<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.1 20151215//EN" "https://jats.nlm.nih.gov/publishing/1.1/JATS-journalpublishing1.dtd">
<article xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" specific-use="sps-1.9" dtd-version="1.1" xml:lang="pt" article-type="research-article">
  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
        <publisher-loc>S&#227;o Paulo, SP, Brazil</publisher-loc>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">8xpwNnNmt36xVrzkMdSHNtS</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2013003200008</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v1">S0066-782X(13)10100600008</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5935/abc.20130203</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigos Originais</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Impacto da mortalidade da doen&#231;a da aorta tor&#225;cica no estado de S&#227;o Paulo no per&#237;odo de 1998 a 2007</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Dias</surname>
            <given-names>Ricardo Ribeiro</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Mejia</surname>
            <given-names>Omar Asdrubal Vilca</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Fernandes</surname>
            <given-names>F&#225;bio</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Ramires</surname>
            <given-names>F&#233;lix Jos&#233; Alvarez</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Mady</surname>
            <given-names>Charles</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Stolf</surname>
            <given-names>Noedir Antonio Groppo</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Jatene</surname>
            <given-names>Fabio Biscegli</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff01">
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="state">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Faculdade de Medicina </institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv2">Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas</institution>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff02">
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Faculdade de Medicina </institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv2">Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas</institution>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
      </aff>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>12</month>
        <year>2013</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>101</volume>
      <issue>6</issue>
      <fpage>528</fpage>
      <lpage>535</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>28</day>
          <month>02</month>
          <year>2013</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>11</day>
          <month>06</month>
          <year>2013</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>10</day>
          <month>05</month>
          <year>2013</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <p>FUNDAMENTO: Ainda n&#227;o foram analisadas as caracter&#237;sticas epidemiol&#243;gicas das doen&#231;as da aorta tor&#225;cica (DAT) no estado de S&#227;o Paulo e no Brasil, assim como o seu impacto na sobrevida desses pacientes. OBJETIVOS: Avaliar o impacto da mortalidade das DAT e caracteriz&#225;-la epidemiologicamente. M&#201;TODOS: An&#225;lise retrospectiva dos dados do Sistema &#218;nico de Sa&#250;de para os c&#243;digos de DAT do registro de interna&#231;&#245;es, de procedimentos e dos &#243;bitos, a partir do C&#243;digo Internacional de Doen&#231;as (CID-10), registrados na Secretaria de Sa&#250;de do Estado de S&#227;o Paulo durante o per&#237;odo de janeiro de 1998 a dezembro de 2007. RESULTADOS: Foram 9.465 &#243;bitos por DAT, 5.500 homens (58,1%) e 3.965 mulheres (41,9%); 6.721 dissec&#231;&#245;es (71%) e 2.744 aneurismas, 86,3% diagnosticados no IML. Foram 6.109 interna&#231;&#245;es, 67,9% do sexo masculino, sendo que 21,2% evolu&#237;ram a &#243;bito (69% homens), com propor&#231;&#245;es semelhantes de dissec&#231;&#227;o e aneurisma entre os sexos, respectivamente 54% e 46%, por&#233;m com mortalidade distinta. Os homens com DAT morrem mais que as mulheres (OR = 1,5). A distribui&#231;&#227;o et&#225;ria para &#243;bitos e interna&#231;&#245;es foi semelhante, com predom&#237;nio na sexta d&#233;cada. Foram 3.572 opera&#231;&#245;es (58% das interna&#231;&#245;es) com mortalidade de 20,3% (os pacientes mantidos em tratamento medicamentoso apresentaram mortalidade de 22,6%; p = 0,047). O n&#250;mero de interna&#231;&#245;es, de cirurgias, de &#243;bitos dos pacientes internados e geral de &#243;bitos por DAT foi progressivamente superior ao aumento populacional no decorrer do tempo. CONCLUS&#213;ES: Atua&#231;&#245;es espec&#237;ficas na identifica&#231;&#227;o precoce desses pacientes, assim como a viabiliza&#231;&#227;o do seu atendimento, devem ser implementadas para reduzir a aparente progressiva mortalidade por DAT imposta &#224; nossa popula&#231;&#227;o.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt" kwd-group-type="author-generated">
        <kwd>Aorta Tor&#225;cica</kwd>
        <kwd>Doen&#231;as da Aorta</kwd>
        <kwd>Perfil de Sa&#250;de</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="pub">
        <day>08</day>
        <month>10</month>
        <year>2013</year>
      </pub-date>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <p>
      <bold>Impacto da mortalidade da doen&#231;a da aorta tor&#225;cica no estado de S&#227;o Paulo no per&#237;odo de 1998 a 2007</bold>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Ricardo Ribeiro Dias<sup>I</sup>; Omar Asdrubal Vilca Mejia<sup>I</sup>; F&#225;bio Fernandes<sup>II</sup>; F&#233;lix Jos&#233; Alvarez Ramires<sup>II</sup>; Charles Mady<sup>II</sup>; Noedir Antonio Groppo Stolf<sup>I</sup>; Fabio Biscegli Jatene<sup>I</sup></bold>
    </p>
    <p><sup>I</sup>Divis&#227;o de Cirurgia Cardiovascular do Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o do Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo </p>
    <p><sup>II</sup>Divis&#227;o de Cardiologia do Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o do Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo, S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brasil</p>
    <p>
      <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="enda">Correspond&#234;ncia</xref>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>RESUMO</bold>
    </p>
    <p><bold>FUNDAMENTO:</bold> Ainda n&#227;o foram analisadas as caracter&#237;sticas epidemiol&#243;gicas das doen&#231;as da aorta tor&#225;cica (DAT) no estado de S&#227;o Paulo e no Brasil, assim como o seu impacto na sobrevida desses pacientes. </p>
    <p><bold>OBJETIVOS:</bold> Avaliar o impacto da mortalidade das DAT e caracteriz&#225;-la epidemiologicamente. </p>
    <p><bold>M&#201;TODOS:</bold> An&#225;lise retrospectiva dos dados do Sistema &#218;nico de Sa&#250;de para os c&#243;digos de DAT do registro de interna&#231;&#245;es, de procedimentos e dos &#243;bitos, a partir do C&#243;digo Internacional de Doen&#231;as (CID-10), registrados na Secretaria de Sa&#250;de do Estado de S&#227;o Paulo durante o per&#237;odo de janeiro de 1998 a dezembro de 2007. </p>
    <p><bold>RESULTADOS:</bold> Foram 9.465 &#243;bitos por DAT, 5.500 homens (58,1%) e 3.965 mulheres (41,9%); 6.721 dissec&#231;&#245;es (71%) e 2.744 aneurismas, 86,3% diagnosticados no IML. Foram 6.109 interna&#231;&#245;es, 67,9% do sexo masculino, sendo que 21,2% evolu&#237;ram a &#243;bito (69% homens), com propor&#231;&#245;es semelhantes de dissec&#231;&#227;o e aneurisma entre os sexos, respectivamente 54% e 46%, por&#233;m com mortalidade distinta. Os homens com DAT morrem mais que as mulheres (OR = 1,5). A distribui&#231;&#227;o et&#225;ria para &#243;bitos e interna&#231;&#245;es foi semelhante, com predom&#237;nio na sexta d&#233;cada. Foram 3.572 opera&#231;&#245;es (58% das interna&#231;&#245;es) com mortalidade de 20,3% (os pacientes mantidos em tratamento medicamentoso apresentaram mortalidade de 22,6%; p = 0,047). O n&#250;mero de interna&#231;&#245;es, de cirurgias, de &#243;bitos dos pacientes internados e geral de &#243;bitos por DAT foi progressivamente superior ao aumento populacional no decorrer do tempo. </p>
    <p><bold>CONCLUS&#213;ES:</bold> Atua&#231;&#245;es espec&#237;ficas na identifica&#231;&#227;o precoce desses pacientes, assim como a viabiliza&#231;&#227;o do seu atendimento, devem ser implementadas para reduzir a aparente progressiva mortalidade por DAT imposta &#224; nossa popula&#231;&#227;o.</p>
    <p><bold>Palavras-chave:</bold> Aorta Tor&#225;cica / patologia; Doen&#231;as da Aorta; Perfil de Sa&#250;de.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</bold>
    </p>
    <p>A doen&#231;a cardiovascular &#233; a principal causa de mortalidade da era moderna, na maioria dos pa&#237;ses desenvolvidos e em desenvolvimento. Essa mudan&#231;a de comportamento nos pa&#237;ses em desenvolvimento se deve, principalmente, &#224;s altera&#231;&#245;es do estilo de vida impostas pela industrializa&#231;&#227;o e urbaniza&#231;&#227;o, associadas ao aumento da expectativa de vida, a h&#225;bitos alimentares inadequados, ao tabagismo e &#224; concomitante redu&#231;&#227;o das doen&#231;as infecciosas e nutricionais<sup>1</sup>.</p>
    <p>Apesar do documentado decl&#237;nio da mortalidade por doen&#231;as cardiovasculares no mundo desenvolvido (infarto do mioc&#225;rdio e cerebral), nos pa&#237;ses em desenvolvimento essa curva ainda &#233; ascendente, acentuada e pelo menos 2,8 vezes maior que nos pa&#237;ses desenvolvidos. A expectativa &#233; que essa diferen&#231;a se acentue ainda mais nos pr&#243;ximos anos, segundo Reddy e Yusuf<sup>1</sup>. Por&#233;m, Lotufo e cols.<sup>2</sup>, analisando a tend&#234;ncia de mortalidade por doen&#231;a card&#237;aca em S&#227;o Paulo no per&#237;odo de 1996 a 2010, mostraram o mesmo tipo de comportamento que nos pa&#237;ses desenvolvidos e de forma mais acentuada nas classes sociais de maior poder aquisitivo.</p>
    <p>As doen&#231;as da aorta tor&#225;cica (DAT) representam uma parcela significativa desses &#243;bitos, nos quais predominam as dissec&#231;&#245;es e os aneurismas. Acredita-se que, em conjunto com os aneurismas da aorta abdominal, sejam a 13&#170; causa mais frequente de &#243;bito nos pa&#237;ses do Ocidente, respons&#225;veis por 15.000-30.000 &#243;bitos por ano nos Estados Unidos<sup>3</sup>. Outros afirmam que esses n&#250;meros podem estar entre 43.000-47.000 &#243;bitos por ano<sup>4</sup>. </p>
    <p>Muito j&#225; foi escrito sobre a complexa etiopatogenia das DAT, sua hist&#243;ria natural, o momento ideal das interven&#231;&#245;es, as diversas t&#233;cnicas de corre&#231;&#227;o cir&#250;rgica, seus resultados, e muito est&#225; sendo escrito sobre a abordagem endovascular das doen&#231;as da aorta e seus ramos<sup>5-9</sup>. Pouco se sabe, por&#233;m, sobre as caracter&#237;sticas epidemiol&#243;gicas das DAT em S&#227;o Paulo e no Brasil, assim como sobre seu impacto na sobrevida desses pacientes e o custo socioecon&#244;mico para o sistema de sa&#250;de nacional. Portanto, o objetivo deste trabalho &#233; avaliar o impacto da mortalidade das DAT no estado de S&#227;o Paulo, caracteriz&#225;-la epidemiologicamente e analisar o resultado do tratamento recebido por essa popula&#231;&#227;o de pacientes.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>M&#233;todo</bold>
    </p>
    <p>A an&#225;lise retrospectiva dos dados do Registro de Interna&#231;&#245;es e Procedimentos do Sistema &#218;nico de Sa&#250;de (SUS) para os c&#243;digos de DAT, a partir do C&#243;digo Internacional de Doen&#231;as (CID-10; <xref ref-type="table" rid="tab1">Tabela 1</xref>) e dos &#243;bitos por DAT, coletados do Registro de Mortalidade Geral do Servi&#231;o de Verifica&#231;&#227;o de &#211;bitos do Estado de S&#227;o Paulo (IML), registrados na Secretaria de Sa&#250;de do Estado de S&#227;o Paulo, permitiram a elabora&#231;&#227;o do banco de dados do estudo envolvendo todos os pacientes registrados durante o per&#237;odo de janeiro de 1998 a dezembro de 2007.</p>
    <table-wrap id="tab1">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-101-06-0528-30203-gt01.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    <p>Foram exclu&#237;dos do estudo aqueles pacientes portadores de doen&#231;a da aorta com CID I71.3, I71.4, I71.8, I71.9, que se relacionam, respectivamente, aos aneurismas de aorta abdominal roto, aos aneurismas de aorta abdominal sem men&#231;&#227;o de ruptura, aos aneurismas da aorta de localiza&#231;&#227;o n&#227;o especificada rotos e aos aneurismas da aorta de localiza&#231;&#227;o n&#227;o especificada sem men&#231;&#227;o de ruptura.</p>
    <p>O Sistema &#218;nico de Sa&#250;de assiste a aproximadamente 75,4% da popula&#231;&#227;o brasileira e, para os procedimentos de alta complexidade, como &#233; o caso das cirurgias cardiovasculares, assiste &#224; quase totalidade da popula&#231;&#227;o<sup>10</sup>. Com base nessas informa&#231;&#245;es &#233; poss&#237;vel inferir que as an&#225;lises dos dados do estudo representam aproximadamente 75% das interna&#231;&#245;es hospitalares por DAT, a quase totalidade dos procedimentos cir&#250;rgicos e a 100% dos &#243;bitos.</p>
    <p>Os n&#250;meros referentes &#224; popula&#231;&#227;o total do estado de S&#227;o Paulo, com a discrimina&#231;&#227;o anual e por sexo foram fornecidos pela Secretaria de Sa&#250;de do Estado de S&#227;o Paulo, a partir das informa&#231;&#245;es do censo do Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estat&#237;stica (IBGE). A interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados foi feita a partir da an&#225;lise descritiva dos dados para a popula&#231;&#227;o do estado de S&#227;o Paulo. Para as compara&#231;&#245;es entre grupos populacionais foi utilizado o teste n&#227;o param&#233;trico de Wilcoxon, e o coeficiente de correla&#231;&#227;o de Spearman para an&#225;lise da correla&#231;&#227;o evento/&#243;bito/ano, atrav&#233;s do programa SPSS 13.</p>
    <p>Este trabalho foi aprovado pela Comiss&#227;o Cient&#237;fica e de &#201;tica da institui&#231;&#227;o, e a solicita&#231;&#227;o do Termo de Consentimento dos Pacientes n&#227;o cabe pelo modelo do estudo.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Resultados</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Os aneurismas e as dissec&#231;&#245;es da aorta (CID I71) ocuparam a 30&#170; posi&#231;&#227;o como causa mais frequente de &#243;bito na popula&#231;&#227;o do estado de S&#227;o Paulo, segundo <italic>ranking</italic> do Seade (Funda&#231;&#227;o Sistema Estadual de An&#225;lise de Dados), no per&#237;odo de janeiro de 1998 a dezembro de 2006 (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab2">Tabela 2</xref>), totalizando 18.042 &#243;bitos por doen&#231;as da aorta. Durante esse per&#237;odo, ocorreram 8.448 &#243;bitos por DAT nos CIDs referidos no trabalho, 4.922 &#243;bitos em homens (58,3%), sendo 3.539 secund&#225;rios &#224; dissec&#231;&#227;o da aorta (71,9%) e 1.383 secund&#225;rios &#224; ruptura do aneurisma da aorta tor&#225;cica (28,1%). As 3.526 mulheres que morreram por DAT (41,7%) apresentaram distribui&#231;&#227;o semelhante &#224; dos homens, com 71,6% dos &#243;bitos secund&#225;rios &#224; dissec&#231;&#227;o da aorta e 28,4% secund&#225;rios ao aneurisma da aorta tor&#225;cica.</p>
    <table-wrap id="tab2">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-101-06-0528-30203-gt02.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    <p>No per&#237;odo estendido do trabalho, de janeiro de 1998 a dezembro de 2007, as DAT foram respons&#225;veis por 9.465 &#243;bitos (0,39% do total dos 2.396.588 &#243;bitos ocorridos no estado de S&#227;o Paulo no mesmo per&#237;odo). Morreram 5.500 homens (58,1%) e 3.965 mulheres (41,9%). Nestes, o diagn&#243;stico do &#243;bito atribu&#237;do &#224; DAT foi feito no IML em 8.167 pacientes (86,3%), 4.601 em homens (56,3%) e 3.566 em mulheres (43,7%).</p>
    <p>Foram 6.721 pacientes (71%) que faleceram com o diagn&#243;stico de dissec&#231;&#227;o da aorta tor&#225;cica (CID I71.0) e 2.744 (29%) por aneurisma da aorta tor&#225;cica (CID I71.1, I71.2, I71.5, I71.6).</p>
    <p>No mesmo per&#237;odo, as DAT foram respons&#225;veis por 6.109 interna&#231;&#245;es do SUS (0,025% do total das 24.009.860 interna&#231;&#245;es ocorridas em S&#227;o Paulo no mesmo per&#237;odo), com 4.147 pacientes do sexo masculino (67,9%) e 1.962 do sexo feminino (32,1%). Durante o per&#237;odo da interna&#231;&#227;o, 1.298 pacientes evolu&#237;ram a &#243;bito (21,2%), sendo 899 homens (69,3%) e 399 mulheres (30,7%).</p>
    <p>A propor&#231;&#227;o entre homens e mulheres internados acometidos por dissec&#231;&#227;o e aneurisma da aorta tor&#225;cica foi semelhante, respectivamente 54% (2.238 pacientes) e 46% (1.909 pacientes) na popula&#231;&#227;o masculina contra 53,5% (1.049 pacientes) e 46,5% (913 pacientes) na popula&#231;&#227;o feminina. Por&#233;m, a propor&#231;&#227;o da mortalidade entre os sexos em rela&#231;&#227;o ao diagn&#243;stico foi distinta, tendo sido nas dissec&#231;&#245;es e nos aneurismas, respectivamente, de 24,7% (554 pacientes) e 18,1% (345 pacientes) nos homens contra 20,8% (218 pacientes) e 19,9% (181 pacientes) nas mulheres.</p>
    <p>A <xref ref-type="table" rid="aop_5463tab03">Tabela 3</xref> mostra o progressivo aumento da mortalidade por DAT no estado de S&#227;o Paulo, o elevado n&#250;mero de pacientes cujo diagn&#243;stico de morte por DAT foi feito em sala de aut&#243;psia e que o aumento da mortalidade pela doen&#231;a (36,7%) foi superior ao aumento da popula&#231;&#227;o (18%) no mesmo per&#237;odo de tempo.</p>
    <p content-type="asset">
      <table-wrap id="aop_5463tab03">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-101-06-0528-30203-gt03.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    </p>
    <p>A distribui&#231;&#227;o da DAT na popula&#231;&#227;o do estado de S&#227;o Paulo - determinada pelo n&#250;mero de interna&#231;&#245;es do SUS e o n&#250;mero de &#243;bitos desses pacientes - foi distinta entre homens e mulheres. As interna&#231;&#245;es hospitalares foram mais frequentes nos homens, assim como foram respons&#225;veis por mais mortes, respectivamente, nas propor&#231;&#245;es de 1,65/1 e 1,44/1. </p>
    <p>Observou-se, ainda, progressivo aumento no n&#250;mero das interna&#231;&#245;es e dos &#243;bitos por DAT no decorrer dos anos (<xref ref-type="table" rid="aop_5463tab03">Tabelas 3</xref> e <xref ref-type="table" rid="aop_5463tab04">4</xref>).</p>
    <p content-type="asset">
      <table-wrap id="aop_5463tab04">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-101-06-0528-30203-gt04.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    </p>
    <p>Analisando-se se a tend&#234;ncia de aumento no n&#250;mero de interna&#231;&#245;es por DAT, no n&#250;mero dos &#243;bitos dos pacientes internados e no n&#250;mero total de &#243;bitos, que foi acima do aumento populacional anual, observamos correla&#231;&#227;o positiva e significativa nas tr&#234;s situa&#231;&#245;es, respectivamente, de r = 0,976 - p &lt; 0,001; r = 0,891 - p &lt; 0,001; r = 0,915 - p &lt; 0,001.</p>
    <p>A <xref ref-type="fig" rid="aop_5463fig01">Figura 1</xref> ilustra o progressivo aumento dos &#243;bitos no decorrer dos anos, maior que o aumento populacional (r = 0,796; p = 0,006), o seu aumento diferencial entre homens e mulheres, e a significativa maior mortalidade dos homens no decorrer dos anos.</p>
    <p content-type="asset">
      <fig id="aop_5463fig01">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-101-06-0528-30203-gf01.jpg"/></fig>
    </p>
    <p>A raz&#227;o de chances (OR) de um homem com DAT morrer &#233; 1,5 vez maior que a de uma mulher morrer pela mesma causa (OR = 1,498 [IC 0,95:1,13-1,19; p &lt; 0,0001]).</p>
    <p>As 6.109 interna&#231;&#245;es por DAT geraram 3.572 opera&#231;&#245;es (58,5% dos pacientes) para a corre&#231;&#227;o da doen&#231;a de base. Os pacientes mantidos exclusivamente em tratamento cl&#237;nico apresentaram mortalidade hospitalar m&#233;dia de 22,5%. Naqueles em que se associou ao tratamento medicamentoso o tratamento cir&#250;rgico, houve decr&#233;scimo na mortalidade para 20,3%. Essa diferen&#231;a foi significativa. A <xref ref-type="fig" rid="aop_5463fig02">Figura 2</xref> ilustra a diferen&#231;a de resultado ano a ano com os dois tipos de tratamento.</p>
    <p content-type="asset">
      <fig id="aop_5463fig02">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-101-06-0528-30203-gf02.jpg"/></fig>
    </p>
    <p>Os pacientes internados por DAT apresentaram faixa et&#225;ria predominante entre 60-70 anos, com distribui&#231;&#227;o conforme a <xref ref-type="fig" rid="aop_5463fig03">Figura 3A</xref>, assim como maior n&#250;mero de &#243;bitos (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="aop_5463fig03">Figura 3B</xref>).</p>
    <p content-type="asset">
      <fig id="aop_5463fig03">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-101-06-0528-30203-gf03.jpg"/></fig>
    </p>
    <p>O n&#250;mero de cirurgias para a corre&#231;&#227;o das DAT variou entre 0,7-1,5 paciente/100.000 habitantes/ano. A mortalidade desses procedimentos teve pouco impacto quando comparada com a mortalidade geral por DAT (7,7%).</p>
    <p>O n&#250;mero de interna&#231;&#245;es por DAT quando comparado ao n&#250;mero de interna&#231;&#245;es hospitalares por todas as causas no estado de S&#227;o Paulo &#233; pouco expressivo, por&#233;m quando se compara a mortalidade desses pacientes em rela&#231;&#227;o ao total das interna&#231;&#245;es do SUS observa-se a malignidade da doen&#231;a e o progressivo aumento da sua preval&#234;ncia (<xref ref-type="table" rid="aop_5463tab03">Tabela 3</xref>).</p>
    <p>Durante parte do per&#237;odo do estudo, de janeiro de 2004 a dezembro de 2007, foi poss&#237;vel a identifica&#231;&#227;o das interna&#231;&#245;es por DAT do SUS em todo o territ&#243;rio nacional, e S&#227;o Paulo foi respons&#225;vel, respectivamente, por 38,5%, 38,8%, 39,2% e 48,4% dessas interna&#231;&#245;es (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab5">Tabela 5</xref>). Independentemente das diferen&#231;as regionais dos sistemas de sa&#250;de e da maior concentra&#231;&#227;o desses pacientes no estado de S&#227;o Paulo, o resultado do tratamento cl&#237;nico ou cir&#250;rgico n&#227;o acusou diferen&#231;a em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; mortalidade hospitalar (p = 1,0).</p>
    <table-wrap id="tab5">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-101-06-0528-30203-gt05.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    <p>
      <bold>Discuss&#227;o</bold>
    </p>
    <p>A preval&#234;ncia da DAT na popula&#231;&#227;o do estado de S&#227;o Paulo n&#227;o pode ser corretamente aferida pelo modelo de registro de dados em vig&#234;ncia da Secretaria de Sa&#250;de.</p>
    <p>O banco de dados do Datasus, &#243;rg&#227;o da Secretaria Executiva do Minist&#233;rio da Sa&#250;de, permite a identifica&#231;&#227;o de todos os &#243;bitos por DAT, de pacientes internados ou n&#227;o, assim como informa todas as interna&#231;&#245;es com seus respectivos CIDs. N&#227;o permite, por&#233;m, a identifica&#231;&#227;o de interna&#231;&#245;es repetidas pelo mesmo paciente (toda reinterna&#231;&#227;o &#233; contabilizada como outro paciente). Al&#233;m disso, nenhum paciente com diagn&#243;stico de DAT em seguimento ambulatorial &#233; pass&#237;vel de ser identificado e individualizado pelo sistema de registros. Se somarmos a isso a grande quantidade de pacientes portadores de DAT, sem diagn&#243;stico e sem acesso &#224; assist&#234;ncia m&#233;dica preventiva, cientes que somos das limita&#231;&#245;es assistenciais do nosso sistema de sa&#250;de, podemos imaginar grande n&#250;mero de pacientes portadores de DAT n&#227;o identificados sob risco de dissec&#231;&#227;o e/ou ruptura no nosso meio.</p>
    <p>Por essas raz&#245;es, afirma&#231;&#245;es mais precisas sobre a incid&#234;ncia e a preval&#234;ncia das DAT s&#227;o dif&#237;ceis de ser feitas com precis&#227;o. Diferentemente do que acontece na Su&#233;cia, por exemplo, onde todos os pacientes t&#234;m acesso &#224; sa&#250;de, s&#227;o catalogados de forma uniforme e facilmente rastreados. Relata-se que l&#225; a doen&#231;a est&#225; mais prevalente que outrora, acometendo de forma diferenciada homens e mulheres, respectivamente, 16,3 e 9,1 por 100.000 habitantes por ano. Informa-se ainda que o n&#250;mero de opera&#231;&#245;es &#233; crescente e maior nos homens, com 5,6 opera&#231;&#245;es por 100.000 habitantes por ano contra tr&#234;s nas mulheres. Por&#233;m, ressalta-se que nelas, apesar do menor n&#250;mero, este representa um aumento 15 vezes maior que a &#250;ltima aferi&#231;&#227;o contra um aumento de sete vezes para os homens. O n&#250;mero de &#243;bitos pela doen&#231;a &#233; decrescente, por&#233;m 22% dos diagn&#243;sticos de morte s&#227;o feitos em exames de aut&#243;psia<sup>11</sup>, enquanto no estado de S&#227;o Paulo s&#227;o 86,3%.</p>
    <p>Quando se analisa a doen&#231;a em sua fase mais avan&#231;ada, ou seja, quando se investigam os pacientes que necessitaram de interna&#231;&#227;o, aqueles submetidos ou n&#227;o a procedimentos cir&#250;rgicos e aqueles que faleceram pela doen&#231;a em estudo, as observa&#231;&#245;es epidemiol&#243;gicas s&#227;o precisas e capazes de caracterizar a agressividade da doen&#231;a.</p>
    <p>A mortalidade no estado de S&#227;o Paulo por doen&#231;a da aorta &#233; pr&#243;xima da menor estimativa dos Estados Unidos, com quase 14.000 &#243;bitos por ano para uma popula&#231;&#227;o de 308.745.538 americanos<sup>12</sup>. Em S&#227;o Paulo foram 18.042 &#243;bitos em nove anos para uma popula&#231;&#227;o que variou em torno de 40.000.000 no per&#237;odo. Talvez a grande diferen&#231;a esteja no n&#250;mero dos pacientes com acesso ao tratamento m&#233;dico e no resultado dos tratamentos aplicados.</p>
    <p>Os n&#250;meros mostram a letalidade da DAT. N&#227;o pelo fato de ser a 30&#170; causa mais frequente de &#243;bito por doen&#231;a no estado, mas principalmente por ser respons&#225;vel por 0,39% do total dos &#243;bitos e somente representar 0,025% do total das interna&#231;&#245;es (o n&#250;mero de &#243;bitos &#233; 1.600% maior que o n&#250;mero de interna&#231;&#245;es). Do total de 14.276 pacientes identificados como portadores de DAT, 10.763 morreram no per&#237;odo do estudo (75,4%).</p>
    <p>A DAT foi respons&#225;vel por mortalidade semelhante a dois ter&#231;os dos &#243;bitos do c&#226;ncer mais comum em mulheres e quase 4/5 do c&#226;ncer mais comum em homens, al&#233;m de ter sido respons&#225;vel por duas vezes mais &#243;bitos que a doen&#231;a de Alzheimer.</p>
    <p>Assusta ainda observar que o aumento no n&#250;mero de &#243;bitos foi v&#225;rias vezes superior ao progressivo aumento populacional. E, sabendo-se que o aparecimento da DAT est&#225; principalmente relacionado ao envelhecimento populacional, &#233; poss&#237;vel imaginar o potencial alarmante n&#250;mero de cidad&#227;os que ainda desenvolver&#225; a doen&#231;a no nosso meio. Deve-se ressaltar, por&#233;m, que LeMaire e Russell<sup>13</sup>, em estudo de revis&#227;o, mostraram distribui&#231;&#227;o de DAT para faixa et&#225;ria semelhante &#224; do nosso estudo, mesmo revisando trabalhos realizados principalmente em pa&#237;ses desenvolvidos, com expectativa de vida maior que a nossa.</p>
    <p>&#201; importante ressaltar que, &#224; semelhan&#231;a de outras doen&#231;as cardiovasculares, o homem foi preferencialmente acometido (58% contra 42%), por&#233;m a distribui&#231;&#227;o de dissec&#231;&#227;o da aorta e de aneurisma foi semelhante entre os dois sexos, respectivamente, de 72% e 28%. No entanto, a mortalidade por doen&#231;a diferiu; enquanto os homens morreram mais por dissec&#231;&#227;o da aorta (25% contra 21%), as mulheres morreram mais por aneurisma (20% contra 18%).</p>
    <p>Grubb e Kron, por sua vez, apesar de relatarem ocorr&#234;ncia de dissec&#231;&#227;o da aorta nas mulheres em propor&#231;&#245;es semelhantes &#224;s nossas (32%), demonstram que elas apresentaram mortalidade significativamente maior que na popula&#231;&#227;o masculina (30% contra 21%)<sup>14</sup>.</p>
    <p>Al&#233;m do n&#250;mero de &#243;bitos v&#225;rias vezes superior ao progressivo aumento populacional, o n&#250;mero de interna&#231;&#245;es foi 15,7 vezes superior ao aumento populacional no per&#237;odo, o que, apesar de ainda t&#237;mido, pode representar maior efici&#234;ncia no diagn&#243;stico e possibilidade de tratamento desses pacientes.</p>
    <p>Esses n&#250;meros animam, em um primeiro momento, pois parecem acenar para uma progressiva melhora da assist&#234;ncia m&#233;dica a esse subgrupo de pacientes, mas logo preocupam, principalmente quando observamos os resultados obtidos com os pacientes mantidos em tratamento cl&#237;nico ou encaminhados para a interven&#231;&#227;o cir&#250;rgica.</p>
    <p>A mortalidade com as duas op&#231;&#245;es terap&#234;uticas &#233; muito elevada. Claro que se deve frisar que n&#227;o dispomos de informa&#231;&#245;es sobre as condi&#231;&#245;es pr&#233;-operat&#243;rias desses pacientes, nem especificamente sobre o territ&#243;rio da aorta acometido (importante, principalmente, para os casos das dissec&#231;&#245;es agudas da aorta) nem se os pacientes mantidos em tratamento cl&#237;nico assim est&#227;o por contraindica&#231;&#227;o cir&#250;rgica, pelo est&#225;dio da doen&#231;a ou recusa do procedimento, mas mesmo assim &#233; excessiva a mortalidade geral maior que 20% para ambas as op&#231;&#245;es.</p>
    <p>Chama a aten&#231;&#227;o, ainda, o baixo n&#250;mero de pacientes internados que foram encaminhados para cirurgia. Imaginando-se que as interna&#231;&#245;es para tratamento das doen&#231;as da aorta visem algum tipo de interven&#231;&#227;o, por que somente 58,5% desses pacientes foram operados? Ser&#225; que esses n&#250;meros refletem desconhecimento pelo profissional m&#233;dico do momento ideal da indica&#231;&#227;o de opera&#231;&#227;o? Ser&#225; que refletem um n&#250;mero de hospitais impr&#243;prios ou sem estrutura adequada para a realiza&#231;&#227;o desse tipo de procedimento? Ser&#225; que refletem um elevado n&#250;mero de recusa do procedimento por parte do paciente, pela rela&#231;&#227;o m&#233;dico-paciente inadequada ou desconfian&#231;a da realiza&#231;&#227;o desse tipo de procedimento no hospital de origem? Ser&#225; que refletem a falta de profissionais competentes para a realiza&#231;&#227;o desse tipo de procedimento?</p>
    <p>Imaginamos que os problemas sejam m&#250;ltiplos, principalmente pelo acesso tardio do enfermo ao local adequado de tratamento, por inefici&#234;ncia do sistema de sa&#250;de como um todo.</p>
    <p>Preocupa a semelhan&#231;a dos resultados obtidos no estado de S&#227;o Paulo quando comparados ao restante do Brasil, principalmente por se tratar do estado com mais recursos da Uni&#227;o, que deveria ter concentrado, com o tempo, maior experi&#234;ncia no lidar com esse tipo de paciente, e mesmo assim foi incapaz de apresentar menor mortalidade.</p>
    <p>Uma vez que a DAT cursa de forma assintom&#225;tica na maioria dos pacientes e que o diagn&#243;stico &#233; feito na maioria das vezes em sala de aut&#243;psia, medidas objetivas em n&#237;vel de sa&#250;de p&#250;blica devem ser implantadas na busca ativa do diagn&#243;stico dessa doen&#231;a, que &#233; respons&#225;vel por n&#250;mero t&#227;o elevado de mortes por ano.</p>
    <p>Em conclus&#227;o, podemos afirmar que, apesar das in&#250;meras limita&#231;&#245;es do estudo frente &#224;s restri&#231;&#245;es das informa&#231;&#245;es diagn&#243;sticas que o CID nos imp&#245;e e &#224; forma como os pacientes s&#227;o registrados no SUS, grandes atua&#231;&#245;es em termos de sa&#250;de p&#250;blica devem ser implantadas para podermos identificar melhor os pacientes portadores de DAT, para melhor estruturarmos os centros de assist&#234;ncia hospitalar para o atendimento dos pacientes portadores de DAT, formar melhor e de forma mais espec&#237;fica todos os profissionais envolvidos no manuseio dos pacientes com DAT, nas mais diversas fun&#231;&#245;es da abordagem multiprofissional desse enfermo com o objetivo de reduzir a mortalidade e oferecer melhor qualidade de vida &#224; nossa popula&#231;&#227;o.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Agradecimentos</bold>
    </p>
    <p>A Vera L&#250;cia Rodrigues Lopes Osiano, assistente t&#233;cnica da &#225;rea de informa&#231;&#227;o da Secret&#225;ria de Sa&#250;de do Estado de S&#227;o Paulo, pela disponibiliza&#231;&#227;o de informa&#231;&#245;es espec&#237;ficas do Banco de Dados do Datasus do estado de S&#227;o Paulo.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Contribui&#231;&#227;o dos autores</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa: Dias RR, Fernandes F, Ramires FJA, Mady C, Stolf NAG; Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados e Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito: Dias RR, Mejia OAV; An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados: Dias RR, Mejia OAV, Fernandes F, Ramires FJA; Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual: Dias RR, Fernandes F, Ramires FJA, Mady C, Stolf NAG, Jatene FB.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Potencial Conflito de Interesses</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Declaro n&#227;o haver conflito de interesses pertinentes.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Fontes de Financiamento</bold>
    </p>
    <p>O presente estudo n&#227;o teve fontes de financiamento externas.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Vincula&#231;&#227;o Acad&#234;mica</bold>
    </p>
    <p>N&#227;o h&#225; vincula&#231;&#227;o deste estudo a programas de p&#243;s-gradua&#231;&#227;o.</p>
    <p>
      <fn id="enda" fn-type="corresp">
        <label>
          <bold>Correspond&#234;ncia:</bold>
        </label>
        <p> Ricardo Ribeiro Dias </p>
        <p> Avenida Dr. En&#233;as de Carvalho Aguiar, 44, 2.&#186; andar, sala 13 </p>
        <p> CEP 05403-000, S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brasil </p>
        <p> E-mail: </p>
        <p>
          <email xlink:href="ricardo.dias@incor.usp.br">ricardo.dias@incor.usp.br</email>
        </p>
      </fn>
    </p>
    <p>Artigo recebido em 28/2/13; revisado em 10/5/13; aceito em 11/6/13.</p>
  </body>
  <back>
    <ref-list>
      <ref id="B1">
        <mixed-citation>1. Reddy KS, Yusuf S. Emerging epidemic of cardiovascular disease in developing countries. Circulation. 1998;97(6):596-601.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Emerging epidemic of cardiovascular disease in developing countries</article-title>
          <source>Circulation</source>
          <date>
            <year>1998</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>596</fpage>
          <lpage>601</lpage>
          <issue>6</issue>
          <volume>97</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Reddy</surname>
              <given-names>KS</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Yusuf</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B2">
        <mixed-citation>2. Lotufo PA, Fernandes TG, Bando DH, Alencar AP, Bense&#241;or IM. Income and heart disease mortality trends in S&#227;o Paulo, Brazil, 1996 to 2010. Int J Cardiol 2012 Aug 6. [Epub ahead of print]</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Income and heart disease mortality trends in S&#227;o Paulo, Brazil, 1996 to 2010</article-title>
          <source>Int J Cardiol</source>
          <date>
            <year>2012</year>
            <day>06</day>
            <month>08</month>
          </date>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Lotufo</surname>
              <given-names>PA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Fernandes</surname>
              <given-names>TG</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Bando</surname>
              <given-names>DH</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Alencar</surname>
              <given-names>AP</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Bense&#241;or</surname>
              <given-names>IM</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B3">
        <mixed-citation>3. Danyi P, Elefteriades JA, Jovin IS. Medical therapy of thoracic aortic aneurysms: are we there yet? Circulation. 2011;124(13):1460-76.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Medical therapy of thoracic aortic aneurysms: are we there yet?</article-title>
          <source>Circulation</source>
          <date>
            <year>2011</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>1460</fpage>
          <lpage>76</lpage>
          <issue>13</issue>
          <volume>124</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Danyi</surname>
              <given-names>P</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Elefteriades</surname>
              <given-names>JA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Jovin</surname>
              <given-names>IS</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B4">
        <label>4</label>
        <mixed-citation>4.	Center for Disease Control and Prevention [Cited in 2012 Jan 10]. Available from: <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://wonder.cdc.gov/cmf-icd 10.html">http://wonder.cdc.gov/cmf-icd 10.html</ext-link></mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="webpage">
          <comment>Available at:<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://http://wonder.cdc.gov/cmf-icd 10.html">link</ext-link></comment>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B5">
        <mixed-citation>5. Dias RR, Camur&#231;a FD, Alves CMR. Aneurismas verdadeiros da aorta: patog&#234;nese, hist&#243;ria natural, tratamento m&#233;dico e timing da indica&#231;&#227;o cir&#250;rgica. In: Serrano Jr CV, Timerman A, Stefanini E. (editores). Tratado de cardiologia da Socesp. 2&#350;. ed. Barueri: Manole; 2009. p. 2010-7.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="book">
          <source>Tratado de cardiologia da Socesp</source>
          <date>
            <year>2009</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>2010</fpage>
          <lpage>7</lpage>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Dias</surname>
              <given-names>RR</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Camur&#231;a</surname>
              <given-names>FD</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Alves</surname>
              <given-names>CMR</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Serrano Jr</surname>
              <given-names>CV</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Timerman</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Stefanini</surname>
              <given-names>E</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B6">
        <mixed-citation>6. Kuzmik GA, Sang AX, Elefteriades JA. Natural history of thoracic aortic aneurysms. J Vasc Surg. 2012;56(2):565-71.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Natural history of thoracic aortic aneurysms</article-title>
          <source>J Vasc Surg</source>
          <date>
            <year>2012</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>565</fpage>
          <lpage>71</lpage>
          <issue>2</issue>
          <volume>56</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Kuzmik</surname>
              <given-names>GA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Sang</surname>
              <given-names>AX</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Elefteriades</surname>
              <given-names>JA</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B7">
        <mixed-citation>7. Hiratzka LF, Bakris GL, Beckman JA, Bersin RM, Carr VF, Casey DE Jr, et al; American College of Cardiology Foundation/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines; American Association for Thoracic Surgery; American College of Radiology; American Stroke Association; Society of Cardiovascular Anesthesiologists; Society for Cardiovascular Angiography and Interventions; Society of Interventional Radiology; Society of Thoracic Surgeons; Society for Vascular Medicine. 2010 ACCF/AHA/AATS/ACR/ASA/SCA/SCAI/SIR/STS/SVM guidelines for the diagnosis and management of patients with Thoracic Aortic Disease: a report of the American College of Cardiology Foundation/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines, American Association for Thoracic Surgery, American College of Radiology, American Stroke Association, Society of Cardiovascular Anesthesiologists, Society for Cardiovascular Angiography and Interventions, Society of Interventional Radiology, Society of Thoracic Surgeons, and Society for Vascular Medicine. Circulation. 2010;121(13):e266-369. Erratum in Circulation. 2010;122(4):e410.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>2010 ACCF/AHA/AATS/ACR/ASA/SCA/SCAI/SIR/STS/SVM guidelines for the diagnosis and management of patients with Thoracic Aortic Disease: a report of the American College of Cardiology Foundation/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines, American Association for Thoracic Surgery, American College of Radiology, American Stroke Association, Society of Cardiovascular Anesthesiologists, Society for Cardiovascular Angiography and Interventions, Society of Interventional Radiology, Society of Thoracic Surgeons, and Society for Vascular Medicine</article-title>
          <source>Circulation</source>
          <date>
            <year>2010</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>e266</fpage>
          <lpage>369</lpage>
          <issue>13</issue>
          <volume>121</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Hiratzka</surname>
              <given-names>LF</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Bakris</surname>
              <given-names>GL</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Beckman</surname>
              <given-names>JA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Bersin</surname>
              <given-names>RM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Carr</surname>
              <given-names>VF</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Casey Jr</surname>
              <given-names>DE</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B8">
        <mixed-citation>8. Stolf NA, Dias RR. Cirurgia da aorta tor&#225;cica. In: Gama-Rodrigues JJ, Machado MC, Rasslan S. Cl&#237;nica cir&#250;rgica. S&#227;o Paulo: Manole; 2008. p. 460-73.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="book">
          <source>Cl&#237;nica cir&#250;rgica</source>
          <date>
            <year>2008</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>460</fpage>
          <lpage>73</lpage>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Stolf</surname>
              <given-names>NA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Dias</surname>
              <given-names>RR</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Gama-Rodrigues</surname>
              <given-names>JJ</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Machado</surname>
              <given-names>MC</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Rasslan</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B9">
        <mixed-citation>9. Zelenock GB, Huber TS, Messina LM, Lumsden AB, Moneta GL. Mastery of vascular and endovascular surgery. Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams &amp; Wilkins; 2006.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="book">
          <source>Mastery of vascular and endovascular surgery</source>
          <date>
            <year>2006</year>
          </date>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Zelenock</surname>
              <given-names>GB</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Huber</surname>
              <given-names>TS</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Messina</surname>
              <given-names>LM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Lumsden</surname>
              <given-names>AB</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Moneta</surname>
              <given-names>GL</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B10">
        <mixed-citation>10. Le&#227;o BF, Bernardes MM, Levin J, Moura L, Bandarra E, Modesto LM, et al. The Brazilian National Health Informatics Strategy. Stud Health Technol Inform. 2001;84(Pt 1):38-42.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>The Brazilian National Health Informatics Strategy</article-title>
          <source>Stud Health Technol Inform</source>
          <date>
            <year>2001</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>38</fpage>
          <lpage>42</lpage>
          <issue>1</issue>
          <volume>84</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Le&#227;o</surname>
              <given-names>BF</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Bernardes</surname>
              <given-names>MM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Levin</surname>
              <given-names>J</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Moura</surname>
              <given-names>L</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Bandarra</surname>
              <given-names>E</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Modesto</surname>
              <given-names>LM</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B11">
        <mixed-citation>11. Olsson C, Thelin S, Stahle E, Ekbom A, Granath F. Thoracic aortic aneurysm and dissection: increasing prevalence and improved outcomes reported in a nationwide population-based study of more than 14,000 cases from 1987-2002. Circulation. 2006;114(24):2611-8.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Thoracic aortic aneurysm and dissection: increasing prevalence and improved outcomes reported in a nationwide population-based study of more than 14,000 cases from 1987-2002</article-title>
          <source>Circulation</source>
          <date>
            <year>2006</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>2611</fpage>
          <lpage>8</lpage>
          <issue>24</issue>
          <volume>114</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Olsson</surname>
              <given-names>C</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Thelin</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Stahle</surname>
              <given-names>E</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Ekbom</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Granath</surname>
              <given-names>F</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B12">
        <mixed-citation>12. United States. Census 2010. [Cited in 2012 Jun 18]. Available from: <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.census.gov/2010census">http://www.census.gov/2010census</ext-link></mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="book">
          <source>Census 2010</source>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B13">
        <mixed-citation>13. LeMaire SA, Russell L. Epidemiology of thoracic aortic dissection. Nat Rev Cardiol. 2011;8(2):103-13.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Epidemiology of thoracic aortic dissection</article-title>
          <source>Nat Rev Cardiol</source>
          <date>
            <year>2011</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>103</fpage>
          <lpage>13</lpage>
          <issue>2</issue>
          <volume>8</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>LeMaire</surname>
              <given-names>SA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Russell</surname>
              <given-names>L</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B14">
        <mixed-citation>14. Grubb KJ, Kron IL. Sex and gender in thoracic aortic aneurysms and dissection. Semin Thoracic Cardiovasc Surg. 2011;23(2):124-5.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Sex and gender in thoracic aortic aneurysms and dissection</article-title>
          <source>Semin Thoracic Cardiovasc Surg</source>
          <date>
            <year>2011</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>124</fpage>
          <lpage>5</lpage>
          <issue>2</issue>
          <volume>23</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Grubb</surname>
              <given-names>KJ</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Kron</surname>
              <given-names>IL</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
    </ref-list>
  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Articles</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title xml:lang="en">Mortality impact of thoracic aortic disease in S&#227;o Paulo state from 1998 to 2007</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <abstract xml:lang="en">
        <p>BACKGROUND: The epidemiological characteristics of thoracic aortic diseases (TAD) in the State of S&#227;o Paulo and in Brazil, as well as their impact on the survival of these patients have yet to be analyzed. OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the mortality impact of TAD and characterize it epidemiologically. METHODS: Retrospective analysis of data from the public health system for the TAD registry codes of hospitalizations, procedures and deaths, from the International Code of Diseases (ICD-10), registered at the Ministry of Health of S&#227;o Paulo State from January 1998 to December 2007. RESULTS: They were 9.465 TAD deaths, 5.500 men (58.1%) and 3.965 women (41.9%); 6.721 dissections (71%) and 2.744. aneurysms. In 86.3% of cases the diagnosis was attained during autopsy. There were 6.109 hospitalizations, of which 67.9% were males; 21.2% of them died (69% men), with similar proportions of dissection and aneurysm between sexes, respectively 54% and 46%, but with different mortality. Men with TAD die more often than women (OR = 1.5). The age distribution for deaths and hospitalizations was similar with predominance in the 6th decade. They were 3.572 surgeries (58% of hospitalizations) with 20.3% mortality (patients kept in clinical treatment showed 22.6% mortality; p = 0.047). The number of hospitalizations, surgeries, deaths of in-patients and general deaths by TAD were progressively greater than the increase in population over time. CONCLUSIONS: Specific actions for the early identification of these patients, as well as the viability of their care should be implemented to reduce the apparent progressive mortality from TAD seen among our population.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>Aorta, Thoracic</kwd>
        <kwd>Aortic Diseases</kwd>
        <kwd>Health Profile</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p>
        <fn id="end-body2">
          <label>
            <bold>Mortality impact of thoracic aortic disease in S&#227;o Paulo state from 1998 to 2007</bold>
          </label>
          <p>
            <bold>Ricardo Ribeiro Dias<sup>I</sup>; Omar Asdrubal Vilca Mejia<sup>I</sup>; F&#225;bio Fernandes<sup>II</sup>; F&#233;lix Jos&#233; Alvarez Ramires<sup>II</sup>; Charles Mady<sup>II</sup>; Noedir Antonio Groppo Stolf<sup>I</sup>; Fabio Biscegli Jatene<sup>I</sup></bold>
          </p>
        </fn>
      </p>
      <p><sup>I</sup>Divis&#227;o de Cirurgia Cardiovascular do Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o do Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo</p>
      <p><sup>II</sup>Divis&#227;o de Cardiologia do Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o do Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo, S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brazil</p>
      <p>Mailing Address</p>
      <p>
        <bold>ABSTRACT</bold>
      </p>
      <p><bold>BACKGROUND:</bold> The epidemiological characteristics of thoracic aortic diseases (TAD) in the State of S&#227;o Paulo and in Brazil, as well as their impact on the survival of these patients have yet to be analyzed.</p>
      <p><bold>OBJECTIVES:</bold> To evaluate the mortality impact of TAD and characterize it epidemiologically.</p>
      <p><bold>METHODS:</bold> Retrospective analysis of data from the public health system for the TAD registry codes of hospitalizations, procedures and deaths, from the International Code of Diseases (ICD-10), registered at the Ministry of Health of S&#227;o Paulo State from January 1998 to December 2007.</p>
      <p><bold>RESULTS:</bold> They were 9.465 TAD deaths, 5.500 men (58.1%) and 3.965 women (41.9%); 6.721 dissections (71%) and 2.744. aneurysms. In 86.3% of cases the diagnosis was attained during autopsy. There were 6.109 hospitalizations, of which 67.9% were males; 21.2% of them died (69% men), with similar proportions of dissection and aneurysm between sexes, respectively 54% and 46%, but with different mortality. Men with TAD die more often than women (OR = 1.5). The age distribution for deaths and hospitalizations was similar with predominance in the 6<sup>th</sup> decade. They were 3.572 surgeries (58% of hospitalizations) with 20.3% mortality (patients kept in clinical treatment showed 22.6% mortality; p = 0.047). The number of hospitalizations, surgeries, deaths of in-patients and general deaths by TAD were progressively greater than the increase in population over time.</p>
      <p><bold>CONCLUSIONS:</bold> Specific actions for the early identification of these patients, as well as the viability of their care should be implemented to reduce the apparent progressive mortality from TAD seen among our population.</p>
      <p><bold>Keywords:</bold> Aorta, Thoracic / pathology; Aortic Diseases; Health Profile.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Introduction</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Cardiovascular disease is the leading cause of mortality in the modern era in most developed and developing countries. This behavioral change in developing countries is mainly due to changes in lifestyle brought on by industrialization and urbanization, coupled with the increase in life expectancy, poor eating habits, smoking and the concomitant decrease in infectious and nutritional diseases <sup>1</sup>. </p>
      <p>Despite the documented decline in cardiovascular disease mortality in the developed world (myocardial and cerebral infarction), this curve is still markedly ascending in developing countries, and at least 2.8 times higher than in developed ones. The expectation is that this difference will be further accentuated in coming years, according to Reddy and Yusuf <sup>1</sup>. But Lotufo et al. <sup>2</sup>, analyzing the trend of heart disease mortality in S&#227;o Paulo in the 1996-2010 period, demonstrated the same kind of behavior in developed countries and even more marked in the social classes with greater purchasing power. </p>
      <p>Thoracic aortic diseases (TADs) represent a significant percentage of these deaths, which predominate as dissections and aneurysms. It is believed that, in conjunction with abdominal aortic aneurysms, they are the 13<sup>th</sup> most frequent cause of death in Western countries, accounting for 15,000-30,000 deaths per year in the United States <sup>3</sup>. Others claim that these numbers can be between 43,000 to 47,000 deaths per year <sup>4</sup>.</p>
      <p>Much has been written about the complex pathogenesis of TADs, their natural history, the ideal time for interventions, different surgical techniques, outcomes and much is being written about the endovascular approach of diseases of the aorta and its branches <sup>5-9</sup>. Little is known, however, about the epidemiological characteristics of TADs in S&#227;o Paulo and Brazil, as well as their impact on patient survival and socioeconomic cost to the national health system. Therefore, the aim of this study is to evaluate the impact of TAD mortality in the state of S&#227;o Paulo, to epidemiologically characterize it and analyze the results of the treatment received by this population of patients.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Method</bold>
      </p>
      <p>A retrospective analysis of data from the Hospitalization and Procedure Registry of the Brazilian Unified Health System (SUS) for TAD codes from the International Classification of Diseases (ICD-10, <xref ref-type="table" rid="tab1-body2">Table 1</xref>) and deaths from TAD, collected from the General Mortality Registry of the Department of Forensic Medicine (DFM) of the State of S&#227;o Paulo, recorded at the Health Secretariat of the State of S&#227;o Paulo, allowed the creation of the study database comprising all patients registered during the period of January 1998 to December 2007.</p>
      <table-wrap id="tab1-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-101-06-0528-30203-gt01-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      <p>Patients with aortic disease with ICD I71.3, I71.4, I71.8, I71.9, which are respectively related to ruptured abdominal aortic aneurysm, abdominal aorta aneurysm with no mention of rupture, ruptured aortic aneurysm at unspecified site and aortic aneurysm at unspecified site with no mention of rupture, were excluded from the study.</p>
      <p>SUS assists approximately 75.4% of the population, and for highly complex procedures, such as cardiovascular surgery, assists almost all of the population <sup>10</sup>. Based on this information, it is possible to infer that the analyses of the study data represent approximately 75% of hospital admissions from TAD, almost all surgical procedures, and 100% of the deaths.</p>
      <p>The figures related to the total population of the state of S&#227;o Paulo, with discrimination by year and gender were provided by the Health Department of the State of S&#227;o Paulo, from the census data from the Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics (Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estat&#237;stica - IBGE). Data interpretation was performed based on the descriptive analysis of the data for the population of the state of S&#227;o Paulo. Nonparametric Wilcoxon test was used for comparisons between population groups and Spearman's correlation coefficient for the analysis of the event/deaths/year correlation, using SPSS 13.</p>
      <p>This study was approved by the Research and Ethics Committee of the institution and Free and Informed Consent Form request does not fit the study model.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Results</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Aneurysms and aortic dissections (ICD I71) occupied the 30<sup>th</sup> position as the most frequent cause of death among the population of the state of S&#227;o Paulo, according to the SEADE (Data Analysis State System) ranking in the period January 1998 to December 2006 (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab2-body2">Table 2</xref>) totaling 18,042 deaths from diseases of the aorta. During this period, there were 8,448 deaths from TAD in the ICDs reported in the study, 4,922 deaths in men (58.3%), with 3,539 being secondary to aortic dissection (71.9%) and 1,383 secondary to rupture of thoracic aortic aneurysm (28.1%). The 3,526 women that died from TAD (41.7%) had a similar distribution to that of men, with 71.6% of deaths secondary to aortic dissection and 28.4% secondary to thoracic aortic aneurysm.</p>
      <table-wrap id="tab2-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-101-06-0528-30203-gt02-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      <p>During the study extended period, from January 1998 to December 2007, TADs were responsible for 9,465 deaths (0.39% of the total of 2,396,588 deaths in the state of S&#227;o Paulo in the same period). A total of 5,500 men (58.1%) and 3,965 women (41.9%) died. In these patients, the diagnosis of death attributed to TAD was attained at the DFM in 8,167 patients (86.3%), being 4,601 in men (56.3%) and 3,566 in women (43.7%). There was a total of 6,721 patients (71%) that died with a diagnosis of thoracic aortic dissection (ICD I71.0) and 2,744 (29%) due to thoracic aortic aneurysm (ICD I71.1, I71.2, I71.5, I71.6). </p>
      <p>During the same period, TADs were responsible for 6,109 SUS hospitalizations (0.025% of the total 24,009,860 hospitalizations that occurred in S&#227;o Paulo in the same period), being 4,147 males (67.9%) and 1,962 females (32.1%). During the hospitalization period, 1,298 patients died (21.2%), being 899 men (69.3%) and 399 women (30.7%). </p>
      <p>The proportion of men and women hospitalized due to aortic dissection and aneurysm of the thoracic aorta was similar, respectively, 54% (2,238 patients) and 46% (1,909 patients) in the male population <italic>versus</italic> 53.5% (1,049 patients) and 46.5% (913 patients) in the female population. However, the proportion of mortality between the sexes in relation to diagnosis was different, being in dissections and aneurysms, respectively, 24.7% (554 patients) and 18.1% (345 patients) in men <italic>versus</italic> 20.8 % (218 patients) and 19.9% (181 patients) in women.</p>
      <p><xref ref-type="table" rid="en_aop_5463tab03-body2">Table 3</xref> shows the progressive increase in mortality from TAD in the state of S&#227;o Paulo, the high number of patients whose diagnosis of death from TAD was attained in the autopsy room and that the increase in mortality from the disease (36.7%) was higher than the increase of the population (18%) during the same time period. </p>
      <p content-type="asset">
        <table-wrap id="en_aop_5463tab03-body2">
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-101-06-0528-30203-gt03-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      </p>
      <p>The distribution of TAD in the population of the state of S&#227;o Paulo - determined by the number of SUS admissions and the number of deaths of these patients - was different between men and women. Hospital admissions were more frequent in men and they were also responsible for more deaths, respectively, at ratios of 1.65/1 and 1.44/1. There was also a progressive increase in the number of hospitalizations and deaths from TAD over the years (<xref ref-type="table" rid="en_aop_5463tab03-body2">Tables 3</xref> and <xref ref-type="table" rid="en_aop_5463tab04-body2">4</xref>).</p>
      <p content-type="asset">
        <table-wrap id="en_aop_5463tab04-body2">
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-101-06-0528-30203-gt04-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      </p>
      <p>When analyzing the trend of increase in the number of hospitalizations from TAD, the number of deaths of hospitalized patients and the total number of deaths, which was above the annual increase in the population, we observed a significant positive correlation in all three situations, respectively, r = 0.976 - p &lt;0.001; r = 0.891 - p &lt;0.001 and r = 0.915 - p &lt;0.001.</p>
      <p><xref ref-type="fig" rid="en_aop_5463fig01-body2">Figure 1</xref> illustrates the progressive increase in deaths over the years, which was than the population increase (r = 0.796, p = 0.006), its differential increase between men and women, and significantly higher mortality in men over the years. </p>
      <p content-type="asset">
        <fig id="en_aop_5463fig01-body2">
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-101-06-0528-30203-gf01-en.jpg"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p>The odds ratio (OR) of a man with TAD to die is 1.5 times greater than that of a woman dying from the same cause (OR = 1.498 [CI: 0.95:1.13-1.19, p &lt;0.0001]). </p>
      <p>The 6,109 hospital admissions due to TAD generated 3,572 surgeries (58.5% of patients) for the correction of the underlying disease. Patients maintained exclusively on clinical treatment had a mean hospital mortality of 22.5%. There was a decrease in mortality to 20.3% in those patients in whom drug treatment was associated with surgical treatment. This difference was significant. <xref ref-type="fig" rid="en_aop_5463fig02-body2">Figure 2</xref> illustrates the difference in outcome year by year with both types of treatment.</p>
      <p content-type="asset">
        <fig id="en_aop_5463fig02-body2">
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-101-06-0528-30203-gf02-en.jpg"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p>Patients hospitalized due to TAD were predominantly at the age range of 60-70 years, with the distribution shown in <xref ref-type="fig" rid="en_aop_5463fig03-body2">Figure 3A</xref>, as well as the highest number of deaths (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="en_aop_5463fig03-body2">Figure 3B</xref>).</p>
      <p content-type="asset">
        <fig id="en_aop_5463fig03-body2">
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-101-06-0528-30203-gf03-en.jpg"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p>The number of surgeries to correct TAD ranged from 0.7-1.5 patient/100,000 inhabitants/year. The mortality of these procedures had little impact when compared with the overall mortality from TAD (7.7%). </p>
      <p>The number of hospitalizations from TAD when compared to the number of hospitalizations for all causes in the state of S&#227;o Paulo is very significant, but when comparing the mortality of these patients in relation to the total SUS admissions, the disease severity can be observed, as well as the progressive increase in its prevalence (<xref ref-type="table" rid="en_aop_5463tab03-body2">Table 3</xref>).</p>
      <p>During part of the study period, from January 2004 to December 2007, it was possible to identify SUS admissions from TAD throughout the national territory, and S&#227;o Paulo accounted respectively for 38.5%, 38.8%, 39.2% and 48.4% of these hospital admissions (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab5-body2">Table 5</xref>). Regardless of regional differences in health systems and the greatest concentration of these patients in the state of S&#227;o Paulo, the result of medical or surgical treatment did not show any difference in hospital mortality (p = 1.0).</p>
      <table-wrap id="tab5-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-101-06-0528-30203-gt05-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      <p>
        <bold>Discussion</bold>
      </p>
      <p>The prevalence of TAD in the population of the state of S&#227;o Paulo cannot be properly measured by the current data recording model of the Health Secretariat. </p>
      <p>The Datasus database, which belongs the Executive Secretariat of the Ministry of Health, allows the identification of all deaths from TAD, inpatient or not, and informs all admissions with their respective ICDs. It does not allow, however, the identification of repeated hospitalizations of the same patient (all readmission are counted as a new patient). Furthermore, no patient with a TAD diagnosis being followed as outpatient is likely to be identified and individualized by the record system. If we add to this the large number of patients with TAD, with no diagnosis and no access to preventive health care, we become aware of the limitations of our health system, and we can suppose that a large number of patients with TAD remain unidentified at risk of aortic dissection and/or rupture in our country. </p>
      <p>For these reasons, more accurate statements on the incidence and prevalence of TAD are difficult to be made accurately. Differently from what occurs in Sweden, for instance, where all patients have access to health care, they are consistently recorded and easily tracked. It has been reported that the disease is currently more prevalent there than before, affecting men and women differently, respectively, 16.3 and 9.1 per 100,000 inhabitants per year. It has also been reported that the number of surgeries is increasing and higher in men, with 5.6 surgeries per 100,000 inhabitants per year <italic>versus</italic> 3.0 in women. However, it is noteworthy that in women, despite the lower number of cases, this represents a 15-fold increase compared to the last measurement versus a 7-fold increase in men. The number of deaths from the disease is decreasing, but 22% of death diagnoses are made at the autopsy <sup>11</sup>, while in the state of S&#227;o Paulo this number is 86.3%. </p>
      <p>When analyzing the disease in its most advanced stages, i.e., when investigating patients requiring hospitalization, or those undergoing or not non-surgical procedures and those who died from this disease, the epidemiological observations are accurate and capable of characterizing the aggressiveness of the disease. </p>
      <p>The mortality in the state of S&#227;o Paulo from aortic disease is close to the lowest estimate of the United States, with almost 14,000 deaths per year for a population of 308,745,538 Americans <sup>12</sup>.</p>
      <p>In S&#227;o Paulo there were 18,042 deaths in nine years for a population that ranged around 40 million during the period. </p>
      <p>Perhaps the biggest difference lies in the number of patients with access to medical treatment and treatment outcome. The figures show the lethality of TAD; not because it is the 30<sup>th</sup> most frequent cause of death by disease in the state, but mainly for being responsible for 0.39% of total deaths and only represents 0.025% of total hospital admissions (the number of deaths is 1,600% greater than the number of hospitalizations). Of the total of 14,276 patients identified as having TAD, 10,763 died during the study period (75.4%). </p>
      <p>TAD was responsible for a mortality rate that was similar to two-thirds of all deaths due to the most common cancer in women, and approximately 4/5 of the most common cancer in men, as well as being responsible for twice more deaths than Alzheimer's disease.</p>
      <p>It is also a matter of concern to observe that the increase in the number of deaths was several times higher than the progressive increase in the population. And, considering that TAD onset is mainly related to the aging process, it is possible to imagine the potential alarming number of citizens who will develop the disease in our country. It should be emphasized, however, that LeMaire and Russell <sup>13</sup>, in a review study, showed TAD distribution for the age range similar to that in our study even though they reviewed studies performed mainly in developed countries, with a life expectancy greater than ours. </p>
      <p>It is noteworthy the fact that, similarly to other cardiovascular diseases, males were preferentially affected (58% versus 42%), but the distribution of aortic dissection and aneurysms was similar between the two genders, respectively, 72% and 28%. However, disease mortality differed; while more men died due to aortic dissection (25% <italic>versus</italic> 21%), more women died due to aneurysms (20% <italic>versus</italic> 18%). </p>
      <p>Grubb and Kron, in turn, despite reporting the occurrence of aortic dissection in women at a proportion similar to ours (32%), showed that they had significantly higher mortality than the male population (30% <italic>versus</italic> 21%) <sup>14</sup>. </p>
      <p>In addition to the number of deaths being several times higher than the gradual increase in population, the number of hospitalizations was 15.7 times higher than the population growth in the period, which, although still modest, represents a higher efficiency in the diagnostic and possible treatment procedures offered to these patients.</p>
      <p>These figures are initially encouraging, as they seem to demonstrate a progressive medical care improvement in this subgroup of patients; however, they also become a source of concern, especially when we see the results obtained with those patients maintained on medical therapy or referred for surgical intervention.</p>
      <p>The mortality with both therapeutic options is very high. Obviously, one must stress that there are no information on the preoperative conditions of these patients, or specifically on the territory of the affected aorta (especially important in cases of acute aortic dissections) or whether the patients maintained on medical treatment had contraindications to surgery, due to disease stage or refusal to undergo the procedure, but a mortality rate &gt; 20% for both options is still very high. </p>
      <p>It also draws attention the low number of hospitalized patients who were referred for surgery. Considering that admissions for aortic disease treatment aim at some type of intervention, why were only 58.5% of these patients submitted to surgery? Do these numbers reflect the ignorance by the medical professional on the ideal moment to refer a patient for surgery? Does it reflect a number of inappropriate hospitals or hospitals without adequate infrastructure to perform this type of procedure? Does it reflect a high number of refusals to undergo the procedure by the patient, due to inadequate physician-patient relationship or suspicion of improper performance of this type of procedure at the hospital of origin? Does it reflect a lack of competent professionals to perform this type of procedure?</p>
      <p>One can only imagine that problems are multiple, mainly by delayed access of the patient to the appropriate place of treatment, due to the inefficiency of the health system as a whole.</p>
      <p>The similarity of the results obtained in the state of S&#227;o Paulo when compared to the rest of Brazil is a matter of concern, mainly because Sao Paulo has the most resources in the Union and thus, it should have congregated over time, more experience in dealing with this type of patient, and yet, it is still unable to show lower mortality rates. </p>
      <p>As TAD progresses asymptomatically in most patients and the diagnosis is most often attained in the autopsy room, objective measures at public health level should be implemented to actively attain the diagnosis of this disease, which is responsible for such a high number of deaths per year.</p>
      <p>In conclusion, we can state that, despite numerous study limitations related to the limited diagnostic information that ICD imposes and the way patients are registered in SUS, public health actions must be implemented in order to better identify patients with TAD, so that better hospital centers can be established for the care of patients with TAD, better and more specific training can be provided to all the professionals involved in the management of patients with TAD regarding the multidisciplinary approach of this patient, aiming at reducing mortality and offering better quality of life to our population.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Acknowledgements</bold>
      </p>
      <p>To Vera L&#250;cia Rodrigues Lopes Osiano, technical assistant from the informatics area of the Health Secretariat of the State of S&#227;o Paulo, for providing specific information from Datasus Database of the state of S&#227;o Paulo.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Author contributions</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Conception and design of the research: Dias RR, Fernandes F, Ramires FJA, Mady C, Stolf NAG; Acquisition of data e Writing of the manuscript: Dias RR, Mejia OAV; Analysis and interpretation of the data: Dias RR, Mejia OAV, Fernandes F, Ramires FJA; Critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content: Dias RR, Fernandes F, Ramires FJA, Mady C, Stolf NAG, Jatene FB.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Potential Conflict of Interest</bold>
      </p>
      <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Sources of Funding</bold>
      </p>
      <p>There were no external funding sources for this study.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Study Association</bold>
      </p>
      <p>This study is not associated with any post-graduation program.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>References</bold>
      </p>
    </body>
  </sub-article>
</article>
