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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
        <publisher-loc>S&#227;o Paulo, SP, Brazil</publisher-loc>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">3RMKSpt7QpCfygxzytLLFdk</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2013003200012</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v1">S0066-782X(13)10100600012</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5935/abc.20130208</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigo de Revis&#227;o</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Angiotomografia de coron&#225;rias na avalia&#231;&#227;o da dor tor&#225;cica aguda na sala de emerg&#234;ncia</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Prazeres</surname>
            <given-names>Carlos Eduardo Elias dos</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Cury</surname>
            <given-names>Roberto Caldeira</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Carneiro</surname>
            <given-names>Adriano Camargo de Castro</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Rochitte</surname>
            <given-names>Carlos Eduardo</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff01">
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state"/>
        </addr-line>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Hospital do Cora&#231;&#227;o</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Hospital do Cora&#231;&#227;o </institution>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff02">
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o </institution>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
      </aff>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>12</month>
        <year>2013</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>101</volume>
      <issue>6</issue>
      <fpage>562</fpage>
      <lpage>569</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>25</day>
          <month>06</month>
          <year>2013</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>10</day>
          <month>07</month>
          <year>2013</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>01</day>
          <month>07</month>
          <year>2013</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <p>A angiotomografia de coron&#225;rias emergiu recentemente como uma ferramenta diagn&#243;stica acurada na avalia&#231;&#227;o da doen&#231;a arterial coronariana, fornecendo dados diagn&#243;sticos e progn&#243;sticos que se correlacionam diretamente com os dados fornecidos pela cineangiocoronariografia. Com a evolu&#231;&#227;o tecnol&#243;gica, permitindo melhora na resolu&#231;&#227;o temporal, espacial, melhor cobertura do volume card&#237;aco com redu&#231;&#227;o significativa da dose de radia&#231;&#227;o, somada &#224; necessidade de protocolos de estratifica&#231;&#227;o de risco mais efetivos para pacientes com dor tor&#225;cica no pronto-socorro, sua aplica&#231;&#227;o passou a ser testada no cen&#225;rio da dor tor&#225;cica aguda, j&#225; que cerca de dois ter&#231;os das angiografias coronarianas invasivas n&#227;o demonstram doen&#231;a coronariana obstrutiva significativa. Na pr&#225;tica di&#225;ria, sem o uso de tecnologias mais eficientes, como a angiotomografia de coron&#225;rias, permanece um desafio ao m&#233;dico do setor de emerg&#234;ncia a estratifica&#231;&#227;o segura e eficiente do paciente com dor tor&#225;cica aguda. Recentemente, v&#225;rios estudos, incluindo tr&#234;s randomizados, mostraram resultados favor&#225;veis ao uso dessa tecnologia no pronto-socorro para pacientes com baixa a intermedi&#225;ria probabilidade de doen&#231;a arterial coronariana. Nesta revis&#227;o, apresentamos os dados do uso da angiotomografia de coron&#225;rias na estratifica&#231;&#227;o de risco de pacientes com dor tor&#225;cica na sala de emerg&#234;ncia, o seu valor diagn&#243;stico, progn&#243;stico e custo-efetividade e uma an&#225;lise cr&#237;tica dos recentes estudos multic&#234;ntricos publicados.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt" kwd-group-type="author-generated">
        <kwd>Doen&#231;a da art&#233;ria coronariana</kwd>
        <kwd>Tomografia</kwd>
        <kwd>Dor no peito</kwd>
        <kwd>Servi&#231;o hospitalar de emerg&#234;ncia</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="pub">
        <day>22</day>
        <month>10</month>
        <year>2013</year>
      </pub-date>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <p>
      <bold>Angiotomografia de coron&#225;rias na avalia&#231;&#227;o da dor tor&#225;cica aguda na sala de emerg&#234;ncia</bold>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Carlos Eduardo Elias dos Prazeres<sup>I</sup>; Roberto Caldeira Cury<sup>I</sup>; Adriano Camargo de Castro Carneiro<sup>I</sup>; Carlos Eduardo Rochitte<sup>I,II</sup></bold>
    </p>
    <p><sup>I</sup>Hospital do Cora&#231;&#227;o - HCor, Associa&#231;&#227;o do Sanat&#243;rio S&#237;rio, S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brasil </p>
    <p><sup>II</sup>Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o - InCor - HCFMUSP, S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brasil</p>
    <p>
      <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="end">Correspond&#234;ncia</xref>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>RESUMO</bold>
    </p>
    <p>A angiotomografia de coron&#225;rias emergiu recentemente como uma ferramenta diagn&#243;stica acurada na avalia&#231;&#227;o da doen&#231;a arterial coronariana, fornecendo dados diagn&#243;sticos e progn&#243;sticos que se correlacionam diretamente com os dados fornecidos pela cineangiocoronariografia. Com a evolu&#231;&#227;o tecnol&#243;gica, permitindo melhora na resolu&#231;&#227;o temporal, espacial, melhor cobertura do volume card&#237;aco com redu&#231;&#227;o significativa da dose de radia&#231;&#227;o, somada &#224; necessidade de protocolos de estratifica&#231;&#227;o de risco mais efetivos para pacientes com dor tor&#225;cica no pronto-socorro, sua aplica&#231;&#227;o passou a ser testada no cen&#225;rio da dor tor&#225;cica aguda, j&#225; que cerca de dois ter&#231;os das angiografias coronarianas invasivas n&#227;o demonstram doen&#231;a coronariana obstrutiva significativa. Na pr&#225;tica di&#225;ria, sem o uso de tecnologias mais eficientes, como a angiotomografia de coron&#225;rias, permanece um desafio ao m&#233;dico do setor de emerg&#234;ncia a estratifica&#231;&#227;o segura e eficiente do paciente com dor tor&#225;cica aguda. </p>
    <p> Recentemente, v&#225;rios estudos, incluindo tr&#234;s randomizados, mostraram resultados favor&#225;veis ao uso dessa tecnologia no pronto-socorro para pacientes com baixa a intermedi&#225;ria probabilidade de doen&#231;a arterial coronariana. Nesta revis&#227;o, apresentamos os dados do uso da angiotomografia de coron&#225;rias na estratifica&#231;&#227;o de risco de pacientes com dor tor&#225;cica na sala de emerg&#234;ncia, o seu valor diagn&#243;stico, progn&#243;stico e custo-efetividade e uma an&#225;lise cr&#237;tica dos recentes estudos multic&#234;ntricos publicados.</p>
    <p><bold>Palavras-chave:</bold> Doen&#231;a da art&#233;ria coronariana; Tomografia / utiliza&#231;&#227;o; Dor no peito; Servi&#231;o hospitalar de emerg&#234;ncia</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Nesta revis&#227;o sistem&#225;tica abordamos as atuais evid&#234;ncias da angiotomografia de art&#233;rias coron&#225;rias e o recente impacto da publica&#231;&#227;o, quase simult&#226;nea, de tr&#234;s grandes estudos controlados, multic&#234;ntricos e randomizados, no uso dessa nova tecnologia na pr&#225;tica cl&#237;nica. S&#227;o revisadas a import&#226;ncia cl&#237;nica e epidemiol&#243;gica da doen&#231;a arterial coronariana, a tecnologia da angiotomografia de art&#233;rias coron&#225;rias e sua evolu&#231;&#227;o recente, os estudos iniciais unic&#234;ntricos, meta-an&#225;lises e, finalmente, os estudos randomizados, uma an&#225;lise cr&#237;tica desses e os &#250;ltimos dados em custo-efetividade e impacto cl&#237;nico.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>A import&#226;ncia cl&#237;nica e epidemiol&#243;gica da doen&#231;a arterial coronariana e s&#237;ndrome coronariana aguda</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Em 2008, a taxa geral de mortes atribu&#237;das &#224; Doen&#231;a Cardiovascular (DCV) foi de 244,8 por 100 mil habitantes, correspondendo a 811.940 mortes de um total de 2.471.984, ou uma a cada tr&#234;s mortes nos Estados Unidos. Com base nesses dados, cerca de 2.200 americanos morrem por dia nos Estados Unidos de causa card&#237;aca, ou uma morte a cada 39 segundos. A Doen&#231;a Arterial Coronariana (DAC) &#233; respons&#225;vel por quase 50% desses &#243;bitos (405.309), com 195 mil casos de infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio, traduzindo-se em um evento coronariano a cada 25 segundos e, aproximadamente, uma morte por minuto, a despeito dos gastos com DCV de US$ 297,7 bilh&#245;es, que correspondem a 16% dos gastos totais com sa&#250;de, maior que em qualquer outro grupo de doen&#231;as<sup>1</sup>.</p>
    <p>Assim como nos Estados Unidos, no Brasil a doen&#231;a cardiovascular permanece como a principal causa de &#243;bito por doen&#231;as cr&#244;nicas n&#227;o transmiss&#237;veis, apesar de os gastos financeiros serem os maiores dentre os grupos de doen&#231;as. A despeito do decl&#237;nio de 26% observado nas taxas de morte atribu&#237;das &#224; causa cardiovascular entre 1996 e 2004, o Brasil apresenta uma das maiores taxas de &#243;bito por DCV da Am&#233;rica do Sul (286 por 100 mil habitantes), somente ultrapassadas pelas taxas apresentadas pela Guiana e por Suriname. No mesmo sentido, esse grupo de doen&#231;a apresenta os maiores &#237;ndices de admiss&#245;es hospitalares. Em 2007, 12,7% das admiss&#245;es hospitalares n&#227;o relacionadas a gesta&#231;&#227;o e 27,4% das admiss&#245;es de pacientes com idade acima de 60 anos foram devido a doen&#231;as cardiovasculares<sup>2</sup>.</p>
    <p>Diante desses n&#250;meros preocupantes, a avalia&#231;&#227;o diagn&#243;stica de pacientes com dor tor&#225;cica aguda representa um grande desafio nas salas de emerg&#234;ncia, tanto do ponto de vista diagn&#243;stico quanto de otimiza&#231;&#227;o e direcionamento correto dos recursos. Como a S&#237;ndrome Coronariana Aguda (SCA) representa quase um quinto das causas de dor tor&#225;cica nas salas de emerg&#234;ncia, e por possuir alta morbimortalidade, a abordagem inicial desses pacientes &#233; sempre feita no sentido de confirmar ou afastar o diagn&#243;stico, buscando otimizar o tempo para o in&#237;cio do tratamento ou prosseguir &#224; alta hospitalar com seguran&#231;a.</p>
    <p>Os protocolos atuais, no entanto, n&#227;o s&#227;o efetivos em triar o grupo de pacientes com dor tor&#225;cica aguda de risco intermedi&#225;rio e baixo, onde os marcadores de necrose mioc&#225;rdica s&#227;o normais e as altera&#231;&#245;es eletrocardiogr&#225;ficas s&#227;o inexistentes ou inespec&#237;ficas.</p>
    <p>Esses protocolos, at&#233; pouco tempo atr&#225;s, n&#227;o contemplavam ferramentas diagn&#243;sticas que fornecessem informa&#231;&#245;es sobre a presen&#231;a e a gravidade da DAC. Como resultado, a confirma&#231;&#227;o ou exclus&#227;o da SCA, particularmente nos pacientes com angina inst&#225;vel, necessitava do uso excessivo de testes diagn&#243;sticos, acarretando em admiss&#245;es hospitalares em demasiado ou, possivelmente, no retardo no in&#237;cio do tratamento. Desse modo, a recente introdu&#231;&#227;o da angiografia de coron&#225;rias por tomografia computadorizada inicia um novo cen&#225;rio no departamento de emerg&#234;ncia para a avalia&#231;&#227;o de pacientes com dor tor&#225;cica aguda.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>A tecnologia da angiografia de coron&#225;ria por tomografia computadorizada: A Angiotomografia de Coron&#225;rias</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Com o avan&#231;o tecnol&#243;gico ao longo das &#250;ltimas d&#233;cadas,desde a introdu&#231;&#227;o do tom&#243;grafo por feixe de el&#233;trons capaz de mensurar a calcifica&#231;&#227;o arterial coronariana at&#233; os Tom&#243;grafos atuais com M&#250;ltiplas Colunas de Detectores (TCMD), a habilidade para realizar imagens card&#237;acas ganhou significativo incremento na acur&#225;cia diagn&#243;stica. M&#250;ltiplos estudos t&#234;m mostrado que estenoses coronarianas podem ser identificadas de modo n&#227;o invasivo pela tomografia computadorizada se imagens de alta qualidade forem reproduzidas.</p>
    <p>A qualidade da imagem card&#237;aca pela tomografia tem rela&#231;&#227;o direta com a evolu&#231;&#227;o dos tom&#243;grafos. O aumento na velocidade de rota&#231;&#227;o dos tubos de raio x para velocidades inferiores a 500 ms e o aumento no n&#250;mero de detectores de 4 para 64 ou mais, assim como a redu&#231;&#227;o na espessura do corte adquirido para n&#237;veis submilim&#233;tricos, trouxeram um incremento significativo na acur&#225;cia diagn&#243;stica da doen&#231;a coronariana pela angiografia coronariana por tomografia computadorizada<sup>3</sup>, permitindo a visibiliza&#231;&#227;o diagn&#243;stica de estruturas card&#237;acas e, mais especificamente, a avalia&#231;&#227;o anat&#244;mica da parede e do l&#250;men das art&#233;rias coronarianas com alta sensibilidade e especificidade, assim como a extens&#227;o dessa doen&#231;a.</p>
    <p>N&#227;o obstante, a preocupa&#231;&#227;o com a seguran&#231;a do paciente ante a exposi&#231;&#227;o de radia&#231;&#227;o sempre norteou a evolu&#231;&#227;o dessa tecnologia e, atrav&#233;s dos tom&#243;grafos de &#250;ltima gera&#231;&#227;o, obt&#234;m-se imagens de &#243;tima qualidade com doses de radia&#231;&#227;o significativamente menores que as iniciais, reduzindo-se a exposi&#231;&#227;o em mais de 50%.</p>
    <p>Desse modo, a angiotomografia de coron&#225;rias (TCCor) tornou-se ferramenta diagn&#243;stica &#250;til no cen&#225;rio da dor tor&#225;cica aguda no departamento de emerg&#234;ncia, sobretudo nos casos de suspeita de s&#237;ndrome coronariana aguda sem supradesnivelamento de ST, oferecendo aos m&#233;dicos informa&#231;&#245;es de alta qualidade e reprodutibilidade, e uma nova perspectiva no diagn&#243;stico, no progn&#243;stico e na decis&#227;o terap&#234;utica.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Os estudos controlados em angiotomografia de coron&#225;rias</bold>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Acur&#225;cia da angiotomografia de coron&#225;rias na DAC - Meta-an&#225;lises e Estudos Cl&#237;nicos Controlados</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Desde a introdu&#231;&#227;o dos tom&#243;grafos com 64 colunas de detectores em 2003, mais de 50 estudos foram publicados comparando a performance diagn&#243;stica da TCCor com o padr&#227;o de refer&#234;ncia, a angiocoronariografia invasiva (CATE). Esses estudos t&#234;m revelado &#243;tima performance diagn&#243;stica por paciente, com alta Sensibilidade (S) e Especificidade (E), variando de 91% a 99% e 74% a 96%, respectivamente<sup>4-8</sup>. No entanto, a valida&#231;&#227;o do m&#233;todo ocorreu com a publica&#231;&#227;o de tr&#234;s estudos multic&#234;ntricos<sup>9-11</sup> desenhados para acessar e detalhar a performance diagn&#243;stica da TCCor em diferentes popula&#231;&#245;es (<xref ref-type="table" rid="aop_5490tab01">Tabela 1</xref>).</p>
    <p content-type="asset">
      <table-wrap id="aop_5490tab01">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-101-06-0562-30208-gt01.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    </p>
    <p>Um desses estudos foi o ACCURACY (<italic>Assessment by Coronary Computed Tomographic Angiography of Individuals Undergoing Invasive Coronary Angiography</italic>)<sup>9</sup>, que envolveu pacientes sem DAC conhecida com quadro de angina est&#225;vel ou que apresentavam teste funcional alterado. A performance diagn&#243;stica da TCCor para detectar estenose <underline>&gt;</underline> 70% quando comparada ao CATE foi S = 94%, E = 83%, Valor Preditivo Positivo (VPP) 48% e Valor Preditivo Negativo (VPN) 99%, com a &#225;rea sob a curva ROC de 0,95, revelando a alta acur&#225;cia diagn&#243;stica tanto para confirmar quanto para excluir estenose coronariana significativa.</p>
    <p>Em outro estudo multic&#234;ntrico, o CORE64 (<italic>Coronary Evaluation on 64</italic>)<sup>10</sup>, foram inclu&#237;dos 291 pacientes com e sem DAC conhecida com escore de c&#225;lcio de Agatston &lt; 600, resultando em uma mais alta preval&#234;ncia de DAC, de 56% para o limiar de redu&#231;&#227;o luminal &gt; 50%. Nesse estudo, que foi o primeiro e o &#250;nico a medir quantitativamente as estenoses coronarianas pela angiotomografia, S, E, VPP e VPN por paciente foram 85%, 90%, 91% e 83%, respectivamente. Os achados de menor VPN e maior VPP se devem a maior preval&#234;ncia de DAC nesse estudo. A acur&#225;cia do m&#233;todo, definida como a &#225;rea sob a curva ROC, foi 0,91 para DAC confirmada pelo CATE. Adicionalmente, a TCCor foi similar ao CATE para predizer a necessidade de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o coronariana no seguimento de 30 dias.</p>
    <p>O estudo multic&#234;ntrico prospectivo europeu avaliou 360 pacientes sem DAC conhecida com dor tor&#225;cica aguda e angina est&#225;vel<sup>11</sup>. Como esperado, a preval&#234;ncia de DAC foi alta (68%), e a performance diagn&#243;stica da TCCor revelou S, E, VPP e VPN de 99%, 64%, 86% e 97%, respectivamente. Em conjunto,os tr&#234;s estudos multic&#234;ntricos mostraram a alta sensibilidade e VPN nos indiv&#237;duos sem DAC conhecida, identificando a habilidade da TCCor em detectar e excluir estenose coronariana significativa.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Estudos iniciais da angiotomografia de coron&#225;rias na SCA &#150; Estudos unic&#234;ntricos e meta-an&#225;lises</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Com a valida&#231;&#227;o do m&#233;todo, revelando sua alta performance diagn&#243;stica, sobretudo no seu alto valor preditivo negativo, somada a aus&#234;ncia de um protocolo efetivo e seguro de estratifica&#231;&#227;o de risco na SCA sem supradesnivelamento de ST nos grupos de risco baixo a intermedi&#225;rio, estudos investigaram a inclus&#227;o da TCCor na investiga&#231;&#227;o diagn&#243;stica dos quadros de dor tor&#225;cica aguda nos departamentos de emerg&#234;ncia.</p>
    <p>Meijboom e cols.<sup>12</sup> avaliaram 104 pacientes que se apresentaram com SCA sem supradesnivelamento de ST, classificados como de alto (n = 71) e baixo risco (n = 33) de acordo com crit&#233;rios cl&#237;nicos, eletrocardiogr&#225;ficos e n&#237;veis de marcadores de necrose mioc&#225;rdica. Utilizando-se o CATE como padr&#227;o de refer&#234;ncia, a performance diagn&#243;stica da TCCor em detectar les&#245;es coronarianas significativas (estenose <underline>&gt;</underline> 50%) mostrou S = 100% (88/88, IC 95% 95 - 100), E = 75% (12/16, IC 95% 47 - 92),VPP = 96% (88/92, IC 95% 89 - 99) e VPN = 100% (12/12, IC 95% 70 - 100), revelando a alta sensibilidade da TCCor em detectar estenose coronariana significativa, tanto quanto em excluir a presen&#231;a de DAC significativa nesse grupo de pacientes com probabilidade pr&#233;-teste alta de doen&#231;a coronariana.</p>
    <p>No mesmo sentido, Hoffmann e cols.<sup>13</sup>, em coorte de 103 pacientes com dor tor&#225;cica aguda na sala de emerg&#234;ncia, com ECG e enzimas card&#237;acas normais, tamb&#233;m encontraram resultados similares aos supracitados. Dos 103 pacientes internados, 14 foram diagnosticados com SCA (IAM sem supradesnivelamento = 5 e angina inst&#225;vel = 9), e a TCCor chegou ao diagn&#243;stico de estenose significativa nos cinco pacientes diagnosticados com IAM sem supradesnivelamento de ST. Tr&#234;s outros pacientes foram submetidos ao CATE por conta de testes provocativos de isquemia positivos e, assim como o CATE, a TCCor mostrou-se acurada em excluir doen&#231;a ateroscler&#243;tica coronariana. No restante dos pacientes, a TCCor foi capaz de excluir doen&#231;a e, nesse subgrupo, durante o per&#237;odo de seguimento, n&#227;o foram observados eventos card&#237;acos maiores. Ademais, a presen&#231;a de DAC na angiotomografia de coron&#225;rias trouxe valor incremental sobre predi&#231;&#227;o de SCA utilizando os fatores de risco tradicionais.</p>
    <p>No estudo conduzido por Rubinshtein e cols.<sup>14</sup>, de um total de 58 pacientes, o diagn&#243;stico de SCA foi confirmado em 20 pacientes, com a TCCor revelando les&#227;o coronariana significativa (estenose <underline>&gt;</underline> 50%) em 23 sujeitos, resultando em S = 100%, E = 92%, VPP = 87% e VPN = 100%. Dos outros 35 pacientes, 15 n&#227;o apresentaram DAC e os 20 restantes apresentaram doen&#231;a coronariana n&#227;o obstrutiva. Durante o seguimento de 15 meses, n&#227;o houve morte ou infarto do mioc&#225;rdico entre os 35 pacientes nos quais a TCCor n&#227;o revelou estenose significativa. Desse modo, a sensibilidade da TCCor para predizer desfechos cardiovasculares maiores (morte, infarto do mioc&#225;rdio ou revasculariza&#231;&#227;o) durante o per&#237;odo de hospitaliza&#231;&#227;o e no seguimento de 15 meses foi 92%, E = 76%, VPP = 52% e VPN = 97%.</p>
    <p>Em outro estudo envolvendo 586 pacientes com suspeita de SCA classificados como baixo risco pelo escore TIMI (<italic>Thrombolysis In Myocardial Infarction</italic>), a angiotomografia de coron&#225;rias foi realizada prontamente em 285 pacientes, e ap&#243;s 9horas em outros 283 pacientes. Nesse cen&#225;rio, a TCCor foi capaz de excluir doen&#231;a coronariana significativa em 476 (84%) sujeitos, sendo liberados com seguran&#231;a e agilidade do departamento de emerg&#234;ncia. Nenhum desses pacientes apresentou morte ou infarto n&#227;o fatal em at&#233; 30 dias da realiza&#231;&#227;o do exame<sup>15</sup>.</p>
    <p>Investigadores da Universidade Nacional de Seul<sup>16</sup> ao randomizar 268 pacientes com dor tor&#225;cica aguda para realiza&#231;&#227;o de TCCor em TCMD com 64 detectores reduziram a necessidade de interna&#231;&#227;o no grupo classificado como de risco intermedi&#225;rio para DAC, assim como reduziram o tempo de perman&#234;ncia hospitalar. No seguimento de 30 dias, nenhum paciente do grupo submetido a TCCor sofreu evento card&#237;aco maior, enquanto um paciente da estrat&#233;gia convencional foi v&#237;tima de infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio.</p>
    <p>Goldstein e cols.<sup>17</sup> chegaram &#224;s mesmas conclus&#245;es em outro estudo randomizado. Al&#233;m de avaliar a efic&#225;cia diagn&#243;stica, esse estudo avaliou a seguran&#231;a e efici&#234;ncia do m&#233;todo. A TCCor foi capaz de excluir e identificar prontamente a doen&#231;a coronariana como causa da dor tor&#225;cica em 75% dos casos, incluindo 67 pacientes com coron&#225;rias normais e 8 pacientes com doen&#231;a coronariana importante. Com rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; seguran&#231;a, comparado ao protocolo padr&#227;o (Cintilografia de Perfus&#227;o Mioc&#225;rdica [CPM]), a TCCor foi t&#227;o segura quanto a cintilografia. Ademais, o tempo para o diagn&#243;stico (3,4 h x 15 h) e os custos (US$ 1586 x US$ 1872) foram significativamente menores no grupo que utilizou a TCCor (p &lt; 0,001), revelando tamb&#233;m que a angiotomografia de coron&#225;rias pode confirmar ou excluir a DAC como causa da dor tor&#225;cica aguda na sala de emerg&#234;ncia de modo seguro, efetivo e eficiente.</p>
    <p>Pelo fato de muitos protocolos institucionais utilizarem o Teste Ergom&#233;trico (TE) como estratificador de risco nos pacientes com dor tor&#225;cica aguda, avaliou-se o valor progn&#243;stico da TCCor comparada ao TE. De um total de 471 pacientes, 424 (90%) completaram o seguimento de 2,6 anos. Um total de 44 eventos card&#237;acos maiores ocorreu em 30 pacientes (4 mortes de causa card&#237;aca, 6 IAM n&#227;o fatais, 23 revasculariza&#231;&#245;es e 11 epis&#243;dios de angina inst&#225;vel). A presen&#231;a de DAC obstrutiva foi associada com uma taxa de eventos significativamente maior quando comparado a aus&#234;ncia de DAC obstrutiva (6,8% <italic>versus</italic> 1,2%, p &lt; 0,001). Os resultados do TE revelaram uma taxa anual de eventos de 1,6%, quando normal, 1,9%, quando positivo (TE com resposta isqu&#234;mica), e 4,6%, quando resultado inconclusivo. Um aumento estatisticamente significante na an&#225;lise global de risco foi detectada ap&#243;s adicionar os achados da TCCor (Qui2 13,7 <italic>versus</italic> 37,7, p &lt; 0,001, respectivamente). O aumento do &#237;ndice de reclassifica&#231;&#227;o resultante (NRI, <italic>net reclassification index</italic>) do paciente tamb&#233;m foi avaliado, com NRI 54% com TE (160 pacientes reclassificados como mais grave e 249 como mais leve) e NRI de 80% com os resultados da TCCor (132 reclassificados como mais grave e 277 como mais leve). Com isso, os achados da TCCor apresentaram-se como um forte preditor de eventos card&#237;acos futuros, mostrando valor incremental sobre os achados cl&#237;nicos e do teste ergom&#233;trico<sup>18</sup>.</p>
    <p>O estudo ROMICAT<sup>19</sup> revelou que em uma popula&#231;&#227;o com baixo a intermedi&#225;rio risco para SCA com dor tor&#225;cica aguda, 50% n&#227;o apresentaram les&#245;es coronarianas &#224; TCCor. Nesse estudo, a TCCor apresentou uma performance diagn&#243;stica de S = 100%, E = 54%, VPP = 17%, VPN = 100% para a avalia&#231;&#227;o da presen&#231;a de qualquer placa ateroscler&#243;tica coronariana. Quando analisada a presen&#231;a de DAC obstrutiva (<underline>&gt;</underline> 50% de redu&#231;&#227;o luminal), a sensibilidade foi de 77%, E = 87%, VPP = 35% e VPN = 98%. Tanto a presen&#231;a de DAC, quanto a presen&#231;a de estenose significativa, foram capazes de predizer SCA pela TCCor independentemente dos fatores de risco ou do escore TIMI. Atrav&#233;s desses achados, dado o grande n&#250;mero de pacientes com dor tor&#225;cica aguda, a realiza&#231;&#227;o de TCCor precocemente melhorou de modo substancial o manejo terap&#234;utico nesse grupo por permitir a tomada de decis&#227;o cl&#237;nica mais precoce, direcionando de modo mais efetivo o tratamento ou permitindo a alta hospitalar com seguran&#231;a e reduzindo as interna&#231;&#245;es desnecess&#225;rias.</p>
    <p>Esses mesmos investigadores, ap&#243;s um per&#237;odo de dois anos de seguimento, publicaram os resultados progn&#243;sticos do estudo ROMICAT. Dos 368 pacientes, 333 (90,5%) completaram o seguimento. Trinta e cinco eventos foram observados em 25 (6,8%) pacientes (12 IAM e 23 revasculariza&#231;&#245;es). A probabilidade acumulada de desfechos card&#237;acos maiores (MACE) aumentou de acordo com o grau de doen&#231;a coronariana (aus&#234;ncia de DAC = 0%, DAC n&#227;o obstrutiva = 4,6% e DAC obstrutiva = 30,3%, com p &lt; 0,0001), assim como ao se associar o grau de DAC &#224; disfun&#231;&#227;o segmentar do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo (DSVE) evidenciada pela TCMD (sem estenose ou DSVE = 0,9%, um achado: DSVE = 15% ou estenose = 10,1%, ambos presentes = 62,4%, com p &lt; 0,0001). O teste de estat&#237;stica C para predizer MACE foi 0,61 de acordo com o escore TIMI, e aumentou para 0,84 adicionando o grau de DAC pela TCCor e para 0,91 quando adicionado o grau de DAC e DSVE. Desse estudo pode-se concluir que entre os pacientes que se apresentam &#224; emerg&#234;ncia com dor tor&#225;cica aguda de baixo a intermedi&#225;rio risco para SCA a aus&#234;ncia de DAC pela TCCor prev&#234; um per&#237;odo livre de eventos card&#237;acos por dois anos, enquanto a presen&#231;a de estenose coronariana com DSVE est&#225; associada com alta probabilidade de MACE nesse mesmo per&#237;odo<sup>20</sup>. Resultados similares foram encontrados por Chow e cols.<sup>21</sup>, que revelaram valor progn&#243;stico e incremental da gravidade da DAC, fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo e carga total de DAC quando detectados pela TCCor sobre os cl&#225;ssicos preditores cl&#237;nicos.</p>
    <p>Em meta-an&#225;lise recente publicada em 2010, incluindo 16 estudos, alguns dos quais citados aqui, com um total de 1.119 pacientes, mostrou S de 96% (IC 95%, 93-98%), E 92% (IC 95%, 89-93%) e curva ROC de 0,98, demonstrando tamb&#233;m o alto valor da angiotomografia de coron&#225;rias para o diagn&#243;stico de estenose coronariana significativa no cen&#225;rio da dor tor&#225;cica aguda. No entanto, S e E est&#227;o relacionados somente ao teste e n&#227;o ao uso pr&#225;tico para estimar a probabilidade da doen&#231;a no cen&#225;rio individual. A Raz&#227;o de Verossimilhan&#231;a (RV), por sua vez, &#233; a chance de que um teste positivo seja um verdadeiro positivo e um teste negativo seja um falso negativo. Estes &#250;ltimos testes, por isso, fornecem um melhor entendimento da suspeita da doen&#231;a em quest&#227;o. Um bom teste diagn&#243;stico, consequentemente, tem alta RV para um teste positivo e uma baixa RV para o teste negativo. A TCCor nessa an&#225;lise apresentou uma RV positiva de 10,12 e RV negativa de 0,09. Um valor maior do que 10 para RV positiva fornece uma forte evid&#234;ncia para confirma&#231;&#227;o do diagn&#243;stico, praticamente conclusiva. No mesmo sentido, um valor muito baixo para RV negativa, como 0,09, praticamente excluiu a possibilidade da causa de a dor tor&#225;cica ser devida a doen&#231;a coronariana significativa<sup>22</sup>.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Os recentes estudos multic&#234;ntricos e randomizados na SCA</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Diante dos resultados obtidos pelos estudos unic&#234;ntricos, <italic>trials</italic> multic&#234;ntricos e randomizados foram desenhados para confirmar os resultados anteriores em um melhor n&#237;vel de evid&#234;ncia. Com a publica&#231;&#227;o de tr&#234;s <italic>trials</italic> multic&#234;ntricos: CT-STAT<sup>23</sup>, ACRIN PA<sup>24</sup> e ROMICAT II<sup>25</sup>, os quais mostraram resultados concordantes entre si, o uso da angiotomografia de coron&#225;rias no cen&#225;rio da dor tor&#225;cica aguda, aplicado para a popula&#231;&#227;o adequada, atingiu o crit&#233;rio para uma indica&#231;&#227;o classe I com n&#237;vel de evid&#234;ncia A (<xref ref-type="table" rid="aop_5490tab02">Tabela 2</xref>).</p>
    <p content-type="asset">
      <table-wrap id="aop_5490tab02">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-101-06-0562-30208-gt02.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    </p>
    <p>O estudo <italic>Coronary Computed Tomographic Angiography for Systematic Triage of Acute Chest Pain Patients to Treatment</italic> (CT-STAT) envolveu 16 centros e um total de 699 pacientes, dos quais 361 foram submetidos a TCCor e 338 a CPM. Com o objetivo prim&#225;rio da efici&#234;ncia diagn&#243;stica (tempo para o diagn&#243;stico), os pacientes do grupo TCCor tiveram uma redu&#231;&#227;o de 54% nesse tempo (2.9 h x 6.3 h, p &lt; 0,0001) comparado ao protocolo padr&#227;o com CPM. Os custos envolvidos e a seguran&#231;a constitu&#237;ram os objetivos secund&#225;rios. Com rela&#231;&#227;o aos custos, esses tamb&#233;m mostraram-se menores dentre os pacientes que utilizaram angiotomografia, com uma redu&#231;&#227;o de 38% ($ 2.137 x $ 3.458, p &lt; 0,0001). As estrat&#233;gias diagn&#243;sticas n&#227;o diferiram na taxa de eventos card&#237;acos maiores (0,8% x 0,4%, p = 0,29) durante o seguimento m&#233;dio de seis meses. Portanto, esse estudo mostrou que entre os pacientes com dor tor&#225;cica aguda de baixo risco uso da TCCor resultou em um diagn&#243;stico mais precoce, com menor custo do que a CPM, e com o mesmo grau de seguran&#231;a<sup>23</sup>.</p>
    <p>O estudo ACRIN PA<sup>24</sup> envolveu 1.370 pacientes de risco baixo a intermedi&#225;rio em cinco centros nos Estados Unidos, tendo como objetivo prim&#225;rio o perfil de seguran&#231;a (eventos ap&#243;s a alta hospitalar). Esse estudo mostrou que entre os pacientes que foram submetidos a TCCor, 640 (83%) n&#227;o tinham DAC, o que permitiu a alta hospitalar direto do departamento de emerg&#234;ncia comparado ao protocolo padr&#227;o (49,6% x 22,7%, IC 95%: 21,4 a 32,2),resultando em uma redu&#231;&#227;o significativa no tempo de perman&#234;ncia hospitalar (12,3h <italic>vs</italic>. 24,7h, p &lt; 0,001). O desfecho prim&#225;rio de seguran&#231;a tamb&#233;m foi cabalmente demonstrado, j&#225; que nenhum paciente com angiotomografia de coron&#225;rias negativa apresentou infarto mioc&#225;rdico ou morte card&#237;aca em at&#233; 30 dias da realiza&#231;&#227;o do exame. Dessa forma, a estrat&#233;gia diagn&#243;stica utilizando a TCCor como primeiro exame de imagem no departamento de emerg&#234;ncia em pacientes de risco baixo a intermedi&#225;rio permitiu proceder &#224; alta hospitalar com seguran&#231;a depois do teste negativo, aumentando as taxas de alta m&#233;dica e a redu&#231;&#227;o no tempo da perman&#234;ncia hospitalar<sup>24</sup>.</p>
    <p>O estudo mais recente, ROMICAT II<sup>25</sup>, teve como objetivo prim&#225;rio acessar o tempo de perman&#234;ncia hospitalar (da chegada &#224; emerg&#234;ncia at&#233; a alta hospitalar), j&#225; que isso reflete informa&#231;&#245;es cl&#237;nicas (diagn&#243;stico e tratamento) e quest&#245;es de custos e log&#237;stica dos centros envolvidos. Dentre os mil pacientes envolvidos, 501 foram randomizados para o grupo da TCCor, e 499 pacientes foram randomizados para o grupo de tratamento padr&#227;o, que consistia em seguir os protocolos de dor tor&#225;cica espec&#237;ficos da rotina das institui&#231;&#245;es envolvidas (marcadores de necrose mioc&#225;rdica seriados, eletrocardiograma e outro teste diagn&#243;stico, que n&#227;o TCCor, ou interven&#231;&#227;o de acordo com indica&#231;&#227;o m&#233;dica). Comparando-se os pacientes randomizados para o grupo submetido aos cuidados do protocolo padr&#227;o, os pacientes submetidos a TCCor tiveram uma redu&#231;&#227;o significativa de 7,6h (p &lt; 0,001) no tempo de perman&#234;ncia hospitalar. Dentro de 8,6h da chegada &#224; emerg&#234;ncia, 50% dos pacientes do grupo TCCor tinham recebido alta hospitalar comparados a somente 10% do grupo do protocolo padr&#227;o. O tempo para chegar ao diagn&#243;stico, inclusive no subgrupo com diagn&#243;stico final de SCA, foi significativamente menor no grupo TCCor do que no grupo protocolo padr&#227;o (10,4h x 18,7h e 10,6h x 18,8h, respectivamente). No mesmo sentido, durante o per&#237;odo de seguimento de 28 dias, a taxa de eventos (objetivo secund&#225;rio) foi infrequente. No grupo de protocolo padr&#227;o ocorreram seis eventos, e no grupo TCCor houve dois eventos. Nesses dois eventos ocorridos no grupo da TCCor, o exame de tomografia acusou les&#227;o coronariana significativa (estenose &gt; 50%), mas com exame funcional negativo, sendo optado inicialmente por tratamento cl&#237;nico. </p>
    <p>
      <bold>An&#225;lise cr&#237;tica dos estudos multic&#234;ntricos</bold>
    </p>
    <p>As evid&#234;ncias cient&#237;ficas supracitadas fornecem subs&#237;dios para a indica&#231;&#227;o do uso da TCCor na avalia&#231;&#227;o do paciente com dor tor&#225;cica aguda. As <xref ref-type="fig" rid="aop_5490fig01">figuras 1</xref> e <xref ref-type="fig" rid="aop_5490fig02">2</xref> mostram dois casos de dor tor&#225;cica no pronto-socorro, sendo que na <xref ref-type="fig" rid="aop_5490fig01">figura 1</xref> temos um caso com placa volumosa e estenose cr&#237;tica proximal da DA, e na <xref ref-type="fig" rid="aop_5490fig02">figura 2</xref> um caso com ponte mioc&#225;rdica e apenas discreta placa mista proximal &#224; ponte mioc&#225;rdica, que n&#227;o causa estenose significativa da luz da DA. Observem que embora sintomas cl&#237;nicos, faixa et&#225;ria e apresenta&#231;&#227;o no pronto-socorro sejam semelhantes, apenas o primeiro paciente se beneficiou de ser submetido ao cateterismo. Portanto, a sele&#231;&#227;o do paciente &#233; parte fundamental para a boa performance diagn&#243;stica e sucesso terap&#234;utico dos respectivos protocolos de avalia&#231;&#227;o da dor tor&#225;cica. Nos tr&#234;s estudos multic&#234;ntricos, os pacientes inclu&#237;dos foram em torno 50% do sexo feminino e idade m&#233;dia de 50 anos, o que reduz significativamente a probabilidade pr&#233;-teste dessa popula&#231;&#227;o estudada.</p>
    <p content-type="asset">
      <fig id="aop_5490fig01">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-101-06-0562-30208-gf01.jpg"/></fig>
    </p>
    <p content-type="asset">
      <fig id="aop_5490fig02">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-101-06-0562-30208-gf02.jpg"/></fig>
    </p>
    <p>Outro questionamento importante a ser feito &#233; se de fato existe a necessidade em realizar exames diagn&#243;sticos adicionais antes da alta hospitalar para pacientes de baixo risco. O racional para a realiza&#231;&#227;o de qualquer exame &#233; se, quando comparado a um grupo controle, a realiza&#231;&#227;o desse exame acarretar&#225; em melhora nos desfechos. Nos estudos multic&#234;ntricos apresentados n&#227;o houve evid&#234;ncia de que a realiza&#231;&#227;o da TCCor reduziu a incid&#234;ncia de infartos ou mortes. De fato, a taxa de eventos card&#237;acos maiores dentre todos os pacientes envolvidos nos estudos foi muito baixa, o que impossibilita saber se a TCCor trouxe algum benef&#237;cio. </p>
    <p>Com rela&#231;&#227;o aos custos, no estudo CT-STAT, o protocolo de investiga&#231;&#227;o em que a angiotomografia revelasse estenose entre 25% e 70% os pacientes eram submetidos tamb&#233;m &#224; CPM. Sendo assim, gerou-se mais exames e custos no grupo da TCCor, j&#225; que les&#245;es entre 25% e 49% n&#227;o s&#227;o consideradas significativas, como mostram os resultados: dos 37 pacientes do grupo TCCor submetidos CPM, 30 (81%) apresentaram teste funcional normal.</p>
    <p>No estudo ROMICAT II, ressalta-se que mesmo diante de uma triagem mais eficiente, esse ganho n&#227;o foi atingido sob o risco de erro diagn&#243;stico. Naquele estudo, n&#227;o houve nenhum caso registrado em ambos os grupos, indicando que o maior n&#250;mero de altas precoces do departamento de emerg&#234;ncia com o uso da angiotomografia de coron&#225;rias n&#227;o resultou em erro diagn&#243;stico, demonstrando a seguran&#231;a do m&#233;todo. Nesse mesmo estudo, no entanto, os resultados demonstraram que os paciente submetidos a TCCor geraram a utiliza&#231;&#227;o de mais recursos diagn&#243;sticos, achados tamb&#233;m descritos por Shreibati e cols.<sup>26</sup>, mas n&#227;o observado no estudo CT-STAT<sup>23</sup>. Por&#233;m, quando se analisam os custos finais, a m&#233;dia de custos da visita &#237;ndice e ao final do seguimento de 28 dias foi similar no grupo TCCor e no grupo de protocolo padr&#227;o (p = 0,65).</p>
    <p>Portanto, protocolos que fazem uso da angiotomografia de coron&#225;rias como exame de imagem inicial no manejo de pacientes com dor tor&#225;cica aguda e poss&#237;vel SCA, reduzem o tempo de perman&#234;ncia hospitalar, chegam ao diagn&#243;stico mais precocemente, aumentando a efici&#234;ncia na tomada de decis&#227;o m&#233;dica na sala de emerg&#234;ncia, sem gerar aumento nos custos totais e sem risco de alta hospitalar de pacientes com SCA (probabilidade inferior a 1% nos tr&#234;s ensaios multic&#234;ntricos).</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Angiotomografia de coron&#225;rias e custo efetividade</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Apesar de todas as vantagens demonstradas, para que um m&#233;todo seja incorporado dentro da rotina diagn&#243;stica, &#233; essencial que, al&#233;m da sua performance diagn&#243;stica acurada, seja um m&#233;todo custo efetivo.</p>
    <p>Em um recente estudo multic&#234;ntrico direcionado aos custos de sa&#250;de totais e aos relacionados &#224; DAC em 8.235 pacientes de baixo risco submetidos a TCCor e a CPM, os custos ao final de um ano foram 25,9% menores nos indiv&#237;duos submetidos &#224; TCCor comparados aos que realizaram CPM, com uma m&#233;dia de $ 1.075 por paciente<sup>27</sup>. Essa diferen&#231;a ocorreu, sobretudo, devido a menor necessidade de exame invasivo e revasculariza&#231;&#227;o entre os pacientes submetidos a angiotomografia de coron&#225;rias. Esses achados estendem-se a um estudo similar com 9.690 indiv&#237;duos de risco intermedi&#225;rio submetidos tamb&#233;m a TCCor ou CPM<sup>28</sup>. Em um seguimento de nove meses, os custos relacionados &#224; DAC foram um ter&#231;o menores para os indiv&#237;duos submetidos a TCCor, com uma m&#233;dia de $ 467 por paciente. O custo relacionado &#224; medica&#231;&#227;o e a necessidade de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o foi similar entre os grupos, e a diferen&#231;a ocorreu pela necessidade de testes diagn&#243;sticos adicionais entre os pacientes submetidos a CPM, sobretudo CATE.</p>
    <p>Em 2011, Miller e cols. adicionaram a TCCor ao protocolo padr&#227;o na estratifica&#231;&#227;o de risco de pacientes com dor tor&#225;cica aguda na sala de emerg&#234;ncia e randomizaram a utiliza&#231;&#227;o dos recursos com o protocolo padr&#227;o. Um total de 60 pacientes foram envolvidos neste estudo. O total de recursos utilizados no grupo da TCCor em at&#233; 90 dias de seguimento foi de $ 10.134 <italic>vs</italic>. $ 16.579 no grupo padr&#227;o. Com a utiliza&#231;&#227;o desse recurso adicional, al&#233;m da redu&#231;&#227;o dos custos totais, houve menos readmiss&#245;es hospitalares (6/30 <italic>vs</italic>. 16/30, p = 0,007) e maior poder de diagn&#243;stico de DAC (19 pacientes foram diagnosticados com DAC, sendo 18(95%) do grupo da TCCor)<sup>29</sup>.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Impacto cl&#237;nico das novas evid&#234;ncias</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Como quase cerca de 10% dos testes de estresse s&#227;o inconclusivos levando ao CATE, e esses se mostram, na maioria das vezes, negativos, o estudo ACIC avaliou a correla&#231;&#227;o entre os testes de estresse (CPM, TE e ecocardiografia de estresse) com a TCCor, e comparou a performance diagn&#243;stica com o CATE em 47 centros. De um total de 6.198 pacientes, 1.548 (24,9%) apresentaram teste normal, 1.027 (16,6%) foram inconclusivos e 3.623 (58,5%) foram positivos. Na an&#225;lise multivariada, o resultado do teste de estresse n&#227;o trouxe valor incremental sobre o escore de risco de Framingham. A S, E, VPP e VPN geral dos testes de estresse foi 60,4%, 34,2%, 59,3% e 35,2%, respectivamente. A performance diagn&#243;stica para estenose <underline>&gt;</underline> 50% da TCCor foi S = 93,7%, E = 37,9%, VPP = 70,6% e VPN = 79,1%. A associa&#231;&#227;o entre os achados da TCCor e CATE foi estatisticamente significante (OR: 9,1, IC 95%: 5,57 a 14,81, p &lt; 0,001), enquanto os resultados entre os testes de estresse e CATE n&#227;o tiveram rela&#231;&#227;o (OR: 0,79, IC 95%: 0,56 a 1,11, p = 0,17). Com isso, o grau de estenose na TCCor foi o mais forte preditor adicional de les&#227;o coronariana significativa no CATE, com os resultados do teste de estresse n&#227;o tendo valor incremental sobre as vari&#225;veis cl&#237;nicas<sup>30</sup>.</p>
    <p>Em recente publica&#231;&#227;o do registro CONFIRM, o uso da TCCor mostrou-se como uma ferramenta diagn&#243;stica custo-eficiente na investiga&#231;&#227;o de DAC. Com cerca de 15 mil pacientes inclu&#237;dos, com 56,4% dos pacientes com dor tor&#225;cica t&#237;pica e at&#237;pica, as taxas de CATE foram muito baixas no grupo de pacientes sem DAC ou DAC discreta detectada pela TCCor, revelando que na vida real os m&#233;dicos est&#227;o aceitando os resultados obtidos pela TCCor, nesse caso, o seu alto valor preditivo negativo. N&#227;o obstante, esses mesmos pacientes n&#227;o apresentaram aumento nas taxas de eventos card&#237;acos maiores, reafirmando a seguran&#231;a do exame. No mesmo sentido, dos pacientes submetidos a angiografia invasiva ap&#243;s a realiza&#231;&#227;o de TCCor, a taxa de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o percut&#226;nea foi diretamente relacionada ao grau de doen&#231;a coronariana detectada pela tomografia, saltando de 2% para 28,5% para aqueles com doen&#231;a discreta e doen&#231;a obstrutiva, respectivamente, assim como para revasculariza&#231;&#227;o cir&#250;rgica. Desse modo, esse registro, que traduz a pr&#225;tica m&#233;dica da vida real, esclarece que a inser&#231;&#227;o da TCCor na rotina diagn&#243;stica n&#227;o se traduz em aumento da utiliza&#231;&#227;o dos recursos e, consequentemente, custos. Pelo contr&#225;rio, houve redu&#231;&#227;o nos procedimentos, sobretudo nos procedimentos de alto custo, mostrando-se como exame altamente efetivo e seguro na triagem de pacientes em investiga&#231;&#227;o de doen&#231;a ateroscler&#243;tica<sup>31</sup>.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Conclus&#227;o</bold>
    </p>
    <p>No cen&#225;rio da dor tor&#225;cica aguda, a utiliza&#231;&#227;o da angiotomografia de coron&#225;rias nos grupos de baixo a intermedi&#225;rio risco revela-se como um m&#233;todo eficiente, efetivo e seguro, com valor progn&#243;stico relevante, reduzindo custos e tempo de interna&#231;&#227;o e otimizando tratamento nas salas de emerg&#234;ncia.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Contribui&#231;&#227;o dos autores</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa e Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito: dos Prazeres CEE, Cury RC, Carneiro ACC, Rochitte CE; Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados e An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica: dos Prazeres CEE, Rochitte CE; An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados: dos Prazeres CEE, Carneiro ACC, Rochitte CE; Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual: Cury RC, Carneiro ACC, Rochitte CE.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Potencial Conflito de Interesses</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Declaro n&#227;o haver conflito de interesses pertinentes.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Fontes de Financiamento</bold>
    </p>
    <p>O presente estudo n&#227;o teve fontes de financiamento externas.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Vincula&#231;&#227;o Acad&#234;mica</bold>
    </p>
    <p>N&#227;o h&#225; vincula&#231;&#227;o deste estudo a programas de p&#243;s-gradua&#231;&#227;o.</p>
    <p>
      <fn id="end" fn-type="corresp">
        <p content-type="break"> Correspond&#234;ncia: </p>
        <p content-type="break"> Prof. Dr. Carlos Eduardo Rochitte </p>
        <p content-type="break"> Rua Desembargardor Eliseu Guilherme, 123, 3&#176;. Subsolo - Resson&#226;ncia e Tomografia Cardiovascular, Para&#237;so </p>
        <p content-type="break"> S&#227;o Paulo - SP - Brasil, CEP 04004-030 </p>
        <p> E-mail: <email xlink:href="rochitte@cardiol.br">rochitte@cardiol.br</email>, <email xlink:href="rochitte@incor.usp.br">rochitte@incor.usp.br</email> </p>
        <p>Artigo recebido em 26/06/13; revisado em 01/07/13; aceito em 10/07/13.</p>
      </fn>
    </p>
  </body>
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        <mixed-citation>31. Shaw LJ, Hausleiter J, Achenbach S, Al-Mallah M, Berman DS, Budoff MJ, et al; CONFIRM Registry Investigators. Coronary computed tomographic angiography as a gatekeeper to invasive diagnostic and surgical procedures: results from the multicenter CONFIRM (Coronary CT Angiography Evaluation for Clinical Outcomes: An International Multicenter) registry. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2012;60(20):2103-14.</mixed-citation>
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          <article-title>Coronary computed tomographic angiography as a gatekeeper to invasive diagnostic and surgical procedures: results from the multicenter CONFIRM (Coronary CT Angiography Evaluation for Clinical Outcomes: An International Multicenter) registry</article-title>
          <source>J Am Coll Cardiol</source>
          <date>
            <year>2012</year>
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          <lpage>14</lpage>
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          <volume>60</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Shaw</surname>
              <given-names>LJ</given-names>
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            <name>
              <surname>Hausleiter</surname>
              <given-names>J</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Achenbach</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Al-Mallah</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
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              <surname>Berman</surname>
              <given-names>DS</given-names>
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  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Review Article</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title xml:lang="en">Coronary computed tomography angiography in the assessment of acute chest pain in the emergency room</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <abstract xml:lang="en">
        <p>The coronary computed tomography angiography has recently emerged as an accurate diagnostic tool in the evaluation of coronary artery disease, providing diagnostic and prognostic data that correlate directly with the data provided by invasive coronary angiography. The association of recent technological developments has allowed improved temporal resolution and better spatial coverage of the cardiac volume with significant reduction in radiation dose, and with the crucial need for more effective protocols of risk stratification of patients with chest pain in the emergency room, recent evaluation of the computed tomography coronary angiography has been performed in the setting of acute chest pain, as about two thirds of invasive coronary angiographies show no significantly obstructive coronary artery disease. In daily practice, without the use of more efficient technologies, such as coronary angiography by computed tomography, safe and efficient stratification of patients with acute chest pain remains a challenge to the medical team in the emergency room. Recently, several studies, including three randomized trials, showed favorable results with the use of this technology in the emergency department for patients with low to intermediate likelihood of coronary artery disease. In this review, we show data resulting from coronary angiography by computed tomography in risk stratification of patients with chest pain in the emergency room, its diagnostic value, prognosis and cost-effectiveness and a critical analysis of recently published multicenter studies.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>Coronary Artery Disease</kwd>
        <kwd>Tomography</kwd>
        <kwd>Chest Pain</kwd>
        <kwd>Emergency Service</kwd>
        <kwd>Hospital</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p>
        <fn id="enda-body2">
          <label>
            <bold>Coronary computed tomography angiography in the assessment of acute chest pain in the emergency room</bold>
          </label>
          <p>
            <bold>Carlos Eduardo Elias dos Prazeres<sup>I</sup>; Roberto Caldeira Cury<sup>I</sup>; Adriano Camargo de Castro Carneiro<sup>I</sup>; Carlos Eduardo Rochitte<sup>I,II</sup></bold>
          </p>
        </fn>
      </p>
      <p><sup>I</sup>Hospital do Cora&#231;&#227;o - HCor, Associa&#231;&#227;o do Sanat&#243;rio S&#237;rio</p>
      <p><sup>II</sup>Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o - InCor - HCFMUSP, S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brazil</p>
      <p>Mailing Address</p>
      <p>
        <bold>ABSTRACT</bold>
      </p>
      <p>The coronary computed tomography angiography has recently emerged as an accurate diagnostic tool in the evaluation of coronary artery disease, providing diagnostic and prognostic data that correlate directly with the data provided by invasive coronary angiography. The association of recent technological developments has allowed improved temporal resolution and better spatial coverage of the cardiac volume with significant reduction in radiation dose, and with the crucial need for more effective protocols of risk stratification of patients with chest pain in the emergency room, recent evaluation of the computed tomography coronary angiography has been performed in the setting of acute chest pain, as about two thirds of invasive coronary angiographies show no significantly obstructive coronary artery disease. In daily practice, without the use of more efficient technologies, such as coronary angiography by computed tomography, safe and efficient stratification of patients with acute chest pain remains a challenge to the medical team in the emergency room.</p>
      <p> Recently, several studies, including three randomized trials, showed favorable results with the use of this technology in the emergency department for patients with low to intermediate likelihood of coronary artery disease. In this review, we show data resulting from coronary angiography by computed tomography in risk stratification of patients with chest pain in the emergency room, its diagnostic value, prognosis and cost-effectiveness and a critical analysis of recently published multicenter studies.</p>
      <p><bold>Keywords:</bold> Coronary Artery Disease; Tomography / utilization; Chest Pain; Emergency Service, Hospital.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Introduction</bold>
      </p>
      <p>This systematic review addresses the current evidence of computed tomography angiography of coronary arteries and the recent impact of almost simultaneous publication of three large controlled, multicenter, randomized studies on the use of this new technology in clinical practice. Clinical and epidemiological importance of coronary artery disease, coronary artery CT angiography technology and its recent evolution, the initial single-center studies, meta-analyses, and finally, randomized trials, a critical analysis of the latter data and recent data on cost effectiveness and clinical impact are reviewed.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>The clinical and epidemiological importance of coronary artery disease and acute coronary syndrome</bold>
      </p>
      <p>In 2008, the overall rate of deaths attributed to cardiovascular disease (CVD) was 244.8 per 100,000 inhabitants, accounting for 811,940 deaths out of a total of 2,471,984, or one out of every three deaths in the United States. Based on these data, approximately 2,200 Americans die each day in the United States of cardiac causes, or there is one death every 39 seconds. Coronary Artery Disease (CAD) is responsible for almost 50% of these deaths (405,309), with 195,000 cases of acute myocardial infarction, resulting in a coronary event every 25 seconds and approximately one death per minute, despite costs with CVD of $ 297.7 billion, which represents 16% of total health costs, higher than any other group of diseases<sup>1</sup>.</p>
      <p>As in the United States, cardiovascular disease in Brazil remains the leading cause of death from chronic noncommunicable diseases, although the financial costs are the highest among the disease groups. In spite of a 26% decrease observed in rates of death attributed to cardiovascular causes between 1996 and 2004, Brazil has one of the highest death rates from CVD in South America (286 per 100,000 inhabitants), only exceeded by the rates presented by Guyana and Suriname. Similarly, this group of disease has the highest rates of hospital admissions. In 2007, 12.7% of hospital admissions unrelated to pregnancy and 27.4% of admissions of patients aged &gt; 60 years were due to cardiovascular diseases<sup>2</sup>.</p>
      <p>Given these alarming numbers, the diagnostic evaluation of patients with acute chest pain is a major challenge in the emergency rooms, both from the standpoint of diagnosis and optimization and adequate targeting of resources. As the Acute Coronary Syndrome (ACS) represents almost one fifth of the causes of chest pain in the emergency rooms and has a high mortality rate, the initial approach of these patients is always done in order to confirm or exclude the diagnosis, seeking to optimize the time to the beginning of treatment or safely discharge them.</p>
      <p>Current protocols, however, are not effective in screening this group of patients with acute chest pain of low and intermediate risk, where myocardial necrosis markers are normal and electrocardiographic alterations are absent or nonspecific.</p>
      <p>These protocols, until recently, did not include diagnostic tools that provided information on the presence and severity of CAD. As a result, the confirmation or exclusion of ACS, particularly in patients with unstable angina, required the excessive use of diagnostic tests, resulting in an excess of hospital admissions or possibly in delayed treatment initiation. Thus, the recent introduction of CT coronary artery angiography started a new scenario in the emergency department for evaluation of patients with acute chest pain.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>The technology of computed tomography coronary artery angiography: the coronary angiotomography</bold>
      </p>
      <p>With the advances in technology over the past decades, since the introduction of electron-beam CT scanner capable of measuring coronary artery calcification to the current tomography equipment with Multi-Detector Computed Tomography (MDCT), the ability to perform cardiac imaging has added significant gain in terms of diagnostic accuracy. Multiple studies have shown that coronary stenoses can be noninvasively identified by computed tomography if high quality images are reproduced.</p>
      <p>The quality for cardiac image on CT is directly related to the evolution of CT scanners. The increase in the rotation velocity of the x-ray tubes to less than 500 ms, and increase in the number of detectors from 4 to 64 or more, as well as the decrease in the thickness of the acquired slice to submillimeter levels have brought a significant increase in diagnostic accuracy of coronary artery disease by CT coronary angiography<sup>3</sup>, allowing the diagnostic visualization of cardiac structures, and more specifically, the anatomical evaluation of the wall and lumen of the coronary arteries with high sensitivity and specificity, as well as disease extent.</p>
      <p>Nevertheless, concerns about patient safety considering radiation exposure has always guided this technology evolution and thus, the latest generation of CT scanners provide optimal image quality with significantly lower radiation doses than the previous ones, reducing exposure by more than 50%.</p>
      <p>Thus, the computed tomography of the coronary arteries (CTCor) has become a useful diagnostic tool in the setting of acute chest pain in the emergency room, especially in cases of suspected acute coronary syndrome without ST-elevation, providing high-quality and reproducibility medical information and a new perspective on the diagnosis, prognosis and therapeutic decision.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Controlled studies on coronary CT angiography</bold>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Accuracy of coronary CT angiography in CAD - Meta-analyses and Controlled Clinical Trials</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Since the introduction of CT scanners with 64 columns of detectors in 2003, more than 50 studies have been published comparing the diagnostic performance of CTCor with the reference standard, the invasive coronary angiography (CA). These studies have shown excellent diagnostic performance per patient, with high sensitivity (S) and specificity (Sp), ranging from 91% to 99% and 74% to 96%, respectively<sup>4-8</sup>. However, the method validation occurred with the publication of three multicenter studies<sup>9-11</sup> designed to assess and detail the diagnostic performance of CTCor in different populations (<xref ref-type="table" rid="en_aop5490tab01-body2">Table 1</xref>).</p>
      <p content-type="asset">
        <table-wrap id="en_aop5490tab01-body2">
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-101-06-0562-30208-gt01-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      </p>
      <p>One of these studies was the ACCURACY (Assessment by Coronary Computed Tomographic Angiography of Individuals Undergoing Invasive Coronary Angiography) study<sup>9</sup>, which involved patients without known CAD with stable angina or those alterations in functional tests. The diagnostic performance of CTCor to detect stenosis <underline>&gt;</underline> 70% when compared to the CA showed S = 94%, Sp = 83%, Positive Predictive Value (PPV) = 48% and Negative Predictive Value (NPV) = 99%, with the area under the ROC curve = 0.95, showing a high diagnostic accuracy to confirm as well as to exclude significant coronary stenosis.</p>
      <p>Another multicenter study, the CORE64 (Coronary Evaluation on 64)<sup>10</sup>, included 291 patients with and without known CAD with Agatston calcium score &lt; 600, resulting in a higher prevalence of CAD, of 56% threshold of luminal narrowing &gt; 50%. In this study, which was the first and only one to quantitatively measure coronary stenosis by CT angiography, S, Sp, PPV and NPV per patient were 85%, 90%, 91% and 83%, respectively. The findings of lower NPV and PPV were due to a higher prevalence of CAD in this study. The method accuracy, defined as the area under the ROC curve, was 0.91 for CAD confirmed by coronary angiography. Additionally, CTCor was similar to CA when predicting the need for coronary revascularization at the 30-day follow-up.</p>
      <p>The European prospective multicenter study evaluated 360 patients without known CAD with acute chest pain and unstable angina<sup>11</sup>. As expected, the prevalence of CAD was high (68%), and the diagnostic performance of CTCor showed S, Sp, PPV and NPV of 99%, 64%, 86% and 97%, respectively. Together, the three multicenter studies showed high sensitivity and NPV in individuals without known CAD, identifying the CTCor capacity to detect and exclude significant coronary stenosis.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Initial studies of coronary CT angiography in ACS - single-center studies and meta-analyses</bold>
      </p>
      <p>With the validation of the method, showing its high diagnostic performance, especially its high negative predictive value, plus the absence of a safe and effective protocol for risk stratification in ACS without ST-elevation in groups with low to intermediate risk, studies investigated the inclusion of CTCor into diagnostic research in situations of acute chest pain in emergency rooms.</p>
      <p>Meijboom et al<sup>12</sup> evaluated 104 patients presenting with ACS without ST-elevation, classified as high (n = 71) and low risk (n = 33) according to clinical and electrocardiographic criteria and myocardial necrosis markers. Using CA as the reference standard, the diagnostic performance of CTCor in detecting significant coronary lesions (stenosis <underline>&gt;</underline> 50%) showed S = 100% (88/88, 95% CI: 95 - 100), Sp = 75% (12/16, 95% CI: 47 - 92), PPV = 96% (88/92, 95% CI: 89 - 99) and NPV = 100% (12/12, 95% CI: 70 - 100), showing the high sensitivity of CTCor in detecting significant coronary stenosis, as well as excluding the presence of significant CAD in this group of patients with high pretest probability of coronary artery disease.</p>
      <p>Similarly, Hoffmann et al<sup>13</sup>, in a cohort of 103 patients with acute chest pain in the emergency room, with normal ECG and cardiac enzymes, also found similar results to those above. Of the 103 patients, 14 were diagnosed with ACS (acute myocardial infarction without ST-segment elevation = 5 and unstable angina = 9), and CTCor reached the diagnosis of significant stenosis in five patients diagnosed with AMI without ST-segment elevation. Three other patients underwent coronary angiography due to positive provocative test for ischemia, and, similarly to CA, CTCor showed to be accurate in excluding coronary atherosclerosis. In the remaining patients, CTCor was able to exclude the disease and no significant cardiac events were observed in this subgroup during the follow-up period. Moreover, the presence of CAD on coronary CT angiography added information on ACS prediction using the traditional risk factors.</p>
      <p>In the study by Rubinshtein et al<sup>14</sup>, of a total of 58 patients, the diagnosis of ACS was confirmed in 20 patients, with CTCor disclosing significant coronary lesions (stenosis <underline>&gt;</underline> 50%) in 23 subjects, resulting in S = 100%, Sp = 92%, PPV = 87% and NPV = 100%. Of the other 35 patients, 15 showed no CAD and the remaining 20 showed nonobstructive coronary disease. During 15-month follow-up, there was no death or myocardial infarction among the 35 patients in whom CTCor showed no significant stenosis. Thus, the sensitivity of CTCor to predict major cardiovascular outcomes (death, myocardial infarction or revascularization) during hospitalization and 15-month follow-up was 92%, Sp = 76%, PPV = 52% and NPV = 97%.</p>
      <p>In another study involving 586 patients with suspected ACS classified as low risk by TIMI (Thrombolysis In Myocardial Infarction) score, a CTCor was promptly performed in 285 patients and after 9 hours, in other 283 patients. In this scenario, the CTCor was able to exclude significant coronary disease in 476 (84%) subjects, who were safely and quickly discharged from the emergency room. None of these patients died or had nonfatal myocardial infarction within 30 days of the examination<sup>15</sup>.</p>
      <p>Researchers from Seoul National University<sup>16</sup> randomized 268 patients with acute chest pain to undergo CTCor with 64-detector MDCT and reduced the need for hospitalization in the group classified as intermediate risk for CAD, as well as reduced hospital length of stay. At the 30-day follow-up, no patients in the group submitted to CTCor had any major cardiac event, whereas one patient submitted to conventional strategy had an acute myocardial infarction.</p>
      <p>Goldstein et al<sup>17</sup> reached the same conclusions in another randomized study. In addition to evaluating the diagnostic efficacy, this study evaluated the method safety and efficiency. CTCor was able to promptly identify and exclude coronary disease as the cause of chest pain in 75% of cases, including 67 patients with normal coronary arteries and 8 patients with significant coronary disease. Regarding safety, when compared to the standard protocol (Myocardial Perfusion Scintigraphy [MPS]), the CTCor was as safe as the scintigraphy. Moreover, the time to diagnosis (3.4 h x 15 h) and costs (U.S.$ 1,586 vs. U.S.$ 1,872) were significantly lower in the group that used the CTCor (p &lt; 0.001), also demonstrating that the coronary CT angiography can safely, effectively and efficiently confirm or exclude CAD as the cause of acute chest pain in the emergency room.</p>
      <p>Because many institutional protocols use the Exercise Testing (ET) to stratify risk in patients with acute chest pain, the prognostic value of CTCor when compared to ET was evaluated. Of a total of 471 patients, 424 (90%) completed the follow-up of 2.6 years. A total of 44 major cardiac events occurred in 30 patients (4 cardiac deaths, 6 nonfatal myocardial infarctions, 23 revascularizations and 11 episodes of unstable angina). The presence of obstructive CAD was associated with a significantly higher rate of events when compared to the absence of obstructive CAD (6.8% vs. 1.2%, p &lt; 0.001).</p>
      <p>The results of the ET showed an annual rate of 1.6% events when normal, 1.9% when positive (ET with ischemic response), and 4.6% when inconclusive. A statistically significant increase in the overall risk analysis was detected after adding the findings of CTCor (Chi-square 13.7 <italic>versus</italic> 37.7, p &lt; 0.001, respectively). The increase in the resulting net reclassification index (NRI) of the patient was also evaluated, with NRI of 54% with ET (160 patients reclassified as more severe and 249 as less severe) and NRI of 80% with the results of CTCor (132 reclassified as more severe and 277 as less severe).</p>
      <p>Thus, the findings of CTCor show to be a strong predictor of future cardiac events, demonstrating incremental value over the clinical and exercise test findings<sup>18</sup>.</p>
      <p>The ROMICAT<sup>19</sup> study showed that in a population with low to intermediate risk for ACS with acute chest pain, 50% had no coronary lesions at the CTCor. In this study, CTCor showed a diagnostic performance of S = 100%, Sp = 54%, PPV = 17%, NPV = 100% for the evaluation of presence of any coronary atherosclerotic plaque. When analyzing the presence of obstructive CAD (<underline>&gt;</underline> 50% luminal narrowing), S was 77%, Sp = 87%, PPV = 35% and NPV = 98%. Both the presence of CAD and of significant stenosis were able to predict ACS at the CTCor regardless of risk factors or TIMI score. Through these findings, given the large number of patients with acute chest pain, the early performance of CTCor substantially improved the therapeutic management in this group of patients by enabling an earlier clinical decision, more effectively targeting the treatment or safely allowing hospital discharge and reducing unnecessary hospitalizations. </p>
      <p> These same investigators, after a two-year follow-up, published the prognostic results of the ROMICAT study. Of the 368 patients, 333 (90.5%) completed the follow-up. Thirty-five events were observed in 25 (6.8%) patients (12 AMI and 23 revascularizations). The cumulative probability of major cardiac outcomes (MACE) increased with the degree of coronary artery disease (no CAD = 0%, nonobstructive CAD = 4.6% and obstructive CAD = 30.3%, p &lt; 0.0001), as well as when associating the degree of CAD to left ventricular segmental dysfunction (LVSD), evidenced by MDCT (without stenosis or LVSD = 0.9%; one finding: LVSD = 15% or stenosis = 10.1%, both present = 62.4%, p &lt; 0.0001).</p>
      <p>The C statistical test to predict MACE was 0.61 according to the TIMI score and increased to 0.84 by adding the degree of the CAD at the CTCor and to 0.91 by adding the degree of CAD and LVSD. From this study it can be concluded that among patients who come to the emergency room with acute chest pain and low to intermediate risk of ACS, the absence of CAD at the CTCor predicts a period free of cardiac events of two years, while the presence of coronary stenosis with LVSD is associated with high probability of MACE in the same period<sup>20</sup>. Similar results were found by Chow et al<sup>21</sup>, who showed prognostic and incremental value of CAD severity, left ventricular ejection fraction and total CAD burden as detected by CTCor over classical clinical predictors.</p>
      <p>A recent meta-analysis published in 2010 that included 16 studies, some of which are listed here, with a total of 1,119 patients, showed S = 96% (95% CI, 93-98%), Sp = 92% (95% CI, 89-93%) and ROC curve of 0.98, also demonstrating the high value of coronary CT angiography for the diagnosis of significant coronary stenosis in the presence of acute chest pain. However, S and Sp are associated only to the test and not to the practical use to estimate disease likelihood in the individual scenario. The likelihood ratio (LR), in turn, is the chance that a positive test is a true positive and a negative test is a false negative. These last tests, therefore, provide a better understanding of the suspected disease.</p>
      <p>A good diagnostic test, consequently, has a high LR for a positive test and a low LR for the negative test. The CTCor in this analysis showed a positive LR of 10.12 and negative LR of 0.09. A value greater than 10 for positive LR provides strong evidence to confirm the diagnosis, virtually conclusive. Similarly, a very low value for negative LR, of 0.09, virtually ruled out the possibility that the cause of the chest pain is due to significant coronary disease<sup>22</sup>.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Recent randomized clinical trials in ACS</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Considering the results obtained by the single-center studies, randomized multicenter trials were designed to confirm the previous results at a better level of evidence. With the publication of three multicenter trials: CT-STAT<sup>23</sup>, ACRIN PA<sup>24</sup> and ROMICAT II<sup>25</sup>, which showed results consistent with each other, the use of coronary CT angiography in the presence of acute chest pain, applied to the appropriate population, reached the criterion for Class I indication with level of evidence A (<xref ref-type="table" rid="en_aop5490tab02-body2">Table 2</xref>).</p>
      <p content-type="asset">
        <table-wrap id="en_aop5490tab02-body2">
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      </p>
      <p>The "Coronary Computed Tomographic Angiography for Systematic Triage of Acute Chest Pain Patients to Treatment (CT-STAT)" study involved 16 centers and a total of 699 patients, of which 361 underwent CTCor and 338 MPS. With the primary goal of diagnostic efficiency (time to diagnosis), patients in the CTCor group had a reduction of 54% in that time (2.9 h x 6.3 h, p &lt; 0.0001) compared to standard protocol with MPS. The costs involved and safety were the secondary endpoints. With respect to costs, these also were lower among patients using CT angiography, with a reduction of 38% ($ 2,137 x $ 3,458, p &lt; 0.0001). The diagnostic strategies did not differ in the rate of major cardiac events (0, 8% vs. 0.4%, p = 0.29) during the mean follow-up of six months. Therefore, this study showed that among patients with acute chest pain of low risk the use CTCor resulted in earlier diagnosis, at a lower cost than the MPS and with the same degree of safety<sup>23</sup>.</p>
      <p>The ACRIN PA<sup>24</sup> study involved 1,370 patients at low to intermediate risk in five centers in the United States, having as the primary objective the safety profile (events after discharge). This study showed that among patients submitted to CTCor, 640 (83%) did not have CAD, which allowed them to be discharged directly from the emergency room, compared to the standard protocol (49.6% vs. 22.7%, 95% CI: 21.4 to 32.2), resulting in a significant reduction in hospital length of stay (12.3 h vs. 24.7 h, p &lt; 0.001). The primary safety endpoint was also demonstrated, as no patient with negative coronary CT angiography had myocardial infarction or cardiac death within 30 days of the examination. Thus, the diagnostic strategy using CTCor as the first imaging examination in the emergency department for patients with low to intermediate risk allowed them to be safely discharged after negative testing, increasing medical discharge rates and decreasing hospital length of stay<sup>24</sup>.</p>
      <p>The most recent study, ROMICAT II<sup>25</sup>, had as primary objective to assess the length of hospital stay (from arrival at the emergency room until discharge), as it reflects clinical information (diagnosis and treatment) and issues of costs and logistics of the involved centers. Among the thousand patients enrolled, 501 were randomized to the CTCor, and 499 patients were randomized to the standard treatment group, which consisted in following the chest pain protocols that were specific for the routine of the involved institutions (serial evaluation of myocardial necrosis markers, electrocardiogram and other diagnostic tests other than CTCor or intervention, according to medical indication).</p>
      <p>When compared with the patients randomized to the group submitted to the standard protocol, patients undergoing CTCor had a significant reduction of 7.6 h (p &lt; 0.001) in the length of hospital stay. Within 8.6 h of arrival at the emergency, 50% of patients in the CTCor group had been discharged, compared to only 10% of the group submitted to the standard protocol. The time to reach a diagnosis, even in the subgroup with a final diagnosis of ACS was significantly lower in the CTCor group than in the standard protocol group (10.4 h x 18.7 h and 10.6 h x 18.8 h, respectively). Similarly, during the 28-day follow-up, the rate of events (secondary objective) was infrequent. Six events occurred in the standard protocol group, whereas in the CTCor group there were two events. In these two events that occurred in the CTCor group, the tomography assessment showed significant coronary lesion (stenosis &gt; 50%), but with a functional negative test, and thus, clinical treatment was initially chosen. </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Critical analysis of multicenter studies</bold>
      </p>
      <p>The aforementioned scientific evidence provides subsidies for the indication of CTCor use to assess patients with acute chest pain. <xref ref-type="fig" rid="en_aop5490fig01-body2">Figures 1</xref> and <xref ref-type="fig" rid="en_aop5490fig02-body2">2</xref> show two cases of chest pain in the emergency room; <xref ref-type="fig" rid="en_aop5490fig01-body2">Figure 1</xref> shows a case with bulky plaque and critical proximal stenosis of the ADA, and <xref ref-type="fig" rid="en_aop5490fig02-body2">figure 2</xref> shows a case with myocardial bridge and a mild mixed plaque proximal to the myocardial bridge, which does not cause significant stenosis of the ADA lumen. It should be observed that although clinical symptoms, age and presentation at the emergency room are similar, only the first patient benefited from catheterization procedure. However, patient selection is the key to good diagnostic performance and therapeutic success of chest pain evaluation protocols. In the three multicenter studies, of the patients included, about 50% were females with a mean age of 50 years, which significantly reduces the pre-test probability in this studied population. </p>
      <p content-type="asset">
        <fig id="en_aop5490fig01-body2">
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      </p>
      <p content-type="asset">
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      </p>
      <p>Another important question to be asked is whether in fact there is a need to perform additional diagnostic tests before hospital discharge in low-risk patients. The rationale for performing any examination is whether, when compared to a control group, this examination will result in outcome improvement. In the multicenter studies shown here there was no evidence that the performance of the CTCor reduced the incidence of infarctions or deaths. In fact, the rate of major cardiac events among all patients involved in the studies was very low, making it impossible to know whether the CTCor brought any benefit.</p>
      <p>Regarding costs, in the CT-STAT study, the investigation protocol in which the CT angiography showed stenosis between 25% and 70%, the patients were also submitted to the MPS. Therefore, further tests were generated and the costs increased in the CTCor group, as lesions between 25% and 49% are not considered significant, as shown by the results of the 37 patients from the CTCor group submitted to MPS, of which 30 (81%) had normal functional test.</p>
      <p>In the ROMICAT II study, it is emphasized that even before a more efficient screening, this gain was not achieved under the risk of misdiagnosis. In that study, there were no cases reported in either group, indicating that the higher number of early discharges from the emergency department with the use of coronary CT angiography did not result in misdiagnosis, demonstrating the method safety. In the same study, however, the results showed that patients undergoing CTCor generated the use of more diagnostic resources, findings also described by Shreibati et al<sup>26</sup>, but not observed in the CT-STAT study<sup>23</sup>. However, when considering the final costs, the mean costs of the index visit and at the end of the 28-day follow-up were similar in the CTCor group and standard protocol group (p = 0.65).</p>
      <p>Therefore, protocols that use of coronary CT angiography as the initial imaging test in the management of patients with acute chest pain and possible ACS, reduce the length of hospital stay, attain an earlier diagnosis, increase efficiency in medical decision-making in the emergency room, without generating an increase in the total costs and without the risk of discharging patients with ACS (probability less than 1% in the three multicenter trials).</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Coronary CT angiography and cost effectiveness</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Despite all the advantages demonstrated, for a method to be incorporated into the diagnostic routine, it must be cost-effective, in addition to showing accurate diagnostic performance.</p>
      <p>In a recent multicenter study aimed to total health care costs and the related CAD in 8,235 low-risk patients undergoing CTCor and MPS, the costs at the end of one year were 25.9% lower in subjects undergoing CTCor compared with those who underwent MPS, with an average of $ 1,075 per patient<sup>27</sup>. This difference was mainly due to a lesser need for invasive examination and revascularization among patients undergoing coronary CT angiography. </p>
      <p>These findings can be extended to a similar study with 9,690 intermediate-risk individuals also submitted to CTCor or MPS<sup>28</sup>. In a nine-month follow-up, the costs related to CAD were one-third lower for patients undergoing CTCor, with an average of $ 467 per patient. The cost related to medication and the need for revascularization was similar between the groups and the difference was due to the need for additional diagnostic tests among patients undergoing MPS, especially CA.</p>
      <p>In 2011, Miller et al. added CTCor to the standard protocol in the risk stratification of patients with acute chest pain in the emergency room and randomized resource utilization with the standard protocol. A total of 60 patients were enrolled in this study. The total amount of resources used in CTCor group in up to 90 days of follow-up was $ 10,134 vs. $ 16,579 in the standard group. By using this additional resource, in addition to reduction in total costs, there were fewer hospital readmissions (6/30 vs. 16/30, p = 0.007) and greater diagnostic power of CAD (19 patients were diagnosed with CAD, of which 18 (95%) belonged to the CTCor group)<sup>29</sup>.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Clinical impact of new evidence</bold>
      </p>
      <p>As almost about 10% of stress tests are inconclusive leading to coronary angiography, and these are negative in the majority of cases, the ACIC study evaluated the correlation between stress testing (MPS, ET and stress echocardiography) with CTCor, and compared the diagnostic performance with CA in 47 centers. Of a total of 6,198 patients, 1,548 (24.9%) had normal tests, 1,027 (16.6%) were inconclusive and 3,623 (58.5%) were positive. In the multivariate analysis, the result of the stress test did not bring incremental value over the Framingham risk score. Overall S, Sp, PPV and NPV of the stress testing was 60.4%, 34.2%, 59.3% and 35.2%, respectively.</p>
      <p>The diagnostic performance for stenosis <underline>&gt;</underline> 50% of the CTCor was S = 93.7%, Sp = 37.9%, PPV = 70.6% and NPV = 79.1%. The association between the CTCor and CA findings was statistically significant (OR: 9.1, 95% CI: 5.57 to 14.81, p &lt; 0.001), while results from stress testing and coronary angiography showed no association (OR: 0.79, 95% CI: 0.56 to 1.11, p = 0.17). Thus, the degree of stenosis in CTCor was the strongest additional predictor of significant coronary lesion in CA, with the results of the stress test having no incremental value over the clinical variables<sup>30</sup>.</p>
      <p>In a recent publication of the CONFIRM registry, the use of CTCor showed to be a cost-effective diagnostic tool in CAD investigation. With approximately 15,000 patients included, of which 56.4% of patients had typical and atypical chest pain, CA rates were very low in patients without CAD or with mild CAD detected by CTCor, showing that in real life doctors are accepting the results obtained by CTCor, in this case, its high negative predictive value. Nevertheless, these same patients showed no increase in the rates of major cardiac events, confirming the examination safety.</p>
      <p>Similarly, of the patients submitted to invasive angiography after undergoing CTCor, the rate of percutaneous revascularization was directly related to the degree of coronary artery disease detected by CT, increasing from 2% to 28.5% for those with mild disease and obstructive disease respectively, as well as for surgical revascularization. Thus, this registry, which translates real-life medical practice, clarifies that the inclusion of CTCor into routine practice does not translate into increased resource utilization and therefore, costs. Rather, there was a reduction in the procedures, particularly high-cost ones, showing to be a highly effective and safe examination in the screening of patients for atherosclerosis investigation<sup>31</sup>. </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Conclusion</bold>
      </p>
      <p>In the setting of acute chest pain, the use of CT coronary angiography in groups of low to intermediate risk has shown to be an efficient, effective and safe method, with significant prognostic value, reducing costs and hospitalization time and optimizing treatment in emergency rooms.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Author contributions</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Conception and design of the research and Writing of the manuscript: dos Prazeres CEE, Cury RC, Carneiro ACC, Rochitte CE; Acquisition of data and Statistical analysis: dos Prazeres CEE, Rochitte CE; Analysis and interpretation of the data: dos Prazeres CEE, Carneiro ACC, Rochitte CE; Critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content: Cury RC, Carneiro ACC, Rochitte CE.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Potential Conflict of Interest</bold>
      </p>
      <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Sources of Funding</bold>
      </p>
      <p>There were no external funding sources for this study.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Study Association</bold>
      </p>
      <p>This study is not associated with any post-graduation program.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>References</bold>
      </p>
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