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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
        <publisher-loc>S&#227;o Paulo, SP, Brazil</publisher-loc>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">vMBwvP78tXCH75SnJH6VK6d</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2013003200002</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v1">S0066-782X(13)10100600002</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5935/abc.20130206</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigos Originais</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Preditores de interna&#231;&#227;o hospitalar em pacientes com s&#237;ncope atendidos em hospital cardiol&#243;gico</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Fischer</surname>
            <given-names>Leonardo Marques</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Dutra</surname>
            <given-names>Jo&#227;o Pedro Passos</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Mantovani</surname>
            <given-names>Augusto</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Lima</surname>
            <given-names>Gustavo Glotz de</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Leiria</surname>
            <given-names>Tiago Luiz Luz</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff01">
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Porto Alegre</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">Rio Grande do Sul</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Funda&#231;&#227;o Universit&#225;ria de Cardiologia</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Instituto de Cardiologia </institution>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff02">
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Porto Alegre</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">Rio Grande do Sul</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal de Ci&#234;ncias da Sa&#250;de de Porto Alegre</institution>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
      </aff>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>12</month>
        <year>2013</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>101</volume>
      <issue>6</issue>
      <fpage>480</fpage>
      <lpage>486</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>14</day>
          <month>02</month>
          <year>2013</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>28</day>
          <month>06</month>
          <year>2013</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>05</day>
          <month>06</month>
          <year>2013</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <p>FUNDAMENTO: No atendimento ao epis&#243;dio sincopal &#233; necess&#225;rio estratificar o risco para melhor diferenciar pacientes que necessitam de interna&#231;&#227;o hospitalar daqueles que podem ser liberados. Os crit&#233;rios utilizados pelos m&#233;dicos avaliadores desses pacientes em emerg&#234;ncias cardiol&#243;gicas em nosso meio s&#227;o desconhecidos. OBJETIVOS: Analisar quais os crit&#233;rios adotados para interna&#231;&#227;o hospitalar, diferenci&#225;-los dos utilizados nos pacientes liberados e compar&#225;-los com os preditores de alto risco definidos pelo escore de OESIL j&#225; validado para esse fim. M&#201;TODOS: Estudo transversal em pacientes diagnosticados com s&#237;ncope na emerg&#234;ncia em nossa institui&#231;&#227;o no ano de 2011. RESULTADOS: Dos 46.476 atendimentos realizados naquele ano, 216 foram descritos como s&#237;ncope. Dos 216 pacientes analisados, 39% foram internados, sendo que as principais vari&#225;veis associadas &#224; admiss&#227;o foram s&#237;ncope pr&#233;via, doen&#231;a card&#237;aca conhecida, hist&#243;ria negativa para acidente vascular encef&#225;lico no passado, ECG alterado e possuir plano de s&#250;de. Na compara&#231;&#227;o interna&#231;&#227;o contra n&#227;o interna&#231;&#227;o, os escores OESIL 0-1 foram associados a maior chance de libera&#231;&#227;o hospitalar; os escores 2-3 apresentaram maior associa&#231;&#227;o com interna&#231;&#227;o. Um escore OESIL &gt;2 demonstrou raz&#227;o de chances 7,8 vezes maior de interna&#231;&#227;o comparado com o escore 0 (p &lt; 0,001; IC95%: 4,03-15,11). Aproximadamente 39% dos pacientes n&#227;o tiveram defini&#231;&#227;o etiol&#243;gica e em 18% foi identificada uma causa cardiol&#243;gica. CONCLUS&#213;ES: Fatores como doen&#231;a cardiovascular conhecida, hist&#243;ria sincopal pr&#233;via, aus&#234;ncia de AVC pr&#233;vio, possuir seguro de sa&#250;de e eletrocardiograma alterado foram os crit&#233;rios utilizados pelos m&#233;dicos em emerg&#234;ncia para indicar interna&#231;&#227;o hospitalar. Houve boa correla&#231;&#227;o entre os crit&#233;rios cl&#237;nicos e os crit&#233;rios de risco do OESIL descritos na literatura.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt" kwd-group-type="author-generated">
        <kwd>S&#237;ncope</kwd>
        <kwd>Fatores de Risco</kwd>
        <kwd>Hospitaliza&#231;&#227;o</kwd>
        <kwd>Servi&#231;os M&#233;dicos de Emerg&#234;ncia</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="pub">
        <day>22</day>
        <month>10</month>
        <year>2013</year>
      </pub-date>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <p>
      <bold>Preditores de interna&#231;&#227;o hospitalar em pacientes com s&#237;ncope atendidos em hospital cardiol&#243;gico</bold>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Leonardo Marques Fischer<sup>I</sup>; Jo&#227;o Pedro Passos Dutra<sup>I</sup>; Augusto Mantovani<sup>II</sup>; Gustavo Glotz de Lima<sup>I,II</sup>; Tiago Luiz Luz Leiria<sup>I</sup></bold>
    </p>
    <p><sup>I</sup>Instituto de Cardiologia, Funda&#231;&#227;o Universit&#225;ria de Cardiologia do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS - Brasil </p>
    <p><sup>II</sup>UFCSPA - Universidade Federal de Ci&#234;ncias da Sa&#250;de de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, RS - Brasil</p>
    <p>
      <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="end">Correspond&#234;ncia</xref>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>RESUMO</bold>
    </p>
    <p><bold>FUNDAMENTO:</bold> No atendimento ao epis&#243;dio sincopal &#233; necess&#225;rio estratificar o risco para melhor diferenciar pacientes que necessitam de interna&#231;&#227;o hospitalar daqueles que podem ser liberados. Os crit&#233;rios utilizados pelos m&#233;dicos avaliadores desses pacientes em emerg&#234;ncias cardiol&#243;gicas em nosso meio s&#227;o desconhecidos. </p>
    <p><bold>OBJETIVOS:</bold> Analisar quais os crit&#233;rios adotados para interna&#231;&#227;o hospitalar, diferenci&#225;-los dos utilizados nos pacientes liberados e compar&#225;-los com os preditores de alto risco definidos pelo escore de OESIL j&#225; validado para esse fim. </p>
    <p><bold>M&#201;TODOS:</bold> Estudo transversal em pacientes diagnosticados com s&#237;ncope na emerg&#234;ncia em nossa institui&#231;&#227;o no ano de 2011. </p>
    <p><bold>RESULTADOS:</bold> Dos 46.476 atendimentos realizados naquele ano, 216 foram descritos como s&#237;ncope. Dos 216 pacientes analisados, 39% foram internados, sendo que as principais vari&#225;veis associadas &#224; admiss&#227;o foram s&#237;ncope pr&#233;via, doen&#231;a card&#237;aca conhecida, hist&#243;ria negativa para acidente vascular encef&#225;lico no passado, ECG alterado e possuir plano de s&#250;de. Na compara&#231;&#227;o interna&#231;&#227;o contra n&#227;o interna&#231;&#227;o, os escores OESIL 0-1 foram associados a maior chance de libera&#231;&#227;o hospitalar; os escores 2-3 apresentaram maior associa&#231;&#227;o com interna&#231;&#227;o. Um escore OESIL <underline>&gt;</underline>2 demonstrou raz&#227;o de chances 7,8 vezes maior de interna&#231;&#227;o comparado com o escore 0 (p &lt; 0,001; IC95%: 4,03-15,11). Aproximadamente 39% dos pacientes n&#227;o tiveram defini&#231;&#227;o etiol&#243;gica e em 18% foi identificada uma causa cardiol&#243;gica. </p>
    <p><bold>CONCLUS&#213;ES:</bold> Fatores como doen&#231;a cardiovascular conhecida, hist&#243;ria sincopal pr&#233;via, aus&#234;ncia de AVC pr&#233;vio, possuir seguro de sa&#250;de e eletrocardiograma alterado foram os crit&#233;rios utilizados pelos m&#233;dicos em emerg&#234;ncia para indicar interna&#231;&#227;o hospitalar. Houve boa correla&#231;&#227;o entre os crit&#233;rios cl&#237;nicos e os crit&#233;rios de risco do OESIL descritos na literatura.</p>
    <p><bold>Palavras-Chave:</bold> S&#237;ncope / etiologia; Fatores de Risco; Hospitaliza&#231;&#227;o; Servi&#231;os M&#233;dicos de Emerg&#234;ncia</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</bold>
    </p>
    <p>A s&#237;ncope corresponde a aproximadamente 1,5% dos atendimentos emergenciais nos Estados Unidos<sup>1,2</sup>. No Brasil n&#227;o &#233; conhecida a real estimativa dos atendimentos decorrentes de s&#237;ncope.</p>
    <p>Algumas das causas de s&#237;ncope est&#227;o associadas a morbidade significativa, devendo ser afastadas<sup>1,2</sup>. Nelas, a mortalidade em um ano pode chegar a 18-33%<sup>3</sup>. O diagn&#243;stico diferencial &#233; amplo,e o manejo &#233; voltado para a causa subjacente, quando esta &#233; detectada. Entretanto, no atendimento de emerg&#234;ncia, a etiologia da s&#237;ncope frequentemente &#233; desconhecida, devendo o manejo ser focado na estratifica&#231;&#227;o de risco, a fim de melhor diferenciar aqueles que podem ser liberados daqueles que necessitam de interven&#231;&#227;o urgente ou admiss&#227;o hospitalar<sup>1,2</sup>. Nos Estados Unidos, cerca de 47% dos pacientes atendidos em emerg&#234;ncias com s&#237;ncope s&#227;o liberados sem diagn&#243;stico<sup>4</sup>.</p>
    <p>Anamnese detalhada associada a exame f&#237;sico minucioso (incluindo medidas de press&#227;o arterial em dec&#250;bito e ortostatismo)e estudo eletrocardiogr&#225;fico apresentam rendimento diagn&#243;stico combinado de 50% para o diagn&#243;stico causal de s&#237;ncope<sup>5</sup>. O eletrocardiograma (ECG) pode apresentar anormalidades, como dist&#250;rbios de condu&#231;&#227;o ou infarto mioc&#225;rdico antigo, sugerindo uma etiologia para a s&#237;ncope; entretanto, em apenas 5% dos casos a causa &#233; elucidada com base somente no ECG<sup>5</sup>.</p>
    <p>Os escores OESIL<sup>6</sup> (Osservatorio Epidemiologico sulla Sincope nel Lazio) e EGSYS<sup>7</sup> t&#234;m ampla utiliza&#231;&#227;o em n&#237;vel emergencial, como ferramenta para auxiliar na decis&#227;o de qual paciente deve ser hospitalizado; contudo, foram desenhados para o atendimento de paciente em hospitais gerais. Isso os torna ferramentas n&#227;o adequadas para uso em hospitais de atendimento cardiol&#243;gico exclusivo, pois a presen&#231;a de cardiopatia &#233; sempre definida como crit&#233;rio de risco, sendo indicada a interna&#231;&#227;o na maioria desses escores<sup>6,7</sup>.</p>
    <p>N&#227;o h&#225;, at&#233; o presente momento, conhecimento acerca do perfil dos pacientes atendidos por s&#237;ncope em emerg&#234;ncias cardiol&#243;gicas em nosso meio. Tampouco sabemos quais s&#227;o os crit&#233;rios para interna&#231;&#227;o hospitalar utilizados pelos m&#233;dicos que avaliam esses pacientes. Em nosso pa&#237;s n&#227;o existe nenhuma diretriz de sociedade m&#233;dica que verse sobre esse assunto.</p>
    <p>O presente estudo tem como objetivo analisar os crit&#233;rios adotados para a interna&#231;&#227;o hospitalar e diferenci&#225;-los dos utilizados nos pacientes que foram liberados. Ap&#243;s, comparar esses crit&#233;rios com os descritos na literatura como preditores de alto risco definidos em escores de risco j&#225; validados para avalia&#231;&#227;o de s&#237;ncope.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>M&#233;todos</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Foi realizado um estudo transversal dos pacientes que receberam o diagn&#243;stico de s&#237;ncope, atrav&#233;s do CID-10 R55, no boletim de atendimento do setor de emerg&#234;ncia do Instituto de Cardiologia, no per&#237;odo de 1&#186; de janeiro a 31 de dezembro de 2011, para identifica&#231;&#227;o dos fatores associados &#224; interna&#231;&#227;o hospitalar. Para pesquisa do CID-10, foi utilizada ferramenta de busca do sistema de atendimento de emerg&#234;ncia de nossa institui&#231;&#227;o, que &#233; totalmente informatizado, no qual apenas um &#250;nico CID-10 &#233; permitido para defini&#231;&#227;o da causa da interna&#231;&#227;o do paciente.</p>
    <p>A defini&#231;&#227;o de s&#237;ncope utilizada para defini&#231;&#227;o dos epis&#243;dios como s&#237;ncope ou n&#227;o foi a recomendada pelas diretrizes europeias<sup>8</sup>. Ela fica definida como sendo a perda transit&#243;ria da consci&#234;ncia (n&#227;o traum&#225;tica) devido a hipoperfus&#227;o cerebral global transit&#243;ria caracterizada pelo aparecimento r&#225;pido, curta dura&#231;&#227;o e recupera&#231;&#227;o espont&#226;nea completa.</p>
    <p>Foram exclu&#237;dos os pacientes que n&#227;o tiveram o boletim de atendimento preenchido no programa informatizado do hospital, pacientes menores de 18 anos, gestantes e aqueles nos quais o diagn&#243;stico foi erroneamente identificado como s&#237;ncope, de acordo com dados da anamnese descritos no boletim de atendimento. </p>
    <p>No presente estudo, buscamos identificar em nossa popula&#231;&#227;o alguns dos principais fatores associados a uma maior probabilidade de que a doen&#231;a cardiovascular seja a causa da s&#237;ncope, sendo eles: idade acima de 65 anos, doen&#231;a card&#237;aca pr&#233;via (doen&#231;a arterial coronariana, insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca, valvulopatias, cardiopatias cong&#234;nitas, canulopatias, doen&#231;a cerebrovascular, doen&#231;a arterial perif&#233;rica), eletrocardiograma alterado, hist&#243;ria de arritmia ventricular, hist&#243;ria de parada cardiorrespirat&#243;ria ou morte s&#250;bita abortada, presen&#231;a ou aus&#234;ncia de pr&#243;dromos<sup>6-8</sup>. Outras vari&#225;veis, como sexo, diabetes, hipertens&#227;o, rela&#231;&#227;o da s&#237;ncope com estresse emocional, medicamentos e presen&#231;a de plano de sa&#250;de, tamb&#233;m foram investigadas. </p>
    <p>Foi realizada, ainda, uma an&#225;lise referente a quais pontos do escore OESIL<sup>6</sup> estiveram presentes em nossa popula&#231;&#227;o, bem como se eles mantiveram signific&#226;ncia estat&#237;stica em an&#225;lise multivariada, tendo como desfecho a interna&#231;&#227;o hospitalar. O escore OESIL varia de 0 a 4, sendo composto pela soma aritm&#233;tica dos crit&#233;rios: 1) idade &gt; 65 anos; 2) hist&#243;ria de doen&#231;a cardiovascular; 3) eletrocardiograma alterado; 4) s&#237;ncope sem pr&#243;dromos. A mortalidade em um ano aumenta conforme o escore: 0% para escore 0; 0,8% para 1 ponto; 19,6% para 2 pontos; 34,7% para 3 pontos; 57,1% para 4 pontos. Pacientes de moderado a alto risco (escore maior ou igual a 2), por apresentarem maior mortalidade em um ano, s&#227;o eleg&#237;veis para interna&#231;&#227;o e investiga&#231;&#227;o de causa etiol&#243;gica.</p>
    <p>Para a defini&#231;&#227;o de eletrocardiograma alterado foram considerados os seguintes: bradicardia sinusal ou pausa sinusal, bloqueio atrioventricular de segundo ou terceiro grau, dist&#250;rbios de condu&#231;&#227;o, fibrila&#231;&#227;o ou <italic>flutter </italic>atrial, taquicardia ventricular, intervalo QTc longo, presen&#231;a de zona inativa ou altera&#231;&#245;es agudas de ST-T, pr&#233;-excita&#231;&#227;o ventricular, ritmo de marca-passo ou disfun&#231;&#227;o de marca-passo.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</bold>
    </p>
    <p>As vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas foram expressas em m&#233;dia &#177; desvio-padr&#227;o. As vari&#225;veis categ&#243;ricas foram apresentadas como n&#250;mero absoluto e percentual. Compara&#231;&#245;es univariadas foram feitas com &#967;<sup>2</sup>, teste Zou teste T bicaudal, conforme apropriado. Foi realizada regress&#227;o log&#237;stica, sendo utilizado um modelo em que as vari&#225;veis foram inclu&#237;das com m&#233;todo Backward (probabilidade), tendo como crit&#233;rios de entrada um valor de p de 0,05 e um valor de remo&#231;&#227;o de 0,20 na an&#225;lise de regress&#227;o. Foram selecionadas para entrar no modelo as vari&#225;veis que comp&#245;em escores de risco para s&#237;ncope e tamb&#233;m aquelas que apresentaram diferen&#231;a estat&#237;stica na an&#225;lise univariada, julgadas relevantes pelos investigadores. O banco de dados foi elaborado no programa Microsoft Office Excel 2010 para Windows<sup>&#174;</sup> e posteriormente transferido para o programa IBM SPSS Statistics vers&#227;o 19.0.0 (Armonk, NY: IBM Corp.).</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Considera&#231;&#245;es &#233;ticas</bold>
    </p>
    <p>O estudo foi cadastrado na unidade de pesquisa do Instituto de Cardiologia, Funda&#231;&#227;o Universit&#225;ria de Cardiologia do Rio Grande do Sul, tendo sido aprovado para realiza&#231;&#227;o pelo comit&#234; de &#233;tica em pesquisa de nossa institui&#231;&#227;o, consoante a Declara&#231;&#227;o de Helsinque.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Resultados</bold>
    </p>
    <p>No ano de 2011 foram realizados 46.476 atendimentos na emerg&#234;ncia de nossa institui&#231;&#227;o. O CID-10 R55 - s&#237;ncope - foi aplicado em um total de 356 pacientes. Destes, 63 pacientes foram exclu&#237;dos por n&#227;o terem apresentado s&#237;ncope, 68 exclu&#237;dos por serem internados diretamente na enfermaria a crit&#233;rio de seu m&#233;dico assistente, sem a realiza&#231;&#227;o de consulta de emerg&#234;ncia (foi gerado um boletim de atendimento, mas n&#227;o houve consulta), e, por fim, nove pacientes foram exclu&#237;dos por serem menores de 18 anos. Um total de 216 pacientes foi ent&#227;o analisado.</p>
    <p>Dos casos atendidos por s&#237;ncope, 39% foram internados para investiga&#231;&#227;o. A <xref ref-type="table" rid="aop_5430tab01">Tabela 1</xref> descreve o perfil dos pacientes, j&#225; estratificados entre os que foram internados e os que foram liberados da emerg&#234;ncia. </p>
    <p content-type="asset">
      <table-wrap id="aop_5430tab01">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-101-06-0480-30206-gt01.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    </p>
    <p>A <xref ref-type="table" rid="aop_5430tab02">Tabela 2</xref> demonstra o resultado da an&#225;lise multivariada entre esses dois grupos, identificando os fatores mais fortemente associados com interna&#231;&#227;o hospitalar por s&#237;ncope.</p>
    <p content-type="asset">
      <table-wrap id="aop_5430tab02">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-101-06-0480-30206-gt02.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    </p>
    <p>Na avalia&#231;&#227;o comparativa entre o grupo internado e o n&#227;o internado, o escore OESIL 0 e 1 foi associado significativamente a maior chance de o paciente ser liberado para casa. Da mesma forma, os escores 2 e 3 foram associados a maior chance de o paciente ser internado. O escore 4 n&#227;o teve associa&#231;&#227;o significativa, possivelmente pelo baixo n&#250;mero de pacientes com esse escore (<xref ref-type="table" rid="aop_5430tab03">Tabela 3</xref>). Em uma an&#225;lise multivariada, controlada para fatores que n&#227;o fazem parte do escore de OESIL, os pacientes com escore maior ou igual a 2 tiveram uma raz&#227;o de chances 7,8 vezes maior de interna&#231;&#227;o quando comparados com aqueles com escore 0 (p &lt; 0,001, IC 4,03-15,11).</p>
    <p content-type="asset">
      <table-wrap id="aop_5430tab03">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-101-06-0480-30206-gt03.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    </p>
    <p>Em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; etiologia da s&#237;ncope, foi observada nessa popula&#231;&#227;o que aproximadamente 39% dos pacientes n&#227;o tiveram etiologia definida. Em 18%, foi identificada uma causa cardiol&#243;gica (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="aop_5430gra01">Gr&#225;fico 1</xref>). Entre as causas cardiol&#243;gicas temos 13 casos de taquiarritmias, 17 de bradiarritmias, tr&#234;s de doen&#231;a card&#237;aca estrutural (miocardia hipertr&#243;fica, cardiomiopatia arritmog&#234;nica do ventr&#237;culo direito), dois de disfun&#231;&#227;o de marca-passo, dois de s&#237;ndromes coronarianas agudas e dois decorrentes de valvulopatias. </p>
    <p content-type="asset">
      <fig id="aop_5430gra01">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-101-06-0480-30206-gf01.jpg"/></fig>
    </p>
    <p>Al&#233;m de eletrocardiograma, monitora&#231;&#227;o eletrocardiogr&#225;fica na emerg&#234;ncia e ecocardiograma, alguma outra forma de exame adicional foi realizada em nossa amostra durante a interna&#231;&#227;o hospitalar. Com refer&#234;ncia a esses procedimentos durante a interna&#231;&#227;o, foi realizado estudo eletrofisiol&#243;gico em 12,5% dos casos, cateterismo card&#237;aco em 12%, exame Holter de 24horas em 6%, ecografia de car&#243;tidas em 4%, cintilografia mioc&#225;rdica em 3% e exame de mesa basculante (<italic>tilt-test</italic>) em 0,5%.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Discuss&#227;o</bold>
    </p>
    <p>A an&#225;lise dos 216 pacientes atendidos com s&#237;ncope na emerg&#234;ncia do nosso hospital revelou que a maioria deles tinha idade acima dos 50 anos e igual distribui&#231;&#227;o entre os sexos. O achado de que os pacientes com doen&#231;a card&#237;aca pr&#233;via e eletrocardiograma alterado t&#234;m maior probabilidade de interna&#231;&#227;o est&#225; de acordo com os dados encontrados na literatura, que sugerem maior risco associado a essas vari&#225;veis<sup>1-4,6,8</sup>.</p>
    <p>Um dado interessante observado foi que a exist&#234;ncia de plano de sa&#250;de, como vari&#225;vel independente, associou-se a maior chance de interna&#231;&#227;o hospitalar. Isso, na interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos autores, pode dever-se a uma maior press&#227;o para admiss&#227;o hospitalar imposta sobre os m&#233;dicos da emerg&#234;ncia ao atenderem esse grupo de pacientes ou, talvez, &#224; maior disponibilidade de leitos privados em institui&#231;&#245;es p&#250;blico-privadas. Por&#233;m, a real raz&#227;o para esse motivo n&#227;o ficou completamente esclarecida.</p>
    <p>Na diretriz europeia de diagn&#243;stico e tratamento de s&#237;ncope de 2009<sup>8</sup>, foram considerados crit&#233;rios de alto risco a presen&#231;a de doen&#231;a card&#237;aca estrutural ou doen&#231;a arterial coronariana, vari&#225;veis cl&#237;nicas, eletrocardiogr&#225;ficas e comorbidades importantes. Considerando-se esses crit&#233;rios, podemos inferir que, na popula&#231;&#227;o estudada, houve uma concord&#226;ncia entre os crit&#233;rios de alto risco e aqueles que foram associados a maior chance de interna&#231;&#227;o hospitalar.</p>
    <p>A baixa preval&#234;ncia de pacientes de baixo risco que foram internados (OESIL escores 0 e 1) demonstra que, apesar de n&#227;o haver um protocolo institucional para o atendimento desses pacientes na nossa emerg&#234;ncia, a avalia&#231;&#227;o dos crit&#233;rios de risco isoladamente parece estar sendo adequadamente realizada pelos cardiologistas que atendem na unidade de emerg&#234;ncia. Essa constata&#231;&#227;o nos faz aventar a ideia de que escores como o OESIL parecem possuir maior utilidade pr&#225;tica em emerg&#234;ncias de hospitais gerais (onde foram inicialmente desenvolvidos e validados), talvez sendo desnecess&#225;rios em emerg&#234;ncias cardiol&#243;gicas, onde apenas especialistas avaliam e fazem a triagem dos pacientes. </p>
    <p>Em uma revis&#227;o da avalia&#231;&#227;o de risco dos pacientes com s&#237;ncope em setores de emerg&#234;ncia, foi constatado que, apesar de existirem diversos escores para estratifica&#231;&#227;o de pacientes, a maioria apresenta boa sensibilidade e baixa especificidade, sendo ainda inating&#237;vel o equil&#237;brio entre essas vari&#225;veis, que traria seguran&#231;a na interna&#231;&#227;o ou na libera&#231;&#227;o do paciente. Uma interessante conclus&#227;o desta revis&#227;o foi que os emergencistas foram bastante sens&#237;veis e tenderam a internar os pacientes que eventualmente desenvolveram s&#233;rios desfechos cl&#237;nicos, incluindo aqueles que n&#227;o foram inclusos nos escores de estratifica&#231;&#227;o de risco<sup>9</sup>.</p>
    <p>Outros crit&#233;rios utilizados em escores - alguns at&#233; classificados como crit&#233;rios de maior pontua&#231;&#227;o -, como palpita&#231;&#245;es, pr&#233;-s&#237;ncope, s&#237;ncope durante esfor&#231;os f&#237;sicos, valvulopatias, dispneia e exame f&#237;sico demonstrando sinais de insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca, mostraram-se sem signific&#226;ncia estat&#237;stica para interna&#231;&#227;o hospitalar em nossa amostra<sup>10,11</sup>, evidenciando o quanto os escores s&#227;o vari&#225;veis entre si e com baixa validade externa. Todavia, esses fatores previamente citados ocorreram com pequena frequ&#234;ncia em nossa popula&#231;&#227;o, provavelmente levando a um erro beta. Outra possibilidade, que muito certamente explica esse fen&#244;meno, &#233; que um cardiologista, ao atender um paciente com s&#237;ncope e sopro ejetivo em base, com irradia&#231;&#227;o para car&#243;tidas, muito provavelmente colocaria no CID da interna&#231;&#227;o estenose a&#243;rtica e n&#227;o s&#237;ncope, o mesmo fato ocorrendo com pacientes que chegam com insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca agudamente descompensada.</p>
    <p>No que diz respeito ao diagn&#243;stico causal do evento sincopal, nossos dados est&#227;o de acordo com a literatura mundial, tendo como a principal causa definida a vasovagal (reflexomediada), seguida de indeterminada e ap&#243;s cardiol&#243;gica<sup>8,12</sup>. O n&#250;mero de encaminhamentos para emerg&#234;ncia por s&#237;ncope &#233; de aproximadamente 1%<sup>8,13,14</sup>, em nossa popula&#231;&#227;o de atendimentos, esse dado foi um pouco inferior, sendo 0,5%. Esse fato talvez espelhe aqueles pacientes em que o CID do diagn&#243;stico definitivo do evento s&#237;ncope (ex-estenose a&#243;rtica) tenha sido utilizado no boletim de atendimento da emerg&#234;ncia. Contudo, a taxa de interna&#231;&#227;o por s&#237;ncope em nossa institui&#231;&#227;o est&#225; de acordo com outros estudos (aproximadamente 40%)<sup>12-14</sup>, sendo de 39% em nossa s&#233;rie.</p>
    <p>S&#227;o importantes limita&#231;&#245;es de nosso estudo: a ocorr&#234;ncia de subnotifica&#231;&#227;o nos registros m&#233;dicos, o fato de outras patologias - como arritmias, insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca - poderem se manifestar com epis&#243;dios sincopais e o CID-10 utilizado ter sido o das respectivas patologias no preenchimento do boletim de emerg&#234;ncia e n&#227;o o referente &#224; s&#237;ncope, como previamente explicado. Contudo, esse tipo de vi&#233;s &#233; inerente aos estudos com bases hist&#243;ricas. Outra limita&#231;&#227;o encontra-se no fato de termos exclu&#237;do pacientes menores de 18 anos de idade. Essa decis&#227;o pode subavaliar a real preval&#234;ncia de pacientes com canulopatias, miocardiopatia hipertr&#243;fica, Wolff-Parkinson-White, cardiopatias cong&#234;nitas e outras patologias cardiovasculares pr&#243;prias da popula&#231;&#227;o jovem. Contudo, o n&#250;mero de pacientes exclu&#237;dos do estudo foi de apenas nove, o que provavelmente n&#227;o seria representativo para definir dados referentes &#224; s&#237;ncope em pacientes jovens e pedi&#225;tricos. </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Conclus&#227;o</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Fatores como doen&#231;a cardiovascular conhecida, hist&#243;ria de s&#237;ncope pr&#233;via, aus&#234;ncia de AVC pr&#233;vio, possuir seguro de sa&#250;de e eletrocardiograma alterado na consulta foram os crit&#233;rios mais fortemente associados &#224; chance de interna&#231;&#227;o hospitalar. Em um hospital de refer&#234;ncia em cardiologia, apesar de n&#227;o terem sido utilizados escores espec&#237;ficos de risco para s&#237;ncope, houve boa correla&#231;&#227;o da avalia&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica com os valores preconizados por escores para interna&#231;&#227;o, validados para uso em hospitais gerais. Houve tamb&#233;m concord&#226;ncia dos crit&#233;rios cl&#237;nicos para interna&#231;&#227;o hospitalar com os crit&#233;rios de alto risco descritos na literatura.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Contribui&#231;&#227;o dos autores</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa: Fischer LM, Dutra JPP, de Lima GG, Leiria TLL; Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados e An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados: Fischer LM, Dutra JPP, Mantovani A, de Lima GG, Leiria TLL; An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica: de Lima GG, Leiria TLL; Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito e Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual: Fischer LM, Dutra JPP, Leiria TLL.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Potencial Conflito de Interesses</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Declaro n&#227;o haver conflito de interesses pertinentes.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Fontes de Financiamento</bold>
    </p>
    <p>O presente estudo n&#227;o teve fontes de financiamento externas.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Vincula&#231;&#227;o Acad&#234;mica</bold>
    </p>
    <p>N&#227;o h&#225; vincula&#231;&#227;o deste estudo a programas de p&#243;s-gradua&#231;&#227;o.</p>
    <p>
      <fn id="end" fn-type="corresp">
        <label>
          <bold> Correspond&#234;ncia:</bold>
        </label>
        <p> Tiago Luiz Luz Leiria </p>
        <p> Felix da Cunha, 1010, apt.&#186; 601, Floresta </p>
        <p> CEP 90570-000, Porto Alegre, RS - Brasil </p>
        <p> E-mail: </p>
        <p><email xlink:href="drleiria@cardiol.br">drleiria@cardiol.br</email>, </p>
        <p>
          <email xlink:href="drleiria@gmail.com">drleiria@gmail.com</email>
        </p>
      </fn>
    </p>
    <p>Artigo recebido em 14/02/13; revisado em 05/06/13; aceito em 28/06/13.</p>
  </body>
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  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Articles</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title xml:lang="en">Predictors of hospitalization in patients with syncope assisted in specialized cardiology hospital</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <abstract xml:lang="en">
        <p>BACKGROUND: Risk stratification of a syncopal episode is necessary to better differentiate patients needing hospitalization of those who can be safely set home from the emergency department. Currently there are no strict guidelines from our Brazilian medical societies to guide the cardiologist that evaluate patients in an emergency setting. OBJECTIVES: To analyze the criteria adopted for defining the need for hospitalization and compare them with the predictors of high risk for adverse outcome defined by the OESIL score that is already validated in the medical literature for assessing syncope. METHODS: A cross-sectional study of patients diagnosed with syncope during emergency department evaluation at our institution in the year 2011. RESULTS: Of the 46,476 emergency visits made in that year, 216 were due to syncope. Of the 216 patients analyzed, 39% were hospitalized. The variables associated with the need of hospital admission were - having health care insurance, previous known cardiovascular disease, no history of prior stroke, previous syncope and abnormal electrocardiograms during the presentation. In comparison with those not admitted OESIL scores of 0-1 were associated with a greater chance of emergency discharge; 2-3 scores showed greater association with the need of hospitalization. A score &gt; 2 OESIL provided an odds ratio 7.8 times higher for hospitalization compared to score 0 (p &lt;0.001, 95% CI:4,03-15,11). In approximately 39% no etiological cause for syncope was found and in 18% cardiac cause was identified. CONCLUSIONS: Factors such as cardiovascular disease, prior history of syncope, health insurance, no previous stroke and abnormal electrocardiograms, were the criteria used by doctors to indicate hospital admission. There was a good correlation between the clinical judgment and the OESIL criteria for high risk described in literature.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>Syncope</kwd>
        <kwd>Risk Factors</kwd>
        <kwd>Hospitalization</kwd>
        <kwd>Emergency Medical Services</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p>
        <fn id="enda-body2">
          <label>
            <bold>Predictors of hospitalization in patients with syncope assisted in specialized cardiology hospital</bold>
          </label>
          <p>
            <bold>Leonardo Marques Fischer<sup>I</sup>; Jo&#227;o Pedro Passos Dutra<sup>I</sup>; Augusto Mantovani<sup>II</sup>; Gustavo Glotz de Lima<sup>I,II</sup>; Tiago Luiz Luz Leiria<sup>I</sup></bold>
          </p>
        </fn>
      </p>
      <p><sup>I</sup>Instituto de Cardiologia, Funda&#231;&#227;o Universit&#225;ria de Cardiologia do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS - Brazil</p>
      <p><sup>II</sup>UFCSPA - Universidade Federal de Ci&#234;ncias da Sa&#250;de de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, RS - Brazil</p>
      <p>Mailing Address</p>
      <p>
        <bold>ABSTRACT</bold>
      </p>
      <p><bold>BACKGROUND:</bold> Risk stratification of a syncopal episode is necessary to better differentiate patients needing hospitalization of those who can be safely sent home from the emergency department. Currently there are no strict guidelines from our Brazilian medical societies to guide the cardiologist that evaluate patients in an emergency setting.</p>
      <p><bold>OBJECTIVES:</bold> To analyze the criteria adopted for defining the need for hospitalization and compare them with the predictors of high risk for adverse outcome defined by the OESIL score that is already validated in the medical literature for assessing syncope.</p>
      <p><bold>METHODS:</bold> A cross-sectional study of patients diagnosed with syncope during emergency department evaluation at our institution in the year 2011.</p>
      <p><bold>RESULTS:</bold> Of the 46,476 emergency visits made in that year, 216 were due to syncope. Of the 216 patients analyzed, 39% were hospitalized. The variables associated with the need of hospital admission were - having health care insurance, previous known cardiovascular disease, no history of prior stroke, previous syncope and abnormal electrocardiograms during the presentation. Patients classified in OESIL scores of 0-1 had a greater chance of emergency discharge; 2-3 scores showed greater association with the need of hospitalization. A score <underline>&gt;</underline> 2 OESIL provided an odds ratio 7.8 times higher for hospitalization compared to score 0 (p &lt;0.001, 95% CI:4,03-15,11). In approximately 39% no etiological cause for syncope was found and in 18% cardiac cause was identified.</p>
      <p><bold>CONCLUSIONS:</bold> Factors such as cardiovascular disease, prior history of syncope, health insurance, no previous stroke and abnormal electrocardiograms, were the criteria used by doctors to indicate hospital admission. There was a good correlation between the clinical judgment and the OESIL criteria for high risk described in literature.</p>
      <p><bold>Keywords:</bold> Syncope / etiology; Risk Factors; Hospitalization; Emergency Medical Services.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Introduction</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Syncope corresponds to approximately 1.5% of emergency visits in the United States<sup>1,2</sup>. In Brazil there is no real estimation of emergency visits resulting from syncope.</p>
      <p>Some of the causes of syncope are associated with relevant morbidity. The identification of such causes is crucial to better stratify patient risk of adverse events<sup>1,2</sup>. In these cases mortality can reach 18-33%<sup>3</sup> in one year. The differential diagnosis is extensive, and a definitive treatment strategy is aimed at the underlying cause, when it is detected. However, in emergency care, the etiology of syncope is often unknown management should be focused on risk stratification, to better differentiate those that can be discharged from those who require urgent intervention or hospital admission. In the United States, about 47% of patients treated in the emergency for syncope are discharged without diagnosis<sup>4</sup>.</p>
      <p>A good medical history associated with thorough physical examination (including blood pressure in supine and standing positions) and electrocardiographic study show combined diagnostic yield of 50% for causative diagnosis of syncope<sup>5</sup>. Electrocardiogram (ECG) can show abnormalities, such as conduction disorders, or old myocardial infarction, suggesting an etiology for the syncope; however, in only 5% of cases the cause is elucidated based only in ECG<sup>5</sup>.</p>
      <p>OESIL<sup>6</sup> (Osservatorio Epidemiologico sulla Sincope nel Lazio) and EGSYS<sup>7</sup> scores are widely used at the emergency level, as a tool to help decide which patient must be hospitalized. However, they were developed for use in general hospitals. These tools are unsuitable for use in hospitals that are exclusive for cardiology, since the presence of heart disease is always defined as a risk criterion that leads hospitalization<sup>6,7</sup>.</p>
      <p>To date, there is no information about the patients' profile treated for syncope in cardiac emergencies in our area. Neither do we know what are the hospitalization criteria applied by the physicians who evaluated these patients. In our country there is no guideline of medical society about this subject.</p>
      <p>This study aims at the evaluation of the criteria adopted for hospitalization and differentiate them from those used in discharged patients. Subsequently, compare these criteria with those described in the literature as high risk predictors defined in risk scores already validated for syncope evaluation.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Methods</bold>
      </p>
      <p>A cross-sectional study was performed in patients who received the diagnosis of syncope, through 10<sup>th</sup> revision of the International Statistical Classification of Diseases (ICD-10) R55, on the patients' charts of the emergency department at the Cardiology Institution, from January 1st to December 31 of 2011, in order to identify factors associated with hospitalization. For ICD-10 research, a search engine in the emergency care system from our institution was used, which is completely computerized, in which only one ICD-10 is allowed in order to define the patient's hospitalization cause.</p>
      <p>The definition of syncope used in our study was the one recommended by the European Society of Cardiology (8). In their guideline, syncope is defined as an episode of transient loss of consciousness (nontraumatic) that occurs due to transient global cerebral hypoperfusion characterized by rapid onset, short duration and with complete spontaneous recovery.</p>
      <p>We excluded patients that did not had their complete records in our computerized system, those under 18, pregnent women and those whose diagnosis was erroneously identified as syncope, according to anamnesis data described in the medical record.</p>
      <p>In this study, we aimed at identifying in our population some of the main factors associated with a higher probability that cardiovascular disease is the cause of syncope, also including: age over 65, previous cardiac disease (coronary arterial disease, heart failure, valvulopathies, congenital cardiopathies, canulopathies, cerebrovascular disease, peripheral arterial disease), abnormal electrocardiogram, history of ventricular arrhythmia, history of cardiac arrest or aborted sudden death, presence or absence of prodromes<sup>6-8</sup>. Other variables, such as genre, diabetes, hypertension, syncope relation with emotional stress, medications and presence of health plan, were also investigated. </p>
      <p>Further, it was conducted an analysis regarding which points of OESIL score<sup>6</sup> were present in our population, also if they showed statistical relevance in multivariate analysis, resulting in hospitalization. OESIL score ranges between 0 and 4, being composed of the arithmetic sum of the criteria: 1) age &gt; 65 years; 2) history of cardiovascular disease; 3) abnormal electrocardiogram; 4) syncope without prodromes. Mortality increases in one year according with score: 0% for score 0; 0.8% for 1 point; 19.6% for 2 points; 34.7% for 3 points; 57.1% for 4 points. Patients with moderate to high risk (score higher or equal to 2), for presenting higher mortality in one year, are eligible for hospitalization and investigation of etiological cause.</p>
      <p>For the definition of abnormal electrocardiogram, the following were considered: sinus bradycardia or sinus pause, atrioventricular block of second or third degree, conduction disturbances, fibrillation or atrial flutter, ventricular tachycardia, prolonged QTc interval, presence of inactive zone or ST-T acute abnormalities, ventricular pre-excitation, pacemaker rhythm or pacemaker dysfunction.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Statistical Analysis</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Continuous variables were described in mean &#177; standard deviation. Categorical variables were presented as absolute number and percentage. Univariate comparisons were conducted with &#967;<sup>2</sup>, two-tailed Z test or T test, as appropriate. Logistic regression was performed, using a model in which variables were included with Backward method (probability), having as entry criteria a p value of 0.05 and a removal value of 0.20 in regression analysis. For the model, we selected variables that compose risk scores for syncope and also those that showed statistical difference in univariate analysis, deemed as relevant by investigators. Database was elaborated using the program Microsoft Office Excel 2010 for Windows<sup>&#174;</sup> and then transferred to program IBM SPSS Statistics version 19.0.0 (Armonk, NY: IBM Corp.).</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Ethical considerations</bold>
      </p>
      <p>The study was registered at the research unit of the Cardiology Institute, University Cardiology Foundation of Rio Grande do Sul, having been approved for implementation by the ethics research committee of our institution, according to the Declaration of Helsinki.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Results</bold>
      </p>
      <p>In 2011 46,476 medical visits were performed on the emergency room of our Institution. ICD-10 R55 - syncope - was applied in a total of 356 patients. Of these, 63 patients were excluded for not having syncope, 86 were excluded for being hospitalized directly in the ward by their physician discretion, without emergency care (there was a medical record, but no medical consultation), and, finally, nine patients were excluded for being under 18. A total of 216 patients was examined.</p>
      <p>Of the cases seen by syncope, 39% were admitted for investigation. <xref ref-type="table" rid="en_aop5430tab01-body2">Table 1</xref> describes the patient profile, already stratified between those who were hospitalized and those who were released from the emergency.</p>
      <p content-type="asset">
        <table-wrap id="en_aop5430tab01-body2">
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-101-06-0480-30206-gt01-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      </p>
      <p><xref ref-type="table" rid="en_aop5430tab02-body2">Table 2</xref> shows the result of multivariate analysis between these two groups, identifying factors most strongly related to hospitalization for syncope.</p>
      <p content-type="asset">
        <table-wrap id="en_aop5430tab02-body2">
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-101-06-0480-30206-gt02-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      </p>
      <p>In the comparative evaluation between hospitalized and non-hospitalized groups, OESIL scores of 0 and 1 were significantly associated with higher probability of patient discharge. Similarly, scores 2 and 3 were related to higher probability of hospitalization. Score 4 had no relevant association, possibly due to the low number of patients with this score (<xref ref-type="table" rid="en_aop5430tab03-body2">Table 3</xref>). In a multivariate analysis, controlled for factors that are not part of OESIL score, patients with score equal to or higher than 2 had an odds ratio 7.8 times higher of hospitalization compared to those with score 0 (p &lt; 0.001, CI 4.03-15.11).</p>
      <p content-type="asset">
        <table-wrap id="en_aop5430tab03-body2">
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-101-06-0480-30206-gt03-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      </p>
      <p>As for syncope etiology, it was observed in this population that approximately 39% of patients had no etiology defined. In 18% a cardiology cause was identified (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="en_aop5430cha01-body2">Chart 1</xref>). Among cardiology causes, we have 13 cases of tachyarrhythmias, bradyarrhythmias 17, three structural heart disease (myocardial hypertrophy, right ventricular arrhythmogenic cardiomyopathy), two of pacemaker dysfunction, two of acute coronary syndromes and two due to valvulopathies. </p>
      <p content-type="asset">
        <fig id="en_aop5430cha01-body2">
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-101-06-0480-30206-gf01-en.jpg"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p>Besides electrocardiogram, electrocardiographic monitoring in the emergency and echocardiography, some other form of examination was held in our sample during hospitalization. With reference to these procedures, electrophysiological study was performed in 12.5% of cases, cardiac catheterization in 12%, a 24-hour Holter monitoring in 6%, carotid ultrasound in 4%, myocardial scintigraphy in 3% and HUT (tilt-test) in 0.5%.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Discussion</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Analysis of 216 patients in the emergency department at our hospital revealed that most of them were older than 50 and there was equal distribution between sexes. The finding that patients with previous heart disease and abnormal electrocardiogram have greater probability of hospitalization is in accordance with information from the literature, suggesting a higher risk associated with these variables<sup>1-4,6,8</sup>.</p>
      <p>An interesting observed data is the existence of health insurance, as independent variable, was associated with a greater chance of hospitalization. That, in the authors' opinion, may be due to increased pressure imposed for admission upon emergency physicians to assist this group of patients or, perhaps, to greater availability of private beds in public and private institutions. However, the real reason for this rationale was not completely clear.</p>
      <p>European guidelines on diagnosis and treatment of syncope 2009(8) considered high risk criteria the presence of structural heart disease , coronary artery disease, clinical and electrocardiographic abnormalities and the presence of major comorbidities. Considering these criteria, we can infer that, in the population studied, there was a agreement among the high-risk criteria indicated in the guidelines and those that were associated with a greater chance of hospitalization in our sample.</p>
      <p>Low prevalence of low risk patients hospitalized (OESIL scores 0 and 1) demonstrates that, despite of not having an institutional protocol for assisting these patients in our emergency department, evaluating risk criteria separately seems to be properly carried out by cardiologists attending the emergency unit. This finding makes us evoke the idea that scores as OESIL appear to have greater practical utility in emergencies at general hospitals (where they were initially developed and validated), perhaps being unnecessary in cardiac emergencies, where only specialists evaluate and select patients.</p>
      <p>In a review of the risk assessment of patients with syncope in emergency sectors, was stated that, although there are many scores to stratify patients, most of them have good sensitivity and low specificity, and the balance between these variables, which would add safety in patients' hospitalization or discharge, would be unattainable. An interesting conclusion of this review was that emergency physicians were quite sensitive and tended to hospitalize patients who developed severe clinical outcomes, including those who were not included in risk stratification scores<sup>9</sup>.</p>
      <p>Other criteria used in scores - some even classified as highest scoring criteria - such as palpitations, pre- syncope, syncope during physical exertion, valvulopathies, dyspnea and physical examination revealing signs of heart failure revealed no statistical significance for hospitalization in our sample<sup>10,11</sup>. This fact demonstrates how much scores can vary among themselves having a low external validity. However, these factors previously mentioned occurred with low frequency in our population, probably leading to a beta error. Another possibility, which must certainly explains this phenomenon, is that a cardiologist, when attending a patient with syncope and an ejection murmur at the base of the heart that irradiates to the carotids, most likely would add as a cause for hospitalization the ICD-10 for aortic stenosis instead of that for syncope. This same phenomenon may occur with patients who arrive at the Emergency with acute decompensated heart failure.</p>
      <p>Our data are in accordance with the literature regarding the causative diagnosis of the syncopal event. Vasovagal (reflex-mediated) was the most prevalent diagnosis followed by undetermined and cardiac cause for the syncope<sup>8,12</sup>. The number of referrals to emergency due to syncope is of approximately 1%<sup>8,13,14</sup>, in our population this number was slightly lower, being 0.5%. This fact may reflect those patients in which ICD-10 of the final diagnosis of the syncope event (e.g. aortic stenosis) has been used in the emergency medical chart. The rate for hospitalization due to syncope in our institution is in accordance with other studies (approximately 40%)<sup>12-14</sup>, being 39% in our series.</p>
      <p>Important limitations of our study are: underreporting in medical records, the fact that other pathologies - such as arrhythmias, heart failure - could manifest with syncopal episodes and the ICD-10 used could have been related to the respective pathologies while filling out the medical record, instead of being one related to syncope, as previously explained. However, this type of bias is inherent to studies with historical basis. Another limitation is the fact that we have excluded patients under 18. This decision may underestimate the real prevalence of patients with canulopathies, myocardial hypertrophy, Wolff-Parkinson-White, congenital cardiopathies and other cardiovascular pathologies characteristic of a young population. However, the number of patients excluded from the study was only nine, which probably would not be significant to define data related to syncope in young and pediatric patients. </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Conclusion</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Factors such as cardiovascular disease, prior history of syncope, health insurance, no previous stroke and abnormal electrocardiogram changes were the criteria most strongly associated with the likelihood of hospitalization when presenting with a syncopal episode. In a referral hospital for cardiovascular diseases, there was good agreement beteween clinical criteria for hospitalization with those high risk criteria already described in the medical literature.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Author contributions</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Conception and design of the research: Fischer LM, Dutra JPP, de Lima GG, Leiria TLL; Acquisition of data and Analysis and interpretation of the data: Fischer LM, Dutra JPP, Mantovani A, de Lima GG, Leiria TLL; Statistical analysis: de Lima GG, Leiria TLL; Writing of the manuscript and Critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content: Fischer LM, Dutra JPP, Leiria TLL.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Potential Conflict of Interest</bold>
      </p>
      <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Sources of Funding</bold>
      </p>
      <p>There were no external funding sources for this study.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Study Association</bold>
      </p>
      <p>This study is not associated with any post-graduation program.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>References</bold>
      </p>
    </body>
  </sub-article>
</article>
