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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
        <publisher-loc>S&#227;o Paulo, SP, Brazil</publisher-loc>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">6tYq7rG9BnSqW7JNhwhcqMv</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2013003100017</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v1">S0066-782X(13)10100500017</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5935/abc.20130217</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Ponto de Vista</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Sons de Korotkoff: o improv&#225;vel tamb&#233;m ocorre</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Esta&#241;ol</surname>
            <given-names>Bruno</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Delgado</surname>
            <given-names>Guillermo</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Borgstein</surname>
            <given-names>Johannes</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff01">
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Cidade do M&#233;xico</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state"/>
        </addr-line>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Instituto Nacional de Ciencias M&#233;dicas y Nutrici&#243;n Salvador Zubir&#225;n</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Departamento de Neurologia e Psiquiatria </institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv2">Laborat&#243;rio de Neurofisiologia Cl&#237;nica</institution>
        <country country="MX">Mexico</country>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff02">
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Blaricum</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state"/>
        </addr-line>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Tergooi Hospital</institution>
        <country country="NL">Netherlands</country>
      </aff>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>11</month>
        <year>2013</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>101</volume>
      <issue>5</issue>
      <fpage>e99</fpage>
      <lpage>e105</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>01</day>
          <month>04</month>
          <year>2013</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>20</day>
          <month>05</month>
          <year>2013</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>07</day>
          <month>04</month>
          <year>2013</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <p>Poucas descobertas tiveram um impacto t&#227;o grande e tamanha relev&#226;ncia para a Medicina cl&#237;nica como a medi&#231;&#227;o n&#227;o-invasiva da press&#227;o arterial diast&#243;lica. V&#225;rios fisiologistas e cl&#237;nicos talentosos estavam, sem sucesso, em busca de um m&#233;todo n&#227;o-invasivo para determinar a press&#227;o diast&#243;lica. No entanto, a quantifica&#231;&#227;o da press&#227;o arterial diast&#243;lica n&#227;o foi conseguida por qualquer um desses pesquisadores cl&#237;nicos ou fisiol&#243;gicos, mas por uma figura improv&#225;vel e inesperada: Nikolai Sergeevich Korotkoff (1874-1920), um jovem cirurgi&#227;o do ex&#233;rcito russo, trabalhando em condi&#231;&#245;es prec&#225;rias sob as dificuldades de diversas guerras. &#201; f&#225;cil descartar o feito de Korotkoff como uma descoberta fortuita semelhante &#224; de Alexander Fleming na descoberta da penicilina. No entanto, a recente teoria do cisne negro de Nassim N. Taleb pode servir para ilustrar sua descoberta de uma nova e, talvez, surpreendente, forma.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt" kwd-group-type="author-generated">
        <kwd>Hist&#243;ria da Medicina</kwd>
        <kwd>Press&#227;o Arterial</kwd>
        <kwd>Esfigmomanometros utiliza&#231;&#227;o.</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="pub">
        <day>13</day>
        <month>12</month>
        <year>2013</year>
      </pub-date>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <p>
      <bold>PONTO DE VISTA</bold>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Sons de Korotkoff - o improv&#225;vel tamb&#233;m ocorre</bold>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Bruno Esta&#241;ol<sup>I</sup>; Guillermo Delgado<sup>I</sup>; Johannes Borgstein<sup>II</sup></bold>
    </p>
    <p><sup>I</sup>Laborat&#243;rio de Neurofisiologia Cl&#237;nica - Departamento de Neurologia e Psiquiatria - Instituto Nacional de Ciencias M&#233;dicas y Nutrici&#243;n Salvador Zubir&#225;n (INNSZ), Cidade do M&#233;xico, M&#233;xico </p>
    <p><sup>II</sup>Tergooi Hospital, Blaricum, Holanda</p>
    <p>
      <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="end">Correspond&#234;ncia</xref>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>RESUMO</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Poucas descobertas tiveram um impacto t&#227;o grande e tamanha relev&#226;ncia para a Medicina cl&#237;nica como a medi&#231;&#227;o n&#227;o-invasiva da press&#227;o arterial diast&#243;lica. V&#225;rios fisiologistas e cl&#237;nicos talentosos estavam, sem sucesso, em busca de um m&#233;todo n&#227;o-invasivo para determinar a press&#227;o diast&#243;lica. No entanto, a quantifica&#231;&#227;o da press&#227;o arterial diast&#243;lica n&#227;o foi conseguida por qualquer um desses pesquisadores cl&#237;nicos ou fisiol&#243;gicos, mas por uma figura improv&#225;vel e inesperada: Nikolai Sergeevich Korotkoff (1874-1920), um jovem cirurgi&#227;o do ex&#233;rcito russo, trabalhando em condi&#231;&#245;es prec&#225;rias sob as dificuldades de diversas guerras. &#201; f&#225;cil descartar o feito de Korotkoff como uma descoberta fortuita semelhante &#224; de Alexander Fleming na descoberta da penicilina. No entanto, a recente teoria do cisne negro de Nassim N. Taleb pode servir para ilustrar sua descoberta de uma nova e, talvez, surpreendente, forma.</p>
    <p><bold>Palavras-chave:</bold> Hist&#243;ria da Medicina; Press&#227;o Arterial; Esfigmomanometros utiliza&#231;&#227;o.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Esbo&#231;o Hist&#243;rico</bold>
    </p>
    <p>A cada segundo, ao redor do mundo, algu&#233;m mede a press&#227;o arterial (PA) sist&#243;lica e diast&#243;lica atrav&#233;s do m&#233;todo auscultat&#243;rio de Korotkoff. &#201; interessante notar que poucas descobertas tiveram um impacto t&#227;o grande e tamanha relev&#226;ncia para a Medicina cl&#237;nica, como a medi&#231;&#227;o n&#227;o-invasiva da press&#227;o arterial diast&#243;lica. A PA sist&#243;lica e diast&#243;lica tinha sido medida com precis&#227;o com um cateter intra-arterial depois que Friedrich Goltz (1834-1902) e Justus Gaule (1849-1939) introduziram seu engenhoso dispositivo valvulado em 1878<sup>1</sup>. Dois anos depois, o m&#233;dico da Bo&#234;mia, Samuel S. K. von Basch (1837-1905), ex-m&#233;dico do imperador do M&#233;xico, apresentou seu aparelho inovador, que consistia em um bulbo de borracha conectado a um man&#244;metro de merc&#250;rio<sup>2</sup>. Ele comprimia a art&#233;ria radial com o bulbo at&#233; o pulso ser obliterado e, naquele momento, ele media a press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica<sup>2</sup>.</p>
    <p>O m&#233;dico da Bo&#234;mia comparou a press&#227;o sist&#243;lica medida em um c&#227;o usando o seu m&#233;todo com a t&#233;cnica intra-arterial, e descobriu que os valores tensionais eram compar&#225;veis com ambas os m&#233;todos<sup>2</sup>. Ele estabeleceu o valor m&#225;ximo da PA sist&#243;lica em 150 mmHg; al&#233;m desse n&#250;mero, no adulto, era considerado anormal<sup>2,3</sup>. Ele introduziu o termo "esfigmoman&#244;metro", que deriva da palavra grega "sphygmos", que significa "pulso"<sup>4</sup>. O termo era, na verdade, um equ&#237;voco, mas ainda est&#225; em uso na maioria dos pa&#237;ses.</p>
    <p>O brilhante m&#233;dico italiano Scipione Riva-Rocci (1863-1937) introduziu um bracelete que era ligado a uma coluna de merc&#250;rio e, ao aumentar a press&#227;o at&#233; que o pulso fosse obliterado, ele era capaz de medir a PA sist&#243;lica com grande precis&#227;o<sup>4</sup>. Ele usava o sentido do tato para detectar o momento em que o pulso desapareceria ou aparecia4. Esse m&#233;todo era preciso, barato e logo se tornou altamente popular.</p>
    <p>No entanto, a PA diast&#243;lica n&#227;o podia ser determinada com precis&#227;o atrav&#233;s desse procedimento, e quando Harvey Cushing introduziu os m&#233;todos de Basch e Riva Rocci em medicina cl&#237;nica e cir&#250;rgica apenas o PA sist&#243;lica era avaliada<sup>3</sup>.V&#225;rios fisiologistas e cl&#237;nicos talentosos estavam, sem sucesso, em busca de um m&#233;todo n&#227;o-invasivo para determinar a press&#227;o diast&#243;lica5. No entanto, a quantifica&#231;&#227;o da PA diast&#243;lica n&#227;o foi obtida por nenhum desses pesquisadores cl&#237;nicos ou fisiol&#243;gicos, mas por uma figura improv&#225;vel e inesperada: Nikolai Sergeevich Korotkoff (1874-1920), um jovem cirurgi&#227;o do ex&#233;rcito russo, trabalhando em condi&#231;&#245;es prec&#225;rias sob as dificuldades de diversas guerras<sup>6</sup>. Ele fez sua incr&#237;vel fa&#231;anha usando o bracelete de Riva-Rocci e um estetosc&#243;pio pedi&#225;trico<sup>6,7</sup>.</p>
    <p>Korotkoff n&#227;o era um pesquisador da PA e sua principal preocupa&#231;&#227;o, como cirurgi&#227;o de guerra, era saber se o suprimento de sangue colateral n&#227;o havia diminu&#237;do, de modo a resolver se uma art&#233;ria ferida podia ser firmemente ligada quando uma amputa&#231;&#227;o era prov&#225;vel6. Ele sabia que o in&#237;cio do pulso palp&#225;vel era a PA sist&#243;lica e raciocinou que o momento de desaparecimento do som sinalizava o in&#237;cio do fluxo laminar e, por conseguinte, do relaxamento da parede arterial. Ele ent&#227;o prop&#244;s que a PA diast&#243;lica podia ser estimada atrav&#233;s do desaparecimento de todos os sons<sup>8</sup>.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Algumas Observa&#231;&#245;es Filos&#243;ficas sobre a Epistemologia do Inesperado na Ci&#234;ncia</bold>
    </p>
    <p>&#201; f&#225;cil descartar o feito de Korotkoff como uma descoberta fortuita semelhante &#224; de Alexander Fleming na descoberta da penicilina<sup>9</sup>. &#192; procura de uma coisa, ele encontrou algo completamente diferente. No entanto, a recente teoria do cisne negro de Nassim N. Taleb pode servir para ilustrar sua descoberta de uma nova e, talvez, surpreendente, forma<sup>10</sup>. Em seu livro, Taleb argumenta persuasivamente sobre encontrar o inesperado na vida e ci&#234;ncia. Muitas das grandes descobertas e inven&#231;&#245;es da ci&#234;ncia e da arte foram inesperadas e imprevis&#237;veis, embora facilmente explicadas em retrospecto. Na verdade, muitos desses achados obrigaram os cientistas a mudar seu quadro te&#243;rico para acomodar novos fatos.</p>
    <p>&#201; verdade que uma descoberta &#233; feita no contexto do que j&#225; &#233; conhecido, e isso serve como parte da explica&#231;&#227;o retrospectiva: sem o bracelete de Riva Rocci e sem o estetosc&#243;pio pedi&#225;trico, o jovem cirurgi&#227;o russo n&#227;o poderia ter desenvolvido seu m&#233;todo auscultat&#243;rio. &#201; ent&#227;o f&#225;cil, mas provavelmente errado, concluir que a descoberta teria sido feita, mais cedo ou mais tarde; que descobertas semelhantes podem ser feitas simultaneamente em diferentes partes do mundo (sincronicidade) n&#227;o confirmam isso inteiramente, pois a maioria das descobertas n&#227;o &#233; s&#237;ncrona, e n&#227;o podemos conhecer todas as descobertas que ainda ser&#227;o feitas, mesmo que os fatos sejam conhecidos h&#225; s&#233;culos.</p>
    <p>Tem sido dito que o cientista descobre e o artista inventa, mas no caso de Laennec, Korotkoff e outros, ambos os conceitos est&#227;o corretos. O cirurgi&#227;o russo n&#227;o s&#243; produziu um resultado inesperado, mas ele mesmo foi um ator improv&#225;vel no drama. As chances favoreciam que os m&#233;dicos e fisiologistas que trabalhavam na &#225;rea de aferi&#231;&#227;o de PA viessem a fazer a descoberta, e era improv&#225;vel, para dizer o m&#237;nimo, que um jovem cirurgi&#227;o, f&#237;sica e emocionalmente sobrecarregado, com um grande n&#250;mero de pacientes feridos graves, fizesse uma descoberta t&#227;o importante.</p>
    <p>Talvez seja t&#227;o simples como observar o que todo mundo j&#225; viu e ter alguns novos pensamentos sobre isso, e &#233; poss&#237;vel que a fadiga desempenhasse um papel nessa percep&#231;&#227;o alterada. No entanto, em algum momento depois de sua descoberta, Korotkoff tornou-se muito consciente de sua import&#226;ncia, embora ainda n&#227;o pudesse imaginar seu enorme futuro pr&#225;tico. Ele apresentou seu relat&#243;rio de uma &#250;nica p&#225;gina &#224; Imperial Academia M&#233;dica Militar de S&#227;o Petersburgo em 1905<sup>7,8</sup>. Nessa breve apresenta&#231;&#227;o, ele descreveu sua descoberta. No m&#234;s seguinte, ele fez uma nova apresenta&#231;&#227;o. Em 1910, ele defendeu sua disserta&#231;&#227;o de doutorado sobre as colaterais da circula&#231;&#227;o perif&#233;rica<sup>8</sup>. Em seguida, ele trabalhou em diferentes hospitais<sup>6,8</sup>. Ele n&#227;o publicou mais nada sobre o assunto de aferi&#231;&#227;o da PA e morreu ainda jovem, de tuberculose pulmonar, com a idade de 46 anos, em 1920<sup>6,8</sup>.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Contribui&#231;&#227;o dos autores</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa, Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados, An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados, Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito e Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual. Esta&#241;ol B, Delgado G, Borgstein J; An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica: Delgado G; Obten&#231;&#227;o de financiamento: Borgstein J. </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Potencial Conflito de Interesses</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Declaro n&#227;o haver conflito de interesses pertinentes.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Fontes de Financiamento</bold>
    </p>
    <p>O presente estudo n&#227;o teve fontes de financiamento externas.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Vincula&#231;&#227;o Acad&#234;mica</bold>
    </p>
    <p>N&#227;o h&#225; vincula&#231;&#227;o deste estudo a programas de p&#243;s-gradua&#231;&#227;o.</p>
    <p>
      <fn id="end" fn-type="corresp">
        <label>
          <bold>Correspond&#234;ncia:</bold>
        </label>
        <p> Bruno Esta&#241;o </p>
        <p> Laboratorio de Neurofisiolog&#237;a Cl&#237;nica, Departamento de Neurolog&#237;a y Psiquiatr&#237;a, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias M&#233;dicas y Nutrici&#243;n Salvador Zubir&#225;n (INNSZ) </p>
        <p> Vasco de Quiroga 15, Tlalpan </p>
        <p> CEP 14000, M&#233;xico D.F., M&#233;xico </p>
        <p> E-mail: </p>
        <p>
          <email xlink:href="bestanol@hotmail.com">bestanol@hotmail.com</email>
        </p>
      </fn>
    </p>
    <p>Artigo recebido em 01/04/13; revisado em 07/04/13; aceito em 20/05/13.</p>
  </body>
  <back>
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  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Viewpoint</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title xml:lang="en">Korotkoff sounds: the improbable also occurs</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <abstract xml:lang="en">
        <p>Very few discoveries have had such a large impact on and relevance to clinical medicine as the noninvasive measurement of the diastolic blood pressure. A number of gifted physiologists and clinicians were ineffectively in search of a noninvasive method to determine the diastolic pressure. Nonetheless, the quantification of the diastolic BP was not achieved by any of these clinical or physiological researchers, but by an unlikely and unexpected figure: Nikolai Sergeevich Korotkoff (1874-1920), a young Russian army surgeon, working under precarious conditions in the hardship of diverse wars. It is easy to dismiss the achievement of Korotkoff as a serendipitous discovery, similar to that of Alexander Fleming in the discovery of penicillin. However, Nassim N. Taleb's recent black swan theory may serve to illustrate his discovery in a new and, perhaps, surprising way.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>History of Medicine</kwd>
        <kwd>Arterial Pressure</kwd>
        <kwd>Sphygmomanometers / utilization</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p>
        <bold>VIEWPOINT</bold>
      </p>
      <p>
        <fn id="enda-body2">
          <label>
            <bold>Korotkoff sounds - the improbable also occurs</bold>
          </label>
          <p>
            <bold>Bruno Esta&#241;ol<sup>I</sup>; Guillermo Delgado<sup>I</sup>; Johannes Borgstein<sup>II</sup></bold>
          </p>
        </fn>
      </p>
      <p><sup>I</sup>Laborat&#243;rio de Neurofisiologia Cl&#237;nica - Departamento de Neurologia e Psiquiatria - Instituto Nacional de Ciencias M&#233;dicas y Nutrici&#243;n Salvador Zubir&#225;n (INNSZ), Cidade do M&#233;xico, M&#233;xico</p>
      <p><sup>II</sup>Tergooi Hospital, Blaricum, Holanda</p>
      <p>Mailing Address</p>
      <p>
        <bold>ABSTRACT</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Very few discoveries have had such a large impact on and relevance to clinical medicine as the noninvasive measurement of the diastolic blood pressure. A number of gifted physiologists and clinicians were ineffectively in search of a noninvasive method to determine the diastolic pressure. Nonetheless, the quantification of the diastolic BP was not achieved by any of these clinical or physiological researchers, but by an unlikely and unexpected figure: Nikolai Sergeevich Korotkoff (1874-1920), a young Russian army surgeon, working under precarious conditions in the hardship of diverse wars. It is easy to dismiss the achievement of Korotkoff as a serendipitous discovery, similar to that of Alexander Fleming in the discovery of penicillin. However, Nassim N. Taleb's recent black swan theory may serve to illustrate his discovery in a new and, perhaps, surprising way.</p>
      <p><bold>Keywords:</bold> History of Medicine; Arterial Pressure; Sphygmomanometers / utilization.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Historical Sketch</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Every second throughout the world, someone is measuring the systolic and diastolic blood pressure (BP) by means of Korotkoff's auscultatory method. It is worth noting that very few discoveries have had such a large impact on and relevance to clinical medicine as the noninvasive measurement of the diastolic BP. The systolic and diastolic BP had been accurately measured with an intra-arterial catheter after Friedrich Goltz (1834-1902) and Justus Gaule (1849-1939) introduced their ingenious valved device in 1878<sup>1</sup>. Two years later, Bohemian physician Samuel S. K. von Basch (1837-1905), former ordinary physician to the Mexican Emperor, presented his groundbreaking apparatus, consisting of a rubber bulb connected to a mercury manometer<sup>2</sup>. He compressed the radial artery with the bulb until the pulse was obliterated and, at that point he measured the systolic BP<sup>2</sup>. The Bohemian physician compared the systolic BP measured with his method in a dog, with the intra-arterial technique and found that BP figures were comparable with both approaches<sup>2</sup>. He established the maximum value of the systolic BP at 150 mmHg; anything beyond this figure in the adult was considered to be abnormal<sup>2,3</sup>. He introduced the term <italic>sphygmomanometer</italic>, which derives from the Greek word "sphygmos," meaning "pulse"<sup>4</sup>. The term was, in fact, a misnomer, but it is still used in most countries.</p>
      <p>The brilliant Italian physician Scipione Riva-Rocci (1863-1937) introduced a bracelet that was connected to a mercury column and, by increasing the pressure until the pulse was obliterated, he was able to measure the systolic BP with great precision<sup>4</sup>. He used the tactile sense of his fingers to detect the moment when the pulse disappeared or appeared<sup>4</sup>. This method was accurate, inexpensive and soon became highly popular. </p>
      <p>Nevertheless, the diastolic BP could not be precisely determined by this procedure, and when Harvey Cushing introduced Basch's and Riva Rocci's methods into clinical medicine and surgery only the systolic BP was being assessed<sup>3</sup>. A number of gifted physiologists and clinicians were ineffectively in search of a noninvasive method to determine the diastolic BP<sup>5</sup>. Nonetheless, the quantification of the diastolic BP was not achieved by any of these clinical or physiological researchers, but by an unlikely and unexpected figure: Nikolai Sergeevich Korotkoff (1874-1920), a young Russian army surgeon, working under precarious conditions in the hardship of diverse wars<sup>6</sup>. He did his amazing feat using the Riva-Rocci bracelet and a child's stethoscope<sup>6,7</sup>.</p>
      <p>Korotkoff was not a BP researcher and his main concern, as a war surgeon, was to know if collateral blood supply was undiminished, so as to resolve whether a wounded artery could be securely ligated when an amputation was likely<sup>6</sup>. He knew that the onset of the palpable pulse was the systolic BP and he reasoned that the time of disappearance of the sound signaled the onset of the laminar flow and, therefore, of the relaxation of the arterial wall. He hence proposed that diastolic BP might be estimated by the disappearance of all sounds<sup>8</sup>.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Some Philosophical Remarks on the Epistemology of the Unexpected in Science</bold>
      </p>
      <p>It is easy to dismiss the achievement of Korotkoff as a serendipitous discovery similar to that of Alexander Fleming in the discovery of penicillin<sup>9</sup>. While looking for one thing, he found something entirely different. However, Nassim N. Taleb's recent black swan theory may serve to illustrate his discovery in a new and, perhaps, surprising way<sup>10</sup>. In his book, Taleb persuasively argues about finding the unexpected in life and science. Many great discoveries and inventions in science and art have been unexpected and unpredictable, though easily explained in retrospect. In fact, many of these findings have compelled scientists to change their theoretical framework to accommodate new facts. It is true that a discovery is made within the context of what is already known, and this serves as part of retrospective explanation: without the Riva Rocci's bracelet and without the pediatric stethoscope, the young Russian surgeon could not have developed his auscultatory method. It is then easy, but probably wrong, to assume that the discovery would have been made sooner or later; that similar discoveries may be made simultaneously in different parts of the world (synchronicity) does not entirely confirm this, for the majority of discoveries are not synchronous, and we cannot know all the discoveries that remain to be made, even though the facts have been known for centuries. It has been said that the scientist discovers and the artist invents, but in the case of Laennec, Korotkoff and others, both concepts are correct. The Russian surgeon not only produced an unexpected result but he himself was an unlikely actor in the drama. The odds favored that clinicians and physiologists working in the field of BP measurement would come up with the discovery, and it was improbable, to say the least, that a young surgeon, physically and emotionally overworked, with a large numbers of acute wounded patients, would make such a momentous discovery.</p>
      <p>Perhaps it is as simple as observing what everyone has seen, while having some new thoughts about it and it is possible that fatigue played a part in this altered perception. Nevertheless, at some moment after his discovery, Korotkoff became keenly aware of its significance, although he could not yet envision its enormous practical future. He published his report in a single page to the Imperial Military Medical Academy of Saint Petersburg in 1905<sup>7,8</sup>. In this brief presentation he described his discovery. In the following month, he made a new presentation. In 1910 he defended his Ph.D. dissertation on the collaterals of peripheral circulation<sup>8</sup>. Subsequently, he worked in different hospitals<sup>6,8</sup>. He did not publish anything else on the subject of BP measurement and died of pulmonary tuberculosis, at the early age of 46 years, in 1920<sup>6,8</sup>.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Author contributions</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Conception and design of the research, Acquisition of data, Analysis and interpretation of the data, Writing of the manuscript and Critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content: Esta&#241;ol B, Delgado G, Borgstein J; Statistical analysis: Delgado G; Obtaining funding: Borgstein J.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Potential Conflict of Interest</bold>
      </p>
      <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Sources of Funding</bold>
      </p>
      <p>There were no external funding sources for this study.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Study Association</bold>
      </p>
      <p>This study is not associated with any post-graduation program.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>References</bold>
      </p>
    </body>
  </sub-article>
</article>
