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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
        <publisher-loc>S&#227;o Paulo, SP, Brazil</publisher-loc>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">6hsV6fj6CNk4Ncj6YTz8qGL</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2013003100011</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v1">S0066-782X(13)10100500011</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5935/abc.20130200</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigos Originais</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Os crit&#233;rios para classifica&#231;&#227;o da insufici&#234;ncia mitral n&#227;o foram adequados na cardiomiopatia dilatada</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Mancuso</surname>
            <given-names>Frederico Jos&#233; Neves</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Mois&#233;s</surname>
            <given-names>Valdir Ambrosio</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Almeida</surname>
            <given-names>Dirceu Rodrigues</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Oliveira</surname>
            <given-names>Wercules Antonio</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Poyares</surname>
            <given-names>Dalva</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Brito</surname>
            <given-names>Flavio Souza</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Paola</surname>
            <given-names>Angelo Amato Vincenzo de</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Carvalho</surname>
            <given-names>Antonio Carlos Camargo</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Campos</surname>
            <given-names>Orlando</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff01">
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="state">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal de S&#227;o Paulo</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Escola Paulista de Medicina </institution>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff02">
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal de S&#227;o Paulo</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Escola Paulista de Medicina </institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv2">Instituto do Sono</institution>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
      </aff>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>11</month>
        <year>2013</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>101</volume>
      <issue>5</issue>
      <fpage>457</fpage>
      <lpage>465</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>15</day>
          <month>01</month>
          <year>2013</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>07</day>
          <month>06</month>
          <year>2013</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>10</day>
          <month>05</month>
          <year>2013</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <p>FUNDAMENTO: A insufici&#234;ncia mitral (IM) &#233; frequente nos pacientes com cardiomiopatia dilatada. N&#227;o se sabe se os crit&#233;rios para classifica&#231;&#227;o da IM s&#227;o adequados para pacientes com cardiomiopatia dilatada OBJETIVO: Avaliar a concord&#226;ncia entre os quatro m&#233;todos ecocardiogr&#225;ficos mais utilizados para classifica&#231;&#227;o da IM. M&#201;TODOS: Noventa pacientes com cardiomiopatia dilatada foram inclu&#237;dos. A IM foi classificada por quatro m&#233;todos ecocardiogr&#225;ficos: &#225;rea do jato regurgitante (AJ), vena contracta (VC), &#225;rea do orif&#237;cio regurgitante (AOR) e volume regurgitante (VR). A IM foi classificada em leve, moderada ou importante segundo os crit&#233;rios da American Society of Echocardiography e tamb&#233;m foi dividida em tercis conforme os valores absolutos. O teste de Kappa foi utilizado para avaliar a concord&#226;ncia entre os m&#233;todos. O coeficiente de Pearson foi utilizado para avaliar a correla&#231;&#227;o entre os valores absolutos por cada m&#233;todo. RESULTADOS: A classifica&#231;&#227;o da IM, de acordo com cada m&#233;todo, foi a seguinte: AJ: 26 leve, 44 moderada, 20 importante; VC: 12 leve, 72 moderada, 6 importante; AOR: 70 leve, 15 moderada, 5 importante; VR: 70 leve, 16 moderada, 4 importante. A concord&#226;ncia entre os m&#233;todos foi ruim (kappa = 0,11; p &lt; 0,001), por&#233;m foi observada uma forte correla&#231;&#227;o entre os valores absolutos de cada m&#233;todo (0,70 a 0,95; p &lt; 0,01). A concord&#226;ncia foi melhor com a divis&#227;o dos valores em tercis (kappa = 0,44; p &lt; 0,01). CONCLUS&#195;O: Os crit&#233;rios para classifica&#231;&#227;o da IM n&#227;o s&#227;o adequados para os pacientes com cardiomiopatia dilatada. &#201; necess&#225;rio estabelecer novos valores de corte para classificar a IM nestes pacientes.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt" kwd-group-type="author-generated">
        <kwd>Insufici&#234;ncia da Valva Mitral</kwd>
        <kwd>Cardiomiopatia Dilatada</kwd>
        <kwd>Ecocardiografia</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="pub">
        <day>08</day>
        <month>10</month>
        <year>2013</year>
      </pub-date>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <p>
      <bold>Os crit&#233;rios para classifica&#231;&#227;o da insufici&#234;ncia mitral n&#227;o foram adequados na cardiomiopatia dilatada</bold>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Frederico Jos&#233; Neves Mancuso<sup>I</sup>; Valdir Ambrosio Mois&#233;s<sup>I</sup>; Dirceu Rodrigues Almeida<sup>I</sup>; Wercules Antonio Oliveira<sup>II</sup>; Dalva Poyares<sup>II</sup>; Flavio Souza Brito<sup>I</sup>; Angelo Amato Vincenzo de Paola<sup>I</sup>; Antonio Carlos Camargo Carvalho<sup>I</sup>; Orlando Campos<sup>I</sup></bold>
    </p>
    <p><sup>I</sup>Disciplina de Cardiologia - EPM/UNIFESP - Escola Paulista de Medicina - Universidade Federal de S&#227;o Paulo </p>
    <p><sup>II</sup>Instituto do Sono - EPM/UNIFESP - Escola Paulista de Medicina - Universidade Federal de S&#227;o Paulo, S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brasil</p>
    <p>
      <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="enda">Correspond&#234;ncia</xref>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>RESUMO</bold>
    </p>
    <p><bold>FUNDAMENTO:</bold> A insufici&#234;ncia mitral (IM) &#233; frequente nos pacientes com cardiomiopatia dilatada. N&#227;o se sabe se os crit&#233;rios para classifica&#231;&#227;o da IM s&#227;o adequados para pacientes com cardiomiopatia dilatada </p>
    <p><bold>OBJETIVO:</bold> Avaliar a concord&#226;ncia entre os quatro m&#233;todos ecocardiogr&#225;ficos mais utilizados para classifica&#231;&#227;o da IM. </p>
    <p><bold>M&#201;TODOS:</bold> Noventa pacientes com cardiomiopatia dilatada foram inclu&#237;dos. A IM foi classificada por quatro m&#233;todos ecocardiogr&#225;ficos: &#225;rea do jato regurgitante (AJ), vena contracta (VC), &#225;rea do orif&#237;cio regurgitante (AOR) e volume regurgitante (VR). A IM foi classificada em leve, moderada ou importante segundo os crit&#233;rios da American Society of Echocardiography e tamb&#233;m foi dividida em tercis conforme os valores absolutos. O teste de Kappa foi utilizado para avaliar a concord&#226;ncia entre os m&#233;todos. O coeficiente de Pearson foi utilizado para avaliar a correla&#231;&#227;o entre os valores absolutos por cada m&#233;todo. </p>
    <p><bold>RESULTADOS:</bold> A classifica&#231;&#227;o da IM, de acordo com cada m&#233;todo, foi a seguinte: AJ: 26 leve, 44 moderada, 20 importante; VC: 12 leve, 72 moderada, 6 importante; AOR: 70 leve, 15 moderada, 5 importante; VR: 70 leve, 16 moderada, 4 importante. A concord&#226;ncia entre os m&#233;todos foi ruim (kappa = 0,11; p &lt; 0,001), por&#233;m foi observada uma forte correla&#231;&#227;o entre os valores absolutos de cada m&#233;todo (0,70 a 0,95; p &lt; 0,01). A concord&#226;ncia foi melhor com a divis&#227;o dos valores em tercis (kappa = 0,44; p &lt; 0,01). </p>
    <p><bold>CONCLUS&#195;O:</bold> Os crit&#233;rios para classifica&#231;&#227;o da IM n&#227;o s&#227;o adequados para os pacientes com cardiomiopatia dilatada. &#201; necess&#225;rio estabelecer novos valores de corte para classificar a IM nestes pacientes.</p>
    <p><bold>Palavras-chave:</bold> Insufici&#234;ncia da Valva Mitral / classifica&#231;&#227;o; Cardiomiopatia Dilatada; Ecocardiografia / utiliza&#231;&#227;o.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</bold>
    </p>
    <p>A insufici&#234;ncia mitral (IM) funcional &#233; a IM secund&#225;ria &#224; dilata&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo (VE)<sup>1</sup> e frequentemente est&#225; presente nos pacientes com cardiomiopatia dilatada (CMD), sendo que IM significativa ocorre em 35-50% dos pacientes com insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca cr&#244;nica<sup>2</sup>. J&#225; foi demonstrado que a presen&#231;a e a gravidade da IM funcional est&#227;o independentemente associadas com o progn&#243;stico nos pacientes com CMD n&#227;o isqu&#234;mica<sup>3-5</sup>.</p>
    <p>A fisiopatologia da IM funcional &#233; diferente daquela da IM por doen&#231;a valvar prim&#225;ria. A IM funcional &#233; o resultado de um fen&#244;meno complexo, com deslocamento dos m&#250;sculos papilares, causado pela dilata&#231;&#227;o do VE, dilata&#231;&#227;o do anel valvar e repuxamento (<italic>tethering</italic>) da valva mitral<sup>1,6-8</sup>. Al&#233;m disso, nos pacientes com CMD, o &#225;trio esquerdo funciona como uma c&#226;mara de menor resist&#234;ncia para qual o VE pode ejetar sangue<sup>9</sup>.</p>
    <p>Embora alguns autores defendam a realiza&#231;&#227;o de cirurgia da valva mitral nos pacientes com IM funcional importante e insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca, ainda &#233; controversa a indica&#231;&#227;o cir&#250;rgica nestes pacientes<sup>10-12</sup>. Atualmente, a cirurgia da valva mitral &#233; considerada classe IIb nos pacientes com insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca refrat&#225;ria e IM funcional importante<sup>13</sup>.</p>
    <p>A ecocardiografia Doppler &#233; o exame de escolha para a avalia&#231;&#227;o n&#227;o invasiva do mecanismo e da gravidade da IM<sup>14</sup>. N&#227;o se sabe se as recomenda&#231;&#245;es da <italic>American Society of Echocardiography (ASE),</italic> junto com a <italic>European Society of Cardiology Working Group</italic> para avalia&#231;&#227;o e classifica&#231;&#227;o da insufici&#234;ncia valvar prim&#225;ria pela ecocardiografia Doppler<sup>14</sup>, s&#227;o adequadas para pacientes com IM funcional e CMD. Al&#233;m disso, os diversos m&#233;todos que utilizam a ecocardiografia Doppler e o mapeamento de fluxo em cores foram validados em estudos cl&#237;nicos com pacientes com diversas causas de IM prim&#225;ria<sup>15</sup>, mas n&#227;o especificamente com pacientes com CMD.</p>
    <p>O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a concord&#226;ncia, em pacientes com CMD, entre os quatros m&#233;todos ecocardiogr&#225;ficos mais utilizados para classifica&#231;&#227;o da IM.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>M&#233;todos</bold>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Pacientes</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Este estudo incluiu 90 pacientes ambulatoriais consecutivos com CMD n&#227;o isqu&#234;mica e IM funcional de um centro terci&#225;rio para tratamento de insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca e cardiomiopatias da Escola Paulista de Medicina / Universidade Federal de S&#227;o Paulo, de setembro de 2007 a setembro de 2009. Os crit&#233;rios de inclus&#227;o foram: idade <underline>&gt;</underline> 18 anos, classe funcional <underline>&lt;</underline> III (<italic>New York Heart Association</italic>), tratamento cl&#237;nico otimizado para insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca, ritmo sinusal, fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do VE <underline>&lt;</underline> 0,40 (m&#233;todo de Simpson modificado) e imagem de boa qualidade. Foram exclu&#237;dos os pacientes com doen&#231;a valvar prim&#225;ria, hipertens&#227;o arterial, doen&#231;a arterial coron&#225;ria (por epidemiologia e/ou cinecoronariografia), insufici&#234;ncia renal terminal ou doen&#231;a pulmonar obstrutiva cr&#244;nica. Todos os participantes assinaram o termo de consentimento informado e o projeto foi aprovado pelo comit&#234; de &#233;tica da institui&#231;&#227;o.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Ecocardiografia</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Todos os indiv&#237;duos realizaram um ecocardiograma bidimensional completo no aparelho IE 33 (Philips, Andover, Massachusetts) equipado com um transdutor 2-5 MHz e sob monitoriza&#231;&#227;o eletrocardiogr&#225;fica cont&#237;nua. Os pacientes foram avaliados em dec&#250;bito lateral esquerdo por um &#250;nico m&#233;dico ecocardiografista experiente. A fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do VE foi calculada pelo m&#233;todo de Simpson modificado. </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Avalia&#231;&#227;o Ecocardiogr&#225;fica da Insufici&#234;ncia Mitral</bold>
    </p>
    <p>A IM foi avaliada por quatro m&#233;todos ecocardiogr&#225;ficos que fazem parte das recomenda&#231;&#245;es da <italic>American Society of Echocardiography</italic><sup>14</sup>: &#225;rea do jato regurgitante (AJ), vena contracta (VC), &#225;rea do orif&#237;cio regurgitante (AOR) e volume regurgitante (VR) pelo m&#233;todo da converg&#234;ncia de fluxo (PISA). Todos os m&#233;todos foram avaliados na janela apical, utilizando imagem em zoom.</p>
    <p>A AJ foi medida no corte apical 4-c&#226;maras utilizando limite de Nyquist de 50-60 cm/s, com o ganho do color ajustado para excluir artefatos provenientes de estruturas n&#227;o m&#243;veis (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="aop_5379fig01">Figura 1</xref>). A VC foi medida no corte apical 4-c&#226;maras como a parte mais estreita do jato da IM, &#224; jusante do orif&#237;cio (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="aop_5379fig01">Figura 1</xref>).</p>
    <p content-type="asset">
      <fig id="aop_5379fig01">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-101-05-0457-30200-gf01.jpg"/></fig>
    </p>
    <p> O m&#233;todo da converg&#234;ncia de fluxo (&#225;rea da superf&#237;cie de isovelocidade proximal; PISA) foi utilizado para calcular a AOR e o VR. O raio da PISA foi medido utilizando o limite de Nyquist em que a converg&#234;ncia de fluxo assumia um formato hemisf&#233;rico (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="aop_5379fig01">Figura 1</xref>). A AOR foi calculada pela f&#243;rmula: 2 x &#960; x R<sup>2 </sup>x V aliasing / V pico (R: raio, em cm; V <italic>aliasing</italic>: velocidade da converg&#234;ncia de fluxo proximal, em cm/s; V pico: velocidade m&#225;xima da IM, em cm/s). O VR foi calculado pela f&#243;rmula: AOR x VTI (VTI: integral da velocidade-tempo do jato da IM).</p>
    <p>A IM foi classificada em leve, moderada ou importante utilizando cada um dos m&#233;todos descritos de acordo com os crit&#233;rios e valores de corte das recomenda&#231;&#245;es da <italic>American Society of Echocardiography</italic><sup>14</sup>. A IM tamb&#233;m foi dividida em tercis (valores menores, intermedi&#225;rios e maiores), de acordo com os valores absolutos obtidos por cada m&#233;todo.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>An&#225;lise Estat&#237;stica</bold>
    </p>
    <p>A an&#225;lise estat&#237;stica foi realizada no <italic>software</italic> SPSS 13.0 (SPSS Inc., Chicago, Illinois). Os dados cont&#237;nuos est&#227;o descritos como m&#233;dia &#177; DP e os dados categ&#243;ricos est&#227;o descritos em porcentagens. O coeficiente de correla&#231;&#227;o de Pearson foi utilizado para verificar a correla&#231;&#227;o entre os valores absolutos dos quatro m&#233;todos utilizados para quantificar a IM. O teste de concord&#226;ncia de Kappa foi utilizado para avaliar a concord&#226;ncia entre os m&#233;todos utilizados para classificar a IM. Foram considerados significantes valores de p &lt; 0,05.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Resultados</bold>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Dados Cl&#237;nicos</bold>
    </p>
    <p>As caracter&#237;sticas cl&#237;nicas basais dos pacientes est&#227;o detalhadas na <xref ref-type="table" rid="tab1">Tabela 1</xref>. Dos 90 pacientes, 60 (67%) apresentavam cardiomiopatia dilatada idiop&#225;tica e 30 (33%) pacientes apresentavam cardiomiopatia chag&#225;sica. A m&#233;dia da classe funcional foi 2,2 &#177; 0,6. Todos os pacientes estavam em uso de betabloqueadores (76% carvedilol, 48 &#177; 6 mg/dia, e 24% metoprolol, 178 &#177; 43 mg/dia), inibidores da ECA (62% captopril, 133 &#177; 24 mg/dia, e 38% enalapril, 31 &#177; 10 mg/dia) e furosemida (97 &#177; 62 mg/dia). Oitenta e um (90%) pacientes estavam em uso de espironolactona e 20 (22%) em uso de digoxina.</p>
    <table-wrap id="tab1">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-101-05-0457-30200-gt01.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    <p>
      <bold>Ecocardiografia Doppler</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Os dados da ecocardiografia Doppler est&#227;o descritos na <xref ref-type="table" rid="tab2">Tabela 2</xref>. A fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do VE m&#233;dia foi de 0,30 &#177; 0,07 e o padr&#227;o de enchimento restritivo estava presente em 24 (27%) pacientes. A rela&#231;&#227;o E/e' m&#233;dia foi de 18,0 &#177; 7,9 e a press&#227;o sist&#243;lica pulmonar m&#233;dia foi 44 &#177; 13 mmHg.</p>
    <table-wrap id="tab2">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-101-05-0457-30200-gt02.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    <p>
      <bold>Insufici&#234;ncia Mitral - Dados Ecocardiogr&#225;ficos</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Os valores m&#233;dios de cada m&#233;todo foram: AJ: 6,8 &#177; 4,1 cm<sup>2</sup>; VC: 0,44 &#177; 0,15 cm; AOR: 0,14 &#177; 0,10 cm<sup>2</sup>; e VR: 22,1 &#177; 15,3 ml (<xref ref-type="table" rid="aop_5379tab03">Tabela 3</xref>). Os jatos da IM foram centrais em todos os pacientes, como esperado. O coeficiente de correla&#231;&#227;o de Pearson (r) calculado indicou uma forte correla&#231;&#227;o entre os valores absolutos de cada m&#233;todo, variando de 0,70 a 0,95 (p &lt; 0,01) (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="aop_5379fig02">Figura 2</xref>).</p>
    <p content-type="asset">
      <table-wrap id="aop_5379tab03">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-101-05-0457-30200-gt03.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    </p>
    <p content-type="asset">
      <fig id="aop_5379fig02">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-101-05-0457-30200-gf02.jpg"/></fig>
    </p>
    <p>De acordo com os valores de corte das recomenda&#231;&#245;es da <italic>American Society of Echocardiography</italic>, a IM foi classificada, pelo m&#233;todo da AJ, como leve em 26 pacientes, moderada em 44 pacientes e importante em 20 pacientes. Pela VC, a IM foi considerada leve em 12 pacientes, moderada em 72 pacientes e importante em 6 pacientes. Pela AOR, 70 pacientes apresentavam IM leve, 15 pacientes IM moderada e 5 pacientes IM importante. Pelo VR, a IM foi leve em 70 pacientes, moderada em 16 pacientes e importante em 4 pacientes (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="aop_5379fig03">Figura 3</xref>). A concord&#226;ncia entre os quatro m&#233;todos avaliados foi ruim (kappa = 0,11; p &lt; 0,01). </p>
    <p content-type="asset">
      <fig id="aop_5379fig03">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-101-05-0457-30200-gf03.jpg"/></fig>
    </p>
    <p>Os vinte pacientes que apresentaram IM importante pela AJ mostraram a mesma fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do VE que os demais pacientes (28,04 &#177; 5,21 <italic>vs</italic>. 31,01 &#177; 7,79; p = 0,11).</p>
    <p>Os valores absolutos de cada m&#233;todo foram divididos em tercis: 30 menores valores, 30 valores intermedi&#225;rios e 30 maiores valores (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="aop_5379fig04">Figura 4</xref>). Os valores de corte que dividiram os tercis foram diferentes dos valores de corte da <italic>American Society of Echocardiography</italic>. Utilizando os valores de corte utilizados na divis&#227;o em tercis para classificar a IM, por cada um dos m&#233;todos, foi observada melhor concord&#226;ncia entre os m&#233;todos (kappa = 0,44; p &lt; 0,01). A <xref ref-type="fig" rid="aop_5379fig05">Figura 5</xref> mostra os gr&#225;ficos <italic>box-plots</italic> da classifica&#231;&#227;o da IM de acordo com os valores de corte da <italic>American Society of Echocardiography</italic> e dos tercis.</p>
    <p content-type="asset">
      <fig id="aop_5379fig04">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-101-05-0457-30200-gf04.jpg"/></fig>
    </p>
    <p content-type="asset">
      <fig id="aop_5379fig05">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-101-05-0457-30200-gf05.jpg"/></fig>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Discuss&#227;o</bold>
    </p>
    <p>O principal achado deste estudo &#233; a concord&#226;ncia ruim entre os m&#233;todos ecocardiogr&#225;ficos quantitativos para classifica&#231;&#227;o da IM em pacientes com CMD, utilizando os crit&#233;rios e os valores de corte da <italic>American Society of Echocardiography</italic>. A avalia&#231;&#227;o e classifica&#231;&#227;o da IM permanecem um desafio, inclusive nos pacientes com doen&#231;a valvar prim&#225;ria, e t&#234;m sido motivo de publica&#231;&#245;es recentes<sup>15-18</sup>. Este &#233; o primeiro estudo a abordar a classifica&#231;&#227;o da IM, por diferentes m&#233;todos ecocardiogr&#225;ficos, em pacientes com CMD. Um estudo pr&#233;vio, que incluiu pacientes com IM de etiologia mixomatosa ou reum&#225;tica, diferentemente do nosso estudo, demonstrou uma boa concord&#226;ncia entre os m&#233;todos ecocardiogr&#225;ficos quantitativos<sup>15</sup>.</p>
    <p>Embora tenhamos observado uma boa correla&#231;&#227;o entre os valores absolutos de cada m&#233;todo, houve uma concord&#226;ncia ruim na classifica&#231;&#227;o da IM. A correla&#231;&#227;o foi maior entre a AOR e o VR, como esperado, j&#225; que ambas as medidas s&#227;o derivadas do m&#233;todo da PISA. Estes achados sugerem que o principal motivo para a concord&#226;ncia ruim entre os m&#233;todos &#233; que, embora os valores de corte da <italic>American Society of Echocardiography</italic> sejam adequados para pacientes com doen&#231;a valvar prim&#225;ria<sup>15</sup>, eles n&#227;o s&#227;o adequados para pacientes com IM funcional e CMD. A melhor concord&#226;ncia observada quando valores de corte diferentes foram utilizados, baseados na divis&#227;o em tercis, refor&#231;a esta hip&#243;tese. Estudos adicionais s&#227;o necess&#225;rios para estabelecer valores de corte espec&#237;ficos para classifica&#231;&#227;o da IM funcional em pacientes com CMD.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Insufici&#234;ncia Mitral Funcional: Mecanismos e Avalia&#231;&#227;o Ecocardiogr&#225;fica</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Diferen&#231;as entre os mecanismos fisiopatol&#243;gicos da IM prim&#225;ria e funcional<sup>6,7</sup>, assim como particularidades das t&#233;cnicas ecocardiogr&#225;ficas tamb&#233;m podem ter contribu&#237;do para as discrep&#226;ncias na classifica&#231;&#227;o da IM observadas neste estudo.</p>
    <p>As altera&#231;&#245;es estruturais que ocorrem no aparato valvar mitral s&#227;o diferentes entre os pacientes com IM prim&#225;ria e aqueles com IM funcional por CMD. Na IM funcional, observa-se deslocamento posterolateral e apical do m&#250;sculo papilar, repuxamento (<italic>tethering</italic>) apical das c&#250;spides e redu&#231;&#227;o da mobilidade<sup>19</sup>. Recentemente, com o uso da ecocardiografia transesof&#225;gica tridimensional, Matsumara e cols. demonstraram que a geometria da PISA &#233; diferente nos pacientes com CMD, sendo o raio da zona de converg&#234;ncia de fluxo mais longo na IM funcional, em compara&#231;&#227;o com a IM por prolapso da valva mitral. Os autores tamb&#233;m observaram que o m&#233;todo de PISA subestima a AOR na IM funcional<sup>16</sup>. Anteriormente, um estudo <italic>in vitro</italic> demonstrou que a AOR &#233; subestimada quando a PISA n&#227;o &#233; hemisf&#233;rica<sup>20</sup>. Estes achados, em parte, justificam a concord&#226;ncia ruim entre os m&#233;todos para classifica&#231;&#227;o da IM observada em nosso estudo, especialmente o excesso de IM classificadas como leve pela AOR e pelo VR.</p>
    <p>Aspectos t&#233;cnicos da ecocardiografia Doppler particulares de cada um dos m&#233;todos utilizados na quantifica&#231;&#227;o da IM tamb&#233;m devem ser considerados. A AJ pode ser influenciada pela frequ&#234;ncia do transdutor e pelo ajuste de ganho do color, sendo considerado o m&#233;todo com menor acur&#225;cia<sup>14,21</sup>. Em pacientes com CMD, a AJ tamb&#233;m pode ser afetada pela menor fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do VE. A VC pode se modificar com altera&#231;&#245;es nas condi&#231;&#245;es hemodin&#226;micas e &#233; diferente em diversos momentos do ciclo card&#237;aco<sup>21</sup>. Al&#233;m disso, valores intermedi&#225;rios de VC n&#227;o necessariamente correspondem &#224; IM moderada, j&#225; que h&#225; sobreposi&#231;&#227;o significativa dos valores com este m&#233;todo<sup>14</sup>. Em nosso estudo, a IM foi classificada como moderada, pela VC, na maioria dos pacientes, o que tamb&#233;m pode ter contribu&#237;do para a concord&#226;ncia ruim observada entre os m&#233;todos. A AOR e o VR pelo m&#233;todo de PISA podem ter menor acur&#225;cia nos pacientes com CMD devido &#224; AOR n&#227;o circular que ocorre na IM funcional, al&#233;m do formato irregular da zona de converg&#234;ncia de fluxo nestes pacientes<sup>16</sup>. Recentemente, foi demonstrado que a AOR e o VR calculados pela ecocardiografia bidimensional s&#227;o subestimados quando comparados a estes par&#226;metros obtidos pela ecocardiografia tridimensional e pela resson&#226;ncia magn&#233;tica nuclear<sup>22</sup>. Assim, o m&#233;todo de PISA pode subestimar a AOR e o VR nos pacientes com CMD e IM funcional, o que explica o fato de poucos pacientes do nosso estudo terem apresentado IM importante de acordo com os m&#233;todos de AOR e VR.</p>
    <p>A avalia&#231;&#227;o das dimens&#245;es do &#225;trio esquerdo e do VE fornecem dados importantes para a classifica&#231;&#227;o da IM prim&#225;ria<sup>14</sup>. Entretanto, em pacientes com CMD, as dimens&#245;es dessas cavidades card&#237;acas n&#227;o trazem informa&#231;&#245;es indiretas sobre a gravidade da IM, j&#225; que a dilata&#231;&#227;o destas cavidades ocorre principalmente pela pr&#243;pria cardiomiopatia.</p>
    <p>Os crit&#233;rios estabelecidos para a classifica&#231;&#227;o da IM ainda n&#227;o foram validados para pacientes com IM funcional e CMD. Embora alguns estudos pr&#233;vios tenham considerados diferentes valores de corte para a classifica&#231;&#227;o da IM pelo m&#233;todo da AOR em pacientes com insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca, estes valores foram escolhidos arbitrariamente<sup>23,24</sup>. Al&#233;m disso, apenas pacientes com IM funcional por cardiomiopatia isqu&#234;mica foram inclu&#237;dos nesses estudos, condi&#231;&#227;o com mecanismos diferentes de IM daqueles da CMD n&#227;o isqu&#234;mica. Ainda, a IM foi classificada apenas em importante e n&#227;o importante por tais autores<sup>23,24</sup>, diferente do nosso estudo, no qual a IM foi classificada em leve, moderada ou importante, conforme as recomenda&#231;&#245;es da <italic>American Society of Echocardiography</italic><sup>14</sup>.</p>
    <p>Finalmente, o achado de forte correla&#231;&#227;o entre os valores absolutos de cada m&#233;todo, associado &#224; concord&#226;ncia ruim na classifica&#231;&#227;o da IM, quando utilizado os valores de corte da <italic>American Society of Echocardiography</italic>, junto com o estudo pr&#233;vio que demonstrou uma boa concord&#226;ncia na classifica&#231;&#227;o da IM prim&#225;ria, refor&#231;a a hip&#243;tese de que os valores de corte para classifica&#231;&#227;o da IM, embora apropriados na valvopatias mitral prim&#225;ria, n&#227;o s&#227;o adequados para classificar a IM nos pacientes com CMD.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Implica&#231;&#245;es Cl&#237;nicas</bold>
    </p>
    <p>A classifica&#231;&#227;o da IM nos pacientes com CMD e insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca &#233; importante, j&#225; que o grau de IM tem valor progn&#243;stico e terap&#234;utico<sup>25,26</sup>. A IM funcional se associa com sobrecarga volum&#233;trica e remodelamento do VE<sup>26</sup>. Al&#233;m disso, a IM contribui para o aumento das press&#245;es de enchimento do VE e da press&#227;o pulmonar<sup>27</sup>. A classifica&#231;&#227;o da IM tem papel nas decis&#245;es terap&#234;uticas na pr&#225;tica cl&#237;nica. A IM diminui com o tratamento cl&#237;nico da insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca, estando relacionada &#224; melhora nas condi&#231;&#245;es hemodin&#226;micas do VE, e tem sido utilizada como um dos crit&#233;rios de resposta &#224; terapia de ressincroniza&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca<sup>28</sup>.</p>
    <p>Pacientes com sintomas refrat&#225;rios de insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca e IM importante podem ser eleg&#237;veis para o tratamento cir&#250;rgico da IM. Por&#233;m, os estudos cl&#237;nicos que avaliaram a cirurgia da valva mitral nesses pacientes apresentaram resultados controversos<sup>10-12</sup>. Estes achados podem refletir a dificuldade na classifica&#231;&#227;o da IM, o que, consequentemente, dificulta a sele&#231;&#227;o dos pacientes apropriados &#224; cirurgia.</p>
    <p>Os achados do presente estudo refor&#231;am a necessidade de integrar os resultados de m&#250;ltiplos m&#233;todos ecocardiogr&#225;ficos utilizados na classifica&#231;&#227;o da IM. Al&#233;m disso, &#233; necess&#225;rio estabelecer novos valores de corte para classifica&#231;&#227;o da IM, espec&#237;ficos para pacientes com IM funcional e CMD, j&#225; que a classifica&#231;&#227;o correta da IM &#233; importante no manejo cl&#237;nico dos mesmos. Nos casos em que a ecocardiografia bidimensional transtor&#225;cica traz dados discordantes na avalia&#231;&#227;o da IM, a ecocardiografia transesof&#225;gica &#233; recomendada para melhor avalia&#231;&#227;o do grau da IM<sup>29</sup>. Outra possibilidade em casos com discord&#226;ncia entre os m&#233;todos &#233; o uso da ecocardiografia tridimensional, que parece ser um m&#233;todo promissor para avalia&#231;&#227;o da insufici&#234;ncia mitral, pela medida da vena contracta tridimensional e do volume regurgitante diretamente, por&#233;m tais medidas ainda precisam de valida&#231;&#227;o<sup>29</sup>. Uma melhor classifica&#231;&#227;o da IM pode melhorar a sele&#231;&#227;o dos pacientes candidatos ao tratamento cir&#250;rgico da IM funcional. No futuro pr&#243;ximo, com os avan&#231;os nas t&#233;cnicas de tratamento percut&#226;neo da IM, a indica&#231;&#227;o de tratamento invasivo da IM funcional deve aumentar, sendo fundamental que esteja dispon&#237;vel uma classifica&#231;&#227;o confi&#225;vel do grau da IM para sele&#231;&#227;o dos pacientes.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Limita&#231;&#245;es</bold>
    </p>
    <p>N&#227;o foi utilizado um exame padr&#227;o-ouro para compara&#231;&#227;o da classifica&#231;&#227;o da IM, como a angiografia card&#237;aca ou a resson&#226;ncia magn&#233;tica nuclear, por&#233;m, na realidade, n&#227;o existe um exame padr&#227;o-ouro verdadeiro para avalia&#231;&#227;o da IM<sup>18</sup>, o que torna a classifica&#231;&#227;o da IM pela ecocardiografia ainda mais dif&#237;cil, especialmente quando diversos m&#233;todos est&#227;o dispon&#237;veis e diferentes mecanismos de IM est&#227;o envolvidos. Al&#233;m disso, &#233; importante ressaltar que podem ocorrer varia&#231;&#245;es na intensidade da regurgita&#231;&#227;o com varia&#231;&#245;es das condi&#231;&#245;es hemodin&#226;micas ou de carga no mesmo paciente, assim como com o uso medica&#231;&#245;es que alterem estas condi&#231;&#245;es de carga/hemodin&#226;mica<sup>14</sup>. </p>
    <p>O estudo n&#227;o p&#244;de estabelecer novos valores de corte para classificar a IM nesta popula&#231;&#227;o espec&#237;fica. A divis&#227;o dos valores em tercis foi utilizada apenas para testar se a discord&#226;ncia era devido &#224; inadequa&#231;&#227;o dos m&#233;todos ou se era decorrente dos valores de corte recomendados para classifica&#231;&#227;o da IM. &#201; necess&#225;rio um estudo prospectivo, de longo prazo, desenhado especificamente para este fim, e comparando a avalia&#231;&#227;o da IM por outros m&#233;todos de imagem (angiografia ou resson&#226;ncia magn&#233;tica nuclear), para estabelecer novos valores de corte para classificar a IM em pacientes com CMD.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Conclus&#227;o</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Os crit&#233;rios ecocardiogr&#225;ficos para classifica&#231;&#227;o da IM s&#227;o discordantes nos pacientes com CMD. &#201; fundamental integrar m&#250;ltiplos m&#233;todos na avalia&#231;&#227;o da IM e estabelecer novos valores de corte para classifica&#231;&#227;o da IM para esta popula&#231;&#227;o espec&#237;fica j&#225; que a correta avalia&#231;&#227;o da IM tem implica&#231;&#245;es terap&#234;uticas e progn&#243;sticas nesses pacientes.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Contribui&#231;&#227;o dos autores</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa: Mancuso FJN, Mois&#233;s VA, Poyares D, Campos O; Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados: Mancuso FJN, Almeida DR, Oliveira WA, Brito FS; An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados: Mancuso FJN, Mois&#233;s VA, Oliveira WA, Campos O; An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica: Mancuso FJN; Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito: Campos O; Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual: Mois&#233;s VA, Almeida DR, Paola AAV, Carvalho ACC, Campos O.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Potencial Conflito de Interesses</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Declaro n&#227;o haver conflito de interesses pertinentes.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Fontes de Financiamento</bold>
    </p>
    <p>O presente estudo n&#227;o teve fontes de financiamento externas.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Vincula&#231;&#227;o Acad&#234;mica</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Este artigo &#233; parte de tese de P&#243;s-doutorado de Frederico Jos&#233; Neves Mancuso pela EPM/UNIFESP - Escola Paulista de Medicina.</p>
    <p>
      <fn id="enda" fn-type="corresp">
        <label>
          <bold>Correspond&#234;ncia:</bold>
        </label>
        <p> Frederico Jos&#233; Neves Mancuso </p>
        <p> Rua Domiciano Leite Ribeiro, 51, Apto. 13 - bloco 2, Vila Guarani </p>
        <p> CEP 04317-000, S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brasil </p>
        <p> E-mail: </p>
        <p><email xlink:href="fredmancuso@uol.com.br">fredmancuso@uol.com.br</email>, </p>
        <p>
          <email xlink:href="frederico.mancuso@grupofleury.com.br">frederico.mancuso@grupofleury.com.br</email>
        </p>
      </fn>
    </p>
    <p>Artigo recebido em 15/01/13; revisado em 10/05/13; aceito em 07/06/13.</p>
  </body>
  <back>
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  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Articles</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title xml:lang="en">Criteria for mitral regurgitation classification were inadequate for dilated cardiomyopathy</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <abstract xml:lang="en">
        <p>BACKGROUND: Mitral regurgitation (MR) is common in patients with dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM). It is unknown whether the criteria for MR classification are inadequate for patients with DCM. OBJECTIVE: We aimed to evaluate the agreement among the four most common echocardiographic methods for MR classification. METHODS: Ninety patients with DCM were included. Functional MR was classified using four echocardiographic methods: color flow jet area (JA), vena contracta (VC), effective regurgitant orifice area (ERO) and regurgitant volume (RV). MR was classified as mild, moderate or important according to the American Society of Echocardiography criteria and by dividing the values into terciles. The Kappa test was used to evaluate whether the methods agreed, and the Pearson correlation coefficient was used to evaluate the correlation between the absolute values of each method. RESULTS: MR classification according to each method was as follows: JA: 26 mild, 44 moderate, 20 important; VC: 12 mild, 72 moderate, 6 important; ERO: 70 mild, 15 moderate, 5 important; RV: 70 mild, 16 moderate, 4 important. The agreement was poor among methods (kappa=0.11; p&lt;0.001). It was observed a strong correlation between the absolute values of each method, ranging from 0.70 to 0.95 (p&lt;0.01) and the agreement was higher when values were divided into terciles (kappa = 0.44; p &lt; 0.01) CONCLUSION: The use of conventional echocardiographic criteria for MR classification seems inadequate in patients with DCM. It is necessary to establish new cutoff values for MR classification in these patients.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>Mitral Valve Insufficiency</kwd>
        <kwd>Cardiomyopathy, Dilated</kwd>
        <kwd>Echocardiography</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p>
        <fn id="end-body2">
          <label>
            <bold>Criteria for mitral regurgitation classification were inadequate for dilated cardiomyopathy</bold>
          </label>
          <p>
            <bold>Frederico Jos&#233; Neves Mancuso<sup>I</sup>; Valdir Ambrosio Mois&#233;s<sup>I</sup>; Dirceu Rodrigues Almeida<sup>I</sup>; Wercules Antonio Oliveira<sup>II</sup>; Dalva Poyares<sup>II</sup>; Flavio Souza Brito<sup>I</sup>; Angelo Amato Vincenzo de Paola<sup>I</sup>; Antonio Carlos Camargo Carvalho<sup>I</sup>; Orlando Campos<sup>I</sup></bold>
          </p>
        </fn>
      </p>
      <p><sup>I</sup>Disciplina de Cardiologia - EPM/UNIFESP - Escola Paulista de Medicina - Universidade Federal de S&#227;o Paulo</p>
      <p><sup>II</sup>Instituto do Sono - EPM/UNIFESP - Escola Paulista de Medicina - Universidade Federal de S&#227;o Paulo, S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brazil</p>
      <p>Mailing Address</p>
      <p>
        <bold>ABSTRACT</bold>
      </p>
      <p><bold>BACKGROUND:</bold> Mitral regurgitation (MR) is common in patients with dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM). It is unknown whether the criteria for MR classification are inadequate for patients with DCM.</p>
      <p><bold>OBJECTIVE:</bold> We aimed to evaluate the agreement among the four most common echocardiographic methods for MR classification.</p>
      <p><bold>METHODS:</bold> Ninety patients with DCM were included. Functional MR was classified using four echocardiographic methods: color flow jet area (JA), vena contracta (VC), effective regurgitant orifice area (ERO) and regurgitant volume (RV). MR was classified as mild, moderate or important according to the American Society of Echocardiography criteria and by dividing the values into terciles. The Kappa test was used to evaluate whether the methods agreed, and the Pearson correlation coefficient was used to evaluate the correlation between the absolute values of each method.</p>
      <p><bold>RESULTS:</bold> MR classification according to each method was as follows: JA: 26 mild, 44 moderate, 20 important; VC: 12 mild, 72 moderate, 6 important; ERO: 70 mild, 15 moderate, 5 important; RV: 70 mild, 16 moderate, 4 important. The agreement was poor among methods (kappa=0.11; p&lt;0.001). It was observed a strong correlation between the absolute values of each method, ranging from 0.70 to 0.95 (p&lt;0.01) and the agreement was higher when values were divided into terciles (kappa = 0.44; p &lt; 0.01)</p>
      <p><bold>CONCLUSION:</bold> The use of conventional echocardiographic criteria for MR classification seems inadequate in patients with DCM. It is necessary to establish new cutoff values for MR classification in these patients.</p>
      <p><bold>Key words:</bold> Mitral Valve Insufficiency / classification; Cardiomyopathy, Dilated; Echocardiography / utilization.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Introduction</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Functional mitral regurgitation (MR) is the secondary MR to left ventricle (LV) dilation<sup>1</sup> and it is often shown in patients with dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM), where the significant MR occurs in 35-50% of patients with chronic heart failure<sup>2</sup>. It has already been shown that presence and severity of a functional MR are independently associated with the prognosis in patients with non-ischemic DCM<sup>3-5</sup>.</p>
      <p>The functional MR pathophysiology is different from that of the MR by primary valvular disease. Functional MR is the result of a complex phenomenon, with displacement of the papillary muscles caused by LV dilation, valve ring dilatation and tethering of the mitral valve<sup>1,6-8</sup>. Furthermore, in patients with DCM, the left atrium works as a low resistence chamber to which the LV can eject blood<sup>9</sup>.</p>
      <p>Although some authors support mitral valve surgery for patients with significant functional MR and heart failure, it is still controversial the suggestion for surgery in these patients<sup>10-12</sup>. Currently, mitral valve surgery is considered as Class IIb for patients with refractory heart failure and significant functional MR<sup>13</sup>.</p>
      <p>Doppler echocardiography is the test of choice for the noninvasive assessment of MR mechanism and severity<sup>14</sup>. It is unknown whether the recommendations of the American Society of Echocardiography (ASE), together with the European Society of Cardiology Working Group for evaluation and classification of primary valvular insufficiency by Doppler echocardiography<sup>14</sup> are suitable for patients with functional MR and DCM. Additionally, the different methods using Doppler echocardiography and color flow mapping were validated in clinical studies for patients showing different causes of primary MR<sup>15</sup>, but not specifically for patients with DCM. </p>
      <p>This study aimed to evaluate the agreement for patients with DCM, among the four most commonly used echocardiographic methods for MR classification.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Methods</bold>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Patients</bold>
      </p>
      <p>This study included 90 consecutive outpatients with non-ischemic DCM and functional MR of a tertiary center for treatment of heart failure and cardiomyopathies, of the Escola Paulista de Medicina / Universidade Federal de S&#227;o Paulo, from September 2007 to September 2009. Inclusion criteria were: age <underline>&gt;</underline> 18 years old, functional class <underline>&lt;</underline> III (New York Heart Association), medical treatment optimized for heart failure, sinus rhythm, LV ejection fraction <underline>&lt;</underline> 0.40 (Simpson method modified) and good quality image. Patients with primary valvular disease, hypertension, coronary artery disease (for epidemiology and/or coronary angiography), end stage renal disease or chronic obstructive pulmonary disease were excluded. All participants signed an informed consent and the institution of ethics committee approved the project.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Echocardiography</bold>
      </p>
      <p>All subjects performed a full two-dimensional echocardiography by using the IE 33 machine (Philips, Andover, Massachusetts), equipped with a 2-5 MHz transducer and under continuous electrocardiographic monitoring. Patients were assessed in left lateral decubitus by an echocardiograph qualified-physician, only. LV ejection fraction was calculated using the Simpson method modified.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Mitral Regurgitation Echocardiographic Assessment</bold>
      </p>
      <p>MR was assessed by four echocardiographic methods that are part of the recommendations of the American Society of Echocardiography<sup>14</sup>: area of the regurgitant jet (RJ), vena contracta (VC), effective regurgitant orifice area (ERO) and regurgitant volume (RV) by the converging flow method (PISA). All methods were assessed at the apical window using image zoom.</p>
      <p>RJ was measured in the apical 4-chamber view using Nyquist limit of 50-60 cm/s, the color gain adjusted to exclude artifacts from non-mobile structures (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="en_aop_5379fig01-body2">Figure 1</xref>). VC was measured in the apical 4-chamber view as the narrowest MR jet, after the orifice (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="en_aop_5379fig01-body2">Figure 1</xref>).</p>
      <p content-type="asset">
        <fig id="en_aop_5379fig01-body2">
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-101-05-0457-30200-gf01-en.jpg"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p> The converging flow method (proximal isovelocity surface area; PISA) was used to calculate the ERO and RV. PISA radius was measured using the Nyquist limit at which the flow convergence assumed a hemispherical shape (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="en_aop_5379fig01-body2">Figure 1</xref>). ERO was calculated using the formula: 2 x &#960; x R<sup>2</sup> x V aliasing / V peak (R: radius, in cm; V aliasing: proximal flow convergence velocity in cm/s, V peak: MR maximum velocity in cm/s). RV was calculated using the formula: ERO x VTI (VTI: MR jet velocity time integral).</p>
      <p>The IM was classified as mild, moderate or important using each of the methods described according to the criteria and cutoff values of the recommendations of the American Society of Echocardiography<sup>14</sup>. MR was also divided into terciles (lower, intermediate and higher values) according to the absolute values obtained by each method.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Statistical Analysis</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Statistical analysis was performed using the <italic>SPSS</italic> 13.0 software (SPSS Inc., Chicago, Illinois). Continuous data are shown as mean &#177; PD and categorical data are described in percentages. Pearson correlation coefficient was used to assess the correlation between the absolute values of the four methods used for MR quantification. Kappa agreement test was used to assess the agreement between methods used to classify the MR. Significance values of p &lt; 0.05 were considered.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Results</bold>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Clinical Data</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Patient clinical basal characteristics are detailed in <xref ref-type="table" rid="tab1-body2">Table 1</xref>. From the total 90 patients, 60 (67%) showed idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy and 30 (33%) patients showed Chagas cardiomyopathy. Functional class mean was 2.2 &#177; 0.6. All patients were on beta-blockers (carvedilol 76%, 48 &#177; 6 mg/day, and metoprolol 24%, 178 &#177; 43 mg/day), ACE inhibitors (captopril 62%, 133 &#177; 24 mg/day, and enalapril 38%, 31 &#177; 10 mg/day), and furosemide (97 &#177; 62 mg/day). Eighty-one (90%) patients were on spironolactone and 20 (22%) were taking digoxin.</p>
      <table-wrap id="tab1-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-101-05-0457-30200-gt01-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      <p>
        <bold>Doppler echocardiography</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Doppler echocardiography data are described in <xref ref-type="table" rid="tab2-body2">Table 2</xref>. LV ejection fraction average was 0.30 &#177; 0.07 and 24 (27%) patients showed restrictive filling pattern. The E/e' ratio was 18.0 &#177; 7.9 and the mean systolic pulmonary pressure was 44 &#177; 13 mmHg.</p>
      <table-wrap id="tab2-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-101-05-0457-30200-gt02-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      <p>
        <bold>Mitral Regurgitation - Echocardiographic Data</bold>
      </p>
      <p>The mean values for each method were: RJ: 6.8 &#177; 4.1 cm<sup>2</sup>, VC: 0.44 &#177; 0.15 cm; ERO: 0.14 &#177; 0.10 cm<sup>2</sup>, and RV: 22.1 &#177; 15.3 ml (<xref ref-type="table" rid="en_aop_5379tab03-body2">Table 3</xref>). The MR jets were central in all patients, as expected. Pearson calculated correlation coefficient (r) indicated a strong correlation between the absolute values of each method, ranging from 0.70 to 0.95 (p &lt; 0.01) (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="en_aop_5379fig02-body2">Figure 2</xref>).</p>
      <p content-type="asset">
        <table-wrap id="en_aop_5379tab03-body2">
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-101-05-0457-30200-gt03-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      </p>
      <p content-type="asset">
        <fig id="en_aop_5379fig02-body2">
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-101-05-0457-30200-gf02-en.jpg"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p>According to the cutoff values of the recommendations of the American Society of Echocardiography, MR was classified by the RJ method as mild in 26 patients, moderate in 44 patients and important in 20 patients. Through the VC, MR was considered mild in 12 patients, moderate in 72 patients and important in 6 patients. Through the ERO, 70 patients showed mild MR, 15 patients moderate MR and 5 patients important MR. Through the RV, MR was mild in 70 patients, moderate in 16 patients and important in 4 patients (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="en_aop_5379fig03-body2">Figure 3</xref>). The agreement among the four methods evaluated was poor (kappa = 0.11, p &lt;0.01).</p>
      <p content-type="asset">
        <fig id="en_aop_5379fig03-body2">
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-101-05-0457-30200-gf03-en.jpg"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p>Twenty patients with important MR by the RJ showed the same LV ejection fraction as the other patients (28.04 &#177; 5.21 <italic>vs.</italic> 31.01 &#177; 7.79, p = 0.11). </p>
      <p>The absolute values of each method were divided into terciles: 30 lower values, 30 intermediate values and 30 higher values (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="en_aop_5379fig04-body2">Figure 4</xref>). The cutoff values that divided the terciles were different from the cutoff values of the American Society of Echocardiography. With the cutoff values used to divide into terciles for the MR classification in each method, we observed a better agreement among the methods (kappa = 0.44, p &lt;0.01). <xref ref-type="fig" rid="en_aop_5379fig05-body2">Figure 5</xref> shows the MR classification box-plots according to the cutoff values of the American Society of Echocardiography and the terciles.</p>
      <p content-type="asset">
        <fig id="en_aop_5379fig04-body2">
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-101-05-0457-30200-gf04-en.jpg"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p content-type="asset">
        <fig id="en_aop_5379fig05-body2">
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-101-05-0457-30200-gf05-en.jpg"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Discussion</bold>
      </p>
      <p>The main finding of this study is the poor ruim agreement among the quantitative echocardiographic methods for MR classification in patients with DCM, using the criteria and cutoff values of the <italic>American Society of Echocardiography. </italic>The MR evaluation and classification remains a challenge, even in patients with primary valvular disease, which has been the reason for recent publications<sup>15-18</sup>. This is the first study to address the MR classification by different echocardiographic methods in patients with DCM. A previous study, which included patients with myxomatous or rheumatic etiology MR, unlike our study, showed a good agreement between the quantitative echocardiographic methods<sup>15</sup>.</p>
      <p>Although we have observed a good correlation between the absolute values of each method, there was a poor agreement in the MR classification. The highest correlation was between the ERO and RV, as expected, since both measures derives from PISA method. These findings suggest that the main reason for the poor agreement between the methods is that, although the cutoff values of the American Society of Echocardiography are appropriate for patients with primary valvular disease<sup>15</sup>, they are inadequate for patients with functional MR and DCM. The best agreement observed when using different cutoff values, based on the division into terciles, reinforces this hypothesis. Further studies are required to establish specific cutoff values for the classification of functional MR in patients with DCM.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Functional Mitral Regurgitation: Echocardiographic Assessment Mechanisms</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Differences between the pathophysiological mechanisms of primary and functional MR<sup>6,7</sup>, as well as particularities of echocardiographic techniques may also have contributed to the discrepancies in the MR classification observed in this study.</p>
      <p>The structural changes that occur in the mitral valve apparatus are different among patients with MR and those with primary MR and those with functional MR by DMC. In functional MR, there is a posterolateral and apical displacement of the papillary muscle, apical tethering of the valve cusps, and reduced mobility<sup>19</sup>. Recently, with the use of three-dimensional transesophageal echocardiography, Matsumara et al. demonstrated that PISA geometry is different for patients with DCM, where the converging flow zone radius is longer in functional MR, when compared to the MR per mitral valve prolapse. The authors also observed that PISA method underestimates the ERO in functional MR<sup>16</sup>. Previously, an <italic>in vitro</italic> study demonstrated that ERO underestimates PISA when this is not hemispherical<sup>20</sup>. These findings, in part, explain the poor agreement between the MR classification methods observed in our study, especially for the exceeding MR classified as mild by ERO and RV.</p>
      <p>Particular technical aspects of Doppler echocardiography for each of the methods used for MR quantification should also be considered. The frequency of the transducer and color gain adjustment may influence the RJ, where the method is considered less accurate<sup>14,21</sup>. In patients with DCM, lower LV ejection fraction may also affect the RJ. VC may modify with changes in hemodynamic conditions and it is different at several times in the cardiac cycle<sup>21</sup>. Furthermore, VC intermediate values do not necessarily correspond to moderate MR, since there is a significant overlap of values with this method<sup>14</sup>. In our study, VC classified MR classified as moderate in most patients, which may also have contributed to the observed poor agreement between the methods. ERO and RV by the PISA method may be less accurate in patients with DMC due to non-circular ERO that occurs in functional MR, besides the irregular shape of the convergence flow zone in these patients<sup>16</sup>. It was recently shown that ERO and RV calculated by echocardiography are underestimated when compared to these parameters obtained by three-dimensional echocardiography and nuclear magnetic resonance<sup>22</sup>. Therefore, the PISA method may underestimate ERO and RV in patients with DCM and functional MR, which explains the fact that few patients in our study have important MR presented according to the ERO and RV methods. </p>
      <p>The evaluation of left atrial and LV dimensions provide important data for the classification of primary MR<sup>14</sup>. However, in patients with DCM, the dimensions of these heart chambers do not provide indirect information about MR severity, since the expansion of these cavities is primarily by their own cardiomyopathy. </p>
      <p>The criteria for the MR classification have not been validated for patients with functional MR and DCM. Although some previous studies have considered different cutoff values for MR classification by the ERO method in patients with heart failure, these values were chosen arbitrarily<sup>23,24</sup>. Furthermore, only patients with functional MR by ischemic cardiomyopathy were included in these, condition with MR different mechanisms from those of the nonischemic DCM. Also, MR was classified only as important and not important by these authors<sup>23,24</sup>, unlike our study in which MR was classified as mild, moderate or important, according to the recommendations of the American Society of Echocardiography<sup>14</sup>.</p>
      <p>Finally, the strong correlation finding between absolute values of each method, associated with the poor agreement in the MR classification when cutoff values of the American Society of Echocardiography are used together with the previous study, which showed a good agreement in the primary MR classification, reinforces the hypothesis that the cutoff values for MR classification, although appropriate in primary mitral valve diseases, are inadequate to classify the MR in DCM patients.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Clinical Implications</bold>
      </p>
      <p>The MR classification in patients with heart failure and DCM is important, since the MR degree has prognostic and therapeutic value<sup>25,26</sup>. The functional MR is associated with LV volume overload and remodeling<sup>26</sup>. Additionally, the MR contributes to the increase in LV filling pressures and in pulmonary pressure<sup>27</sup>. The MR classification has a role for therapeutic decisions in the clinical practice. MR decreases with the clinical treatment of heart failure and is associated with the improvement in LV hemodynamic conditions, and has been used as one of the criteria for response to cardiac resynchronization therapy<sup>28</sup>.</p>
      <p>Patients with refractory symptoms of heart failure and important MR may be eligible for MR surgical treatment. However, clinical studies evaluating mitral valve surgery in these patients showed controversial results<sup>10-12</sup>. These findings may reflect the difficulty in classifying the MR, which consequently makes the selection of appropriate patients for surgery difficult.</p>
      <p>Findings of this study reinforce the need to integrate the results of multiple echocardiographic methods used in the MR classification. Moreover, it is necessary to establish new cutoff values for MR classification, specific to patients with functional MR and DCM, since the correct MR classification is important for their clinical management. In cases where the two-dimensional transthoracic echocardiography provides conflicting data for MR assessment, the transesophageal echocardiography is recommended for a better assessment of the MR degree<sup>29</sup>. Another possibility in cases of disagreement between methods is the use of three-dimensional echocardiography, which seems to be a promising method for assessment of mitral regurgitation by measuring the vena contracta three-dimensionally and the regurgitant volume directly, but such measures still need validation<sup>29</sup>. A better MR classification can improve the selection of patients to surgical treatment of functional MR. In the near future, with the MR percutaneous techniques advances, treatment indication for invasive functional MR must increase, where it is essential that a reliable MR degree classification is available for patient selection.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Limitations</bold>
      </p>
      <p>A gold standard test for comparison of the MR classification such as cardiac angiography or MRI was not used, but actually, there is no true gold standard test for the MR assessment<sup>18</sup>, which makes the MR classification by echocardiography even harder, especially when several methods are available and different MR mechanisms are involved. Furthermore, it is important to observe that variations may occur in the regurgitation intensity with range of hemodynamic or load conditions in the same patient, as well as the use of medications that modify these loading/hemodynamics conditions<sup>14</sup>.</p>
      <p>The study could not establish a new cutoff value for MR classification in this specific population. The division of values into terciles was only used to test whether the discrepancy was due to the inadequacy of the methods or whether it was due to the cutoff values recommended for MR classification. A long-term prospective study is required, designed specifically for this purpose, comparing the MR assessment by other imaging methods (angiography or magnetic resonance imaging), in order to establish new cutoff values for MR classification in DCM patients.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Conclusion</bold>
      </p>
      <p>The echocardiographic criteria for MR classification are in disagreement with patients with DCM. It is essential to integrate multiple methods in the MR assessment and establish new cutoff values for MR classification for this specific population, since the correct MR assessment has therapeutic and prognostic implications to these patients.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Author contributions</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Conception and design of the research: Mancuso FJN, Mois&#233;s VA, Poyares D, Campos O; Acquisition of data: Mancuso FJN, Almeida DR, Oliveira WA, Brito FS; Analysis and interpretation of the data: Mancuso FJN, Mois&#233;s VA, Oliveira WA, Campos O; Statistical analysis: Mancuso FJN; Writing of the manuscript: Campos O; Critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content: Mois&#233;s VA, Almeida DR, Paola AAV, Carvalho ACC, Campos O.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Potential Conflict of Interest</bold>
      </p>
      <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Sources of Funding</bold>
      </p>
      <p>There were no external funding sources for this study.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Study Association</bold>
      </p>
      <p>This article is part of the thesis of post doctoral submitted by Frederico Jos&#233; Neves Mancuso, from EPM/UNIFESP - Escola Paulista de Medicina.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>References</bold>
      </p>
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  </sub-article>
</article>
