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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
        <publisher-loc>S&#227;o Paulo, SP, Brazil</publisher-loc>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">tSnkc3gmkLQLHVXGhHSM6LG</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2013003200005</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v1">S0066-782X(13)10100600005</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5935/abc.20130212</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigos Originais</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Significado cl&#237;nico de caracter&#237;sticas histol&#243;gicas de trombos de pacientes com infarto do mioc&#225;rdio</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Sebben</surname>
            <given-names>Juliana Canedo</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Cambruzzi</surname>
            <given-names>Eduardo</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Avena</surname>
            <given-names>Luisa Martins</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Gazeta</surname>
            <given-names>Cristina do Amaral</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Gottschall</surname>
            <given-names>Carlos Antonio Mascia</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Quadros</surname>
            <given-names>Alexandre Schaan de</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff01">
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Porto Alegre</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">Rio Grande do Sul</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Funda&#231;&#227;o Universit&#225;ria de Cardiologia</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Instituto de Cardiologia </institution>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
      </aff>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>12</month>
        <year>2013</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>101</volume>
      <issue>6</issue>
      <fpage>502</fpage>
      <lpage>510</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>05</day>
          <month>04</month>
          <year>2013</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>10</day>
          <month>07</month>
          <year>2013</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>19</day>
          <month>06</month>
          <year>2013</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <p>FUNDAMENTO: A Interven&#231;&#227;o Coronariana Percut&#226;nea (ICP) &#233; a estrat&#233;gia mais utilizada para o tratamento do Infarto Agudo do Mioc&#225;rdio com eleva&#231;&#227;o do segmento ST (IAMCST), e a tromboaspira&#231;&#227;o vem sendo crescentemente utilizada para remo&#231;&#227;o dos trombos oclusivos. OBJETIVOS: Analisar a influ&#234;ncia de caracter&#237;sticas histopatol&#243;gicas de trombos coronarianos nos desfechos cl&#237;nicos de pacientes com IAMCST, e associa&#231;&#227;o dessas vari&#225;veis com caracter&#237;sticas cl&#237;nicas, angiogr&#225;ficas, laboratoriais e medicamentos utilizados na interna&#231;&#227;o hospitalar. M&#201;TODOS: Estudo de coorte prospectivo. Todos os pacientes foram acompanhados na interna&#231;&#227;o hospitalar e por at&#233; 30 dias ap&#243;s o evento. Os trombos aspirados foram conservados em formol e posteriormente corados por hematoxilina-eosina e inclu&#237;dos em parafina. Os trombos foram classificados em recentes e antigos. O desfecho prim&#225;rio foi a ocorr&#234;ncia de eventos cardiovasculares maiores em 30 dias. RESULTADOS: No per&#237;odo do estudo, foram avaliados 1.149 pacientes com IAMCST, e 331 pacientes foram submetidos a aspira&#231;&#227;o de trombos, ficando dispon&#237;veis para an&#225;lise 199 pacientes. Foram identificados trombos recentes em 116 pacientes (58%) e trombos antigos em 83 pacientes (42%). Os trombos recentes apresentaram maior infiltra&#231;&#227;o de hem&#225;cias do que os trombos antigos (p = 0,02), mas n&#227;o houve diferen&#231;as estatisticamente significativas entre as demais caracter&#237;sticas cl&#237;nicas, angiogr&#225;ficas, laboratoriais, histopatol&#243;gicas e medicamentos nos dois grupos de pacientes. As taxas de desfechos cl&#237;nicos foram similares nos dois grupos. CONCLUS&#213;ES: Os trombos recentes foram identificados em 58% dos pacientes com IAMCST e observou-se associa&#231;&#227;o com infiltra&#231;&#227;o de hem&#225;cias. N&#227;o houve associa&#231;&#227;o entre as caracter&#237;sticas histopatol&#243;gicas dos trombos e vari&#225;veis cl&#237;nicas e desfechos cardiovasculares.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt" kwd-group-type="author-generated">
        <kwd>Trombose coron&#225;ria</kwd>
        <kwd>Interven&#231;&#227;o coron&#225;ria percut&#226;nea</kwd>
        <kwd>Trombectomia</kwd>
        <kwd>Infarto do mioc&#225;rdio</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="pub">
        <day>25</day>
        <month>10</month>
        <year>2013</year>
      </pub-date>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <p>
      <bold>Significado cl&#237;nico de caracter&#237;sticas histol&#243;gicas de trombos de pacientes com infarto do mioc&#225;rdio</bold>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Juliana Canedo Sebben; Eduardo Cambruzzi; Luisa Martins Avena; Cristina do Amaral Gazeta; Carlos Antonio Mascia Gottschall; Alexandre Schaan de Quadros</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Instituto de Cardiologia / Funda&#231;&#227;o Universit&#225;ria de Cardiologia - IC/FUC, Porto Alegre, RS - Brasil </p>
    <p>
      <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="end">Endere&#231;o para correspond&#234;ncia</xref>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>RESUMO</bold>
    </p>
    <p><bold>FUNDAMENTO: </bold>A Interven&#231;&#227;o Coronariana Percut&#226;nea (ICP) &#233; a estrat&#233;gia mais utilizada para o tratamento do Infarto Agudo do Mioc&#225;rdio com eleva&#231;&#227;o do segmento ST (IAMCST), e a tromboaspira&#231;&#227;o vem sendo crescentemente utilizada para remo&#231;&#227;o dos trombos oclusivos. </p>
    <p><bold>OBJETIVOS:</bold> Analisar a influ&#234;ncia de caracter&#237;sticas histopatol&#243;gicas de trombos coronarianos nos desfechos cl&#237;nicos de pacientes com IAMCST, e associa&#231;&#227;o dessas vari&#225;veis com caracter&#237;sticas cl&#237;nicas, angiogr&#225;ficas, laboratoriais e medicamentos utilizados na interna&#231;&#227;o hospitalar. </p>
    <p><bold>M&#201;TODOS:</bold> Estudo de coorte prospectivo. Todos os pacientes foram acompanhados na interna&#231;&#227;o hospitalar e por at&#233; 30 dias ap&#243;s o evento. Os trombos aspirados foram conservados em formol e posteriormente corados por hematoxilina-eosina e inclu&#237;dos em parafina. Os trombos foram classificados em recentes e antigos. O desfecho prim&#225;rio foi a ocorr&#234;ncia de eventos cardiovasculares maiores em 30 dias. </p>
    <p><bold>RESULTADOS:</bold> No per&#237;odo do estudo, foram avaliados 1.149 pacientes com IAMCST, e 331 pacientes foram submetidos a aspira&#231;&#227;o de trombos, ficando dispon&#237;veis para an&#225;lise 199 pacientes. Foram identificados trombos recentes em 116 pacientes (58%) e trombos antigos em 83 pacientes (42%). Os trombos recentes apresentaram maior infiltra&#231;&#227;o de hem&#225;cias do que os trombos antigos (p = 0,02), mas n&#227;o houve diferen&#231;as estatisticamente significativas entre as demais caracter&#237;sticas cl&#237;nicas, angiogr&#225;ficas, laboratoriais, histopatol&#243;gicas e medicamentos nos dois grupos de pacientes. As taxas de desfechos cl&#237;nicos foram similares nos dois grupos. </p>
    <p><bold>CONCLUS&#213;ES:</bold> Os trombos recentes foram identificados em 58% dos pacientes com IAMCST e observou-se associa&#231;&#227;o com infiltra&#231;&#227;o de hem&#225;cias. N&#227;o houve associa&#231;&#227;o entre as caracter&#237;sticas histopatol&#243;gicas dos trombos e vari&#225;veis cl&#237;nicas e desfechos cardiovasculares.</p>
    <p><bold>Palavras-chave:</bold> Trombose coron&#225;ria; Interven&#231;&#227;o coron&#225;ria percut&#226;nea; Trombectomia; Infarto do mioc&#225;rdio. </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Introdu&#231;&#227;o </bold>
    </p>
    <p>O Infarto Agudo do Mioc&#225;rdio com eleva&#231;&#227;o do segmento ST (IAMCST) geralmente &#233; causado pela oclus&#227;o s&#250;bita de uma art&#233;ria coron&#225;ria em raz&#227;o de fratura ou eros&#227;o da placa ateroscler&#243;tica, e &#233; uma das maiores causas de &#243;bitos no mundo<sup>1-3</sup>. A Interven&#231;&#227;o Coronariana Percut&#226;nea prim&#225;ria (ICPp) &#233; a estrat&#233;gia mais utilizada no tratamento dessa doen&#231;a<sup>4,5</sup>. Uma meta-an&#225;lise publicada por Keeley e cols.<sup>5 </sup>em 2003 demonstrou que o tratamento por ICP provoca uma significativa redu&#231;&#227;o na mortalidade quando comparado ao tratamento trombol&#237;tico. As taxas de mortalidade do IAMCST diminu&#237;ram significativamente ap&#243;s o uso ICPp de rotina, sendo de aproximadamente 7% na pr&#225;tica contempor&#226;nea<sup>5-7</sup>. Esses resultados podem melhorar ainda mais quando a aspira&#231;&#227;o de trombos &#233; realizada, e essa abordagem tamb&#233;m proporciona diminui&#231;&#227;o da trombose de <italic>stent</italic> e melhora no <italic>blush</italic> mioc&#225;rdico<sup>8-10</sup>. </p>
    <p>A trombectomia por aspira&#231;&#227;o manual pode ser realizada efetivamente com in&#250;meros dispositivos dispon&#237;veis no mercado<sup>11</sup>. Os trombos aspirados apresentam caracter&#237;sticas histopatol&#243;gicas e morfom&#233;tricas diversas, e tem sido sugerido que os trombos podem ser classificados em recentes, l&#237;ticos e organizados<sup>8,12,13</sup>. Outros estudos demonstraram que pode ocorrer um per&#237;odo de dias ou semanas entre a forma&#231;&#227;o do trombo e os sintomas de infarto<sup>12,14,15</sup>. Foi tamb&#233;m demonstrado que trombos antigos podem estar presentes em pacientes com dor no peito por apenas algumas horas, e que a idade (tempo de evolu&#231;&#227;o) do trombo est&#225; relacionada com pior progn&#243;stico e resolu&#231;&#227;o parcial do segmento ST<sup>12,16,17</sup>. </p>
    <p>Estudos recentes demonstraram associa&#231;&#227;o entre caracter&#237;sticas histopatol&#243;gicas dos trombos e desfechos cardiovasculares maiores<sup>8,13,15,17,18</sup>. Por&#233;m, esses estudos foram realizados h&#225; mais de dez anos, e com diferentes dispositivos de tromboaspira&#231;&#227;o, o que limita sua aplicabilidade na pr&#225;tica cl&#237;nica contempor&#226;nea. O presente estudo tem como objetivo analisar a influ&#234;ncia de caracter&#237;sticas histopatol&#243;gicas de trombos coronarianos nos desfechos cl&#237;nicos de pacientes com infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio com eleva&#231;&#227;o do segmento ST submetidos a aspira&#231;&#227;o manual na pr&#225;tica cl&#237;nica contempor&#226;nea, e associa&#231;&#227;o dessas vari&#225;veis com caracter&#237;sticas cl&#237;nicas, angiogr&#225;ficas, laboratoriais e medicamentos utilizados durante a interna&#231;&#227;o hospitalar. </p>
    <p>
      <bold>M&#233;todos</bold>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Desenho do estudo </bold>
    </p>
    <p>Estudo de coorte prospectivo com pacientes com IAMCST atendidos no Instituto de Cardiologia do Rio Grande do Sul, Funda&#231;&#227;o Universit&#225;ria de Cardiologia, Porto Alegre, Brasil, no per&#237;odo de abril de 2010 a janeiro de 2012. </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Pacientes</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Os crit&#233;rios de inclus&#227;o foram IAMCST e indica&#231;&#227;o de ICPp e trombectomia por aspira&#231;&#227;o (a crit&#233;rio do m&#233;dico assistente). Os crit&#233;rios de exclus&#227;o foram idade menor de 18 anos, insucesso da tromboaspira&#231;&#227;o e recusa em assinar termo de consentimento. O projeto foi aprovado pelo Comit&#234; de &#201;tica em Pesquisa do Instituto de Cardiologia do Rio Grande do Sul. Os pacientes assinaram o termo de consentimento livre e esclarecido. </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Log&#237;stica</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Todos os pacientes foram entrevistados na admiss&#227;o hospitalar e acompanhados durante o per&#237;odo do estudo por um dos investigadores. As coletas de dados foram realizadas em formul&#225;rios de papel elaborados pelo grupo de pesquisadores envolvidos, e os dados foram armazenados em um banco de dados espec&#237;fico no programa Microsoft Access. Os dados inseridos no banco de dados foram conferidos por outro pesquisador. Foram analisadas as caracter&#237;sticas cl&#237;nicas, angiogr&#225;ficas, laboratoriais, histopatol&#243;gicas, medicamentos utilizados nas primeiras 24 horas de interna&#231;&#227;o e desfechos cardiovasculares em 30 dias. </p>
    <p>O delta T foi definido como tempo entre o in&#237;cio da dor tor&#225;cica e a chegada do paciente &#224; emerg&#234;ncia. O tempo porta-bal&#227;o compreendeu o tempo entre a chegada do paciente &#224; emerg&#234;ncia e a primeira insufla&#231;&#227;o do bal&#227;o dentro da art&#233;ria relacionada ao infarto. O tempo de isquemia total foi a soma desses dois tempos. </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Procedimentos de interven&#231;&#227;o coronariana percut&#226;nea prim&#225;ria</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Os procedimentos de ICPp foram realizados conforme descrito na literatura<sup>19,20</sup>. Todos os pacientes foram tratados com 300 mg de aspirina e 300 a 600 mg de clopidogrel na admiss&#227;o hospitalar. Heparina (100 U/Kg EV) foi administrada antes da ICP. Inibidores de glicoprote&#237;na IIb/IIIa e outros aspectos t&#233;cnicos como n&#250;mero de <italic>stents</italic> utilizados, pr&#233; e p&#243;s-dilata&#231;&#227;o, foram utilizados a crit&#233;rio dos operadores, bem como a decis&#227;o de realizar a trombectomia por aspira&#231;&#227;o. Neste estudo, os seguintes dispositivos de aspira&#231;&#227;o manual foram utilizados: Export (Medtronic Vascular Inc., Santa Rosa, Estados Unidos), Pronto (Vascular Solutions, Minneapolis, Estados Unidos), Diver (Invatec, Br&#233;scia, It&#225;lia) ou Thrombuster (Kaneka Medix Corporation, Osaka, Jap&#227;o). A t&#233;cnica do procedimento de aspira&#231;&#227;o foi aquela descrita na literatura<sup>9</sup>, sendo realizadas v&#225;rias passagens do cateter pelo local da oclus&#227;o. </p>
    <p>As an&#225;lises angiogr&#225;ficas foram realizadas em duas proje&#231;&#245;es ortogonais por operadores experientes. O fluxo coronariano foi analisado antes e depois do procedimento de acordo com o crit&#233;rio TIMI<sup>21</sup>. A perfus&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica foi avaliada pelo escore mioc&#225;rdico <italic>blush</italic>, previamente descrito<sup>22</sup>. </p>
    <p>
      <bold>An&#225;lise histopatol&#243;gica</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Foram inclu&#237;dos no estudo 199 trombos de pacientes com IAMCST submetidos a ICPp, 116 trombos recentes e 83 trombos antigos. Imediatamente ap&#243;s a aspira&#231;&#227;o do trombo pelo dispositivo de aspira&#231;&#227;o manual o filtro do dispositivo foi colocado em formalina a 10%, aspirado e fixado durante 24 horas. O material foi ent&#227;o inclu&#237;do em parafina, submetidos a cortes histol&#243;gicos em s&#233;rie com espessuras de 8 &#181;m e corados com hematoxilina e eosina. Na an&#225;lise histopatol&#243;gica, foram avaliadas as quantidades de leuc&#243;citos, hem&#225;cias e fibrina, descritas conforme seus percentuais. O n&#250;mero de fragmentos de cada trombo aspirado foi analisado tamb&#233;m. Material tromb&#243;tico foi classificado de acordo com a sua composi&#231;&#227;o. Os trombos foram classificados em tr&#234;s grupos de acordo com dados publicados anteriormente: trombo recente, compostos de padr&#245;es de camadas de plaquetas, fibrina e leuc&#243;citos; trombos l&#237;ticos, caracterizados por &#225;reas de apoptose e necrose leuc&#243;citos; e trombos organizados, que mostraram prolifera&#231;&#227;o de c&#233;lulas musculares lisas e/ou deposi&#231;&#227;o de tecido conjuntivo<sup>12,13</sup>. Os trombos coletados neste estudo foram dividos em dois grupos: recente e antigo (l&#237;tico/organizado). As an&#225;lises patol&#243;gicas foram realizadas por tr&#234;s patologistas cegos para as caracter&#237;sticas cl&#237;nicas.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Seguimento cl&#237;nico e desfechos</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Todos os pacientes foram acompanhados durante a interna&#231;&#227;o hospitalar por um dos investigadores, e contato telef&#244;nico foi realizado em 30 dias ap&#243;s o IAMCST. O desfecho prim&#225;rio do estudo foi a combina&#231;&#227;o de eventos cardiovasculares: morte, IAM e revasculariza&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica. O infarto do mioc&#225;rdio foi definido como recorr&#234;ncia da dor tor&#225;cica com nova eleva&#231;&#227;o do segmento ST ou eleva&#231;&#227;o dos n&#237;veis s&#233;ricos dos biomarcadores. Nova revasculariza&#231;&#227;o foi realizada por cirurgia de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o do mioc&#225;rdio ou procedimento de interven&#231;&#227;o coronariana percut&#226;nea, a crit&#233;rio do m&#233;dico assistente. Foram tamb&#233;m avaliados desfechos secund&#225;rios, como Acidente Vascular Cerebral (AVC) e trombose do <italic>stent</italic>. O AVC isqu&#234;mico foi considerado quando ocorreu uma perda r&#225;pida da fun&#231;&#227;o neurol&#243;gica. Trombose foi definida de acordo com as defini&#231;&#245;es do <italic>Academic Research Consortium</italic><sup>23</sup>.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Os dados foram analisados no programa estat&#237;stico SPSS 19.0. As vari&#225;veis quantitativas s&#227;o expressas como m&#233;dia &#177; desvio padr&#227;o ou mediana, intervalo interquartil. Vari&#225;veis categ&#243;ricas s&#227;o expressas atrav&#233;s da frequ&#234;ncia absoluta e relativa. Os pacientes foram divididos nos grupos trombo recente e trombo antigo, sendo que as compara&#231;&#245;es foram realizadas pelo teste Qui quadrado, teste Exato de Fischer, teste t ou Mann-Whitney, conforme apropriado. Os valores considerados significativos s&#227;o aqueles com p &lt; 0,05.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Resultados</bold>
    </p>
    <p>No per&#237;odo do estudo, foram avaliados 1.149 pacientes com IAMCST, e 331 pacientes foram submetidos &#224; aspira&#231;&#227;o de trombos. A taxa de sucesso foi de 69%, e 199 amostras foram dispon&#237;veis para an&#225;lise. O fluxograma do estudo est&#225; apresentado na <xref ref-type="fig" rid="aop5592fig01">figura 1</xref>.</p>
    <p content-type="asset">
      <fig id="aop5592fig01">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-101-06-0502-30212-gf01.jpg"/></fig>
    </p>
    <p>Trombos recentes foram identificados em 116 pacientes (58%), e em raz&#227;o do pequeno n&#250;mero de trombos l&#237;ticos e organizados (N = 43 e N = 40, respectivamente) foi formado o grupo trombos antigos com 83 pacientes (42%). As compara&#231;&#245;es entre as caracter&#237;sticas cl&#237;nicas e angiogr&#225;ficas dos dois grupos de pacientes est&#227;o apresentadas na <xref ref-type="table" rid="aop5592tab01">tabela 1</xref>. Os pacientes com trombos recentes apresentaram mais frequentemente hist&#243;ria familiar de doen&#231;a arterial coronariana (p = 0,09) e fluxo TIMI 2/3 ap&#243;s o procedimento (p = 0,09). Os pacientes com trombos antigos apresentaram maior circunfer&#234;ncia abdominal (p = 0,09). O delta T n&#227;o apresentou associa&#231;&#227;o estatisticamente significativa com as caracter&#237;sticas histopatol&#243;gicas dos trombos.</p>
    <p content-type="asset">
      <table-wrap id="aop5592tab01">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-101-06-0502-30212-gt01.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    </p>
    <p>As caracter&#237;sticas laboratoriais dos dois grupos de pacientes est&#227;o apresentadas na <xref ref-type="table" rid="aop5592tab02">tabela 2</xref>. N&#227;o foram observadas diferen&#231;as estatisticamente significativas em rela&#231;&#227;o a fibrinog&#234;nio, Prote&#237;na C-Reativa (PCR), Creatinofosfoquinase (CK), Creatinofosfoquinase-MB (CKMB), Troponina Ultrassens&#237;vel (TNTUS) e as demais an&#225;lises.</p>
    <p content-type="asset">
      <table-wrap id="aop5592tab02">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-101-06-0502-30212-gt02.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    </p>
    <p>Na <xref ref-type="table" rid="aop5592tab03">tabela 3</xref> s&#227;o apresentados os medicamentos utilizados durante as primeiras 24 horas de interna&#231;&#227;o, e n&#227;o houve diferen&#231;a estatisticamente significativa entre os dois grupos de pacientes.</p>
    <p content-type="asset">
      <table-wrap id="aop5592tab03">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-101-06-0502-30212-gt03.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    </p>
    <p>As an&#225;lises histopatol&#243;gicas s&#227;o apresentadas na <xref ref-type="table" rid="aop5592tab04">tabela 4</xref>. Os pacientes com trombo recente apresentaram infiltra&#231;&#227;o de hem&#225;cias significativamente maior (p = 0,02), e o grupo trombo antigo apresentou uma tend&#234;ncia &#224; maior infiltra&#231;&#227;o de fibrina (p = 0,07). Em rela&#231;&#227;o a outras caracter&#237;sticas histopatol&#243;gicas e morfom&#233;tricas, como n&#250;mero de fragmentos retirados, dimens&#227;o e volume do trombo e infiltra&#231;&#227;o de leuc&#243;citos, n&#227;o foram observadas diferen&#231;as estatisticamente significativas entre os dois grupos de pacientes. </p>
    <p content-type="asset">
      <table-wrap id="aop5592tab04">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-101-06-0502-30212-gt04.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    </p>
    <p>No seguimento cl&#237;nico em 30 dias, n&#227;o foram observadas diferen&#231;as estatisticamente significativas em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; ocorr&#234;ncia de &#243;bito (trombo recente = 7,8% <italic>vs </italic>trombo antigo = 4,8%; p = 0,59), IAM (trombo recente = 2,6% <italic>vs</italic> trombo antigo = 2,4%; p = 1), AVC isqu&#234;mico (trombo recente = 0,9% <italic>vs</italic> trombo antigo = 2,4%; p = 0,77), trombose do <italic>stent</italic> (trombo recente = 1,7% <italic>vs</italic> trombo antigo = 2,4%; p = 1) e desfechos combinados (trombo recente = 9,5% <italic>vs </italic>trombo antigo = 6%; p = 0,53). Os resultados do seguimento cl&#237;nico est&#227;o descritos na <xref ref-type="fig" rid="aop5592fig02">figura 2</xref>.</p>
    <p content-type="asset">
      <fig id="aop5592fig02">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-101-06-0502-30212-gf02.jpg"/></fig>
    </p>
    <p>Os trombos recentes e antigos est&#227;o ilustrados nas <xref ref-type="fig" rid="aop5592fig03">figuras 3</xref> e <xref ref-type="fig" rid="aop5592fig04">4</xref>, respectivamente. </p>
    <p content-type="asset">
      <fig id="aop5592fig03">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-101-06-0502-30212-gf03.jpg"/></fig>
    </p>
    <p content-type="asset">
      <fig id="aop5592fig04">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-101-06-0502-30212-gf04.jpg"/></fig>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Discuss&#227;o </bold>
    </p>
    <p>Neste estudo, demonstramos que n&#227;o houve associa&#231;&#227;o entre a classifica&#231;&#227;o histopatol&#243;gica do trombo como recente ou antigo e o tempo de evolu&#231;&#227;o do infarto, demais caracter&#237;sticas cl&#237;nicas, caracter&#237;sticas angiogr&#225;ficas, laboratoriais, e evolu&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica dos pacientes. A infiltra&#231;&#227;o de hem&#225;cias foi significativamente maior nos trombos classificados como recente e observou-se tend&#234;ncia a maior infiltra&#231;&#227;o de fibrina nos trombos antigos, o que &#233; compat&#237;vel com os crit&#233;rios usados para defini&#231;&#227;o desses trombos. </p>
    <p>A aus&#234;ncia de associa&#231;&#227;o entre a caracter&#237;stica histopatol&#243;gica do trombo e o tempo de evolu&#231;&#227;o do infarto j&#225; havia sido descrita previamente por outros autores<sup>12,15</sup>. Kramer e cols.<sup>15</sup>, em 2009, relataram que o tempo entre a ruptura da placa e a forma&#231;&#227;o dos trombos ainda &#233; imprevis&#237;vel, e Rittersma e cols.<sup>12</sup> tamb&#233;m demonstraram uma discrep&#226;ncia entre o processo tromb&#243;tico e o in&#237;cio dos sintomas do infarto. J&#225; um outro estudo, publicado recentemente por Silvain e cols.<sup>24</sup>, mostrou que o tempo de isquemia &#233; um fator determinante na composi&#231;&#227;o do trombo, que sua forma&#231;&#227;o durante a oclus&#227;o da coron&#225;ria no infarto &#233; um processo de r&#225;pida evolu&#231;&#227;o, mudando sua composi&#231;&#227;o rapidamente durante o processo isqu&#234;mico<sup>24 </sup>. Mas nossos resultados confirmam os achados de Kramer e cols.<sup>15 </sup>e Rittersma e cols.<sup>12 </sup>porque mostraram que os trombos coronarianos na nossa an&#225;lise n&#227;o apresentaram rela&#231;&#227;o com o tempo de isquemia. </p>
    <p>Por outro lado, nossos resultados diferem de outros estudos pr&#233;vios que demonstraram que trombos recentes est&#227;o associados com menor mortalidade. Apesar de n&#227;o ser uma diferen&#231;a estatisticamente significativa, nosso estudo demonstrou taxa de mortalidade maior em pacientes com trombos recentes do que os com trombos antigos no seguimento de 30 dias, ao contr&#225;rio de um outro estudo de Kramer e cols.<sup>16</sup>, que demonstrou associa&#231;&#227;o entre a idade dos trombos e mortalidade. A presen&#231;a de trombos antigos no estudo citado foi um preditor independente de mortalidade em longo prazo, e observou-se um risco maior de &#243;bito nos primeiros 14 dias em pacientes com trombos antigos comparados a pacientes com trombos recentes. Depois de 14 dias, a taxa de mortalidade dos dois grupos foi semelhante, mostrando ent&#227;o que a diferen&#231;a de &#243;bito ocorre principalmente dentro de algumas semanas ap&#243;s a ICPp<sup>16</sup>. Diferentemente do estudo citado, nossa s&#233;rie reflete a pr&#225;tica m&#233;dica contempor&#226;nea, na qual os trombos foram obtidos exclusivamente com o uso de dispositivos de aspira&#231;&#227;o manual, o que poderia contribuir para a diferen&#231;a nos resultados. </p>
    <p>At&#233; o momento, existem poucos estudos sobre an&#225;lises histopatol&#243;gicas de trombos aspirados durante ICPp em pacientes com IAMCST, alguns com pequenas amostras de pacientes e/ou outros com muito tempo de dura&#231;&#227;o<sup>16,24,25</sup>. O nosso estudo analisou 199 trombos aspirados por trombectomia na ICPp em quase dois anos de coleta, uma s&#233;rie superior a muitos estudos publicados. Esse aspecto &#233; importante na interpreta&#231;&#227;o desses dados. As dificuldades relacionadas ao estudo dos trombos aspirados em procedimentos de ICPp se devem ao n&#250;mero relativamente pequeno desses procedimentos na maioria dos centros, &#224; penetra&#231;&#227;o parcial do procedimento de tromboaspira&#231;&#227;o, &#224;s taxas de sucesso de aproximadamente 70% e a problemas log&#237;sticos derivados da coleta e processamento do material. </p>
    <p>Confirmando nossos resultados com a literatura; o fluxo TIMI 2/3 p&#243;s-ICPp apresentou uma tend&#234;ncia &#224; associa&#231;&#227;o no grupo recente, havendo estudos demonstrando que o trombo recente pode ser formado em at&#233; um dia<sup>12,13,15</sup>, podendo ent&#227;o contribuir para melhorar a reperfus&#227;o do mioc&#225;rdio e o grau do <italic>blush </italic>mioc&#225;rdico ap&#243;s a tromboaspira&#231;&#227;o e a r&#225;pida recanaliza&#231;&#227;o da art&#233;ria lesionada. </p>
    <p>Como citado anteriormente, nos trombos recentes do presente estudo foram encontradas mais hem&#225;cias que no grupo antigo, com uma diferen&#231;a estatisticamente significativa. As hem&#225;cias s&#227;o um dos constituintes mais encontrados nos trombos, podendo contribuir para a composi&#231;&#227;o dos trombos mais em est&#225;gios tardios e n&#227;o durante a fase aguda do IAMCST<sup>24,26</sup>. Nossos achados em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; infiltra&#231;&#227;o de hem&#225;cias no grupo recente e &#224; tend&#234;ncia a infiltra&#231;&#227;o de fibrina no grupo antigo confirmam os achados da literatura, dizendo que os trombos recentes t&#234;m maior composi&#231;&#227;o de hem&#225;cias, e com o tempo as fibras de fibrina v&#227;o aumentando e se transformando em trombos antigos, ricos em fibrina<sup>24,27,28</sup>. Al&#233;m das hem&#225;cias e outros constituintes celulares, o compartimento do plasma apoia a forma&#231;&#227;o da fibrina e, consequentemente, a forma&#231;&#227;o do trombo<sup>29,30</sup>. As hem&#225;cias ainda precisam ser muito estudadas, j&#225; que parecem mediar a forma&#231;&#227;o de fibras de fibrina e influenciam na viscoelasticidade do co&#225;gulo<sup>24,26</sup>, refor&#231;ando a import&#226;ncia de estudos com an&#225;lises histopatol&#243;gicas de trombos coronarianos aspirados durante o IAMCST. </p>
    <p>Nosso estudo merece valida&#231;&#227;o, pois confirma muitos achados da literatura. Entretanto, para uma compreens&#227;o mais clara da influ&#234;ncia das caracter&#237;sticas histopatol&#243;gicas de trombos coronarianos no IAMCST na pr&#225;tica cl&#237;nica contempor&#226;nea, &#233; necess&#225;ria a realiza&#231;&#227;o de mais estudos. </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Limita&#231;&#245;es</bold>
    </p>
    <p>O pequeno n&#250;mero de pacientes constitui-se em uma das potenciais limita&#231;&#245;es deste estudo. No entanto, &#233; importante considerar que nossa s&#233;rie se compara favoravelmente a v&#225;rios estudos recentemente publicados, com n&#250;mero inferior a 100 pacientes. Estudos dedicados a coleta e an&#225;lise de trombos coronarianos pela trombectomia de aspira&#231;&#227;o t&#234;m sido limitados pelo n&#250;mero relativamente pequeno de pacientes submetidos a interven&#231;&#227;o coronariana prim&#225;ria mesmo em centros de refer&#234;ncia, pela penetra&#231;&#227;o incompleta desse procedimento na pr&#225;tica cl&#237;nica, suas taxas de sucesso em torno de 70% e dificuldades no processamento e an&#225;lise do material. Em virtude do n&#250;mero restrito de pacientes inclu&#237;do nesta an&#225;lise, n&#227;o foi poss&#237;vel a realiza&#231;&#227;o de an&#225;lise multivariada para avalia&#231;&#227;o de potenciais vari&#225;veis de confus&#227;o. </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Conclus&#227;o</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Neste presente estudo, a maioria dos pacientes com IAMCST apresentou trombos recentes, o que confirma os achados da literatura. Os trombos recentes apresentaram significativamente maior infiltra&#231;&#227;o de hem&#225;cias, e n&#227;o houve rela&#231;&#227;o entre a classifica&#231;&#227;o histopatol&#243;gica do trombo e caracter&#237;sticas cl&#237;nicas ou angiogr&#225;ficas. Os desfechos cl&#237;nicos nos pacientes com trombos antigos ou recentes foram semelhantes. </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Contribui&#231;&#227;o dos autores</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa a Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual: Sebben JC, Cambruzzi E, Gottschall CAM, de Quadros AS; Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados: Sebben JC, Cambruzzi E, Avena LM, Gazeta CA; An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados: Sebben JC, Cambruzzi E, Avena LM, Gazeta CA, de Quadros AS; An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica e Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito: Sebben JC, de Quadros AS. </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Potencial Conflito de Interesses</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Declaro n&#227;o haver conflito de interesses pertinentes. </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Fontes de Financiamento</bold>
    </p>
    <p>O presente estudo n&#227;o teve fontes de financiamento externas. </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Vincula&#231;&#227;o Acad&#234;mica</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Este artigo &#233; parte de disserta&#231;&#227;o de Mestrado de Juliana Canedo Sebben pela Instituto de Cardiologia / Funda&#231;&#227;o Universit&#225;ria de Cardiologia IC/FUC. </p>
    <p>
      <fn id="end" fn-type="corresp">
        <p>Correspond&#234;ncia:</p>
        <p> Alexandre Schaan de Quadros </p>
        <p> Av. Princesa Isabel, 395, Santana </p>
        <p> CEP 90620-000, Porto Alegre, RS - Brasil </p>
        <p> E-mail: </p>
        <p><email xlink:href="quadros.pesquisa@gmail.com">quadros.pesquisa@gmail.com</email>, </p>
        <p>
          <email xlink:href="editoracao-pc@cardiologia.org.br">editoracao-pc@cardiologia.org.br </email>
        </p>
      </fn>
    </p>
    <p>Artigo recebido em 05/04/13; revisado em 19/06/13; aceito em 10/07/13.</p>
  </body>
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  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Articles</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title xml:lang="en">Clinical significance of histological features of thrombi in patients with myocardial infarction</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <abstract xml:lang="en">
        <p>BACKGROUND: Percutaneous Coronary Intervention (PCI) is the most common strategy for the treatment of Acute ST segment elevation Myocardia Infarction (STEMI), and thromboaspiration has been increasingly utilized for removal of occlusive thrombi. OBJECTIVES: To analyze the influence of histopathological features of coronary thrombi in clinical outcomes of patients with STEMI, and the association of these variables with clinical, angiographic, and laboratory features and medications used in hospitalization. METHODS: Prospective cohort study. All patients were monitored during hospitalization and thirty days after the event. Aspirated thrombi were preserved in formalin and subsequently stained with hematoxylin-eosin and embedded in paraffin. Thrombi were classified as recent and old. The primary outcome was the occurrence of major cardiovascular events within thirty days. RESULTS: During the study period, 1,149 patients were evaluated with STEMI, and 331 patients underwent thrombi aspiration, leaving 199 patients available for analysis. It was identified recent thrombi in 116 patients (58%) and old thrombi in 83 patients (42%). Recent thrombi have greater infiltration of red blood cells than old thrombi (p = 0.02), but there were no statistically significant differences between other clinical, angiographic, laboratory, and histopathological features and medications in both group of patients. The rates of clinical outcomes were similar in both groups. CONCLUSIONS: Recent thrombi were identified in 58% of patients with STEMI and it was observed an association with infiltration of red blood cells. There was no association between histopathological features of thrombi and clinical variables and cardiovascular outcomes.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>Coronary thrombosis</kwd>
        <kwd>Percutaneous coronary intervention</kwd>
        <kwd>Thrombectomy</kwd>
        <kwd>Myocardial infarction</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p>
        <fn id="enda-body2">
          <label>
            <bold>Clinical significance of histological features of thrombi in patients with myocardial infarction </bold>
          </label>
          <p>
            <bold>Juliana Canedo Sebben; Eduardo Cambruzzi; Luisa Martins Avena; Cristina do Amaral Gazeta; Carlos Antonio Mascia Gottschall; Alexandre Schaan de Quadros </bold>
          </p>
        </fn>
      </p>
      <p>Instituto de Cardiologia / Funda&#231;&#227;o Universit&#225;ria de Cardiologia - IC/FUC, Porto Alegre, RS - Brazil</p>
      <p>Mailling Address</p>
      <p>
        <bold>ABSTRACT </bold>
      </p>
      <p><bold>BACKGROUND: </bold>Percutaneous Coronary Intervention (PCI) is the most common strategy for the treatment of Acute ST segment elevation Myocardial Infarction (STEMI), and thromboaspiration has been increasingly utilized for removal of occlusive thrombi. </p>
      <p><bold>OBJECTIVES:</bold> To analyze the influence of histopathological features of coronary thrombi in clinical outcomes of patients with STEMI, and the association of these variables with clinical, angiographic, and laboratory features and medications used in hospitalization.</p>
      <p><bold>METHODS:</bold> Prospective cohort study. All patients were monitored during hospitalization and thirty days after the event. Aspirated thrombi were preserved in formalin and subsequently stained with hematoxylin-eosin and embedded in paraffin. Thrombi were classified as recent and old. The primary outcome was the occurrence of major cardiovascular events within thirty days.</p>
      <p><bold>RESULTS:</bold> During the study period, 1,149 patients were evaluated with STEMI, and 331 patients underwent thrombi aspiration, leaving 199 patients available for analysis. It was identified recent thrombi in 116 patients (58%) and old thrombi in 83 patients (42%). Recent thrombi have greater infiltration of red blood cells than old thrombi (p = 0.02), but there were no statistically significant differences between other clinical, angiographic, laboratory, and histopathological features and medications in both group of patients. The rates of clinical outcomes were similar in both groups. </p>
      <p><bold>CONCLUSIONS:</bold> Recent thrombi were identified in 58% of patients with STEMI and it was observed an association with infiltration of red blood cells. There was no association between histopathological features of thrombi and clinical variables and cardiovascular outcomes. </p>
      <p><bold>Keywords:</bold> Coronary thrombosis; Percutaneous coronary intervention; Thrombectomy; Myocardial infarction. </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Introduction </bold>
      </p>
      <p>Acute ST Segment Elevation Myocardial Infarction (STEMI) is generally caused by sudden occlusion of a coronary artery due to fracture or erosion of atherosclerotic plaque, and it is one of the main causes of deaths worldwide<sup>1-3</sup>. Primary Percutaneous Coronary Intervention (pPCI) is the most common strategy for the treatment of this disease<sup>4,5</sup>. A metanalysis published by Keeley et al<sup>5</sup> in 2003 demonstrated that treatment by PCI results in significant decrease in mortality when compared to thrombolytic treatment. The mortality rates of STEMI have significantly decreased after the use of routine pPCI, representing approximately 7% in contemporary practice<sup>5-7</sup>. These results can further improve with thromboaspiration, and this approach also reduces stent thrombosis and improves myocardial blush<sup>8-10</sup>. </p>
      <p>Thrombectomy by manual aspiration can be effectively carried out with several devices available in the market<sup>11</sup>. Aspirated thrombi present different histopathological and morphometric features, and it has been suggested that thrombi may be classified as recent, lytic and organized<sup>8,12,13</sup>. Other studies demonstrate that there may be a period of days or weeks between thrombus formation and infarction symptoms<sup>12,14,15</sup>. It was also demonstrated that old thrombi may be present in patients with chest pain only for a couple of hours, and that the age (progression time) of thrombus is related to worst prognosis and partial resolution of ST segment<sup>12,16,17</sup>. </p>
      <p>Recent studies demonstrated an association between histological features of thrombi and major cardiovascular outcomes<sup>8,13,15,17,18</sup>. However, these studies were performed over ten years ago, and with different thromboaspiration devices, and this limits its applicability in contemporary clinical practice. This study aims at analyzing the influence of histopathological features of coronary thrombi in clinical outcomes of patients with acute ST segment elevation myocardial infarction undergoing manual aspiration in contemporary clinical practice, and the association of these variables with clinical, angiographic, and laboratory features and medications administered during hospitalization. </p>
      <p>
        <bold>METHODS</bold>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Study design </bold>
      </p>
      <p>Prospective cohort study of patients with STEMI treated at the Cardiology Institute of Rio Grande do Sul, University Cardiology Foundation, Porto Alegre, Brazil, in the period of April, 2010 to January, 2012. </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Patients </bold>
      </p>
      <p>Inclusion criteria were STEMI and indication of pPCI and thrombectomy by aspiration (at the attending physician's discretion). Exclusion criteria were under age, failure at thromboaspiration and refusal to sign the consent form. The project was approved by the Ethics Research Committee of the Cardiology Institute of Rio Grande do Sul. The patients signed the informed consent form. </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Logistics </bold>
      </p>
      <p>All patients were interviewed at hospital admission and followed-up during the study period by one of the investigators. Data collections were performed using paper forms elaborated by the group of investigators involved, and these data were stored in a specific database in Microsoft Access. Data included in the database were verified by another investigator. Clinical, angiographic, laboratory, and histopathological features and medications used during the first 24 hours of hospitalization and cardiovascular outcomes within thirty days were analyzed. </p>
      <p>Delta T was defined as the time between onset of chest pain and patient's arrival at the emergency room. Door-to-balloon comprised time between patient's arrival at the emergency room and first balloon inflation inside the infarct-related artery. Total ischemia time was the sum of these two times. </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Procedures of primary percutaneous coronary intervention </bold>
      </p>
      <p>PPCI procedures were carried out as described in the literature<sup>19,20</sup>. All patients were treated with aspirin 300mg and clopidogrel 300 to 600mg at hospital admission. Heparin (100 U/Kg EV) was administered before PCI. Inhibitors of glycoprotein IIb/IIIa and other technical aspects, such as the number of stents used and pre- and post-dilation, were used at the operators' discretion, as well as the decision of performing thrombectomy by aspiration. In this study, the following manual aspiration devices were used: Export (Medtronic Vascular Inc., Santa Rosa, United States), Pronto (Vascular Solutions, Minneapolis, United States), Diver (Invatec, Brescia, Italy) or Thrombuster (Kaneka Medix Corporation, Osaka, Japan). The aspiration procedure technique was that described in the literature<sup>9</sup>, passing the catheter several times through the occlusion site. </p>
      <p>Angiographic analyses were performed in two orthogonal projections by experienced operators. The coronary flow was analyzed before and after the procedure according with TIMI criterion<sup>21</sup>. Myocardial perfusion was evaluated by myocardial blush score, previously described<sup>22</sup>. </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Histopathological analysis </bold>
      </p>
      <p>We included in the study 199 thrombi of patients with STEMI subjected to pPCI, 116 recent thrombi and 83 old thrombi. Immediately after thrombus aspiration by manual device, the device filter was placed in 10% formalin, aspirated and fixed for 24 hours. Then, the material was embedded in paraffin, subjected to series of 8&#181;m-thick hemoxylin-eosin-stained histological cuts. In histopathological analysis, we evaluated the quantities of white blood cells, red blood cells and fibrin, described according to their percentage. The number of fragments of each aspirated thrombus was also analyzed. Thrombotic material was classified according with its composition. Thrombi were classified in three groups, accordingly with previously published data: recent thrombus, composed of patterns of layers of platelets, fibrin and white blood cells; lytic thrombi, characterized by areas of necrosis and apoptosis; white blood cells; and organized thrombi, which showed proliferation of smooth muscle cells and/ or deposition of connective tissue<sup>12,13</sup>. Thrombi collected in this study were divided in two groups: recent and old (lytic/organized). Pathological analyses were carried out by three pathologists blinded to clinical features. </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Clinical follow-up and outcomes </bold>
      </p>
      <p>Each patient was monitored during hospitalization by one of the investigators, and telephone call was made within 30 days after STEMI. The study primary outcome was the combination of cardiovascular events: death, AMI and myocardial revascularization. Myocardial infarction was defined as recurrence of chest pain with new ST segment elevation or elevation of biomarkers serum levels. New revascularization was carried out by surgical myocardial revascularization or percutaneous coronary intervention procedure, at the attending physician's discretion. We also evaluated secondary outcomes, such as Cerebrovascular Accident (CVA) and stent thrombosis. Ischemic stroke was considered when there was a rapid loss of neurological function. Thrombosis was defined according to the Academic Research Consortium definitions<sup>23</sup>. </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Statistical analysis </bold>
      </p>
      <p>The data were analyzed using the statistical program SPSS 19.0. Quantitative variables are described as mean &#177; standard deviation or median, interquartile range. Categorical variables are described through absolute and relative frequency. The patients were divided in recent thrombus group and old thrombus group, and comparisons were carried out using Chi-square test, Fischer's Exact test, t or Mann-Whitney test, as appropriate. Values considered significant are those with p &lt; 0.05.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Results</bold>
      </p>
      <p>In the study period, we evaluated 1,149 patients with STEMI, and 331 patients underwent thrombi aspiration. The success rate was of 69%, and 199 samples were available for analysis. The study flowchart is shown in <xref ref-type="fig" rid="en_aop5592fig01-body2">Figure 1</xref>. </p>
      <p content-type="asset">
        <fig id="en_aop5592fig01-body2">
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-101-06-0502-30212-gf01-en.jpg"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p>Recent thrombi were identified in 116 patients (58%), and due to the small number of lytic and organized thrombi (N = 43 and N = 40, respectively), we formed a group of old thrombi with 83 patients (42%). Comparisons between clinical and angiographic features of both groups of patients are shown in <xref ref-type="table" rid="en_aop5592tab01-body2">Table 1</xref>. Patients with recent thrombi presented a more frequent history of coronary arterydisease (p = 0.09) and 2/3 TIMI flow after the procedure (p = 0.09). Patients with old thrombi present higher abdominal circumference (p = 0.09). Delta T did not present a statistically relevant association with histological features of thrombi. </p>
      <p content-type="asset">
        <table-wrap id="en_aop5592tab01-body2">
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-101-06-0502-30212-gt01-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      </p>
      <p>Laboratory features of these two groups of patients are shown in <xref ref-type="table" rid="en_aop5592tab02-body2">Table 2</xref>. There were no statistically relevant differences regarding fibrogen, C-Reactive Protein (CRP), Creatinine phosphokinase (CK), Creatinine phosphokinase-MB (CKMB), Ultra-sensitive Troponin (USTN) and other analyses. </p>
      <p content-type="asset">
        <table-wrap id="en_aop5592tab02-body2">
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-101-06-0502-30212-gt02-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      </p>
      <p>In <xref ref-type="table" rid="en_aop5592tab03-body2">Table 3</xref> are shown the medications used during the first 24 hours of hospitalization, and there was no statistically relevant difference between these two groups of patients. </p>
      <p content-type="asset">
        <table-wrap id="en_aop5592tab03-body2">
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-101-06-0502-30212-gt03-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      </p>
      <p>Histopathological analyses are shown in <xref ref-type="table" rid="en_aop5592tab04-body2">Table 4</xref>. Patients with recent thrombus presented significantly higher infiltration of red blood cells (p = 0.02), and the group of old thrombus had a tendency for higher fibrin infiltration (p = 0.07). As for other histopathological and morphometric characteristics, such as the number of fragments removed, dimension and volume of thrombus and infiltration of white blood cells, there were no statistically relevant differences between these two groups of patients.</p>
      <p content-type="asset">
        <table-wrap id="en_aop5592tab04-body2">
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-101-06-0502-30212-gt04-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      </p>
      <p>In the 30-day clinical follow-up there were no statistically relevant differences regarding death (recent thrombus = 7.8% vs. old thrombus = 4.8%; p = 0.59), AMI (recent thrombus = 2.6% vs. old thrombus = 2.4%; p = 1), ischemic stroke (recent thrombus = 0.9% vs. old thrombus = 2.4%; p = 0.77), stent thrombosis (recent thrombus = 1.7% vs. old thrombus = 2.4%; p = 1) and combined outcomes (recent thrombus = 9.5% vs. old thrombus = 6%; p = 0.53). Results of the clinical follow-up are described in <xref ref-type="fig" rid="en_aop5592fig02-body2">Figure 2</xref>.</p>
      <p content-type="asset">
        <fig id="en_aop5592fig02-body2">
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-101-06-0502-30212-gf02-en.jpg"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p>Recent and old thrombi are illustrated in <xref ref-type="fig" rid="en_aop5592fig03-body2">Figures 3</xref> and <xref ref-type="fig" rid="en_aop5592fig04-body2">4</xref>, respectively.</p>
      <p content-type="asset">
        <fig id="en_aop5592fig03-body2">
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-101-06-0502-30212-gf03-en.jpg"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p content-type="asset">
        <fig id="en_aop5592fig04-body2">
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-101-06-0502-30212-gf04-en.jpg"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Discussion</bold>
      </p>
      <p>In this study we demonstrated that there was no correlation between the histopathological classification of thrombus as recent or old and the progression time of infarction, other clinical, angiographic, and laboratory features and clinical progression of patients. The infiltration of white blood cells was significantly higher in thrombi classified as recent and there was a tendency for higher infiltration of fibrin in old thrombi, which is consistent with the criteria used to define these thrombi.</p>
      <p>The absence of an association between histological pathology of thrombus and progression time of infarction had already been previously described by other authors12,15. Kramer et al15, in 2009, reported that the time between plaque rupture and thrombi formation is still unpredictable, and Rittersma et al12 have also demonstrated a discrepancy between thrombotic process and onset of infarction symptoms. However, another study recently published by Silvain et al24 showed that ischemic time is a determining factor in thrombus composition, its formation during infarction coronary occlusion is a rapid evolution process, changing its composition rapidly during ischemic process24. But our results corroborate the findings of Kramer et al15 and Rittersma et al12 because they showed that coronary thrombi in our analysis have no relation with ischemic time.</p>
      <p>On the other hand, our results are different from other previous studies that demonstrated that recent thrombi are associated with lower mortality. In spite of not being a statistically relevant difference, our study demonstrated a higher mortality rate in patients with recent thrombi than with old thrombi in the 30-day follow-up, as opposed to a study of Kramer et al<sup>16</sup>, which demonstrated an association between the age of thrombi and mortality. The presence of old thrombi in that study was an independent predictor of long-term mortality, and there was a higher risk of death during the first 14 days in patients with old thrombi compared to patients with recent thrombi. After 14 days, both groups had similar mortality rate, demonstrating the difference in death occurs primarily within a few weeks after pPCI<sup>16</sup>. Unlike the study abovementioned, our series reflects a contemporary medical practice, in which thrombi were obtained exclusively by means of manual aspiration devices, which could contribute to the difference in results. </p>
      <p>To date, there are few studies on histopathological analyses of thrombi aspirated during pPCI in patients with STEMI, some with small samples of patients and/or others with long duration<sup>16,24,25</sup>. Our study analyzed 199 thrombi aspirated by thrombectomy in pPCI in almost two years of collection, exceeding many published studies. This is an important aspect to interpret these data. Difficulties related to the study of thrombi aspirated in pPCI procedures are due to the relatively small number of these procedures in most centers, to partial penetration of thromboaspiration procedure, to success rates of approximately 70% and to logistic problems resulting from collection and processing of material. </p>
      <p>Confirming our results with the literature, 2/3 TIMI flow post-pPCI presented a tendency for association with the recent thrombi group, and there were studies demonstrating that recent thrombus can be formed within one day<sup>12,13,15</sup>, therefore, it can contribute to improve myocardial reperfusion and myocardial blush grade after thromboaspiration and rapid recanalization of the injured artery. </p>
      <p>As previously mentioned, in the recent thrombi of this study we found more red blood cells than in the old thrombi group, with a statistically relevant difference. Red blood cells are one of the most common components found in thrombi, and may contribute more in the composition of thrombi in later stages and not during acute STEMI phase<sup>24,26</sup>. Our findings related to infiltration of red blood cells in the recent group and tendency for infiltration of fibrin in the old group corroborate the literature findings, claiming that recent thrombi have higher composition of red blood cells, and over time, fibrin fibers increase and transform in old thrombi, rich in fibrin<sup>24,27,28</sup>. In addition to red blood cells and other cell constituents, plasma compartment supports the fibrin formation and, consequently, thrombus formation<sup>29,30</sup>. Red blood cells need to be further studied, since they seem to mediate the formation of fibrin fibers and influence in clot viscoelasticity<sup>24,26</sup>, reinforcing the importance of studies with histopathological analysis of coronary thrombi aspirated during STEMI. </p>
      <p>Our study merits validation, for it confirms many findings in the literature. However, for a clearer understanding of the influence of coronary thrombi histopathological features in STEMI in the contemporary clinical practice, it is necessary to carry out further studies. </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Limitations </bold>
      </p>
      <p>The small number of patients is one of the limitations of this study. However, it is important to consider that our series compares favorably to several recently published studies, with less than 100 patients. Studies dedicated to collection and analysis of coronary thrombi by aspiration thrombectomy have been limited by a relatively small number of patients undergoing primary coronary intervention even in reference centers, through incomplete penetrance of this procedure in clinical practice, its success rates around 70% and difficulties in processing and analysis of material. Due to the restrict number of patients included in this analysis, it was not possible to carry out a multivariate analysis for the evaluation of possible confounding variables. </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Conclusion </bold>
      </p>
      <p>In this study, most patients with STEMI had recent thrombi, which confirms the findings in literature. Recent thrombi showed a significantly higher infiltration of red blood cells, and there was no relation between thrombus histopathological classification and clinical or angiographic features. Clinical outcomes in patients with old or recent thrombi were similar. </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Author contributions </bold>
      </p>
      <p>Conception and design of the research and Critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content: Sebben JC, Cambruzzi E, Gottschall CAM, de Quadros AS; Acquisition of data: Sebben JC, Cambruzzi E, Avena LM, Gazeta CA; Analysis and interpretation of the data: Sebben JC, Cambruzzi E, Avena LM, Gazeta CA, de Quadros AS; Statistical analysis and Writing of the manuscript: Sebben JC, de Quadros AS. </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Potential Conflict of Interest</bold>
      </p>
      <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported. </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Sources of Funding</bold>
      </p>
      <p>There were no external funding sources for this study. </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Study Association</bold>
      </p>
      <p>This article is part of the thesis of master submitted by Juliana Canedo Sebben from Instituto de Cardiologia / Funda&#231;&#227;o Universit&#225;ria de Cardiologia IC/FUC. </p>
      <p>
        <bold>References</bold>
      </p>
    </body>
  </sub-article>
</article>
