>
          <date>
            <year>1999</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>50</fpage>
          <lpage>6</lpage>
          <issue>1</issue>
          <volume>84</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Ayta</surname>
              <given-names>AI</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>McKinlay</surname>
              <given-names>JB</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Krane</surname>
              <given-names>RJ</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B2">
        <mixed-citation>2. Laumann EO, Paik A, Rosen RC. Sexual dysfunction in the United States: prevalence and predictors. JAMA. 1999;281(6):537-44. Erratum in: JAMA. 1999;281(13):1174.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Sexual dysfunction in the United States: prevalence and predictors</article-title>
          <source>JAMA</source>
          <date>
            <year>1999</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>537</fpage>
          <lpage>44</lpage>
          <issue>6</issue>
          <volume>281</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Laumann</surname>
              <given-names>EO</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Paik</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Rosen</surname>
              <given-names>RC</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B3">
        <mixed-citation>3. Alberti L, Torlasco C, Lauretta L, Loffi M, Maranta F, Salonia A, et AL. Erectile dysfunction in heart failure patients: a critical reappraisal. Andrology. 2013;1(2):177-91.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Erectile dysfunction in heart failure patients: a critical reappraisal</article-title>
          <source>Andrology</source>
          <date>
            <year>2013</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>177</fpage>
          <lpage>91</lpage>
          <issue>2</issue>
          <volume>1</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Alberti</surname>
              <given-names>L</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Torlasco</surname>
              <given-names>C</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Lauretta</surname>
              <given-names>L</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Loffi</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Maranta</surname>
              <given-names>F</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Salonia</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B4">
        <mixed-citation>4. Adeniyi AF, Adeleye JO, Adeniyi CY. Diabetes, sexual dysfunction and therapeutic exercise: a 20 year review. Curr Diabetes Rev. 2010;6(4):201-6.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Diabetes, sexual dysfunction and therapeutic exercise: a 20 year review</article-title>
          <source>Curr Diabetes Rev</source>
          <date>
            <year>2010</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>201</fpage>
          <lpage>6</lpage>
          <issue>4</issue>
          <volume>6</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Adeniyi</surname>
              <given-names>AF</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Adeleye</surname>
              <given-names>JO</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Adeniyi</surname>
              <given-names>CY</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B5">
        <mixed-citation>5. Al-Almeri H, Kloner RA. Erectile dysfunction and heart failure: the role of phosphodiesterase type 5 inhibitors. Int J Impot Res. 2009;21(3):149-57.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Erectile dysfunction and heart failure: the role of phosphodiesterase type 5 inhibitors</article-title>
          <source>Int J Impot Res</source>
          <date>
            <year>2009</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>149</fpage>
          <lpage>57</lpage>
          <issue>3</issue>
          <volume>21</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Al-Almeri</surname>
              <given-names>H</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Kloner</surname>
              <given-names>RA</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B6">
        <mixed-citation>6. Belardinelli R, Lacalaprice F, Faccenda E, Purcaro A, Perna G. Effects of short-term moderate exercise training on sexual function in male patients with chronic stable heart failure. Int J Cardiol. 2005;101(1):83-90.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Effects of short-term moderate exercise training on sexual function in male patients with chronic stable heart failure</article-title>
          <source>Int J Cardiol</source>
          <date>
            <year>2005</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>83</fpage>
          <lpage>90</lpage>
          <issue>1</issue>
          <volume>101</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Belardinelli</surname>
              <given-names>R</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Lacalaprice</surname>
              <given-names>F</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Faccenda</surname>
              <given-names>E</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Purcaro</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Perna</surname>
              <given-names>G</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B7">
        <mixed-citation>7. Lunelli RP, Rabello ER, Stein R, Goldmeier S, Moraes MA. Atividade Sexual P&#243;s-Infarto do Mioc&#225;rdio: tabu ou Desinforma&#231;&#227;o? Arq Bras Cardiol. 2008;90(3):156-9.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Atividade Sexual P&#243;s-Infarto do Mioc&#225;rdio: tabu ou Desinforma&#231;&#227;o?</article-title>
          <source>Arq Bras Cardiol</source>
          <date>
            <year>2008</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>156</fpage>
          <lpage>9</lpage>
          <issue>3</issue>
          <volume>90</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Lunelli</surname>
              <given-names>RP</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Rabello</surname>
              <given-names>ER</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Stein</surname>
              <given-names>R</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Goldmeier</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Moraes</surname>
              <given-names>MA</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B8">
        <mixed-citation>8. Berg SK, Elleman-Jensen L, Zwisler AD, Winkel P, Svendsen JH, Pedersen PU, et al. Sexual concerns and practices after ICD implantation: findings of the COPE-ICD rehabilitation trial. Eur J Cardiovasc Nurs. 2013 Jan 8. [Epub ahead of print]</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Sexual concerns and practices after ICD implantation: findings of the COPE-ICD rehabilitation trial</article-title>
          <source>Eur J Cardiovasc Nurs</source>
          <date>
            <year>2013</year>
            <day>08</day>
            <month>01</month>
          </date>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Berg</surname>
              <given-names>SK</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Elleman-Jensen</surname>
              <given-names>L</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Zwisler</surname>
              <given-names>AD</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Winkel</surname>
              <given-names>P</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Svendsen</surname>
              <given-names>JH</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Pedersen</surname>
              <given-names>PU</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B9">
        <mixed-citation>9. Stein R, Hohmann CB. [Sexual activity and heart]. Arq Bras Cardiol. 2006;86(1):61-7.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Sexual activity and heart</article-title>
          <source>Arq Bras Cardiol</source>
          <date>
            <year>2006</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>61</fpage>
          <lpage>7</lpage>
          <issue>1</issue>
          <volume>86</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Stein</surname>
              <given-names>R</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Hohmann</surname>
              <given-names>CB</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B10">
        <mixed-citation>10. Nehra A, Jackson G, Miner M, Billups KL, Burnett AL, Buvat J, et al. Diagnosis and treatment of erectile dysfunction for reduction of cardiovascular risk. J Urol. 2013;189(6):2031-8.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Diagnosis and treatment of erectile dysfunction for reduction of cardiovascular risk</article-title>
          <source>J Urol</source>
          <date>
            <year>2013</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>2031</fpage>
          <lpage>8</lpage>
          <issue>6</issue>
          <volume>189</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Nehra</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Jackson</surname>
              <given-names>G</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Miner</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Billups</surname>
              <given-names>KL</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Burnett</surname>
              <given-names>AL</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Buvat</surname>
              <given-names>J</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B11">
        <mixed-citation>11. Nehra A, Jackson G, Miner M, Billups KL, Burnett AL, Buvat J, et al. The Princeton III Consensus recommendations for the management of erectile dysfunction and cardiovascular disease. Mayo Clin Proc. 2012;87(8):766-78.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>The Princeton III Consensus recommendations for the management of erectile dysfunction and cardiovascular disease</article-title>
          <source>Mayo Clin Proc</source>
          <date>
            <year>2012</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>766</fpage>
          <lpage>78</lpage>
          <issue>8</issue>
          <volume>87</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Nehra</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Jackson</surname>
              <given-names>G</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Miner</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Billups</surname>
              <given-names>KL</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Burnett</surname>
              <given-names>AL</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Buvat</surname>
              <given-names>J</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B12">
        <mixed-citation>12. Ghisi GL, Durieux A, Pinho R, Benetti M. Exerc&#237;cio f&#237;sico e disfun&#231;&#227;o endotelial. Arq Bras Cardiol. 2010;95(5):e130-7.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Exerc&#237;cio f&#237;sico e disfun&#231;&#227;o endotelial</article-title>
          <source>Arq Bras Cardiol</source>
          <date>
            <year>2010</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>e130</fpage>
          <lpage>7</lpage>
          <issue>5</issue>
          <volume>95</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Ghisi</surname>
              <given-names>GL</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Durieux</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Pinho</surname>
              <given-names>R</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Benetti</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B13">
        <mixed-citation>13. Dahabreh IJ, Paulus JK. Association of episodic physical and sexual activity with triggering of acute cardiac events: systematic review and meta-analysis. JAMA. 2011;305(12):1225-33.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Association of episodic physical and sexual activity with triggering of acute cardiac events: systematic review and meta-analysis</article-title>
          <source>JAMA</source>
          <date>
            <year>2011</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>1225</fpage>
          <lpage>33</lpage>
          <issue>12</issue>
          <volume>305</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Dahabreh</surname>
              <given-names>IJ</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Paulus</surname>
              <given-names>JK</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B14">
        <mixed-citation>14. Agostini LC, Netto JM, Miranda MV Jr, Figueiredo AA. Erectile dysfunction association with physical activity level and physical fitness in men aged 40-75 years. Int J Impot Res. 2011;23(3):215-21.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Erectile dysfunction association with physical activity level and physical fitness in men aged 40-75 years</article-title>
          <source>Int J Impot Res</source>
          <date>
            <year>2011</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>215</fpage>
          <lpage>21</lpage>
          <issue>3</issue>
          <volume>23</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Agostini</surname>
              <given-names>LC</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Netto</surname>
              <given-names>JM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Miranda Jr</surname>
              <given-names>MV</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Figueiredo</surname>
              <given-names>AA</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B15">
        <mixed-citation>15. Belardinelli R, Lacalaprice F, Ventrella C, Volpe L, Faccenda E. Waltz dancing in patients with chronic heart failure: new form of exercise training. Circ Heart Fail. 2008;1(2):107-14.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Waltz dancing in patients with chronic heart failure: new form of exercise training</article-title>
          <source>Circ Heart Fail</source>
          <date>
            <year>2008</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>107</fpage>
          <lpage>14</lpage>
          <issue>2</issue>
          <volume>1</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Belardinelli</surname>
              <given-names>R</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Lacalaprice</surname>
              <given-names>F</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Ventrella</surname>
              <given-names>C</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Volpe</surname>
              <given-names>L</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Faccenda</surname>
              <given-names>E</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B16">
        <mixed-citation>16. Yeh GY, Wood MJ, Lorell BH, Stevenson LW, Eisenberg DM, Wayne PM, et al. Effects of tai chi mind-body movement therapy on functional status and exercise capacity in patients with chronic heart failure: a randomized controlled trial. Am J Med. 2004;117(8):541-8.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Effects of tai chi mind-body movement therapy on functional status and exercise capacity in patients with chronic heart failure: a randomized controlled trial</article-title>
          <source>Am J Med</source>
          <date>
            <year>2004</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>541</fpage>
          <lpage>8</lpage>
          <issue>8</issue>
          <volume>117</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Yeh</surname>
              <given-names>GY</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Wood</surname>
              <given-names>MJ</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Lorell</surname>
              <given-names>BH</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Stevenson</surname>
              <given-names>LW</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Eisenberg</surname>
              <given-names>DM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Wayne</surname>
              <given-names>PM</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B17">
        <mixed-citation>17. Aweto HA, Owoeye OB, Akinbo SR, Onabajo AA. Effects of dance movement therapy on selected cardiovascular parameters and estimated maximum oxygen consumption in hypertensive patients. Nig Q J Hosp Med. 2012;22(2):125-9.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Effects of dance movement therapy on selected cardiovascular parameters and estimated maximum oxygen consumption in hypertensive patients</article-title>
          <source>Nig Q J Hosp Med</source>
          <date>
            <year>2012</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>125</fpage>
          <lpage>9</lpage>
          <issue>2</issue>
          <volume>22</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Aweto</surname>
              <given-names>HA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Owoeye</surname>
              <given-names>OB</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Akinbo</surname>
              <given-names>SR</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Onabajo</surname>
              <given-names>AA</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B18">
        <mixed-citation>18. Guimar&#227;es GV, Carvalho VO, Bocchi EA, d`Avila VM. Pilates in heart failure patients: a randomized controlled pilot Trial. Cardiovasc Ther. 2012;30(6):351-6.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Pilates in heart failure patients: a randomized controlled pilot Trial</article-title>
          <source>Cardiovasc Ther</source>
          <date>
            <year>2012</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>351</fpage>
          <lpage>6</lpage>
          <issue>6</issue>
          <volume>30</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Guimar&#227;es</surname>
              <given-names>GV</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Carvalho</surname>
              <given-names>VO</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Bocchi</surname>
              <given-names>EA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>d&#8217;Avila</surname>
              <given-names>VM</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B19">
        <mixed-citation>19. Dall'Ago P, Chiappa GR, G&#252;ths H, Stein R, Ribeiro JP. Inspiratory muscle training in patients with heart failure and inspiratory muscle weakness: a randomized trial. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2006;47(4):757-63.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Inspiratory muscle training in patients with heart failure and inspiratory muscle weakness: a randomized trial</article-title>
          <source>J Am Coll Cardiol</source>
          <date>
            <year>2006</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>757</fpage>
          <lpage>63</lpage>
          <issue>4</issue>
          <volume>47</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Dall'Ago</surname>
              <given-names>P</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Chiappa</surname>
              <given-names>GR</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>G&#252;ths</surname>
              <given-names>H</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Stein</surname>
              <given-names>R</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Ribeiro</surname>
              <given-names>JP</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B20">
        <mixed-citation>20. Monte FG, Carvalho T, Kessler VC, Casas S, Quites MP. Effects of a dance program on the chronotropic response of participants in a cardiopulmonary and metabolic rehabilitation. [Abstract]. Circulation. 2010;122(2):e35.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Effects of a dance program on the chronotropic response of participants in a cardiopulmonary and metabolic rehabilitation</article-title>
          <source>Circulation</source>
          <date>
            <year>2010</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>e35</fpage>
          <issue>2</issue>
          <volume>122</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Monte</surname>
              <given-names>FG</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Carvalho</surname>
              <given-names>T</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Kessler</surname>
              <given-names>VC</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Casas</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Quites</surname>
              <given-names>MP</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B21">
        <mixed-citation>21. Schenkel IC, B&#252;ndchen DC, Quites MP, Santos RZ, Santos MB, Carvalho T. Comportamento da press&#227;o arterial em hipertensos ap&#243;s &#250;nica sess&#227;o de caminhada e de dan&#231;a de sal&#227;o: estudo preliminar. Rev Bras Cardiol. 2011;24(1):26-32.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Comportamento da press&#227;o arterial em hipertensos ap&#243;s &#250;nica sess&#227;o de caminhada e de dan&#231;a de sal&#227;o: estudo preliminar</article-title>
          <source>Rev Bras Cardiol</source>
          <date>
            <year>2011</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>26</fpage>
          <lpage>32</lpage>
          <issue>1</issue>
          <volume>24</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Schenkel</surname>
              <given-names>IC</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>B&#252;ndchen</surname>
              <given-names>DC</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Quites</surname>
              <given-names>MP</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Santos</surname>
              <given-names>RZ</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Santos</surname>
              <given-names>MB</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Carvalho</surname>
              <given-names>T</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
    </ref-list>
  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Point of View</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title xml:lang="en">Cardiovascular rehabilitation, ballroom dancing and sexual dysfunction</article-title>
      </title-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p>
        <bold>VIEWPOINT</bold>
      </p>
      <p>
        <fn id="enda-body2">
          <label>
            <bold>Cardiovascular rehabilitation, ballroom dancing and sexual dysfunction</bold>
          </label>
          <p>
            <bold>Tales de Carvalho; Ana In&#234;s Gonz&#225;les; Sabrina Weiss Sties; Gabriela Maria Dutra de Carvalho</bold>
          </p>
        </fn>
      </p>
      <p>Universidade do Estado de Santa Catarina (UDESC), Florian&#243;polis, SC - Brazil</p>
      <p>Mailing address</p>
      <p><bold>Keywords:</bold> Cardiovascular diseases; Rehabilitation; Exercise; Dance therapy; Sexual dysfunction physiological.</p>
      <p>Sexual dysfunction is an important public health concern, highly prevalent among men and women<sup>1,2</sup>. It is related to the major cardiovascular and metabolic diseases eligible for cardiopulmonary and metabolic rehabilitation (CPMR), such as systemic arterial hypertension, coronary arterial disease, heart failure, and diabetes <italic>mellitus</italic><sup>3,4</sup>. Of the vascular, structural and functional abnormalities related to sexual dysfunction, the following stand out: endothelial changes; systolic pressure elevation; and atherosclerosis<sup>5</sup>.</p>
      <p>Sexual function is a good parameter to assess the treatment of cardiovascular diseases, known to improve the quality of life of patients<sup>6</sup>, most of whom show interest in maintaining an active sexual life. Nevertheless, the manifestations of sexuality are usually underestimated by physicians and other health care professionals, in part due to cultural aspects, taboos and prejudice<sup>7</sup>. That should change, because, after a cardiovascular event or intervention, the instructions about sexual activity are as relevant as those concerning return to work and engagement into exercise programs<sup>8</sup>. The complexity of that relationship and the need for instructions have become evident in studies, such as the COPE-ICD, which reported, contrary to the expected, expressive sexual function worsening in patients of both sexes who underwent defibrillator implantation<sup>8</sup>.</p>
      <p>Historically, the medicamentous treatment of cardiovascular diseases has been associated with worse sexual performance<sup>5,9,10</sup>. However, the new generation medications, such as modern beta-blockers (nebivolol and bisoprolol), diuretics (indapamide) and angiotensin-receptor blockers, seem to contribute to improve erectile dysfunction, especially by improving endothelial function and increasing cardiac fitness<sup>10,11</sup>, enabling the simultaneous treatment of sexual dysfunction.</p>
      <p>Sexual function is mediated by a complex interaction of psychological and physiological factors (hormonal, vascular, muscular and neurological), which might all be influenced by exercise<sup>3</sup>, emphasis given to the greater production and lower degradation of nitric oxide, considered the major mediator of male and female sexual function<sup>12</sup>. It is worth noting that research related to exercise and sexual function has shown that high doses of physical activity reduce the risk of acute myocardial infarction and sudden death during sexual intercourse<sup>13</sup>. In addition, among young men, those with better cardiorespiratory fitness are less susceptible to erectile dysfunction<sup>14</sup>. Thus, it is evident that physical exercise should be included among the interventions that benefit cardiovascular and sexual health<sup>11</sup>.</p>
      <p>The effects of exercise on physical fitness, endothelial function, autonomic modulation and emotional aspects (anxiety, depression, self-esteem) evidence the broad spectrum of action of exercise, resulting beneficial for the treatment of cardiovascular and metabolic diseases, as well as for the management of sexual dysfunction.</p>
      <p>However, the conventional forms of physical exercise offered in CPMR programs seem little attractive to provide the necessary adherence to treatment, justifying the search for new strategies<sup>3,15-19</sup>. In that context, ballroom dancing, a popular, ludic, pleasurable and socializing activity, should be considered, because it might contribute to increase adherence to exercise practice and optimize its benefits. The manifestation of sexuality can be potentiated by the combination of music and physical activity, in a situation that naturally propitiates high levels of well-being hormones, such as endorphins<sup>6,15</sup>.</p>
      <p>Since 2007, in our CPMR programs in the city of Florian&#243;polis, Santa Catarina state, ballroom dancing has been a mean of physical conditioning, with the adoption of various rhythms (<italic>forr&#243;</italic>, bolero, samba, merengue, waltz, rock and roll, and salsa). Rather than teaching the technique, which would require frequent interruptions, we have been aiming at maintaining patients active as long as possible to sustain their target heart rate zone during exercise training. By doing so, we have achieved higher adherence, with a better chronotropic response and arterial blood pressure control, factors widely associated with sexual dysfunction and even cardiovascular outcomes<sup>20,21</sup>.</p>
      <p>The advantage of dancing as compared to conventional exercise methods incorporated to CPMR is mainly due to its characteristic of bringing people closer together, both physically and emotionally. In that context, ballroom dancing can be seen as a strategy to concomitantly treat cardiovascular diseases and sexual dysfunction.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Author contributions</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Conception and design of the research and Critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content: Gonz&#225;les AI, Carvalho GMD, Sties SW, Carvalho T; Writing of the manuscript: Sties SW, Carvalho T.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Potential Conflict of Interest</bold>
      </p>
      <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Sources of Funding</bold>
      </p>
      <p>There were no external funding sources for this study.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Study Association</bold>
      </p>
      <p>This article is part of the thesis of master submitted by Ana In&#234;s Gonz&#225;les from Universidade do Estado de Santa Catarina (UDESC).</p>
      <p>
        <bold>References</bold>
      </p>
    </body>
  </sub-article>
</article>
