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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
        <publisher-loc>S&#227;o Paulo, SP, Brazil</publisher-loc>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">NkZ4B8XRRywpsRvyn7KwqkL</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2013003200010</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v1">S0066-782X(13)10100600010</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5935/abc.20130205</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigos Originais</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>A estimula&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca convencional &#233; prejudicial em pacientes com fun&#231;&#227;o ventricular normal?</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>S&#225;</surname>
            <given-names>Luiz Antonio Batista de</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Rassi</surname>
            <given-names>Salvador</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Batista</surname>
            <given-names>M&#225;rcia Andery Ludovico</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff01">
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Goi&#226;nia</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">Goi&#225;s</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal de Goi&#225;s</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas </institution>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
      </aff>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>12</month>
        <year>2013</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>101</volume>
      <issue>6</issue>
      <fpage>545</fpage>
      <lpage>553</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>10</day>
          <month>02</month>
          <year>2013</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>22</day>
          <month>07</month>
          <year>2013</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>16</day>
          <month>07</month>
          <year>2013</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <p>FUNDAMENTO: A estimula&#231;&#227;o de ventr&#237;culo direito pode ser delet&#233;ria em pacientes com disfun&#231;&#227;o ventricular, por&#233;m, em pacientes com fun&#231;&#227;o normal, o impacto desta estimula&#231;&#227;o desencadeando disfun&#231;&#227;o ventricular clinicamente relevante n&#227;o &#233; completamente estabelecido. OBJETIVOS: Avaliar a evolu&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica, ecocardiogr&#225;fica e laboratorial de pacientes, com fun&#231;&#227;o ventricular esquerdapreviamente normal, submetidos a implante de marca-passo. M&#201;TODO: Estudo observacional transversal em que foram acompanhados de forma prospectiva 20 pacientes submetidos a implante de marca-passo com os seguintes crit&#233;rios de inclus&#227;o: fun&#231;&#227;o ventricular esquerda normal definida pelo ecocardiograma e estimula&#231;&#227;o ventricular superior a 90%. Foram avaliados: classe funcional (CF) (New York Heart Association), teste de caminhada de 6 minutos (TC6), dosagem do horm&#244;nio natriur&#233;tico tipo B (BNP), avalia&#231;&#227;o ecocardiogr&#225;fica (convencional e par&#226;metros de dessincronismo) e question&#225;rio de qualidade de vida (QV) (SF-36). A avalia&#231;&#227;o foi feita com dez dias (t1), quatro meses (t2), oito meses (t3), 12 meses (t4) e 24 meses (t5). RESULTADOS: Os par&#226;metros ecocardiogr&#225;ficos convencionais e de dessincronismo n&#227;o apresentaram varia&#231;&#227;o estat&#237;stica significante ao longo do tempo. O TC6, a CF e a dosagem de BNP apresentaram piora ao final dos dois anos. A QV teve melhora inicial e piora ao final dos dois anos. CONCLUS&#195;O: O implante de marca-passo convencional foi associado &#224; piora da classe funcional, piora do teste de caminhada, aumento da dosagem de BNP, aumento da dura&#231;&#227;o do QRS e piora em alguns dom&#237;nios da QV ao final de dois anos. N&#227;o houve altera&#231;&#245;es nas medidas ecocardiogr&#225;ficas (convencionais e medidas de assincronia).</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt" kwd-group-type="author-generated">
        <kwd>Marca-passo</kwd>
        <kwd>Insufici&#234;ncia Card&#237;aca</kwd>
        <kwd>Doen&#231;a de Chagas</kwd>
        <kwd>Estimula&#231;&#227;o Septal</kwd>
        <kwd>Assincronia</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="pub">
        <day>22</day>
        <month>10</month>
        <year>2013</year>
      </pub-date>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <p>
      <bold>A estimula&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca convencional &#233; prejudicial em pacientes com fun&#231;&#227;o ventricular normal?</bold>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Luiz Antonio Batista de S&#225;; Salvador Rassi; M&#225;rcia Andery Ludovico Batista</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas - UFG, Goi&#226;nia, GO - Brasil</p>
    <p>
      <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="end">Correspond&#234;ncia</xref>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>RESUMO</bold>
    </p>
    <p><bold>FUNDAMENTO:</bold> A estimula&#231;&#227;o de ventr&#237;culo direito pode ser delet&#233;ria em pacientes com disfun&#231;&#227;o ventricular, por&#233;m, em pacientes com fun&#231;&#227;o normal, o impacto desta estimula&#231;&#227;o desencadeando disfun&#231;&#227;o ventricular clinicamente relevante n&#227;o &#233; completamente estabelecido. </p>
    <p><bold>OBJETIVOS:</bold> Avaliar a evolu&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica, ecocardiogr&#225;fica e laboratorial de pacientes, com fun&#231;&#227;o ventricular esquerdapreviamente normal, submetidos a implante de marca-passo. </p>
    <p><bold>M&#201;TODO:</bold> Estudo observacional transversal em que foram acompanhados de forma prospectiva 20 pacientes submetidos a implante de marca-passo com os seguintes crit&#233;rios de inclus&#227;o: fun&#231;&#227;o ventricular esquerda normal definida pelo ecocardiograma e estimula&#231;&#227;o ventricular superior a 90%. Foram avaliados: classe funcional (CF) (New York Heart Association), teste de caminhada de 6 minutos (TC6), dosagem do horm&#244;nio natriur&#233;tico tipo B (BNP), avalia&#231;&#227;o ecocardiogr&#225;fica (convencional e par&#226;metros de dessincronismo) e question&#225;rio de qualidade de vida (QV) (SF-36). A avalia&#231;&#227;o foi feita com dez dias (t1), quatro meses (t2), oito meses (t3), 12 meses (t4) e 24 meses (t5). </p>
    <p><bold>RESULTADOS:</bold> Os par&#226;metros ecocardiogr&#225;ficos convencionais e de dessincronismo n&#227;o apresentaram varia&#231;&#227;o estat&#237;stica significante ao longo do tempo. O TC6, a CF e a dosagem de BNP apresentaram piora ao final dos dois anos. A QV teve melhora inicial e piora ao final dos dois anos. </p>
    <p><bold>CONCLUS&#195;O:</bold> O implante de marca-passo convencional foi associado &#224; piora da classe funcional, piora do teste de caminhada, aumento da dosagem de BNP, aumento da dura&#231;&#227;o do QRS e piora em alguns dom&#237;nios da QV ao final de dois anos. N&#227;o houve altera&#231;&#245;es nas medidas ecocardiogr&#225;ficas (convencionais e medidas de assincronia).</p>
    <p><bold>Palavras-chave:</bold> Marca-passo; Insufici&#234;ncia Card&#237;aca; Doen&#231;a de Chagas; Estimula&#231;&#227;o Septal; Assincronia.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</bold>
    </p>
    <p>A estimula&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca artificial constitui uma op&#231;&#227;o de tratamento para as bradiarritmias<sup>1</sup>, taquiarritmias<sup>2,3</sup> e insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca<sup>4</sup>. Entretanto, a estimula&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca convencional em ventr&#237;culo direito (VD), tradicional por d&#233;cadas, tem sido questionada por seus poss&#237;veis efeitos delet&#233;rios, especialmente em pacientes com disfun&#231;&#227;o ventricular esquerda pr&#233;via<sup>5</sup>.</p>
    <p>No cora&#231;&#227;o normal, o ventr&#237;culo esquerdo (VE) contrai-se de forma r&#225;pida e sincronizada. A estimula&#231;&#227;o em qualquer local no VD altera o padr&#227;o natural de ativa&#231;&#227;o e, como consequ&#234;ncia, a contra&#231;&#227;o ventricular<sup>6</sup>. Isso pode determinar a indu&#231;&#227;o de assincronia com risco potencial para desenvolvimento de disfun&#231;&#227;o ventricular<sup>7</sup>.</p>
    <p>Em pacientes com fun&#231;&#227;o ventricular normal, os efeitos n&#227;o est&#227;o claramente definidos. Em estudo retrospectivo, Silva e cols.<sup>8</sup> demonstraram que, em pacientes portadores de marca-passo e com fun&#231;&#227;o ventricular normal, n&#227;o houve remodelamento significativo do VE. Em estudo de curto prazo, S&#225; e cols.<sup>9</sup> n&#227;o demonstraram efeitos delet&#233;rios significativos em pacientes com fun&#231;&#227;o normal. Os mecanismos pelos quais nem todos os pacientes desenvolvem disfun&#231;&#227;o ventricular n&#227;o s&#227;o completamente compreendidos, podendo estar relacionados ao local da estimula&#231;&#227;o, tempo de estimula&#231;&#227;o, idade ou patologia de base<sup>10</sup>.</p>
    <p>O objetivo deste estudo &#233; avaliar os efeitos cl&#237;nicos, laboratoriais e ecocardiogr&#225;ficos da estimula&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca convencional em pacientes com indica&#231;&#227;o de implante marca-passo e fun&#231;&#227;o ventricular normal, durante dois anos de seguimento.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>M&#233;todos</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Este trabalho foi aprovado pelo Comit&#234; de &#201;tica e Pesquisa do Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas da Universidade Federal de Goi&#225;s. O estudo foi prospectivo e observacional. Todos os pacientes participantes deste estudo assinaram o termo de consentimento livre e esclarecido.</p>
    <p>No per&#237;odo de mar&#231;o de 2006 a julho de 2009, foram encaminhados 178 pacientes para implante de marca-passo. Destes, foram selecionados consecutivamente 23 pacientes, com idade m&#233;dia de 58 anos &#177; 11 e 60% do sexo masculino. </p>
    <p>Os crit&#233;rios de inclus&#227;o foram: 1) idade maior que 18 anos; 2) as indica&#231;&#245;es de marca-passo card&#237;aco convencional seguiram as diretrizes da Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia<sup>11</sup> e foram aceitas aquelas com alta probabilidade de estimula&#231;&#227;o ventricular direita: a) bloqueio atrioventricular total: b) bloqueio atrioventricular segundo grau tipo II; c) doen&#231;a do n&#243; sinusal com bloqueio AV de primeiro grau e com intervalo PR &gt; 200 ms; 3) fun&#231;&#227;o ventricular normal, definida pelo ecodopplercardiograma, realizado imediatamente ap&#243;s implante do marca-passo card&#237;aco artificial (di&#226;metros ventriculares normais e fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o normal).</p>
    <p>Os crit&#233;rios de exclus&#227;o foram: 1) doen&#231;a grave com probabilidade de sobrevida reduzida; 2) incapacidade de realizar os testes propostos na pesquisa; 3) pacientes que apresentassem percentual de estimula&#231;&#227;o ventricular direita menor que 90% durante o seguimento cuja an&#225;lise foi realizada atrav&#233;s dos dados do gerador.</p>
    <p>Ap&#243;s implante, os pacientes foram acompanhados por um per&#237;odo de dois anos, divididos em cinco etapas: dez dias (t1), quatro meses (t2), oito meses (t3), 12 meses (t4) e 24 meses (t5).</p>
    <p>Foram analisados os seguintes par&#226;metros: 1) classe funcional da <italic>New York Heart Association</italic>; 2) question&#225;rio de Qualidade de Vida (SF-36); 3) teste de caminhada 6 minutos; 4) avalia&#231;&#227;o dos dados armazenados no gerador; 5) eletrocardiograma: dura&#231;&#227;o dos complexos QRS estimulados; 6) dosagem de pept&#237;deo natriur&#233;tico tipo B (BNP); 7) ecocardiograma (di&#226;metros e volumes cavit&#225;rios e fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o) e par&#226;metros de dessincronia. </p>
    <p>Os exames de ecocardiograma foram realizados em equipamento da marca Toshiba, modelo Xario, com modo bidimensional harm&#244;nica e transdutor setorial de 2,5 MHz. Todos os exames foram realizados por um &#250;nico m&#233;dico. Os pacientes permaneceram em dec&#250;bito lateral esquerdo e foram monitorados com eletrocardiograma. Todas as medidas foram adquiridas com paciente em apneia expirat&#243;ria. As medidas do VE, VD, di&#226;metros de aorta e &#225;trio esquerdo foram feitas pelo modo unidimensional de acordo com as recomenda&#231;&#245;es da <italic>American Society of Echocardiography</italic><sup>12</sup>.</p>
    <p>Na avalia&#231;&#227;o da dessincronia intraventricular foram utilizados os seguintes crit&#233;rios: Modo M: diferen&#231;a entre o in&#237;cio do complexo QRS at&#233; o pico de contra&#231;&#227;o da parede septal, e, em seguida, obtida entre a medida do tempo entre o in&#237;cio do complexo QRS at&#233; o pico da contra&#231;&#227;o da parede posterior, sendo considerada dessincronia valor maior de 130 ms; Doppler pulsado: medida do in&#237;cio do complexo QRS ao in&#237;cio do fluxo a&#243;rtico, sendo considerada dessincronia valor maior de 140 ms; Doppler tecidual: diferen&#231;a entre o in&#237;cio do complexo QRS e o pico da onda S da regi&#227;o basal das paredes lateral, anterior, septal e inferior, sendo considerada dessincronia valor maior de 65 ms<sup>13,14</sup>.</p>
    <p>Para avaliar se as m&#233;dias de vari&#225;veis quantitativas de distribui&#231;&#227;o normal que apresentaram altera&#231;&#245;es ao longo do tempo, utilizou-se o m&#233;todo de an&#225;lise de vari&#226;ncia (ANOVA) com medidas repetidas seguidas de compara&#231;&#245;es m&#250;ltiplas via m&#233;todo de Tukey-Kramer quando adequado. A suposi&#231;&#227;o de esfericidade foi avaliada com teste de Mauchly. Quando a suposi&#231;&#227;o n&#227;o foi satisfeita, a corre&#231;&#227;o de Huyn-Feldt foi aplicada. A suposi&#231;&#227;o de normalidade foi avaliada com a inspe&#231;&#227;o visual de histogramas e teste de normalidade D'Agostino e Pearson <italic>omnibus</italic>.</p>
    <p>O perfil de altera&#231;&#227;o de vari&#225;veis quantitativas de distribui&#231;&#227;o assim&#233;trica ao longo do tempo foi analisado com teste n&#227;o param&#233;trico de Friedman, seguido de compara&#231;&#245;es m&#250;ltiplas, segundo m&#233;todo de Conover.</p>
    <p>O c&#225;lculo de tamanho da amostra foi determinado a partir da vari&#225;vel fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o que melhor representasse o objetivo prim&#225;rio do estudo.</p>
    <p>O teste ANOVA para medidas repetidas com um fator intraindividual (t1, t2, t3, t4 e t5) foi planejado na an&#225;lise estat&#237;stica. Para uma diferen&#231;a m&#233;dia absoluta m&#237;nima de 5%, o tamanho de amostra de 20 pacientes seria adequado para obter um poder estat&#237;stico de 90% a fim de detectar uma diferen&#231;a m&#233;dia absoluta m&#237;nima de 5% de FE entre duas m&#233;dias arbitr&#225;rias ao longo do tempo (t1, t2, t3, t4 e t5). An&#225;lise de medidas repetidas para vari&#225;vel de resposta ordinal foi conduzida com teste de Cochran-Mantel-Haenszel. </p>
    <p>Dados faltantes de um paciente no t5 foram imputados segundo m&#233;todo da &#250;ltima observa&#231;&#227;o aplicada subsequentemente (<italic>LOCF - last observation carried forward method</italic>). Vari&#225;veis quantitativas de distribui&#231;&#227;o normal e assim&#233;trica foram descritas como m&#233;dia &#177; desvio padr&#227;o e mediana (intervalo interquartil) respectivamente. </p>
    <p>Todas as probabilidades de signific&#226;ncia (valores de p) apresentadas s&#227;o do tipo bilateral e valores menores que 0,05 considerados estatisticamente significantes. O <italic>software</italic> SAS 9.2 (<italic>Statistical Analysis System, Cary, NC, USA</italic>) foi utilizado na an&#225;lise estat&#237;stica de dados.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Resultados</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Na amostra inicial, de 23 pacientes, tr&#234;s foram exclu&#237;dos por apresentarem estimula&#231;&#227;o ventricular menor que 90%. A etiologia mais frequente foi a chag&#225;sica (80%). Bloqueio AV total ou Bloqueio AV do segundo grau tipo 2 corresponderam a 70% da amostra. O eletrodo foi implantado na regi&#227;o septal em 70% dos casos. As caracter&#237;sticas cl&#237;nicas est&#227;o dispostas na <xref ref-type="table" rid="aop_5426tab01">Tabela 1</xref>. O seguimento previsto de dois anos foi realizado em 19 pacientes. Um paciente faleceu por insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca com 14 meses de seguimento.</p>
    <p content-type="asset">
      <table-wrap id="aop_5426tab01">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-101-06-0545-30205-gt01.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    </p>
    <p>O percentual de estimula&#231;&#227;o ventricular foi obtido em cada paciente atrav&#233;s da an&#225;lise dos dados armazenados no gerador. O percentual m&#233;dio de estimula&#231;&#227;o foi de 99%. N&#227;o se observou diferen&#231;a estatisticamente significante entre as medianas ao longo dos tempos t1, t2, t3, t4 e t5 (p = 0,4405).</p>
    <p>Todos os pacientes iniciaram o protocolo em classe funcional I, e durante a evolu&#231;&#227;o sete pacientes apresentaram piora da classe funcional (p &lt; 0,001) (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="aop_5426fig01">Figura 1</xref>). O teste de caminhada apresentou piora ao longo do tempo, sendo observada entre t2 e t3 e entre t2 e t5 (p = 0,02) (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="aop_5426fig02">Figura 2</xref>).</p>
    <p content-type="asset">
      <fig id="aop_5426fig01">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-101-06-0545-30205-gf01.jpg"/></fig>
    </p>
    <p content-type="asset">
      <fig id="aop_5426fig02">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-101-06-0545-30205-gf02.jpg"/></fig>
    </p>
    <p>A dura&#231;&#227;o dos complexos QRS estimulados apresentou um aumento de 12 ms ao longo do tempo (p = 0,0001), sendo esta diferen&#231;a observada entre os tempos t1 e t5. </p>
    <p>Na <xref ref-type="table" rid="aop_5426tab02">Tabela 2</xref>, est&#227;o os dados relativos aos par&#226;metros ecocardiogr&#225;ficos convencionais: di&#226;metros sist&#243;lico e diast&#243;lico de VE, volumes sist&#243;lico e diast&#243;lico de VE e dimens&#227;o do &#225;trio esquerdo. N&#227;o foram observadas diferen&#231;as estat&#237;sticas ao longo do tempo. A fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o m&#233;dia no in&#237;cio do estudo foi de 64,50 % e ao final de 60,65%, por&#233;m n&#227;o houve diferen&#231;a estat&#237;stica (p = 0,1602) (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="aop_5426fig03">Figura 3</xref>).</p>
    <p content-type="asset">
      <table-wrap id="aop_5426tab02">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-101-06-0545-30205-gt02.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    </p>
    <p content-type="asset">
      <fig id="aop_5426fig03">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-101-06-0545-30205-gf03.jpg"/></fig>
    </p>
    <p>Na <xref ref-type="table" rid="aop_5426tab03">Tabela 3</xref>, observam-se os dados referentes &#224; avalia&#231;&#227;o ecocardiogr&#225;fica da dessincronia ventricular. Pelo modo M, n&#227;o foi observado diferen&#231;a significativa nas m&#233;dias do tempo entre a ativa&#231;&#227;o septal e a parede posterior ao longo do tempo. Foi observado valor m&#233;dio no in&#237;cio (t1) de 35,50 ms e, ao final dos dois anos (t5), de 41,00 ms. Pelo m&#233;todo Doppler pulsado, foi observado valor m&#233;dio de 105,40 ms em t1 e de 122,00 ms em t5. Pelo Doppler tecidual, foi observado valor m&#233;dio em t1 de 38,55 ms e em t3 de 44,45 ms. N&#227;o foi verificada diferen&#231;a significativa na m&#233;dia entre a ativa&#231;&#227;o septal e a parede posterior ao longo do tempo. </p>
    <p content-type="asset">
      <table-wrap id="aop_5426tab03">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-101-06-0545-30205-gt03.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    </p>
    <p>Nas dosagens de BNP, foi observada diferen&#231;a significativa entre as m&#233;dias de dosagem ao longo do tempo. A m&#233;dia das dosagens foi de 19,75 pg/ml em t1 e de 167 pg/ml em t5, sendo essa diferen&#231;a verificada entre t1 e t5 (p = 0,0002) (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="aop_5426fig04">Figura 4</xref>).</p>
    <p content-type="asset">
      <fig id="aop_5426fig04">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-101-06-0545-30205-gf04.jpg"/></fig>
    </p>
    <p>Na <xref ref-type="table" rid="aop_5426tab04">Tabela 4</xref>, est&#227;o os dados relativos &#224;s repostas do question&#225;rio de Qualidade de Vida (SF-36). Nos dom&#237;nios: capacidade funcional, dor, vitalidade, aspectos emocionais, limita&#231;&#227;o por aspectos f&#237;sicos, estado geral de sa&#250;de e limita&#231;&#227;o por aspectos sociais, os pacientes evolu&#237;ram com melhora entre t1 e t4. Houve piora entre t2 e t5, por&#233;m sem diferen&#231;a entre t1 e t5. No dom&#237;nio sa&#250;de mental n&#227;o houve diferen&#231;a ao longo do tempo.</p>
    <p content-type="asset">
      <table-wrap id="aop_5426tab04">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-101-06-0545-30205-gt04.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Discuss&#227;o</bold>
    </p>
    <p>H&#225; 50 anos, desde sua introdu&#231;&#227;o<sup>15</sup>, a estimula&#231;&#227;o ventricular direita, especialmente na regi&#227;o apical, tem sido o local de prefer&#234;ncia em fun&#231;&#227;o da facilidade no implante e sua estabilidade. Entretanto, tal tipo de estimula&#231;&#227;o tem sido exaustivamente revisto por estar relacionado &#224; indu&#231;&#227;o de disfun&#231;&#227;o ventricular<sup>16</sup>.</p>
    <p>A principal etiologia em nosso estudo foi a doen&#231;a de Chagas, cuja fisiopatologia &#233; complexa<sup>17</sup>. A instala&#231;&#227;o de uma bradiarritmia pode ser simplesmente um marcador de altera&#231;&#245;es inflamat&#243;rias e a evolu&#231;&#227;o para disfun&#231;&#227;o ventricular pode ocorrer de forma independente da presen&#231;a do marca-passo. </p>
    <p>A classe funcional e o teste de caminhada apresentaram piora significativa ao final dos dois anos, indicando deteriora&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica ao longo do tempo. O tempo de estimula&#231;&#227;o &#233; um fator importante na indu&#231;&#227;o da disfun&#231;&#227;o ventricular e risco de insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca. Sweeney e cols.<sup>18</sup>, no estudo MOST, demonstraram que estimula&#231;&#227;o de VD &gt; 80% por mais de dois anos aumentou o risco de insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca. Al&#233;m disso, avaliaram a dura&#231;&#227;o dos complexos QRS e sua rela&#231;&#227;o com a mortalidade nos pacientes submetidos a implante de marca-passo por doen&#231;a do n&#243; sinusal. A presen&#231;a de complexo QRS estimulado com dura&#231;&#227;o igual ou maior 120 ms foi associada a um risco de morte de 34%<sup>19</sup>. </p>
    <p>Zhang e cols.<sup>20</sup>, em estudo retrospectivo, com oito anos de seguimento, demonstraram que, em pacientes com bloqueio AV total, os fatores preditivos para o desenvolvimento de insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca foram idade, estimula&#231;&#227;o apical, dura&#231;&#227;o do complexo QRS estimulado e a presen&#231;a de doen&#231;a arterial coronariana. Em nossa amostra, foi observado um aumento na dura&#231;&#227;o do QRS ao longo do tempo. Em estudos de ressincroniza&#231;&#227;o, os pacientes que apresentam maior dura&#231;&#227;o do QRS t&#234;m maior benef&#237;cio desta terapia<sup>21</sup>. Al&#233;m disso, pacientes com complexos QRS mais alargados possuem pior progn&#243;stico<sup>22</sup>. Assim, podemos supor que o aumento da dura&#231;&#227;o dos complexos QRS, ao longo do tempo, pode estar associado a um maior dessincronismo. </p>
    <p>No question&#225;rio SF-36, foi constatada melhora inicial nas seguintes dimens&#245;es: capacidade funcional, aspectos sociais e estado geral de sa&#250;de. A melhora decorre da corre&#231;&#227;o da bradicardia pela estimula&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca artificial neste grupo de pacientes anteriormente limitados. Os estudos MOST<sup>23</sup> e PASE<sup>24</sup>,<sup>,</sup> que compararam a estimula&#231;&#227;o dupla c&#226;mara x unicameral, utilizaram o question&#225;rio SF-36. Os autores observaram melhora expressiva da qualidade de vida ap&#243;s implante do marca-passo nos dois grupos, por&#233;m com menor benef&#237;cio nos pacientes acima de 75 anos. Em nosso estudo, ao final de 24 meses houve piora desses par&#226;metros corroborando os dados da classe funcional e do teste de caminhada.</p>
    <p>Em nosso estudo houve predom&#237;nio da estimula&#231;&#227;o septal. A estimula&#231;&#227;o apical tem sido mais claramente associada aos efeitos delet&#233;rios<sup>25</sup>. Entretanto, a estimula&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca em qualquer local do VD altera a ativa&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca, j&#225; que a condu&#231;&#227;o do est&#237;mulo &#233; mais lenta atrav&#233;s do mioc&#225;rdio ventricular quando comparada com sistema His-Purkinje. A estimula&#231;&#227;o em via de sa&#237;da<sup>26</sup>, septal<sup>27</sup>, regi&#227;o hissiana ou para-hissiana<sup>28</sup> tem sido investigada, por&#233;m sem resultados consistentes em rela&#231;&#227;o a desfechos maiores, como mortalidade total e mortalidade cardiovascular.</p>
    <p>A utiliza&#231;&#227;o da terapia de ressincroniza&#231;&#227;o de modo profil&#225;tico, ou seja, para a preven&#231;&#227;o da assincronia e como consequ&#234;ncia seus efeitos delet&#233;rios, tem sido testada. Albertsen e cols.<sup>29</sup> selecionaram 50 pacientes com bloqueio AV total e randomizaram para estimula&#231;&#227;o biventricular ou convencional. Ap&#243;s um ano de seguimento, constataram que a estimula&#231;&#227;o biventricular minimiza a assincronia (avaliada pelo ecocardiograma com Doppler tissular), preserva a fun&#231;&#227;o ventricular esquerda e apresenta n&#237;veis menores de BNP. Observou-se queda da fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o de 2% no grupo DDD, por&#233;m sem repercuss&#227;o sobre classe funcional ou teste de caminhada. Neste estudo, foram inclu&#237;dos pacientes com e sem disfun&#231;&#227;o ventricular.</p>
    <p>Outra estrat&#233;gia utilizada tem sido minimizar a estimula&#231;&#227;o ventricular atrav&#233;s de novos algoritmos de estimula&#231;&#227;o<sup>30</sup>, pois um maior percentual de estimula&#231;&#227;o est&#225; associado ao risco de insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca<sup>31</sup>. O estudo SAVE PACe<sup>32</sup>, realizado em pacientes com doen&#231;a do n&#243; sinusal, randomizou 1065 pacientes para receber a estimula&#231;&#227;o de dupla c&#226;mara convencional ou dupla c&#226;mara com estimula&#231;&#227;o ventricular m&#237;nima. Houve redu&#231;&#227;o de 40% no aparecimento de fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial, sem diferen&#231;a na taxa de mortalidade. O estudo INTRINSIC RV<sup>33</sup>, em pacientes com indica&#231;&#227;o de CDI, comparou os modos DDDR (70 bpm) x VVI (40 bpm) em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; mortalidade e interna&#231;&#227;o por IC, n&#227;o sendo verificada diferen&#231;a significativa. Entretanto, os pacientes com bloqueio AV total ou alto grau de bloqueio n&#227;o se beneficiam dessa estrat&#233;gia, pois necessitam da estimula&#231;&#227;o ventricular.</p>
    <p>No nosso grupo, foi observado aumento significativo da dosagem de BNP ao final dos dois anos de seguimento. A m&#233;dia da dosagem ao final dos dois anos foi de 167 pg/ml. Este valor correlaciona-se com a disfun&#231;&#227;o ventricular leve<sup>34</sup>. Abreu e cols.<sup>35</sup> demonstraram que, em pacientes com estimula&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca convencional, a dessincronia intraventricular foi um preditor independente do aumento dos n&#237;veis de BNP, ap&#243;s ajuste para a idade e fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o. Por outro lado, Nikoo e cols.<sup>36</sup> n&#227;o verificaram correla&#231;&#227;o entre os n&#237;veis de BNP e local de estimula&#231;&#227;o (apical x n&#227;o apical).</p>
    <p>Em nossa popula&#231;&#227;o, n&#227;o houve piora de par&#226;metros ecocardiogr&#225;ficos convencionais e medidas de dessincronia, mas tend&#234;ncia de queda da fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o, valor que n&#227;o alcan&#231;ou diferen&#231;a estat&#237;stica. O tamanho da amostra pode ter sido insuficiente para detectar altera&#231;&#245;es discretas na fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o. Silva e cols.<sup>37</sup> avaliaram o remodelamento ventricular em pacientes com estimula&#231;&#227;o ventricular apical. O remodelamento foi definido como o conjunto de modifica&#231;&#245;es ecocardiogr&#225;ficas documentadas por pelo menos seis meses p&#243;s-implante: aumento &gt; 10% no di&#226;metro diast&#243;lico de ventr&#237;culo esquerdo e redu&#231;&#227;o &gt; 20% na fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o. As vari&#225;veis analisadas foram: cardiopatia de base, classe funcional, tempo de estimula&#231;&#227;o ventricular e dura&#231;&#227;o do QRS. Os pesquisadores observaram que pacientes sem disfun&#231;&#227;o ventricular submetidos &#224; estimula&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca apical do VD apresentaram baixa taxa de remodelamento ventricular. </p>
    <p>Um modelo para avaliar disfun&#231;&#227;o ventricular relacionada ao emprego do marca-passo &#233; o bloqueio AV total cong&#234;nito sem cardiopatia associada, pois exclui outras vari&#225;veis potencialmente confundidoras. Thambo e cols.<sup>38</sup> avaliaram 23 pacientes com bloqueio atrioventricular total cong&#234;nito e fun&#231;&#227;o ventricular esquerda previamente normal, com pelo menos cinco anos de estimula&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca. Analisaram os seguintes par&#226;metros: tempo de enchimento ventricular, d&#233;bito card&#237;aco, severidade da insufici&#234;ncia mitral, dessincronia interventricular, dessincronia intraventricular e teste ergom&#233;trico. Os resultados indicaram que a estimula&#231;&#227;o ventricular prolongada foi associada &#224; dilata&#231;&#227;o de VE, hipertrofia assim&#233;trica de VE e baixa capacidade f&#237;sica. Por&#233;m, do ponto de vista cl&#237;nico, o impacto dessas altera&#231;&#245;es n&#227;o foi avaliado. Kim JJ e cols.<sup>39</sup> avaliando pacientes com bloqueio AV total cong&#234;nito evidenciaram que, ap&#243;s 20 anos de seguimento, 92% dos pacientes n&#227;o apresentavam disfun&#231;&#227;o ventricular avaliada por par&#226;metros cl&#237;nicos e pelo ecocardiograma. Isto sugere que a estimula&#231;&#227;o ventricular n&#227;o deve ser considerada como &#250;nico fator indutor da disfun&#231;&#227;o ventricular. Em nosso estudo, a piora cl&#237;nica n&#227;o esteve associada claramente &#224; assincronia, sugerindo evolu&#231;&#227;o da cardiopatia de base.</p>
    <p>Entre as limita&#231;&#245;es deste estudo, tem-se o tamanho da amostra, que &#233; pequena e sem poder para detectar pequenas varia&#231;&#245;es das medidas ecocardiogr&#225;ficas e desfechos cl&#237;nicos maiores. O predom&#237;nio de pacientes com cardiopatia chag&#225;sica, cuja evolu&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica &#233; vari&#225;vel, tamb&#233;m pode constituir um fator confundidor. Al&#233;m disso, na avalia&#231;&#227;o dos dados do gerador por telemetria, n&#227;o &#233; poss&#237;vel excluir os pacientes com pseudofus&#227;o.</p>
    <p> A mudan&#231;a de paradigma no modo atual de implante necessita de dados s&#243;lidos, especialmente em rela&#231;&#227;o a desfechos clinicamente relevantes. Ser&#225; importante definir de modo claro os subgrupos de risco, pois o motivo pelo qual alguns pacientes desenvolvem ou n&#227;o disfun&#231;&#227;o ventricular necessita de maior investiga&#231;&#227;o e provavelmente n&#227;o est&#225; relacionada exclusivamente com a estimula&#231;&#227;o ventricular.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Conclus&#227;o</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Em pacientes com fun&#231;&#227;o ventricular esquerda normal, o implante de marca-passo convencional foi associado com altera&#231;&#227;o da classe funcional, piora do teste de caminhada, aumento da dosagem de BNP, aumento da dura&#231;&#227;o do QRS e piora em alguns dom&#237;nios da QV (SF-36) ao final de dois anos. N&#227;o houve altera&#231;&#245;es nas medidas ecocardiogr&#225;ficas (convencionais e medidas de assincronia).</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Contribui&#231;&#227;o dos autores</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa, An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados e Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual: de S&#225; LAB, Rassi S; Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados e Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito: de S&#225; LAB, Batista MAL; An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica: de S&#225; LAB,</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Potencial Conflito de Interesses</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Declaro n&#227;o haver conflito de interesses pertinentes.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Fontes de Financiamento</bold>
    </p>
    <p>O presente estudo n&#227;o teve fontes de financiamento externas.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Vincula&#231;&#227;o Acad&#234;mica</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Este artigo &#233; parte de tese de Doutorado de Luiz Antonio Batista de S&#225; pela Universidade Federal de Goi&#225;s - UFG.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Refer&#234;ncias</bold>
    </p>
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    <p>
      <fn id="end" fn-type="corresp">
        <label>
          <bold>Correspond&#234;ncia:</bold>
        </label>
        <p> Luiz Antonio Batista de S&#225; </p>
        <p> Rua B8 Quadra 1B Lote 9, Jardim Paris </p>
        <p> CEP 74885-616, Goi&#226;nia, GO - Brasil </p>
        <p> E-mail:</p>
        <p><ext-link xlink:href="mailto: luiz.sa@cardiol.br" ext-link-type="email"> luiz.sa@cardiol.br</ext-link>, </p>
        <p>
          <email xlink:href="luizbatistasa@gmail.com">luizbatistasa@gmail.com</email>
        </p>
      </fn>
    </p>
    <p> Artigo recebido em 10/02/13; revisado em 16/07/13; aceito em 22/07/13.</p>
  </body>
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        <mixed-citation>38. Thambo JB, Bordachar P, Garrigue S, Lafitte S, Sanders P, Reuter S, et al. Detrimental ventricular remodeling in patients with congenital complete heart block and chronic right ventricular apical pacing. Circulation. 2004;110(25):3766-72.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Detrimental ventricular remodeling in patients with congenital complete heart block and chronic right ventricular apical pacing</article-title>
          <source>Circulation</source>
          <date>
            <year>2004</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>3766</fpage>
          <lpage>72</lpage>
          <issue>25</issue>
          <volume>110</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Thambo</surname>
              <given-names>JB</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Bordachar</surname>
              <given-names>P</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Garrigue</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Lafitte</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Sanders</surname>
              <given-names>P</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Reuter</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B40">
        <mixed-citation>39. Kim JJ, Friedman RA, Eidem BW, Cannon BC, Arora G, Smith EO, et al. Ventricular function and long-term pacing in children with congenital complete atrioventricular block. J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol. 2007;18(4):373-7.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Ventricular function and long-term pacing in children with congenital complete atrioventricular block</article-title>
          <source>J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol</source>
          <date>
            <year>2007</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>373</fpage>
          <lpage>7</lpage>
          <issue>4</issue>
          <volume>18</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Kim</surname>
              <given-names>JJ</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Friedman</surname>
              <given-names>RA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Eidem</surname>
              <given-names>BW</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Cannon</surname>
              <given-names>BC</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Arora</surname>
              <given-names>G</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Smith</surname>
              <given-names>EO</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
    </ref-list>
  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Articles</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title xml:lang="en">Is conventional cardiac pacing harmful in patients with normal ventricular function?</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <abstract xml:lang="en">
        <p>BACKGROUND: Right ventricular pacing may be deleterious in patients with left ventricular dysfunction, but in patients with normal function the impact of this stimulation triggering clinically relevant ventricular dysfunction is not fully established. OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the clinical, echocardiographic findings of patients with previously normal left ventricular function underwent implantation of a pacemaker. METHODS: Observational, cross-sectional study with 20 patients, who underwent implantation of pacemaker, prospectively followed-up, with the following inclusion criteria: normal left ventricular function defined by echocardiography and ventricular pacing higher than 90%. Were evaluated functional class (FC) (New York Heart Association), 6-minute walk test (6MWT), B-type natriuretic peptide (BNP), echocardiographic assessment (conventional and dyssynchrony parameters), and quality of life questionnaire (QLQ) (SF-36). The assessment was performed at ten days (t1), four months (t2), eight months (t3), 12 months (t4) and 24 months (t5). RESULTS: Conventional echocardiographic parameters and dyssynchrony parameters showed statistically significant variation over time. The 6MWT, FC, and BNP showed worsening at the end of two years. QLQ showed initial improvement and worsening at the end of two years. CONCLUSION: The implantation of conventional pacemaker was associated with worsening in functional class, worsening in walk test, increased BNP levels, increased duration of QRS, and worsening in some domains of the QLQ at the end of two years. There were no changes in echocardiography measurements (conventional and asynchrony measures).</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>Pacemaker</kwd>
        <kwd>Heart failure</kwd>
        <kwd>Chagas Disease</kwd>
        <kwd>Septal pacing</kwd>
        <kwd>Asynchrony</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p>
        <bold>Is conventional cardiac pacing harmful in patients with normal ventricular function?</bold>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Luiz Antonio Batista de S&#225;; Salvador Rassi; M&#225;rcia Andery Ludovico Batista</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas - UFG, Goi&#226;nia, GO - Brazil</p>
      <p>
        <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="end-body2">Mailing Address</xref>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>ABSTRACT</bold>
      </p>
      <p><bold>BACKGROUND:</bold> Right ventricular pacing may be deleterious in patients with left ventricular dysfunction, but in patients with normal function the impact of this stimulation triggering clinically relevant ventricular dysfunction is not fully established.</p>
      <p><bold>OBJECTIVES:</bold> To evaluate the clinical, echocardiographic findings of patients with previously normal left ventricular function underwent implantation of a pacemaker.</p>
      <p><bold>METHODS:</bold> Observational, cross-sectional study with 20 patients, who underwent implantation of pacemaker, prospectively followed-up, with the following inclusion criteria: normal left ventricular function defined by echocardiography and ventricular pacing higher than 90%. Were evaluated functional class (FC) (New York Heart Association), 6-minute walk test (6MWT), B-type natriuretic peptide (BNP), echocardiographic assessment (conventional and dyssynchrony parameters), and quality of life questionnaire (QLQ) (SF-36). The assessment was performed at ten days (t1), four months (t2), eight months (t3), 12 months (t4) and 24 months (t5).</p>
      <p><bold>RESULTS:</bold> Conventional echocardiographic parameters and dyssynchrony parameters showed statistically significant variation over time. The 6MWT, FC, and BNP showed worsening at the end of two years. QLQ showed initial improvement and worsening at the end of two years.</p>
      <p><bold>CONCLUSION:</bold> The implantation of conventional pacemaker was associated with worsening in functional class, worsening in walk test, increased BNP levels, increased duration of QRS, and worsening in some domains of the QLQ at the end of two years. There were no changes in echocardiography measurements (conventional and asynchrony measures).</p>
      <p><bold>Keywords:</bold> Pacemaker; Heart failure; Chagas Disease; Septal pacing; Asynchrony.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Introduction</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Cardiac pacing is a treatment option for bradyarrhythmias<sup>1</sup>, tachyarrhythmias<sup>2,3</sup> and heart failure<sup>4</sup>. However, conventional cardiac pacing in the right ventricle (RV), traditional for decades, has been questioned for its possible deleterious effects, especially in patients with previous left ventricular dysfunction<sup>5</sup>.</p>
      <p>In normal heart, the left ventricle (LV) contracts in a fast and synchronized manner. Stimulation anywhere in the RV alters the natural pattern of activation and, as a consequence, the ventricular contraction<sup>6</sup>. This may lead to induction of asynchrony with potential risk for the development of ventricular dysfunction<sup>7</sup>.</p>
      <p>In patients with normal ventricular function, the effects are not clearly defined. In a retrospective study, Silva et al<sup>8</sup> showed that in patients with pacemaker and normal ventricular function, no significant remodeling in the left ventricle occurs. In short-term study, S&#225; et al<sup>9</sup> showed no significant deleterious effects in patients with normal function. The mechanisms by which not all patients develop left ventricular dysfunction are not completely understood and may be related to stimulation site, duration of stimulation, age or underlying disease<sup>10</sup>.</p>
      <p>The aim of this study is to evaluate the clinical, laboratory, and echocardiographic effects of conventional cardiac pacing in patients with indication for pacemaker implantation and normal ventricular function, during two years of follow-up.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Methods</bold>
      </p>
      <p>This study was approved by the Research Ethics Committee of the Hospital das Clinicas, Federal University of Goi&#225;s. This is a prospective, observational study. All patients participating in this study signed an informed consent form.</p>
      <p>From March 2006 to July 2009, 178 patients were referred for pacemaker implantation. Of these, 23 patients were selected consecutively, with mean age of 11 &#177; 58 years and 60% male.</p>
      <p>Inclusion criteria: 1) age over 18 years; 2) the indications for conventional pacemakers followed the guidelines of the Brazilian Society of Cardiology<sup>11</sup>, being accepted those with high probability for right ventricular pacing: a) complete atrioventricular block; b) type II second-degree AV block; c) sinus node disease with first-degree AV block and PR interval &gt; 200 ms; 3) normal ventricular function defined by echocardiography, performed immediately after implantation of the artificial cardiac pacemaker (normal ventricular diameters and normal ejection fraction).</p>
      <p>Exclusion criteria: 1) severe disease with reduced survival probability; 2) inability to perform the tests proposed in the study; 3) patients who had right ventricular pacing of less than 90% during follow-up, whose analysis was performed by using the generator data.</p>
      <p>After implantation, patients were followed for a period of two years, divided into five stages: ten days (t1), four months (t2), eight months (t3), 12 months (t4), and 24 months (t5). </p>
      <p>We analyzed the following parameters: 1) functional class of the <italic>New York Heart Association;</italic> 2) Quality of Life questionnaire (SF-36); 3) 6-minutes walk test; 4) evaluation of the data stored in the generator; 5) ECG: duration of stimulated QRS; 6) levels of B-type natriuretic peptide (BNP); 7) echocardiogram (chamber diameters and volumes, and ejection fraction) and dyssynchrony.</p>
      <p>The echocardiography was performed in the equipment Toshiba Xario, under two-dimensional harmonic mode, and 2.5 MHz sector transducer. All examinations were performed by a single physician. Patients remained in the left lateral position and were monitored with electrocardiogram. All measurements were performed with the patient in expiratory apnea. The measurements of the LV, RV, the diameters of the left atrium, and aorta were performed by one-dimensional mode, according to the recommendations of the American Society of Echocardiography<sup>12</sup>.</p>
      <p>In the assessment of intraventricular dyssynchrony the following criteria were employed: M mode: difference between the onset of QRS complex and the peak contraction of the septal wall, and then obtained from the time between the onset of the QRS complex and the peak contraction of the posterior wall, being considered dyssynchrony values greater than 130 ms; Pulsed Doppler: measurement of the onset of QRS complex up to the onset of aortic flow, being considered dyssynchrony values greater than 140 ms; tissue Doppler: difference between the onset of QRS complex and the S wave peak of the basal region of the lateral, anterior, septal and inferior walls, being considered dyssynchrony values greater than 65 ms<sup>13,14</sup>.</p>
      <p>To assess the mean quantitative variables of normal distribution which changed over time, we used the method of analysis of variance (ANOVA) with repeated measures followed by multiple comparisons via Tukey-Kramer method, if applicable. The assumption of sphericity was assessed via Mauchly test. When the assumption was not met, the Huyn-Feldt correction was applied. The normality assumption was evaluated by visual inspection of histograms and D'Agostino-Pearson <italic>omnibus </italic>normality test. </p>
      <p>The change profile of quantitative variables with asymmetric distribution over time was analyzed with Friedman nonparametric test, followed by multiple comparisons according to the Conover method.</p>
      <p>The calculation of sample size was determined from the ejection fraction variable which best represented the primary endpoint.</p>
      <p>The ANOVA for repeated measures with an intraindividual factor (t1, t2, t3, t4 and t5) was planned in the statistical analysis. For an average absolute difference of at least 5%, the sample size of 20 patients would be appropriate to obtain a 90% statistical power in order to detect an average absolute difference of at least 5% of EF between two arbitrary means over time (t1, t2, t3, t4 and t5). The analysis of repeated measures for variable of ordinal response was conducted with Cochran-Mantel-Haenszel test. </p>
      <p>Missing data of a patient at t5 were imputed according to the last observation carried forward method <italic>(LOCF). </italic>Quantitative variables with normal and asymmetric distributions were described as mean &#177; standard deviation and median (interquartile range), respectively.</p>
      <p>All significance probabilities (p values) are of bilateral type, and values lower than 0.05 were considered as statistically significant. The software SAS 9.2 <italic>(Statistical Analysis System, Cary, NC, USA)</italic> was applied for statistical analysis of data.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Results</bold>
      </p>
      <p>In the initial sample of 23 patients, three were excluded due to ventricular pacing lower than 90%. The most frequent etiology was Chagas Disease (80%). Complete AV block or type 2 second-degree AV block accounted for 70% of the sample. The electrode was implanted in the septal region in 70% of the cases. The clinical features are shown in <xref ref-type="table" rid="en_aop5426tab01-body2">Table 1</xref>. The follow-up period of two years was performed in 19 patients. One patient died of heart failure at 14 months of follow-up.</p>
      <p content-type="asset">
        <table-wrap id="en_aop5426tab01-body2">
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-101-06-0545-30205-gt01-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      </p>
      <p>The percentage of ventricular pacing was obtained from each patient by analyzing the data stored in the generator. The average percentage of stimulation was 99%. There was no statistically significant difference between the medians over the times t1, t2, t3, t4 and t5 (p = 0.4405).</p>
      <p>All patients started the protocol in functional class I, and during the course seven patients showed worsening of functional class (p &lt;0.001) (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="en_aop5426fig01-body2">Figure 1</xref>). The walk test showed worsening over time, being observed between t2 and t3, and between t2 and t5 (p = 0.02) (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="en_aop5426fig02-body2">Figure 2</xref>).</p>
      <p content-type="asset">
        <fig id="en_aop5426fig01-body2">
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-101-06-0545-30205-gf01-en.jpg"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p content-type="asset">
        <fig id="en_aop5426fig02-body2">
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-101-06-0545-30205-gf02-en.jpg"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p>The duration of stimulated QRS complex increased by 12 ms over time (p = 0.0001), this difference was observed between t1 and t5. </p>
      <p><xref ref-type="table" rid="en_aop5426tab02-body2">Table 2</xref> shows the data regarding conventional echocardiographic parameters: systolic and diastolic diameters of LV, systolic and diastolic volumes of the LV, and left atrial dimension. No statistical differences were observed over time. The average ejection fraction at baseline was 64.50% and at the end was 60.65%, but there was no statistical difference (p = 0.1602) (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="en_aop5426fig03-body2">Figure 3</xref>).</p>
      <p content-type="asset">
        <table-wrap id="en_aop5426tab02-body2">
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-101-06-0545-30205-gt02-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      </p>
      <p content-type="asset">
        <fig id="en_aop5426fig03-body2">
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-101-06-0545-30205-gf03-en.jpg"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p>In <xref ref-type="table" rid="en_aop5426tab03-body2">Table 3</xref>, we observe the data regarding the echocardiographic assessment of the ventricular dyssynchrony. By M mode, there was no significant difference in average time between septal activation and posterior wall activation over time. Average value observed at the onset (t1) was 35.50 ms and at the end of two years (t5) was 41.00 ms. By pulsed Doppler method, the average value observed was 105.40 ms at t1, and 122.00 ms at t5. By tissue Doppler the average value observed was 38.55 ms at t1, and 44.45 ms at t3. There was no significant difference in the mean between the septal activation and posterior wall activation over time.</p>
      <p content-type="asset">
        <table-wrap id="en_aop5426tab03-body2">
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-101-06-0545-30205-gt03-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      </p>
      <p>In BNP tests, there was a significant difference between the average levels over time. The average level was 19.75 pg / ml at t1, and 167pg/ml at t5, this difference being found between t1 and t5 (p = 0.0002) (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="en_aop5426fig04-body2">Figure 4</xref>).</p>
      <p content-type="asset">
        <fig id="en_aop5426fig04-body2">
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-101-06-0545-30205-gf04-en.jpg"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p><xref ref-type="table" rid="en_aop5426tab04-body2">Table 4</xref> shows the data regarding the answers to the Quality of Life Questionnaire (SF-36). In the domains of functional capacity, pain, vitality, emotional aspects, limitations due to physical aspects, general health status, and limitation due to social aspects, the patients had improvement between t1 and t4. There was worsening between t2 and t5, but no difference between t1 and t5. In the mental health domain there was no difference over time.</p>
      <p content-type="asset">
        <table-wrap id="en_aop5426tab04-body2">
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-101-06-0545-30205-gt04-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Discussion</bold>
      </p>
      <p>For 50 years, since its introduction<sup>15</sup>, the right ventricular pacing, especially in the apical region, has been the preferred site due to the ease of implantation and its stability. However, such stimulation has been extensively revised to be related to induction of ventricular dysfunction<sup>16</sup>.</p>
      <p>The main etiology in our study was Chagas Disease, whose pathophysiology is complex<sup>17</sup>. The installation of a bradyarrhythmia may simply be a marker of inflammatory changes and the evolution to ventricular dysfunction can occur independently of the presence of a pacemaker.</p>
      <p>Functional class and walk test showed significant worsening at the end of the two years, indicating clinical deterioration over time. The stimulation time is an important factor in the induction of ventricular dysfunction and risk for heart failure. Sweeney et al<sup>18</sup>, in the MOST study, demonstrated that RV pacing &gt; 80% for more than two years increased the risk for heart failure. In addition, they assessed the duration of the QRS complexes and their relationship with mortality in patients undergoing implantation of a pacemaker for sinus node disease. The presence of paced QRS complex with duration greater than or equal to 120 ms was associated with a death risk of 34%<sup>19</sup>.</p>
      <p>Zhang et al<sup>20</sup>, in a retrospective study with an eight-year follow-up showed that in patients with complete AV block, the predictive factors for developing heart failure were age, apical pacing, duration of QRS complex pacing, and the presence of coronary artery disease. In our sample, no increase was observed in QRS duration over time. In studies on resynchronization, patients with higher QRS duration have greater benefit from this therapy<sup>21</sup>. In addition, patients with wider QRS complexes have worse prognosis<sup>22</sup>. Therefore, we can assume that an increased QRS duration over time may be associated with a higher dyssynchrony.</p>
      <p>In the SF-36 questionnaire, initial improvement was observed in the following domains: functional capacity, social aspects, and general health status. The improvement arises from the correction of bradycardia by cardiac pacing in this group of patients previously limited. The MOST<sup>23</sup> and PASE<sup>24</sup> studies, comparing dual-chamber pacing versus single-chamber pacing, used the SF-36 questionnaire. The authors observed a significant improvement in quality of life after pacemaker implantation in both groups, but less effective in patients over 75 years old. In our study, after 24 months there was a worsening in these parameters, corroborating the functional class and walk test data.</p>
      <p>In our study there was a prevalence of septal pacing. The apical pacing has been more clearly associated to the deleterious effects<sup>25</sup>. However, the cardiac pacing anywhere in the RV alters the cardiac activation, since the stimulus conduction is slower through the ventricular myocardium compared to His-Purkinje system. The stimulation on outflow tract<sup>26</sup>, septal region<sup>27</sup>, hissian region or para-hissian region<sup>28</sup> has been investigated, but without consistent results regarding major outcomes, such as total mortality and cardiovascular mortality.</p>
      <p>The use of cardiac resynchronization therapy prophylactically, i.e. prevention of asynchrony and its deleterious effects as a consequence, have been tested. Albertsen et al<sup>29</sup> selected 50 patients with complete AV block, which were randomized to biventricular pacing or conventional pacing. After one year of follow-up, they found that biventricular pacing minimizes asynchrony (assessed by echocardiography with tissue Doppler), preserves the left ventricular function, and presents lower BNP levels. There was a reduction in ejection fraction by 2% in the DDD group, with no repercussions on functional class or walk test. This study included patients with and without left ventricular dysfunction.</p>
      <p>Another strategy has been to minimize ventricular pacing through new pacing algorithms<sup>30</sup>, because a higher percentage of stimulation is associated with risk for heart failure<sup>31</sup>. The SAVE PACe study<sup>32</sup> performed in patients with sinus node disease randomized 1065 patients to receive conventional dual-chamber pacing or dual-chamber minimal ventricular pacing. There was a 40% reduction in atrial fibrillation, with no difference in mortality. The INTRINSIC RV study<sup>33</sup> in patients with indication for ICD, compared DDDR modes (70 bpm) x VVI (40 bpm) with respect to mortality and hospitalization for HF, and no significant difference has been observed. However, patients with complete AV block or high-grade block do not benefit from this strategy because they require ventricular stimulation.</p>
      <p>In our group, we observed a significant increase in BNP levels at the end of the two years of follow-up. The average level at the end of the two years was 167 pg/ml. This value correlates to mild ventricular dysfunction<sup>34</sup>. Abreu et al<sup>35</sup> showed that in patients with conventional pacing, intraventricular dyssynchrony was an independent predictor of increased BNP levels, after adjustment for age and ejection fraction. On the other hand, Nikoo et al<sup>36</sup> found no correlation between BNP levels and pacing site (apical versus non-apical).</p>
      <p>In our population, there was no worsening of conventional echocardiography parameters and dyssynchrony measurements, but downward trend in ejection fraction, a value that did not reach statistical difference. The sample size may have been insufficient to detect subtle changes in ejection fraction. Silva et al<sup>37</sup> evaluated ventricular remodeling in patients with ventricular apical pacing. The remodeling was defined as echocardiographic changes documented for at least six months after implantation: &gt; 10% increase in left ventricular diastolic diameter and &gt; 20% decrease in ejection fraction. The variables analyzed were: underlying heart disease, functional class, duration of ventricular pacing and QRS duration. Researchers have observed that patients without ventricular dysfunction and undergoing RV apical pacing showed low ventricular remodeling.</p>
      <p>A model to evaluate ventricular dysfunction related to the use of pacemaker is the congenital complete AV block without associated heart disease, as it excludes other potentially confounding variables. Thambo et al<sup>38</sup> evaluated 23 patients with congenital complete AV block and previously normal left ventricular function, under at least five years of cardiac pacing. The following parameters were analyzed: ventricular filling time, cardiac output, severity of mitral regurgitation, interventricular dyssynchrony, intraventricular dyssynchrony, and exercise stress test. The results indicate that prolonged ventricular pacing was associated with left ventricular dilation, LV asymmetric hypertrophy, and low physical capacity. However, from the clinical point of view, the impact of these changes has not been evaluated. Kim JJ et al<sup>39</sup> evaluated patients with congenital complete AV block and showed after 20 years of follow-up that 92% of patients had no ventricular dysfunction assessed by echocardiography and clinical parameters. This suggests that ventricular pacing should not be considered as the only factor inducing ventricular dysfunction. In our study, clinical worsening was not clearly associated with asynchrony, suggesting evolution of the underlying heart disease.</p>
      <p>The limitation of this study was the sample size, which is small and powerless to detect small changes in echocardiographic measurements and major clinical outcomes. The prevalence of patients with Chagas Disease, whose clinical course is variable, may also be a confounding factor. In addition, in the evaluation of the generator data by telemetry it is not possible to exclude patients with pseudofusion.</p>
      <p>The paradigm change in the current implant mode requires solid data, especially in relation to clinically relevant outcomes. It will be important to clearly define risk subgroups because the reason why some patients develop ventricular dysfunction or not requires further investigation and probably is not related exclusively to ventricular pacing.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Conclusion</bold>
      </p>
      <p>In patients with normal left ventricular function, implantation of conventional pacemaker was associated with change in functional class, worsening in walk test, increased BNP levels, increased duration of QRS, and worsening in some domains of the QLQ (SF-36) at the end of two years. There were no changes in echocardiography measurements (conventional and asynchrony measurements).</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Author contributions</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Conception and design of the research, Analysis and interpretation of the data and Critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content: de S&#225; LAB, Rassi S; Acquisition of data and Writing of the manuscript: de S&#225; LAB, Batista MAL; Statistical analysis: de S&#225; LAB,</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Potential Conflict of Interest</bold>
      </p>
      <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Sources of Funding</bold>
      </p>
      <p>There were no external funding sources for this study.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Study Association</bold>
      </p>
      <p>This article is part of the thesis of doctoral submitted by Luiz Antonio Batista de S&#225;, from Universidade Federal de Goi&#225;s - UFG.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>References</bold>
      </p>
      <p content-type="ref-to-delete">1. Epstein AE, Dimarco JP, Ellenbogen KA, Estes NA 3rd, Freedman RA, Gettes LS, et al; American College of Cardiology; American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines; American Association for Thoracic Surgery; Society of Thoracic Surgeons. ACC/AHA/HRS 2008 Guidelines for device-based therapy of cardiac rhythm abnormalities. Heart Rhythm. 2008;5(6):934-55.  Erratum in: Heart Rhythm. 2009;6(1):e2.</p>
      <p content-type="ref-to-delete">2. Cevik C, Nugent K, Perez-Verdia A, Fish RD. Prophylactic implantation of cardioverter defibrillators in idiopathic nonischemic cardiomyopathy for the primary prevention of death: a narrative review. Clin Cardiol. 2010;33(5):254-60.  </p>
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      <p content-type="ref-to-delete">4. Cleland JG, Daubert JC, Erdmann E, Freemantle N, Gras D, Kappenberger L, et al; Cardiac Resynchronization-Heart Failure (CARE-HF) Study Investigators. The effect of cardiac resynchronization on morbidity and mortality in heart failure. N Engl J Med. 2005;352(15):1539-49. </p>
      <p content-type="ref-to-delete">5. Wilkoff BL, Cook JR, Epstein AE, Greene HL, Hallstrom AP, Hsia H, et al; Dual Chamber and VVI Implantable Defibrillator Trial Investigators. Dual-chamber pacing or ventricular backup pacing in patients with an implantable defibrillator: the Dual Chamber and VVI Implantable Defibrillator (DAVID) Trial. JAMA. 2002;288(24):3115-23.  </p>
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      <p>
        <fn id="end-body2" fn-type="corresp">
          <label>
            <bold>Mailing Address:</bold>
          </label>
          <p> Luiz Antonio Batista de S&#225; </p>
          <p> Rua B8 Quadra 1B Lote 9, Jardim Paris</p>
          <p> Postal Code 74885-616, Goi&#226;nia, GO - Brazil</p>
          <p> E-mail: </p>
          <p><email xlink:href="luiz.sa@cardiol.br">luiz.sa@cardiol.br</email>, </p>
          <p>
            <email xlink:href="luizbatistasa@gmail.com">luizbatistasa@gmail.com</email>
          </p>
        </fn>
      </p>
      <p>Manuscript received February 02, 2013; revised manuscript July 16, 2013; accepted July 22, 2013. </p>
    </body>
  </sub-article>
</article>
