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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
        <publisher-loc>S&#227;o Paulo, SP, Brazil</publisher-loc>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">8fzC9NwxrqrBX6DnHxQ9BGb</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2013003100016</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v1">S0066-782X(13)10100500016</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5935/abc.20130216</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Relato de Caso</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Roubo de fluxo da art&#233;ria vertebral para a art&#233;ria tor&#225;cica interna anastomosada na coron&#225;ria</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Abreu</surname>
            <given-names>Jose Sebasti&#227;o de</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff03"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Pimentel</surname>
            <given-names>Nayara Lima</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff04"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Siqueira</surname>
            <given-names>Jordana Magalh&#227;es</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff04"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Pinheiro</surname>
            <given-names>Carlos Newton Di&#243;genes</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff05"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Di&#243;genes</surname>
            <given-names>Teresa Cristina Pinheiro</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff03"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Paes Junior</surname>
            <given-names>Jos&#233; Nogueira</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff03"/>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff06">
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Fortaleza</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">Cear&#225;</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Hospital Geral de Fortaleza</institution>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff05">
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="state">Cear&#225;</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal do Cear&#225;</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Faculdade de Medicina </institution>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff02">
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="state">Cear&#225;</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Estadual do Cear&#225;</institution>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff01">
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o SP </institution>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff04">
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="state"/>
        </addr-line>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Clinic&#225;rdio</institution>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff03">
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="state"/>
        </addr-line>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Prontoc&#225;rdio</institution>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
      </aff>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>11</month>
        <year>2013</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>101</volume>
      <issue>5</issue>
      <fpage>e95</fpage>
      <lpage>e98</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>10</day>
          <month>11</month>
          <year>2012</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>25</day>
          <month>03</month>
          <year>2013</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>04</day>
          <month>12</month>
          <year>2012</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="pub">
        <day>13</day>
        <month>12</month>
        <year>2013</year>
      </pub-date>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <p>
      <bold>RELATO DE CASO</bold>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Roubo de fluxo da art&#233;ria vertebral para a art&#233;ria tor&#225;cica interna anastomosada na coron&#225;ria</bold>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Jose Sebasti&#227;o de Abreu<sup>I,II,III</sup>; Nayara Lima Pimentel<sup>IV</sup>; Jordana Magalh&#227;es Siqueira<sup>IV</sup>; Carlos Newton Di&#243;genes Pinheiro<sup>V</sup>; Teresa Cristina Pinheiro Di&#243;genes<sup>III</sup>; Jos&#233; Nogueira Paes Junior<sup>III</sup></bold>
    </p>
    <p><sup>I</sup>Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o SP - Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo, S&#227;o Paulo, SP </p>
    <p><sup>II</sup>Universidade Estadual do Cear&#225; </p>
    <p><sup>III</sup>Prontoc&#225;rdio e Clinic&#225;rdio </p>
    <p><sup>IV</sup>Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade Federal do Cear&#225; </p>
    <p><sup>V</sup>Hospital Geral de Fortaleza, Fortaleza, CE - Brasil</p>
    <p>
      <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="end">Correspond&#234;ncia</xref>
    </p>
    <p><bold>Palavras-chave:</bold> Art&#233;ria Tor&#225;cica Interna, Ecocardiografia sob Estresse, Angioplastia Coron&#225;ria com Bal&#227;o, Stents.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</bold>
    </p>
    <p>As art&#233;rias vertebral esquerda e tor&#225;cica interna s&#227;o ramos da subcl&#225;via esquerda que, em condi&#231;&#245;es fisiol&#243;gicas, apresentam fluxo com dire&#231;&#227;o anter&#243;grada.</p>
    <p>Na avalia&#231;&#227;o pelo Doppler, o fluxo na art&#233;ria tor&#225;cica interna (ATI) mostra predom&#237;nio do componente sist&#243;lico, mas, ao ser anastomosada no sistema coronariano esquerdo, o predom&#237;nio do componente diast&#243;lico &#233; o usual. Esse predom&#237;nio pode exacerbar-se, podendo ser verificado em situa&#231;&#227;o que aumente o consumo de oxig&#234;nio do mioc&#225;rdio, como a que ocorre durante o ecocardiograma sob estresse com dobutamina, quando o componente sist&#243;lico pode ser suprimido e o diast&#243;lico tornar-se o &#250;nico componente do ciclo card&#237;aco. A imagem bidimensional e o Doppler permitem a avalia&#231;&#227;o anat&#244;mica das art&#233;rias e a constata&#231;&#227;o de padr&#245;es de fluxo normais e patol&#243;gicos. Assim, a invers&#227;o da dire&#231;&#227;o de fluxo de uma art&#233;ria pode ser compat&#237;vel com roubo de fluxo, e uma acentua&#231;&#227;o do componente diast&#243;lico no Doppler da art&#233;ria tor&#225;cica interna anastomosada (ATIA) pode indicar bom estado funcional do vaso<sup>1-3</sup>.</p>
    <p>A oclus&#227;o da art&#233;ria subcl&#225;via esquerda determina comprometimento do aporte sangu&#237;neo para o membro superior esquerdo, todavia o roubo de fluxo da art&#233;ria vertebral esquerda pode melhorar a perfus&#227;o daquele membro. Quando a oclus&#227;o da art&#233;ria subcl&#225;via ocorre nos casos com ATIA no sistema coronariano esquerdo, a dire&#231;&#227;o do fluxo p&#243;s-esten&#243;tico nos pacientes sintom&#225;ticos &#233; vari&#225;vel, podendo ser reverso nas art&#233;rias vertebral e tor&#225;cica interna<sup>4</sup>, n&#227;o ocorrer componente reverso<sup>5</sup>, ser reverso apenas na ATI<sup>6</sup> ou, como em nosso relato, apresentar fluxo reverso preferencial da art&#233;ria vertebral esquerda para a ATI.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Relato do Caso</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Paciente de 47 anos, sexo feminino, apresentava angina est&#225;vel h&#225; aproximadamente tr&#234;s anos e angina crescente h&#225; tr&#234;s meses. Relatava diminui&#231;&#227;o da for&#231;a para manter elevado o membro superior esquerdo. Era hipertensa, dislipid&#234;mica e tabagista. Fazia uso regular de antagonista de c&#225;lcio, nitrato, &#225;cido acetilsalic&#237;lico e estatina. H&#225; 10 anos, foi submetida a revasculariza&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica com ponte de veia safena para a coron&#225;ria direita e de art&#233;ria tor&#225;cica interna (ATI) para a coron&#225;ria descendente anterior (DA).</p>
    <p>Ao exame f&#237;sico apresentava ausculta pulmonar fisiol&#243;gica, ritmo card&#237;aco regular e B4, sopro cervical &#224; esquerda (++/4+), pulso em membro superior esquerdo n&#227;o palp&#225;vel, sem edema. Press&#227;o arterial no membro superior direito: 130 &#215; 80 mmHg.</p>
    <p>O eletrocardiograma mostrava altera&#231;&#227;o discreta de repolariza&#231;&#227;o ventricular em parede anterolateral. Foi submetida a estudo hemodin&#226;mico, que evidenciou oclus&#227;o da ponte de veia safena, estenose grave (&gt;80%) em tronco da coron&#225;ria esquerda (TCE), da DA, da circunflexa (Cx), da diagonal (Dg) e oclus&#227;o da art&#233;ria subcl&#225;via esquerda (ASE), n&#227;o sendo poss&#237;vel a avalia&#231;&#227;o adequada do conduto ATI-DA (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="a16fig01">Figura 1A</xref> e <xref ref-type="fig" rid="a16fig01">1B</xref>).</p>
    <p><fig id="a16fig01"/>&#13;
&#160;&#13;
</p>
    <p>
      <fig id="a16fig01a_b">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-101-05-0e95-30216-gf01.jpg"/></fig>
    </p>
    <p>&#13;
  <fig id="a16fig01xc_d"/><fig id="a16fig01c_d"><graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-101-05-0e95-30216-gf02.jpg"/></fig></p>
    <p>&#13;
  <fig id="a16fig01xe_f"/><fig id="a16fig01e_f"><graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-101-05-0e95-30216-gf03.jpg"/></fig></p>
    <p>O ecocardiograma constatou hipertrofia ventricular esquerda discreta e contra&#231;&#227;o segmentar basal normal. A imagem bidimensional e o Doppler da ATI anastomosada (ATIA), visualizados em n&#237;vel supraclavicular, evidenciaram boa pat&#234;ncia do conduto por meio de um espectro do Doppler com exuberante percentual de componente diast&#243;lico (84%) em repouso, bem acima do usualmente encontrado (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="a16fig01">Figura 1C</xref> e <xref ref-type="fig" rid="a16fig01">1D</xref>). As art&#233;rias vertebrais apresentavam anatomia e velocidade dos fluxos normais, entretanto o fluxo era retr&#243;grado na art&#233;ria vertebral esquerda (AVE) e com padr&#227;o anter&#243;grado normal na direita (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="a16fig01">Figura 1E</xref> e <xref ref-type="fig" rid="a16fig01">1F</xref>).</p>
    <p>O m&#233;dico assistente considerou que o sistema coronariano esquerdo estava parcialmente protegido pela ATIA, submetendo a paciente a implante de <italic>stent</italic> no TCE e na CX e a angioplastia da Dg, cessando a manifesta&#231;&#227;o anginosa. </p>
    <p>Seis meses ap&#243;s a interven&#231;&#227;o percut&#226;nea, foi submetida a ecocardiograma sob estresse com dobutamina, atingindo frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca m&#225;xima (220 &#8722; idade) com resultado negativo para isquemia mioc&#225;rdica, sem intercorr&#234;ncias. No pico do estresse, o fluxo na ATIA tornou-se exclusivamente diast&#243;lico, com &#237;ndice de reserva coronariana igual a 1,8 (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="a16fig02">Figura 2A</xref> e <xref ref-type="fig" rid="a16fig02">2B</xref>), evidenciando bom estado funcional<sup>1,3</sup>, enquanto a AVE permaneceu com fluxo totalmente retr&#243;grado (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="a16fig02">Figura 2C </xref>e <xref ref-type="fig" rid="a16fig02">2D</xref>).</p>
    <p><fig id="a16fig02"/>&#13;
&#160;&#13;
</p>
    <p>
      <fig id="a16fig02a_b">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-101-05-0e95-30216-gf04.jpg"/></fig>
    </p>
    <p>&#13;
  <fig id="a16fig02xc_d"/><fig id="a16fig02c_d"><graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-101-05-0e95-30216-gf05.jpg"/></fig></p>
    <p>&#13;
  <fig id="a16fig02xe_f"/><fig id="a16fig02e_f"><graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-101-05-0e95-30216-gf06.jpg"/></fig></p>
    <p>&#13;
  <fig id="a16fig02xg_h"/><fig id="a16fig02g_h"><graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-101-05-0e95-30216-gf07.jpg"/></fig></p>
    <p>Quatro meses ap&#243;s o ecocardiograma sob estresse, a paciente foi submetida a nova interven&#231;&#227;o para implante de <italic>stent</italic> na ASE. A angiografia subsequente mostrou conduto ATI-DA calibroso e totalmente p&#233;rvio (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="a16fig02">Figura 2E</xref> e <xref ref-type="fig" rid="a16fig02">2F</xref>).</p>
    <p>No novo estudo com o Doppler, verificou-se que a AVE passou a apresentar fluxo anter&#243;grado normal. O fluxo da ATIA em repouso apresentou diminui&#231;&#227;o do componente diast&#243;lico, mas este se manteve predominante (58%), dentro do espectro esperado para ATIA com adequada pat&#234;ncia (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="a16fig02">Figura 2G</xref> e <xref ref-type="fig" rid="a16fig02">2H</xref>).</p>
    <p>O pulso no membro superior esquerdo tornou-se palp&#225;vel.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Discuss&#227;o</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Na oclus&#227;o da ASE de pacientes revascularizados com ATIA podem ocorrer distintas varia&#231;&#245;es nas dire&#231;&#245;es dos fluxos distais &#224; ASE esten&#243;tica. No relato de Omeish e cols.<sup>4</sup>, verificou-se que um paciente admitido com edema agudo dos pulm&#245;es apresentou, no estudo hemodin&#226;mico, fluxo reverso na ATIA e na AVE, constatando-se que, ap&#243;s o implante de <italic>stent</italic> na ASE oclu&#237;da, as dire&#231;&#245;es desses fluxos normalizaram-se e tornaram-se anter&#243;gradas, concomitante a uma evolu&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica favor&#225;vel. De outra forma, no relato de Alcocer e cols.<sup>5</sup> considerou-se que o fluxo anter&#243;grado para a ATIA estava comprometido, visto que nesse paciente com angina <italic>pectoris</italic> n&#227;o havia um "compensat&#243;rio" roubo de fluxo para a regi&#227;o distal &#224; estenose da ASE. Vecera e cols.<sup>6</sup> mostraram, por meio do Doppler, ATIA com fluxo reverso, e o estudo hemodin&#226;mico confirmou a suspeita de oclus&#227;o da ASE. Ap&#243;s angioplastia na ASE, o fluxo da ATIA apresentou o padr&#227;o anter&#243;grado normal.</p>
    <p>O caso que relatamos &#233; o primeiro a mostrar que, na presen&#231;a de oclus&#227;o da ASE, o roubo de fluxo da AVE pode contribuir para aumentar o fluxo anter&#243;grado de ATIA sem estenose e, para essa evid&#234;ncia, o papel da imagem bidimensional com Doppler foi fundamental. </p>
    <p>O estudo hemodin&#226;mico diagnosticou a oclus&#227;o da ASE, bem como as estenoses graves das coron&#225;rias, mas foi limitado na avalia&#231;&#227;o da ATIA. A imagem bidimensional com Doppler foi de grande import&#226;ncia para mostrar que o componente diast&#243;lico na ATIA era mais acentuado que o usual, o que sugeriu ao m&#233;dico assistente que o sistema coronariano esquerdo estava parcialmente protegido por essa ATIA, favorecendo a decis&#227;o da interven&#231;&#227;o percut&#226;nea por meio de <italic>stents</italic> em coron&#225;rias gravemente comprometidas, inclusive no tronco da coron&#225;ria esquerda. Ap&#243;s a terap&#234;utica intervencionista, a evolu&#231;&#227;o assintom&#225;tica da paciente e o fato de o ecocardiograma sob estresse com dobutamina ter sido negativo para isquemia mioc&#225;rdica corroboraram o acerto da conduta efetuada. O Doppler da ATIA evidenciou bom estado funcional desse conduto visto que, durante o estresse, constatou-se que o fluxo tornou-se 100% diast&#243;lico e com &#237;ndice de reserva coronariana de 1,8. O estudo bidimensional com Doppler efetuado logo ap&#243;s o implante de <italic>stent </italic>na ASE evidenciou que a dire&#231;&#227;o do fluxo na AVE havia se normalizado (anter&#243;grado), bem como ocorreram modifica&#231;&#245;es no fluxo da ATIA, o qual apresentou aumento do componente sist&#243;lico, contudo permaneceu anter&#243;grado e com predom&#237;nio diast&#243;lico (58%), sendo esse o padr&#227;o do Doppler usualmente encontrado em ATIA patente<sup>3</sup>.</p>
    <p>Ressaltamos que a ecocardiografia sob estresse, que &#233; t&#227;o difundida na avalia&#231;&#227;o da isquemia mioc&#225;rdica, constitui ferramenta importante para a avalia&#231;&#227;o da reserva de fluxo coronariano atrav&#233;s do enxerto.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Conclus&#227;o</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Na presen&#231;a de oclus&#227;o da ASE, inferiu-se que o roubo de fluxo da AVE contribuiu para incrementar o aporte sangu&#237;neo para a ATIA. A imagem bidimensional com Doppler foi fundamental para mostrar que a ATIA estava patente e com bom estado funcional, favorecendo a decis&#227;o para a interven&#231;&#227;o percut&#226;nea em graves estenoses do tronco e ramos de um sistema coronariano esquerdo parcialmente protegido.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Contribui&#231;&#227;o dos autores</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa: Abreu JS; Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados, An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados, Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito e Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual: Abreu JS, Pimentel NL, Siqueira JM, Di&#243;genes TCP, Paes Junior JN; Realiza&#231;&#227;o de procedimento (exame): Abreu JS, Pinheiro CND, Paes Junior JN.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Potencial Conflito de Interesses</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Declaro n&#227;o haver conflito de interesses pertinentes.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Fontes de Financiamento</bold>
    </p>
    <p>O presente estudo n&#227;o teve fontes de financiamento externas.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Vincula&#231;&#227;o Acad&#234;mica</bold>
    </p>
    <p>N&#227;o h&#225; vincula&#231;&#227;o deste estudo a programas de p&#243;sgradua&#231;&#227;o.</p>
    <p>
      <fn id="end" fn-type="corresp">
        <label>
          <bold>Correspond&#234;ncia:</bold>
        </label>
        <p> Jose Sebasti&#227;o de Abreu </p>
        <p> Rua Dr. Jos&#233; Louren&#231;o, 500/700, Meireles </p>
        <p> CEP 60115-280, Fortaleza, CE - Brasil </p>
        <p> E-mail: </p>
        <p><email xlink:href="jsabreu@cardiol.br">jsabreu@cardiol.br</email>, </p>
        <p>
          <email xlink:href="jsabreu10@yahoo.com.br">jsabreu10@yahoo.com.br</email>
        </p>
      </fn>
    </p>
    <p>Artigo recebido em 10/11/12; revisado em 4/12/12; aceito em 25/3/13.</p>
  </body>
  <back>
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  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Case Report</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title xml:lang="en">Steal of blood flow from the vertebral artery to the internal thoracic artery anastomosed to the coronary artery</article-title>
      </title-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p>
        <bold>CASE REPORT</bold>
      </p>
      <p>
        <fn id="enda-body2">
          <label>
            <bold>Steal of blood flow from the vertebral artery to the internal thoracic artery anastomosed to the coronary artery</bold>
          </label>
          <p>
            <bold>Jose Sebasti&#227;o de Abreu<sup>I,II,III</sup>; Nayara Lima Pimentel<sup>IV</sup>; Jordana Magalh&#227;es Siqueira<sup>IV</sup>; Carlos Newton Di&#243;genes Pinheiro<sup>V</sup>; Teresa Cristina Pinheiro Di&#243;genes<sup>III</sup>; Jos&#233; Nogueira Paes Junior<sup>III</sup></bold>
          </p>
        </fn>
      </p>
      <p><sup>I</sup>Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o SP - Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo, S&#227;o Paulo, SP</p>
      <p><sup>II</sup>Universidade Estadual do Cear&#225;</p>
      <p><sup>III</sup>Prontoc&#225;rdio e Clinic&#225;rdio</p>
      <p><sup>IV</sup>Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade Federal do Cear&#225;</p>
      <p><sup>V</sup>Hospital Geral de Fortaleza, Fortaleza, CE - Brazil</p>
      <p>Mailing Address</p>
      <p><bold>Keywords:</bold> Mammary Arteries; Echocardiography, Stress; Angioplasty, Balloon, Coronary; Stents.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Introduction</bold>
      </p>
      <p>The left vertebral and internal thoracic arteries are branches of the left subclavian artery which, under physiological conditions, exhibit antegrade flow direction.</p>
      <p>On Doppler evaluation, the internal thoracic artery (ITA) flow shows a predominance of systolic component, but when anastomosed to the left coronary arteries, the prevalence of the diastolic component is usual. This predominance can become exacerbated and a situation that increases oxygen consumption by the myocardium can occur, such as what happens during dobutamine stress echocardiography, when the systolic component can be suppressed and the diastolic becomes the only component of the cardiac cycle. The two-dimensional and Doppler imaging allows anatomical assessment of arteries and the verification of normal and pathological flow patterns. Thus, the flow direction reversal of an artery can be compatible with steal of blood flow and an exacerbation of the diastolic component of the anastomosed internal thoracic artery (AITA) at Doppler may indicate good functional status of the vessel<sup>1-3</sup>.</p>
      <p>Occlusion of the left subclavian artery determines impairment of blood supply to the left arm, but the steal of blood flow from the left vertebral artery may improve limb perfusion. When the subclavian artery occlusion occurs in cases with ITA anastomosed to the left coronary arteries, the direction of the post-stenotic flow in symptomatic patients is variable and can be reverse in the vertebral and internal thoracic arteries<sup>4</sup>, have no reverse component<sup>5</sup>, be reverse only in ITA<sup>6</sup> or, as in our patient, show preferential reverse flow from the left vertebral artery to the ITA.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Case report</bold>
      </p>
      <p>A 47-year-old female had had stable angina for approximately three years and increasing angina for the last three months. She reported decreased strength to elevate the left upper limb. She was hypertensive, dyslipidemic and a smoker. She used calcium antagonists, nitrates, aspirin and statin. Ten years before, she had undergone myocardial revascularization with saphenous vein graft to the right coronary artery and from the internal thoracic artery (ITA) to the anterior descending coronary artery (ADA).</p>
      <p>On physical examination she had normal pulmonary auscultation, regular heart rhythm and fourth heart sound, cervical murmur to the left (++/4+), pulse in the left arm not palpable without edema. Blood pressure in the right upper limb was 130 x 80 mmHg.</p>
      <p>The electrocardiogram showed mild ventricular repolarization alteration in the anterolateral wall. She underwent cardiac catheterization, which showed occlusion of the saphenous vein graft, severe stenosis (&gt; 80%) in left main coronary artery (LMCA), of ADA, circumflex (Cx), and diagonal (Dg) artery and left subclavian artery (LSA) occlusion; it was not possible to perform proper assessment of the ITA-ADA conduit (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="en_a16fig01-body2">Figure 1A</xref> and <xref ref-type="fig" rid="en_a16fig01-body2">1B</xref>).</p>
      <p content-type="html"><fig id="en_a16fig01-body2"><graphic xlink:href="https://minio.scielo.br/documentstore/1678-4170/8fzC9NwxrqrBX6DnHxQ9BGb/ef53b6a89030624b4b890aba6fe3907bd2ac5c61.jpg"/><graphic xlink:href="https://minio.scielo.br/documentstore/1678-4170/8fzC9NwxrqrBX6DnHxQ9BGb/6d14706628501c613d5f2c54c579141fae405c0c.jpg"/><graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-101-05-0e95-30216-gf01-en.jpg"/></fig>&#13;
&#160;&#13;
</p>
      <p>The echocardiogram showed mild left ventricular hypertrophy and normal basal segmental contraction. The two-dimensional image and Doppler of the anastomosed ITA (AITA), viewed in supraclavicular level, showed good patency of the conduit through Doppler spectrum with exuberant percentage of diastolic component (84%) at rest, well above the commonly found one (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="en_a16fig01-body2">Figure 1C</xref> and <xref ref-type="fig" rid="en_a16fig01-body2">1D</xref>). The vertebral arteries showed normal anatomy and flow velocity; however, the flow was retrograde in the left vertebral artery (LVA) and showed normal anterograde pattern in the right (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="en_a16fig01-body2">Figure 1E</xref> and <xref ref-type="fig" rid="en_a16fig01-body2">1F</xref>).</p>
      <p>The attending physician considered that the left coronary system was partially protected by the AITA and the patient was submitted to stenting in the LMCA and Cx and angioplasty in the Dg, with consequent cessation of anginal symptoms.</p>
      <p>Six months after the percutaneous intervention, she underwent dobutamine stress echocardiography, reaching a maximum heart rate (220 - age) with uneventful outcome and negative result for myocardial ischemia. At peak stress, the flow in the AITA became exclusively diastolic, with coronary flow reserve index of 1.8 (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="en_a16fig02-body2">Figure 2A</xref> and <xref ref-type="fig" rid="en_a16fig02-body2">2B</xref>), indicating good functional status<sup>1,3</sup>, while the LVA remained entirely with retrograde flow (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="en_a16fig02-body2">Figure 2C</xref> and <xref ref-type="fig" rid="en_a16fig02-body2">2D</xref>).</p>
      <p content-type="html"><fig id="en_a16fig02-body2"><graphic xlink:href="https://minio.scielo.br/documentstore/1678-4170/8fzC9NwxrqrBX6DnHxQ9BGb/462d791da51a45038eb668cef765fdc82ca4b034.jpg"/><graphic xlink:href="https://minio.scielo.br/documentstore/1678-4170/8fzC9NwxrqrBX6DnHxQ9BGb/190546649d6d754518cb94625e479ea69eda26a5.jpg"/><graphic xlink:href="https://minio.scielo.br/documentstore/1678-4170/8fzC9NwxrqrBX6DnHxQ9BGb/13a12814754ec424e97d724751e26c073a5dce85.jpg"/><graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-101-05-0e95-30216-gf02-en.jpg"/></fig>&#13;
&#160;&#13;
</p>
      <p>Four months after the stress echocardiography, the patient underwent a new intervention for stent implantation in the LSA. A subsequent angiogram showed calibrous and fully patent ITA-ADA conduit (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="en_a16fig02-body2">Figure 2E</xref> and <xref ref-type="fig" rid="en_a16fig02-body2">2F</xref>). In a new Doppler assessment, it was observed that the LVA had started to show normal antegrade flow. The AITA flow at rest showed a decrease in the diastolic component, but it remained predominantly (58%) within the range expected for AITA with adequate patency (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="en_a16fig02-body2">Figure 2G</xref> and <xref ref-type="fig" rid="en_a16fig02-body2">2H</xref>).</p>
      <p>The pulse in the left arm became palpable. </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Discussion</bold>
      </p>
      <p>During LSA occlusion in revascularized patients with AITA, distinct variations may occur in flow direction distal to the stenotic LSA. In the study by Omeish et al<sup>4</sup>, it was observed that a patient admitted with acute pulmonary edema had, at the hemodynamic study, reverse flow in AITA and LVA, and that after stenting in the occluded LSA, the directions of these flows normalized and became anterograde, concomitant to a successful clinical outcome.</p>
      <p>On the other hand, in the study by Alcocer et al<sup>5</sup>, it was observed that antegrade flow to AITA was compromised, as in this patient with angina pectoris there was no "compensatory" steal of blood flow to the region distal to the LSA stenosis. Vecera et al<sup>6</sup> showed, by Doppler assessment, AITA with reverse flow and the hemodynamic study confirmed the suspected LSA occlusion. After LSA angioplasty, the AITA flow showed normal anterograde pattern.</p>
      <p>The case reported herein is the first to show that, in the presence of LSA occlusion, the steal of blood flow in the LVA can help to increase the antegrade flow of the AITA without stenosis and to demonstrate that, the role of two-dimensional Doppler image was crucial.</p>
      <p>The hemodynamic study diagnosed the LSA occlusion, as well as severe stenoses of the coronary arteries, but showed limitations in the assessment of the AITA. The two-dimensional Doppler image was of great importance to demonstrate that the diastolic component in the AITA was more pronounced than usual, which suggested to the attending physician that the left coronary system was partially protected by this AITA, favoring the decision of performing a percutaneous intervention through stenting in severely compromised coronary arteries, including the left main coronary artery.</p>
      <p>After the interventional therapy, the patient asymptomatic evolution and the fact that the dobutamine-stress echocardiogram was negative for myocardial ischemia corroborated the appropriateness of the interventions. The AITA Doppler assessment showed good functional status of this conduit as, during stress, it was observed that the flow became 100% diastolic with a coronary flow reserve index of 1.8. The two-dimensional Doppler study performed immediately after stent implantation in LSA showed that the flow direction in the LVA had normalized (anterograde) and that changes had occurred in the AITA flow, which demonstrated increased systolic component, while still remaining anterograde and with diastolic predominance (58%), which is the Doppler standard usually found in patent AITA<sup>3</sup>.</p>
      <p>We emphasize that stress echocardiography, which has such widespread use in the evaluation of myocardial ischemia, is an important tool for the assessment of coronary flow reserve through the graft.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Conclusion</bold>
      </p>
      <p>In the presence of LSA occlusion, it was inferred that the steal of blood flow from the LVA contributed to the increase in blood supply to the AITA. The two-dimensional Doppler image was essential to demonstrate that the AITA was patent and had good functional status, favoring the decision to perform percutaneous intervention for severe stenosis of the LMCA and branches of a partially protected left coronary system.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Author contributions</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Conception and design of the research: Abreu JS; Acquisition of data, Analysis and interpretation of the data, Writing of the manuscript and Critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content: Abreu JS, Pimentel NL, Siqueira JM, Di&#243;genes TCP, Paes Junior JN; Performing procedure (examination): Abreu JS, Pinheiro CND, Paes Junior JN.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Potential Conflict of Interest</bold>
      </p>
      <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Sources of Funding</bold>
      </p>
      <p>There were no external funding sources for this study.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Study Association</bold>
      </p>
      <p>This study is not associated with any post-graduation program.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>References</bold>
      </p>
    </body>
  </sub-article>
</article>
