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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
        <publisher-loc>S&#227;o Paulo, SP, Brazil</publisher-loc>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">vB8SVGg5QzCSPBGy8kRSfQy</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2013003200006</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v1">S0066-782X(13)10100600006</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5935/abc.20130223</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigos Originais</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>O escore de risco de sangramento como preditor de mortalidade em pacientes com s&#237;ndromes coronarianas agudas</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Nicolau</surname>
            <given-names>Jos&#233; Carlos</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Moreira</surname>
            <given-names>Humberto Graner</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Baracioli</surname>
            <given-names>Luciano Moreira</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Serrano Jr</surname>
            <given-names>Carlos Vicente</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Lima</surname>
            <given-names>Felipe Galego</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Franken</surname>
            <given-names>Marcelo</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Giraldez</surname>
            <given-names>Roberto Rocha</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Ganem</surname>
            <given-names>Fernando</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Kalil Filho</surname>
            <given-names>Roberto</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Ramires</surname>
            <given-names>Jos&#233; Ant&#244;nio Franchini</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Mehran</surname>
            <given-names>Roxana</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff01">
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="state">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o </institution>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff02">
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">New York</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state"/>
        </addr-line>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai</institution>
        <country country="US">United States</country>
      </aff>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>12</month>
        <year>2013</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>101</volume>
      <issue>6</issue>
      <fpage>511</fpage>
      <lpage>518</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>15</day>
          <month>08</month>
          <year>2013</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>22</day>
          <month>08</month>
          <year>2013</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>22</day>
          <month>08</month>
          <year>2013</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <p>FUNDAMENTO: A ocorr&#234;ncia de sangramento aumenta a mortalidade intra-hospitalar em pacientes com s&#237;ndromes coronarianas agudas (SCAs), e h&#225; uma boa correla&#231;&#227;o entre os escores de risco de sangramento e a incid&#234;ncia de eventos hemorr&#225;gicos. No entanto, o papel dos escores de risco de sangramento como fatores preditivos de mortalidade &#233; pouco estudado. OBJETIVO: Analisar o papel do escore de risco de sangramento como fator preditivo de mortalidade intra-hospitalar numa coorte de pacientes com SCA tratados num centro terci&#225;rio de cardiologia. M&#201;TODOS: Dos 1.655 pacientes com SCA (547 com SCA com supra de ST e 1.118 com SCA sem supra de ST), calculou-se o escore de risco de sangramento ACUITY/HORIZONS prospectivamente em 249 pacientes e retrospectivamente nos demais 1.416. Informa&#231;&#245;es sobre mortalidade e complica&#231;&#245;es hemorr&#225;gicas tamb&#233;m foram obtidas. RESULTADOS: A idade m&#233;dia da popula&#231;&#227;o estudada foi 64,3 &#177; 12,6 anos e o escore de risco de sangramento m&#233;dio foi 18 &#177; 7,7. A correla&#231;&#227;o entre sangramento e mortalidade foi altamente significativa (p &lt; 0,001; OR = 5,29), assim como a correla&#231;&#227;o entre escore de sangramento e hemorragia intra-hospitalar (p &lt; 0,001; OR = 1,058), e entre escore de sangramento e mortalidade intra-hospitalar (OR ajustado = 1,121, p &lt; 0,001, &#225;rea sob a curva ROC 0,753; p &lt; 0,001). O OR ajustado e a &#225;rea sob a curva ROC para a popula&#231;&#227;o com SCA com supra de ST foram 1,046 (p = 0,046) e 0,686 &#177; 0,040 (p &lt; 0,001), respectivamente, e para SCA sem supra de ST foram 1,150 (p &lt; 0,001) e 0,769 &#177; 0,036 (p &lt; 0,001), respectivamente. CONCLUS&#195;O: O escore de risco de sangramento &#233; um fator preditivo muito &#250;til e altamente confi&#225;vel para mortalidade intra-hospitalar em uma grande variedade de pacientes com SCAs, especialmente aqueles com angina inst&#225;vel ou infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio sem supra de ST.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt" kwd-group-type="author-generated">
        <kwd>S&#237;ndrome Coronariana Aguda</kwd>
        <kwd>Hemorragia</kwd>
        <kwd>Probabilidade</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="pub">
        <day>12</day>
        <month>11</month>
        <year>2013</year>
      </pub-date>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <p>
      <bold>O escore de risco de sangramento como preditor de mortalidade em pacientes com s&#237;ndromes coronarianas agudas</bold>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Jos&#233; Carlos Nicolau<sup>I</sup>; Humberto Graner Moreira<sup>I</sup>; Luciano Moreira Baracioli<sup>I</sup>; Carlos Vicente Serrano Jr<sup>I</sup>; Felipe Galego Lima<sup>I</sup>; Marcelo Franken<sup>I</sup>; Roberto Rocha Giraldez<sup>I</sup>; Fernando Ganem<sup>I</sup>; Roberto Kalil Filho<sup>I</sup>; Jos&#233; Ant&#244;nio Franchini Ramires<sup>I</sup>; Roxana Mehran<sup>II</sup></bold>
    </p>
    <p><sup>I</sup>Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o (InCor) &#150; Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brasil </p>
    <p><sup>II</sup>Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY &#150; USA</p>
    <p>
      <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="end">Correspond&#234;ncia</xref>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>RESUMO</bold>
    </p>
    <p><bold>FUNDAMENTO:</bold> A ocorr&#234;ncia de sangramento aumenta a mortalidade intra-hospitalar em pacientes com s&#237;ndromes coronarianas agudas (SCAs), e h&#225; uma boa correla&#231;&#227;o entre os escores de risco de sangramento e a incid&#234;ncia de eventos hemorr&#225;gicos. No entanto, o papel dos escores de risco de sangramento como fatores preditivos de mortalidade &#233; pouco estudado. </p>
    <p><bold>OBJETIVO:</bold> Analisar o papel do escore de risco de sangramento como fator preditivo de mortalidade intra-hospitalar numa coorte de pacientes com SCA tratados num centro terci&#225;rio de cardiologia. </p>
    <p><bold>M&#201;TODOS:</bold> Dos 1.655 pacientes com SCA (547 com SCA com supra de ST e 1.118 com SCA sem supra de ST), calculou-se o escore de risco de sangramento ACUITY/HORIZONS prospectivamente em 249 pacientes e retrospectivamente nos demais 1.416. Informa&#231;&#245;es sobre mortalidade e complica&#231;&#245;es hemorr&#225;gicas tamb&#233;m foram obtidas. </p>
    <p><bold>RESULTADOS:</bold> A idade m&#233;dia da popula&#231;&#227;o estudada foi 64,3 &#177; 12,6 anos e o escore de risco de sangramento m&#233;dio foi 18 &#177; 7,7. A correla&#231;&#227;o entre sangramento e mortalidade foi altamente significativa (p &lt; 0,001; OR = 5,29), assim como a correla&#231;&#227;o entre escore de sangramento e hemorragia intra-hospitalar (p &lt; 0,001; OR = 1,058), e entre escore de sangramento e mortalidade intra-hospitalar (OR ajustado = 1,121, p &lt; 0,001, &#225;rea sob a curva ROC 0,753; p &lt; 0,001). O OR ajustado e a &#225;rea sob a curva ROC para a popula&#231;&#227;o com SCA com supra de ST foram 1,046 (p = 0,046) e 0,686 &#177; 0,040 (p &lt; 0,001), respectivamente, e para SCA sem supra de ST foram 1,150 (p &lt; 0,001) e 0,769 &#177; 0,036 (p &lt; 0,001), respectivamente. </p>
    <p><bold>CONCLUS&#195;O:</bold> O escore de risco de sangramento &#233; um fator preditivo muito &#250;til e altamente confi&#225;vel para mortalidade intra-hospitalar em uma grande variedade de pacientes com SCAs, especialmente aqueles com angina inst&#225;vel ou infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio sem supra de ST.</p>
    <p><bold>Palavras-chave:</bold> S&#237;ndrome Coronariana Aguda/complica&#231;&#245;es; Hemorragia/mortalidade; Probabilidade.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</bold>
    </p>
    <p>O tratamento antitromb&#243;tico intensivo e adequado, por minimizar as complica&#231;&#245;es hemorr&#225;gicas, representa um grande desafio para o gerenciamento eficaz das s&#237;ndromes coronarianas agudas (SCAs). Na &#250;ltima d&#233;cada, as op&#231;&#245;es de tratamento antitromb&#243;tico aumentaram substancialmente, resultando em numerosas combina&#231;&#245;es &#250;nicas de medicamentos dispon&#237;veis. Antes, as complica&#231;&#245;es hemorr&#225;gicas eram consideradas um "efeito colateral" administr&#225;vel da terapia antitromb&#243;tica. No entanto, o desenvolvimento de medicamentos cada vez mais potentes concomitantemente &#224; utiliza&#231;&#227;o de terapias antitromb&#243;ticas chamou a aten&#231;&#227;o para o risco de sangramento, pois existe evid&#234;ncia de uma associa&#231;&#227;o independente entre complica&#231;&#245;es hemorr&#225;gicas e outros desfechos adversos em pacientes com SCA, tais como maiores taxas de reinfarto, acidente vascular encef&#225;lico e morte<sup>1-5</sup>.</p>
    <p>O desenvolvimento de ferramentas eficazes para a predi&#231;&#227;o do risco de sangramento em pacientes pode ajudar na tomada de decis&#227;o terap&#234;utica para maximizar os benef&#237;cios e minimizar o risco de sangramento associado com os antitromb&#243;ticos. Embora existam modelos bem estabelecidos para a estratifica&#231;&#227;o do risco de complica&#231;&#245;es isqu&#234;micas, tais como os escores TIMI, GRACE e PURSUIT, ferramentas para predi&#231;&#227;o do risco de sangramento s&#227;o menos comuns. V&#225;rios estudos identificaram os fatores de risco de sangramento, mas a maioria n&#227;o os usou para desenvolver uma ferramenta de estratifica&#231;&#227;o para prever sangramento<sup>6-8</sup>. A demonstra&#231;&#227;o de que um regime antitromb&#243;tico mais intenso aumenta o sangramento, que, por sua vez, aumenta os eventos isqu&#234;micos, levou os investigadores a concluir que o tratamento antitromb&#243;tico em pacientes com SCA deve ser personalizado<sup>9</sup>. A atualiza&#231;&#227;o pelo <italic>American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association</italic> de 2011 das diretrizes para o tratamento de pacientes com angina inst&#225;vel/infarto do mioc&#225;rdio sem supradesnivelamento do segmento ST (IMSSST) recentemente publicada reitera a import&#226;ncia de balancear as estrat&#233;gias antitromb&#243;ticas com o risco de sangramento<sup>10</sup>. A despeito do tratamento mais agressivo, as taxas de sangramento n&#227;o aumentaram com o tempo, sugerindo que os cl&#237;nicos est&#227;o se adequando melhor a terapia antitromb&#243;tica para cada paciente, refor&#231;ando a ideia de que escores de sangramento melhores e mais confi&#225;veis seriam bem-vindos<sup>11</sup>. Por outro lado, as correla&#231;&#245;es entre sangramento e mortalidade intra-hospitalar, e entre escores de sangramento e incid&#234;ncia de sangramento foram bem demonstradas; no entanto, o valor preditivo do escore de risco de sangramento para mortalidade intra-hospitalar foi pouco estudado.</p>
    <p>Avan&#231;os valiosos s&#227;o obtidos pelo cont&#237;nuo desenvolvimento de m&#233;todos de c&#225;lculo mais simples e melhorados. Recentemente, Mehran e cols.<sup>8</sup> publicaram uma ferramenta de avalia&#231;&#227;o simples e f&#225;cil para a estratifica&#231;&#227;o de risco de sangramento. Combinaram os dados dos estudos ACUITY e HORIZONS-AMI, ambos contempor&#226;neos e complementares sobre SCAs, e propuseram um escore compreendendo seis fatores basais (sexo, idade, creatinina, leuc&#243;citos, anemia e tipo de SCA) e um par&#226;metro modific&#225;vel baseado no regime antitromb&#243;tico (heparina + inibidor de GP IIb/IIIa ou bivalirudina)<sup>8</sup>. O principal objetivo do presente estudo foi avaliar o papel desse escore como preditor de mortalidade intra-hospitalar em uma coorte de pacientes com SCA tratados em um &#250;nico centro terci&#225;rio de cardiologia, comparando-se os valores em infarto do mioc&#225;rdio com supradesnivelamento do segmento ST (IAMCSST) e SCA sem supradesnivelamento do segmento ST (SCASSST).</p>
    <p>
      <bold>M&#233;todos</bold>
    </p>
    <p>O estudo incluiu 1.655 pacientes com SCA [547 com SCA com supradesnivelamento do segmento ST (SCACSST) e 1.118 com SCASSST]. O escore de sangramento foi calculado prospectivamente em 249 pacientes e retrospectivamente nos restantes 1.416. A idade m&#233;dia da popula&#231;&#227;o foi de 64,3 &#177; 12,6 anos, sendo 67% do sexo masculino. &#201; importante notar que, como a bivaluridina n&#227;o se acha dispon&#237;vel no Brasil, o componente do escore relacionado &#224; terapia antitromb&#243;tica foi sempre igual a zero. Ainda que apenas 48,1% da popula&#231;&#227;o total tenha recebido inibidores GP IIb/IIIa, n&#227;o houve diferen&#231;as significativas quanto ao papel do escore de sangramento como preditor de mortalidade ou sangramento entre os grupos com ou sem inibidores GP IIb/IIIa.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>An&#225;lises estat&#237;sticas</bold>
    </p>
    <p>As vari&#225;veis categ&#243;ricas s&#227;o descritas como n&#250;meros e percentagens, e as vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas, como mediana (percentis 25 e 75) ou m&#233;dia &#177; DP.</p>
    <p>O teste U de Mann-Whitney foi aplicado para a an&#225;lise univariada relacionada &#224; correla&#231;&#227;o entre o escore de sangramento e mortalidade ou sangramento intra-hospitalar. O teste do qui-quadrado foi aplicado para a compara&#231;&#227;o entre vari&#225;veis categ&#243;ricas.</p>
    <p>Modelos de regress&#227;o log&#237;stica multivariada '<italic>stepwise</italic>' com 0,05 para entrada e 0,10 para retirada foram aplicados para ajustar os resultados para os fatores de confus&#227;o. Mortalidade foi a vari&#225;vel dependente, e as vari&#225;veis basais e intra-hospitalares listadas na <xref ref-type="table" rid="tab01">Tabela 1</xref> foram inclu&#237;das como vari&#225;veis independentes (exceto idade e sexo, j&#225; inclu&#237;das no escore de sangramento). Diferentes modelos foram constru&#237;dos para melhor analisar a influ&#234;ncia do escore de sangramento na mortalidade. O primeiro cen&#225;rio considerado foi a chegada do paciente ao hospital, onde os modelos inclu&#237;ram vari&#225;veis basais para a popula&#231;&#227;o global e os escores de risco TIMI correspondentes<sup>12,13</sup> nos subgrupos SCACSST ou SCASSST. Para analisar a influ&#234;ncia das terapias invasivas intra-hospitalares nos resultados obtidos, um segundo conjunto de an&#225;lises foi desenvolvido nos mesmos subgrupos, com a inclus&#227;o de angioplastia prim&#225;ria, angioplastia n&#227;o prim&#225;ria e revasculariza&#231;&#227;o cir&#250;rgica nos modelos.</p>
    <table-wrap id="tab01">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-101-06-0511-30223-gt01.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    <p>Finalmente, o poder discriminat&#243;rio do escore de sangramento e dos escores de risco TIMI como preditor de mortalidade intra-hospitalar foi analisado com curvas <italic>Receiver Operating Characteristic</italic> (ROC), com o m&#233;todo DeLong<sup>14</sup> sendo aplicado para compara&#231;&#245;es estat&#237;sticas entre as curvas. </p>
    <p>Todas as an&#225;lises acima foram desenvolvidas separadamente para toda a popula&#231;&#227;o e tamb&#233;m para SCACSST e SCASSST. </p>
    <p>Os valores de p &lt; 0,05 (bicaudal) foram considerados significativos. O programa estat&#237;stico MedCalc vers&#227;o 11.4.2.0 (MedCalc Software, Marakerke, B&#233;lgica) foi usado para comparar as curvas ROC, e o programa estat&#237;stico SPSS vers&#227;o 19.0 (SPSS Inc., Chicago, EUA) foi usado para outras an&#225;lises.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Resultados</bold>
    </p>
    <p>A <xref ref-type="table" rid="tab01">Tabela 1</xref> apresenta as caracter&#237;sticas da popula&#231;&#227;o estudada. A mediana do escore de sangramento foi 18. Da popula&#231;&#227;o analisada, 14,8% dos pacientes foram classificados como de baixo risco; 20,3%, como de risco m&#233;dio; 24,3%, como de alto risco; e 40,8%, como de muito alto risco. Um ter&#231;o dos pacientes tinha diabetes, outro ter&#231;o tinha infarto do mioc&#225;rdio pr&#233;vio, 43,3% haviam sido submetidos previamente a revasculariza&#231;&#227;o cir&#250;rgica ou por cateter, e 73% foram revascularizados durante a atual hospitaliza&#231;&#227;o. Nossa popula&#231;&#227;o foi constitu&#237;da por pacientes comumente vistos em um centro terci&#225;rio de cardiologia.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Correla&#231;&#227;o entre escore de sangramento e mortalidade intra-hospitalar</bold>
    </p>
    <p>As an&#225;lises univariadas mostraram correla&#231;&#245;es altamente significativas entre escore de sangramento e mortalidade. Como mostra a <xref ref-type="fig" rid="aop_5900fig01">Figura 1</xref>, valores de p &lt; 0,001 foram obtidos para a correla&#231;&#227;o entre as vari&#225;veis na popula&#231;&#227;o global e nos subgrupos SCACSST e SCASSST. Outras vari&#225;veis significativamente correlacionadas com mortalidade intra-hospitalar inclu&#237;ram insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca pr&#233;via (p = 0,005; OR = 2,033) ou acidente vascular encef&#225;lico pr&#233;vio (p = 0,041; OR = 1,951), tabagismo atual (p = 0,006; OR = 0,465), familiares com doen&#231;a arterial coronariana (p = 0,001; OR = 0,397) e localiza&#231;&#227;o do infarto na parede anterior (p = 0,047; p = 1,481). Como esperado, a correla&#231;&#227;o entre sangramento e mortalidade tamb&#233;m apresentou significado estat&#237;stico (p&lt;0,001; OR=5,296), assim como a correla&#231;&#227;o entre escore de sangramento e sangramento intra-hospitalar (p &lt; 0,001; OR = 1,058). Por fim, para pacientes com SCACSST e aqueles com SCASSST, as correla&#231;&#245;es entre os respectivos escores de risco TIMI e mortalidade tamb&#233;m foram significativas (p &lt; 0,001; OR = 1,586 e p &lt; 0,001, OR = 1,454, respectivamente).</p>
    <p content-type="asset">
      <fig id="aop_5900fig01">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-101-06-0511-30223-gf01.jpg"/></fig>
    </p>
    <p>As <xref ref-type="table" rid="aop_5900tab02">Tabelas 2</xref>, <xref ref-type="table" rid="aop_5900tab03">3</xref> e <xref ref-type="table" rid="aop_5900tab04">4</xref> mostram os principais resultados dos modelos ajustados. O escore de sangramento correlacionou-se significativa e independentemente com mortalidade em todos os modelos; entretanto, o escore de risco TIMI correlacionou-se mais fortemente com mortalidade do que o escore de sangramento para pacientes com SCACSST. Ao contr&#225;rio, o escore de sangramento mostrou uma melhor correla&#231;&#227;o relativa com o escore de risco TIMI para pacientes com SCASSST. Importante notar que a inclus&#227;o de sangramento intra-hospitalar nos modelos finais n&#227;o mudou os resultados para o escore de sangramento, em que p &lt; 0,001 (OR = 1,123) para toda a popula&#231;&#227;o, e valores de P de 0,050 (OR = 1,045) e &lt; 0,001 (OR = 1,146) foram obtidos para pacientes com SCACSST ou SCASSST, respectivamente. Tais achados foram mais avaliados nas an&#225;lises de curva ROC (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="aop_5900fig02">Figura 2</xref>).</p>
    <p content-type="asset">
      <table-wrap id="aop_5900tab02">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-101-06-0511-30223-gt02.jpg"/></table-wrap>
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    <p content-type="asset">
      <table-wrap id="aop_5900tab03">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-101-06-0511-30223-gt03.jpg"/></table-wrap>
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    <p content-type="asset">
      <table-wrap id="aop_5900tab04">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-101-06-0511-30223-gt04.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    </p>
    <p content-type="asset">
      <fig id="aop_5900fig02">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-101-06-0511-30223-gf02.jpg"/></fig>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Valor discriminat&#243;rio do escore de sangramento e escores de risco TIMI para predi&#231;&#227;o de mortalidade intra-hospitalar</bold>
    </p>
    <p>A <xref ref-type="fig" rid="aop_5900fig02">Figura 2</xref> mostra a curva ROC para o escore de sangramento para toda a popula&#231;&#227;o. Como pode ser visto, esse escore &#233; um bom preditor de mortalidade intra-hospitalar, apresentando &#225;rea sob a curva (AUC) de 0,753. A <xref ref-type="table" rid="aop_5900tab05">Tabela 5</xref> mostra a compara&#231;&#227;o da AUC para o escore de sangramento e o escore de risco TIMI nos subgrupos de SCACSST e SCASSST. Como sugerido pelas an&#225;lises multivariadas, na compara&#231;&#227;o com os respectivos escores TIMI, o escore de sangramento mostrou-se melhor preditor de mortalidade intra-hospitalar para pacientes de SCASSST e, vice-versa, um pior preditor de mortalidade na popula&#231;&#227;o de SCACSST.</p>
    <p content-type="asset">
      <table-wrap id="aop_5900tab05">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-101-06-0511-30223-gt05.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Discuss&#227;o</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Diferentes escores de sangramento foram propostos para melhor avaliar pacientes com SCAs, permitindo ao m&#233;dico assistente otimizar o uso das terapias antitromb&#243;ticas dispon&#237;veis. Em comum, tais escores de sangramento apresentam excelente correla&#231;&#227;o com sangramento<sup>1,6,8</sup>. H&#225;, no entanto, importantes diferen&#231;as entre eles no que se refere &#224;s suas complexidades e dificuldade de utiliza&#231;&#227;o. O escore proposto por Mehran e cols.<sup>8</sup> e testado no presente estudo &#233; um dos mais amig&#225;veis para o usu&#225;rio, tendo mostrado excelente correla&#231;&#227;o com sangramento nessa popula&#231;&#227;o proveniente de um centro terci&#225;rio de cardiologia.</p>
    <p>No nosso banco de dados, a defini&#231;&#227;o de sangramento &#233; abrangente e considera qualquer sangramento que requeira a&#231;&#227;o espec&#237;fica da equipe, tal como cirurgia para pseudoaneurisma, transfus&#227;o, ou que requeira a opini&#227;o de outro especialista &#150; em geral um angiologista/cirurgi&#227;o vascular, neurologista ou hematologista. Interessante notar que a incid&#234;ncia observada de sangramento intra-hospitalar na popula&#231;&#227;o estudada foi a mesma descrita por Mehran e cols.<sup>8</sup> para 30 dias (4,3%)<sup>8</sup> e pr&#243;xima &#224;quela descrita no GRACE Registry (3,9%) para sangramento intra-hospitalar<sup>1</sup>.</p>
    <p>Por outro lado, ficou bem demonstrado que a presen&#231;a de sangramento durante a hospitaliza&#231;&#227;o de pacientes com SCAs aumenta significativamente a incid&#234;ncia de eventos isqu&#234;micos, incluindo mortalidade, nessa popula&#231;&#227;o<sup>4,5,15</sup>. Consequentemente, descobrimos uma significativa correla&#231;&#227;o entre a presen&#231;a de sangramento e mortalidade, com uma raz&#227;o de chance (OR) &gt; 5.</p>
    <p>Estudos demostraram correla&#231;&#245;es claras dos escores de risco TIMI nas SCACSST e SCASSST com mortalidade/eventos isqu&#234;micos, que tamb&#233;m puderam ser demonstradas na presente popula&#231;&#227;o<sup>12,13</sup>. O poder discriminat&#243;rio do escore de risco TIMI de SCASSST para predizer eventos isqu&#234;micos (mortalidade por todas as causas, infarto mioc&#225;rdico, revasculariza&#231;&#227;o urgente) foi de 0,65<sup>13</sup>, sendo 0,62 na presente publica&#231;&#227;o que considerou apenas mortalidade por todas as causas. O escore de risco TIMI para SCACSST foi avaliado em uma grande popula&#231;&#227;o de pacientes inclu&#237;dos no registro norte-americano de infarto do mioc&#225;rdio (submetidos a fibrin&#243;lise, angioplastia prim&#225;ria ou sem reperfus&#227;o)<sup>16</sup>. No geral, seu poder discriminat&#243;rio para mortalidade por todas as causas foi de 0,74, tendo sido 0,798 no presente estudo. Tal valor &#233; pr&#243;ximo de 0,83 proposto por Diamond<sup>17</sup> como o valor m&#225;ximo para uma regra de predi&#231;&#227;o perfeitamente calibrada; no entanto, aquele autor explica que valores mais altos s&#227;o poss&#237;veis &#224;s custas de uma calibra&#231;&#227;o deficiente. </p>
    <p>Uma an&#225;lise do escore de sangramento como fator de risco para mortalidade e sua rela&#231;&#227;o com os escores de risco TIMI e sangramento intra-hospitalar ainda n&#227;o tinham sido publicadas. Nossos principais achados foram: 1) o escore de risco de sangramento proposto por Mehran e cols.<sup>8</sup> &#233; um excelente preditor de mortalidade intra-hospitalar em pacientes com SCAs; e 2) com rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; mortalidade intra-hospitalar, ao se comparar os escores de risco TIMI com o escore de risco de sangramento, o segundo mostrou-se mais confi&#225;vel para pacientes com SCASSST, mas apresentou pior desempenho como indicador em pacientes com SCACSST. No entanto, descobrimos que ambas as vari&#225;veis correlacionaram-se significativa e independentemente com mortalidade no amplo espectro de pacientes com SCAs analisado neste estudo. Interessante notar que, a despeito da excelente correla&#231;&#227;o entre o escore de risco de sangramento e o sangramento observado, ambas as vari&#225;veis correlacionaram-se de maneira significativa e independente com mortalidade intra-hospitalar. Tais achados sugerem que outras vari&#225;veis inclu&#237;das no escore de sangramento, como idade, poderiam influenciar a mortalidade intra-hospitalar independentemente do pr&#243;prio sangramento.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Limita&#231;&#245;es do estudo</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Como todo estudo originado de um banco de dados, &#233; poss&#237;vel que fatores de confus&#227;o n&#227;o inclu&#237;dos nos modelos ajustados tenham influenciado os resultados no que concerne &#224; correla&#231;&#227;o do escore de sangramento e mortalidade. A an&#225;lise da curva ROC, que mostrou o excelente poder discriminat&#243;rio do escore de sangramento para prever mortalidade, &#233; &#250;til para fornecer uma resposta mais confi&#225;vel e completa para a hip&#243;tese proposta. A bivalirudina n&#227;o est&#225; dispon&#237;vel no Brasil, o que pode ter afetado os resultados. No entanto, a n&#227;o utiliza&#231;&#227;o da bivalirudina &#233; comum mesmo em pa&#237;ses onde o medicamento acha-se dispon&#237;vel. S&#243; nos EUA, mais de um milh&#227;o de angioplastias s&#227;o realizadas a cada ano (<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/health-topics/topics/angioplasty">http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/health-topics/topics/angioplasty</ext-link>). Estima-se que as vendas de bivalirudina no mundo (2010) atinjam cerca de $400 milh&#245;es de d&#243;lares por ano (<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://prescriptions.blogs.nytimes.com/2010/10/05/angiomax-may-get-patent-extension">http://prescriptions.blogs.nytimes.com/2010/10/05/angiomax-may-get-patent-extension</ext-link>), a um custo por paciente variando entre $824,00<sup>18</sup> e $1.675,00<sup>19</sup>, o que resulta em 238.000 a 485.000 pacientes por ano em todo o mundo. </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Conclus&#227;o</bold>
    </p>
    <p>O escore de sangramento proposto por Mehran e cols.<sup>8</sup> &#233; um excelente preditor de mortalidade intra-hospitalar no amplo espectro de pacientes com SCAs, em especial aqueles com angina inst&#225;vel ou SCASSST.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Contribui&#231;&#227;o dos autores</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa: Nicolau JC. Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados: Nicolau JC, Moreira HG. An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados: Nicolau JC. An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica: Nicolau JC. Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito: Nicolau JC, Mehran R. Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual: Nicolau JC, Moreira HG, Baracioli LM, Serrano Jr CV, Lima F, Franken M, Giraldez RR, Ganem F, Kalil Filho R, Ramires JAF, Mehran R.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Potencial Conflito de Interesses</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Declaro n&#227;o haver conflito de interesses pertinentes.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Fontes de Financiamento</bold>
    </p>
    <p>O presente estudo n&#227;o teve fontes de financiamento externas.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Vincula&#231;&#227;o Acad&#234;mica</bold>
    </p>
    <p>N&#227;o h&#225; vincula&#231;&#227;o deste estudo a programas de p&#243;s-gradua&#231;&#227;o.</p>
    <p>
      <fn id="end" fn-type="corresp">
        <label>
          <bold>Correspond&#234;ncia:</bold>
        </label>
        <p> Jos&#233; Carlos NIcolau </p>
        <p> Aureliano Coutinho 355, apt. 1401 </p>
        <p> CEP 01224-020. S&#227;o Paulo - Brasil </p>
        <p> tel.: +55-11-26615058/+55-11-26615196 </p>
        <p> fax: +55-11-30883809 </p>
        <p> e-mail: </p>
        <p>
          <email xlink:href="corjnicolau@incor.usp.br">corjnicolau@incor.usp.br</email>
        </p>
      </fn>
    </p>
    <p>Artigo recebido em 15/08/13; revisado em 22/08/13; aceito em 22/08/13.</p>
  </body>
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  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Articles</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title xml:lang="en">The bleeding risk score as a mortality predictor in patients with acute coronary syndrome</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <abstract xml:lang="en">
        <p>BACKGROUND: It is well known that the occurrence of bleeding increases in-hospital mortality in patients with acute coronary syndromes (ACS), and there is a good correlation between bleeding risk scores and bleeding incidence. However, the role of bleeding risk score as mortality predictor is poorly studied. OBJECTIVE: The main purpose of this paper was to analyze the role of bleeding risk score as in-hospital mortality predictor in a cohort of patients with ACS treated in a single cardiology tertiary center. METHODS: Out of 1655 patients with ACS (547 with ST-elevation ACS and 1118 with non-ST-elevation ACS), we calculated the ACUITY/HORIZONS bleeding score prospectively in 249 patients and retrospectively in the remaining 1416. Mortality information and hemorrhagic complications were also obtained. RESULTS: Among the mean age of 64.3 &#177; 12.6 years, the mean bleeding score was 18 &#177; 7.7. The correlation between bleeding and mortality was highly significant (p &lt; 0.001, OR = 5.296), as well as the correlation between bleeding score and in-hospital bleeding (p &lt; 0.001, OR = 1.058), and between bleeding score and in-hospital mortality (adjusted OR = 1.121, p &lt; 0.001, area under the ROC curve 0.753, p &lt; 0.001). The adjusted OR and area under the ROC curve for the population with ST-elevation ACS were, respectively, 1.046 (p = 0.046) and 0.686 &#177; 0.040 (p &lt; 0.001); for non-ST-elevation ACS the figures were, respectively, 1.150 (p &lt; 0.001) and 0.769 &#177; 0.036 (p &lt; 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: Bleeding risk score is a very useful and highly reliable predictor of in-hospital mortality in a wide range of patients with acute coronary syndromes, especially in those with unstable angina or non-ST-elevation acute myocardial infarction.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>Acute Coronary Syndrome</kwd>
        <kwd>Hemorrhage</kwd>
        <kwd>Probability</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p>
        <fn id="enda-body2">
          <label>
            <bold>The bleeding risk score as a mortality predictor in patients with acute coronary syndrome</bold>
          </label>
          <p>
            <bold>Jos&#233; Carlos Nicolau<sup>I</sup>; Humberto Graner Moreira<sup>I</sup>; Luciano Moreira Baracioli<sup>I</sup>; Carlos Vicente Serrano Jr<sup>I</sup>; Felipe Galego Lima<sup>I</sup>; Marcelo Franken<sup>I</sup>; Roberto Rocha Giraldez<sup>I</sup>; Fernando Ganem<sup>I</sup>; Roberto Kalil Filho<sup>I</sup>; Jos&#233; Ant&#244;nio Franchini Ramires<sup>I</sup>; Roxana Mehran<sup>II</sup></bold>
          </p>
        </fn>
      </p>
      <p><sup>I</sup>Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o (InCor) - Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brazil</p>
      <p><sup>II</sup>Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY - USA</p>
      <p>Mailing Address</p>
      <p>
        <bold>ABSTRACT</bold>
      </p>
      <p><bold>BACKGROUND:</bold> It is well known that the occurrence of bleeding increases in-hospital mortality in patients with acute coronary syndromes (ACS), and there is a good correlation between bleeding risk scores and bleeding incidence. However, the role of bleeding risk score as mortality predictor is poorly studied.</p>
      <p><bold>OBJECTIVE:</bold> The main purpose of this paper was to analyze the role of bleeding risk score as in-hospital mortality predictor in a cohort of patients with ACS treated in a single cardiology tertiary center.</p>
      <p><bold>METHODS:</bold> Out of 1655 patients with ACS (547 with ST-elevation ACS and 1118 with non-ST-elevation ACS), we calculated the ACUITY/HORIZONS bleeding score prospectively in 249 patients and retrospectively in the remaining 1416. Mortality information and hemorrhagic complications were also obtained.</p>
      <p><bold>RESULTS:</bold> Among the mean age of 64.3 &#177; 12.6 years, the mean bleeding score was 18 &#177; 7.7. The correlation between bleeding and mortality was highly significant (p &lt; 0.001, OR = 5.296), as well as the correlation between bleeding score and in-hospital bleeding (p &lt; 0.001, OR = 1.058), and between bleeding score and in-hospital mortality (adjusted OR = 1.121, p &lt; 0.001, area under the ROC curve 0.753, p &lt; 0.001). The adjusted OR and area under the ROC curve for the population with ST-elevation ACS were, respectively, 1.046 (p = 0.046) and 0.686 &#177; 0.040 (p &lt; 0.001); for non-ST-elevation ACS the figures were, respectively, 1.150 (p &lt; 0.001) and 0.769 &#177; 0.036 (p &lt; 0.001).</p>
      <p><bold>CONCLUSIONS:</bold> Bleeding risk score is a very useful and highly reliable predictor of in-hospital mortality in a wide range of patients with acute coronary syndromes, especially in those with unstable angina or non-ST-elevation acute myocardial infarction.</p>
      <p><bold>Keywords:</bold> Acute Coronary Syndrome/complications; Hemorrhage/mortality; Probability.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Introduction</bold>
      </p>
      <p>The administration of an adequate and intensive antithrombotic treatment while minimizing bleeding complications presents a major challenge to the effective management of Acute Coronary Syndromes (ACS). In the last decade, antithrombotic regimen options have increased substantially, resulting in numerous unique combinations of the available drugs. Previously, bleeding complications were considered to be a manageable "side effect" of antithrombotic therapy. However, the development of increasingly potent drugs along with concomitant utilization of antithrombotic therapies, has raised concern for bleeding risk, as there is also mounting evidence to suggest an independent association between bleeding complications and other detrimental outcomes in patients with ACS, including higher rates of reinfarction, stroke and death<sup>1-5</sup>.</p>
      <p>The development of effective tools for predicting patient bleeding risk may help in therapeutic decision making to maximize the benefits and minimize the risk of bleeding associated with antithrombotics. Although there are well established models for ischemic complications risk stratification as TIMI, GRACE, and PURSUIT, among others, tools for predicting the bleeding risk are less common. Several studies identified bleeding risk factors for complications but most did not use them to develop a stratification tool for predict bleeding<sup>6-8</sup>. The demonstration that a more intensive antithrombotic regimen increases bleeding, which in turn increases ischemic events, has led investigators to conclude that antithrombotic treatment in patients with ACS should be personalized<sup>9</sup>. The recently published American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association 2011 focused update of the guidelines for the management of patients with unstable angina/non-ST-elevation myocardial infarction (NSTEMI) reiterates the importance of balancing antithrombotic strategies with the bleeding risk<sup>10</sup>. Actually, despite more aggressive treatment, bleeding rates did not increase over time, suggesting that clinicians are better tailoring antithrombotic therapy to each patient, which support the idea that better and more reliable bleeding scores would be welcome<sup>11</sup>. On the other hand, is is well demonstrated the correlation between bleeding and in-hospital mortality, and between bleeding scores and incidence of bleeding; however, the predictive value of bleeding risk score for in-hospital mortality is poorly studied. </p>
      <p>We contend that valuable advancements are obtained by continually developing simpler and improved calculation methods. Recently, Mehran et al<sup>8</sup> published a simple and easy to assess tool for bleeding risk stratification. They combined the ACUITY and HORIZONS-AMI data, both contemporary and complimentary ACS trials, and proposed a score comprised of 6 baseline factors (gender, age, creatinine, leukocyte, anemia, type of ACS) and 1 modifiable parameter based on antithrombotic regime (heparin + GP IIb/IIIa inhibitor or bivalirudin)<sup>8</sup>. The main purpose of the present study was to evaluate the role of this score as in-hospital mortality predictor in a cohort of patients with ACS treated in a single cardiology tertiary center, comparing its value in STEMI and non-ST-elevation ACS.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Methods</bold>
      </p>
      <p>We included 1,655 patients with ACS (547 with ST-elevation ACS and 1,118 with non-ST-elevation ACS). The bleeding score was calculated prospectively in 249 patients and retrospectively in the remaining 1,416. The mean age of the population was 64.3 &#177; 12.6 years and 67% were male. It is important to note that because bivaluridin is not available in Brazil, the component of the score regarding antithrombotic therapy was always zero. Despite that just 48.1% of the total population was administered with IIb/IIIa inhibitors, there were no significant differences between the groups with or without IIb/IIIa inhibitors with respect to the role of the bleeding score as a mortality or bleeding predictor.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Statistical Analyses</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Categorical variables are described as numbers and percentages and continuous variables as median (25<sup>th</sup>, 75<sup>th</sup> percentiles) or mean &#177; SD.</p>
      <p>For the developed univariate analyses regarding the correlation between bleeding score and mortality or in-hospital bleeding, the Mann-Whitney U test was applied. The Chi-square test was applied for the comparison between categorical variables.</p>
      <p>Multivariate stepwise logistic regression models with 0.05 for entry and 0.10 for removal were applied in order to adjust the results for confounding factors. Mortality was the dependent variable, and the baseline and in-hospital variables listed in <xref ref-type="table" rid="tab1-body2">Table 1</xref> were included as independent variables (except age and gender, which were already included in the bleeding score). Different models were constructed to better analyze the influence of the bleeding score on mortality. The first envisioned scenario was at the patient's hospital arrival where the models in this situation included baseline variables for the global population and the corresponding TIMI risk scores<sup>12,13</sup> in the subgroups with or without ST-elevation ACS. In order to analyze the influence of in-hospital invasive therapies on the obtained results, a second set of analyses were developed in the same subgroups, with the inclusion of primary angioplasty, non-primary angioplasty, and surgical revascularization in the models.</p>
      <table-wrap id="tab1-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-101-06-0511-30223-gt01-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      <p>Finally, the discriminatory power of the bleeding score and the TIMI risk scores as in-hospital mortality predictors was analyzed by Receiver Operator Characteristic (ROC) curves, with the DeLong method<sup>14</sup>, being applied for the statistical comparisons between the curves.</p>
      <p>All the above analyses were developed separately for the whole population and also for the ST-elevation ACS and non-ST-elevation ACS.</p>
      <p>P-values &lt; 0.05 (2-sided) were considered significant. MedCalc version 11.4.2.0 statistical software (MedCalc Software, Marakerke, Belgium) was used for the ROC curve comparisons and SPSS version 19.0 (SPSS Inc., Chicago, Il) was used for the other analyses.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Results</bold>
      </p>
      <p>The characteristics of the population are depicted in <xref ref-type="table" rid="tab1-body2">Table 1</xref>. The median bleeding score was 18; from the analyzed population, 14.8% were classified as low risk, 20.3% as medium risk, 24.3% as high risk, and 40.8% as very high risk. One third of the patient population had diabetes, another third previous myocardial infarction, 43.3% were submitted previously to surgical or catheter revascularization, and 73% were revascularized during the present hospitalization. Our patient population was comprised of a typical contemporary population commonly seen in a tertiary cardiology center.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Correlation between bleeding score and in-hospital mortality</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Univariate analyses showed highly significant correlations between bleeding score and mortality. As shown in <xref ref-type="fig" rid="en_aop_5900fig01-body2">Figure 1</xref>, p-values &lt;0.001 were obtained for the correlation between both variables in the global population as well as in the subgroups with or without ST-segment-elevation ACS. Other variables that correlated significantly with in-hospital mortality included previous heart failure (p = 0.005, OR = 2.033) or stroke (p = 0.041, OR = 1.951), current smoking (p = 0.006, OR = 0.465), relatives with coronary artery disease (p = 0.001, OR = 0.397), and anterior wall location (p = 0.047, p =1.481). As expected, the correlation between bleeding and mortality was also statistically significant (p &lt; 0.001, OR = 5.296) as was the correlation between bleeding score and in-hospital bleeding (p &lt; 0.001, OR = 1.058). Finally, for patients with ST-elevation ACS and with non-ST-elevation ACS, the correlations between the respective TIMI risk scores with mortality were also significant (p &lt; 0.001, OR = 1.586 and p &lt; 0.001, OR = 1.454, respectively).</p>
      <p content-type="asset">
        <fig id="en_aop_5900fig01-body2">
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-101-06-0511-30223-gf01-en.jpg"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p>The main results of the adjusted models are shown in <xref ref-type="table" rid="en_aop_5900tab02-body2">Tables 2</xref>, <xref ref-type="table" rid="en_aop_5900tab03-body2">3</xref> and <xref ref-type="table" rid="en_aop_5900tab04-body2">4</xref>. The bleeding score correlated significantly and independently with mortality in all models, however, the TIMI risk score showed a stronger correlation with mortality than the bleeding score for patients with ST-elevation myocardial infarction. Conversely, the bleeding score showed a better correlation relative to the TIMI risk score for patients with non-ST-elevation ACS. Importantly, the inclusion of in-hospital bleeding in the final models did not change the results for the bleeding score where p &lt; 0.001 (OR = 1.123) for the whole population, and p-values of 0.050 (OR = 1.045) and &lt; 0.001 (OR = 1.146), respectively, were obtained for patients with or without ST-elevation ACS. These findings are further evaluated in the following ROC curve analyses (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="en_aop_5900fig02-body2">Figure 2</xref>).</p>
      <p content-type="asset">
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      <p>
        <bold>Discriminatory value of bleeding score and TIMI risk scores for in-hospital mortality prediction</bold>
      </p>
      <p><xref ref-type="fig" rid="en_aop_5900fig02-body2">Figure 2</xref> shows the ROC curve for bleeding score for the whole population. As can be seen, this score is a good predictor of in-hospital mortality, showing an area under the curve (AUC) of 0.753. <xref ref-type="table" rid="en_aop_5900tab05-body2">Table 5</xref> shows the comparison of the AUC for bleeding score and TIMI risk score in the subgroups with and without ST-elevation ACS. As suggested by the multivariate analyses, in comparison with the respective TIMI scores the bleeding score is a better predictor of in-hospital mortality for patients without ST-elevation ACS and, vice versa, is a worse mortality predictor in the population with ST-elevation ACS.</p>
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      <p>
        <bold>Discussion</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Different bleeding scores have been proposed in order to better evaluate patients with ACS, allowing the attending physician to better utilize the available antithrombotic therapies. In common, these bleeding scores show excellent correlation with bleeding<sup>1,6,8</sup>. However, there are important differences between them regarding their complexity and difficulty of utilization. The score proposed by Mehran et al<sup>8</sup>, and tested in the present paper, is one of the most user-friendly in the literature, and in this population derived from a tertiary center, also showed excellent correlation with bleeding.</p>
      <p>In our databank the definition for bleeding is broad, and takes any bleeding requiring specific action from the staff including that for surgery for pseudo aneurysm, transfusion, or that requiring a third party opinion - generally a angiologist/vascular surgeon, neurologist or hematologist into account. Interestingly, the observed incidence of in-hospital bleeding in the present population was the same as described by Mehran et al<sup>8</sup> for 30 days (4.3%,) and close to the percentage described in the GRACE Registry (3.9%) for in-hospital major bleeding<sup>1</sup>. </p>
      <p>On the other hand, it is well demonstrated that the presence of bleeding during hospitalization in patients with ACS increases significantly the incidence of ischemic events, including mortality, in this population<sup>4,5,15</sup>. Consequently, we found a significant correlation between the presence of bleeding and mortality, with an odds-ratio &gt; 5.</p>
      <p>Regarding the TIMI risk scores in both, ACS with or without ST-segment elevation, they show clear correlations with mortality/ischemic events, which could also be demonstrated in the present population<sup>12,13</sup>. The discriminatory power of the non-ST-elevation ACS TIMI risk score to predict ischemic events (all-cause mortality, myocardial infarction, urgent revascularization) was 0.65<sup>13</sup>, being 0.62 in the present publication, that took into account only all-cause mortality. The ST-elevation myocardial infarction TIMI risk score was studied in a broad population of patients included in the North-American registry of myocardial infarction (submitted to fibrinolysis, primary angioplasty or without reperfusion)<sup>16</sup>; overall, its discriminatory power for all-cause mortality was 0.74, being 0.798 in the present study. This value is near the 0.83 proposed by Diamond<sup>17</sup> as the maximal value for a perfectly calibrated prediction rule, while at the same time the authors explain that higher values are possible but come at the cost of poorer calibration.</p>
      <p>An analysis of bleeding score as a mortality risk factor, and its relationship with TIMI risk scores and in-hospital bleeding, have not been published previously. Our major findings were 1) The bleeding risk score proposed by Mehran et al<sup>8</sup> is an excellent predictor of in-hospital mortality in patients with acute coronary syndromes and 2) Regarding in-hospital mortality when compared with the TIMI risk scores, the bleeding risk score was more reliable than the corresponding TIMI risk score for patients with non-ST-elevation ACS, and performed worse as an indicator in patients with ST-elevation myocardial infarction. However, we found that both variables correlated significantly and independently with mortality in the broad spectrum of patients with ACS that we analyzed for this study. Interestingly, despite the excellent correlation between the bleeding risk score and the observed bleeding, both variables correlated significantly and independently with in-hospital mortality. These findings suggest that other variables included in the bleeding score could influence in-hospital mortality independently of bleeding itself, as could be the case for age.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Limitations of the Study</bold>
      </p>
      <p>As with any databank-derived study, it is possible that confounders not included in the adjusted models could have influenced the results with respect to the correlation of the bleeding score and mortality. Certainly the ROC curve analyses, which showed excellent discriminatory power of the bleeding score to predict mortality, is useful in order to give a more reliable and complete answer to the proposed hypothesis. Secondly, bivalirudin is not available in Brazil and this could have affected the results. However, the non-utilization of bivalirudin is a common scenario even in countries where the drug is available. In the USA alone, more than one million angioplasties are performed each year (<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/health-topics/topics/angioplasty">http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/health-topics/topics/angioplasty</ext-link>), whereas the worldwide sales of bivalirudin (2010) is estimated at about $400 million per year (<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://prescriptions.blogs.nytimes.com/2010/10/05/angiomax-may-get-patent-extension">http://prescriptions.blogs.nytimes.com/2010/10/05/angiomax-may-get-patent-extension</ext-link>) at a cost varying between $824/patient<sup>18</sup> up to $1675/patient<sup>19</sup>, which comes out to a number between 238,000 and 485,000 patients per year worldwide.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Conclusion</bold>
      </p>
      <p>The bleeding score proposed by Mehran et al is an excellent predictor of in-hospital mortality in the broad spectrum of patients with acute coronary syndromes, especially those with unstable angina or non-ST-elevation acute myocardial infarction.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Author contributions</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Conception and design of the research: Nicolau JC. Acquisition of data: Nicolau JC, Moreira HG. Analysis and interpretation of the data: Nicolau JC. Statistical analysis: Nicolau JC. Writing of the manuscript: Nicolau JC, Mehran R. Critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content: Nicolau JC, Moreira HG, Baracioli LM, Serrano Jr CV, Lima F, Franken M, Giraldez RR, Ganem F, Kalil Filho R, Ramires JAF, Mehran R.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Potential Conflict of Interest</bold>
      </p>
      <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Sources of Funding</bold>
      </p>
      <p>There were no external funding sources for this study.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Study Association</bold>
      </p>
      <p>This study is not associated with any post-graduation program.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>References</bold>
      </p>
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  </sub-article>
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