<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.1 20151215//EN" "https://jats.nlm.nih.gov/publishing/1.1/JATS-journalpublishing1.dtd">
<article xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" specific-use="sps-1.9" dtd-version="1.1" xml:lang="pt" article-type="research-article">
  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
        <publisher-loc>S&#227;o Paulo, SP, Brazil</publisher-loc>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">q8PBm8hvyLVhVJjqBFCkdFb</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2013003100009</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v1">S0066-782X(13)10100500009</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5935/abc.20130201</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigos Originais</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Tratamento otimizado e redu&#231;&#227;o da frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca na insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca cr&#244;nica</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Moreno</surname>
            <given-names>Irineu Blanco</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Carlo</surname>
            <given-names>Carlos Henrique Del</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Pereira-Barretto</surname>
            <given-names>Ant&#244;nio Carlos</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff01">
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">FM </institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv2">Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas</institution>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
      </aff>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>11</month>
        <year>2013</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>101</volume>
      <issue>5</issue>
      <fpage>442</fpage>
      <lpage>448</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>04</day>
          <month>02</month>
          <year>2013</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>10</day>
          <month>07</month>
          <year>2013</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>10</day>
          <month>07</month>
          <year>2013</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <p>FUNDAMENTO: A Insufici&#234;ncia Card&#237;aca (IC) &#233; uma s&#237;ndrome que cursa com m&#225; evolu&#231;&#227;o nas formas avan&#231;adas. O bloqueio neuro-hormonal modifica essa hist&#243;ria natural; no entanto, ele com frequ&#234;ncia &#233; subotimizado. OBJETIVO: Neste estudo procuramos verificar em qual percentual m&#233;dicos cardiologistas habituados no tratamento da IC conseguem prescrever as doses-alvo dos medicamentos de comprovada efic&#225;cia. M&#201;TODOS: Foram selecionados consecutivamente 104 pacientes ambulatoriais com disfun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica, todos sob tratamento estabilizado. Avaliaram-se dados demogr&#225;ficos e o tratamento verificando-se as doses atingidas. Os achados s&#227;o apresentados em percentual e fizeram-se correla&#231;&#245;es entre as diferentes vari&#225;veis. RESULTADOS: A idade m&#233;dia dos pac. foi de 64,1 &#177; 14,2 anos, com PAS 115,4 &#177; 15,3 mmHg, FC de 67,8 &#177; 9,4 bpm, peso 76,0 &#177; 17,0 kg e em ritmo sinusal (90,4%). Quanto ao tratamento, 93,3% estavam recebendo um bloqueador do SRA (52,9% IECA), todos recebiam betabloqueador (BB), sendo o carvedilol o mais prescrito (92,3%). Quanto &#224;s doses: 97,1% dos que recebiam um BRA estavam com dose abaixo da ideal; os que recebiam IECA 52,7% receberam dose otimizada. Quanto ao BB, em 76,0% foi poss&#237;vel prescrever as doses alvos. Nesse grupo de pac. a maioria com dose alvo do BB, pode-se observar que 36,5% apresentavam frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca igual ou maior que 70 bpm em ritmo sinusal. CONCLUS&#213;ES: M&#233;dicos cardiologistas habituados no tratamento da IC conseguem prescrever as doses-alvo de inibidores da ECA e BB para a maioria dos pac. Mesmo recebendo as doses preconizadas, cerca de um ter&#231;o dos pac. persiste com FC acima de 70 bpm e deveria ter seu tratamento otimizado.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt" kwd-group-type="author-generated">
        <kwd>Insufici&#234;ncia Card&#237;aca</kwd>
        <kwd>Frequ&#234;ncia Card&#237;aca</kwd>
        <kwd>Disfun&#231;&#227;o Ventricular Esquerda</kwd>
        <kwd>Digoxina</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="pub">
        <day>08</day>
        <month>10</month>
        <year>2013</year>
      </pub-date>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <p>
      <bold>Tratamento otimizado e redu&#231;&#227;o da frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca na insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca cr&#244;nica</bold>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Irineu Blanco Moreno; Carlos Henrique Del Carlo; Ant&#244;nio Carlos Pereira-Barretto</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o do Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas da FMUSP, S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brasil</p>
    <p>
      <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="enda">Correspond&#234;ncia</xref>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>RESUMO</bold>
    </p>
    <p><bold>FUNDAMENTO:</bold> A Insufici&#234;ncia Card&#237;aca (IC) &#233; uma s&#237;ndrome que cursa com m&#225; evolu&#231;&#227;o nas formas avan&#231;adas. O bloqueio neuro-hormonal modifica essa hist&#243;ria natural; no entanto, ele com frequ&#234;ncia &#233; subotimizado. </p>
    <p><bold>OBJETIVO:</bold> Neste estudo procuramos verificar em qual percentual m&#233;dicos cardiologistas habituados no tratamento da IC conseguem prescrever as doses-alvo dos medicamentos de comprovada efic&#225;cia. </p>
    <p><bold>M&#201;TODOS:</bold> Foram selecionados consecutivamente 104 pacientes ambulatoriais com disfun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica, todos sob tratamento estabilizado. Avaliaram-se dados demogr&#225;ficos e o tratamento verificando-se as doses atingidas. Os achados s&#227;o apresentados em percentual e fizeram-se correla&#231;&#245;es entre as diferentes vari&#225;veis. </p>
    <p><bold>RESULTADOS:</bold> A idade m&#233;dia dos pac. foi de 64,1 &#177; 14,2 anos, com PAS 115,4 &#177; 15,3 mmHg, FC de 67,8 &#177; 9,4 bpm, peso 76,0 &#177; 17,0 kg e em ritmo sinusal (90,4%). Quanto ao tratamento, 93,3% estavam recebendo um bloqueador do SRA (52,9% IECA), todos recebiam betabloqueador (BB), sendo o carvedilol o mais prescrito (92,3%). Quanto &#224;s doses: 97,1% dos que recebiam um BRA estavam com dose abaixo da ideal; os que recebiam IECA 52,7% receberam dose otimizada. Quanto ao BB, em 76,0% foi poss&#237;vel prescrever as doses alvos. Nesse grupo de pac. a maioria com dose alvo do BB, pode-se observar que 36,5% apresentavam frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca igual ou maior que 70 bpm em ritmo sinusal. </p>
    <p><bold>CONCLUS&#213;ES:</bold> M&#233;dicos cardiologistas habituados no tratamento da IC conseguem prescrever as doses-alvo de inibidores da ECA e BB para a maioria dos pac. Mesmo recebendo as doses preconizadas, cerca de um ter&#231;o dos pac. persiste com FC acima de 70 bpm e deveria ter seu tratamento otimizado.</p>
    <p><bold>Palavras-chave:</bold> Insufici&#234;ncia Card&#237;aca; Frequ&#234;ncia Card&#237;aca; Disfun&#231;&#227;o Ventricular Esquerda; Digoxina.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</bold>
    </p>
    <p>A Insufici&#234;ncia Card&#237;aca (IC) &#233; uma s&#237;ndrome prevalente, com potencial de progress&#227;o, com seus portadores na fase avan&#231;ada apresentando alta morbimortalidade<sup>1,2</sup>. O bloqueio neuro-hormonal realizado com doses adequadas dos medicamentos modifica essa hist&#243;ria natural; no entanto, ele com frequ&#234;ncia &#233; subotimizado<sup>2-4</sup>. Dados dos ensaios cl&#237;nicos, dos Registros de IC e dos pacientes encaminhados para uma segunda opini&#227;o mostram que com frequ&#234;ncia as doses-alvo dos medicamentos de comprovada efic&#225;cia na IC n&#227;o s&#227;o prescritas, sendo prov&#225;vel que contribua para isso o poss&#237;vel risco de hipotens&#227;o, de bradicardia e a sua n&#227;o toler&#226;ncia pelos pacientes<sup>3,4</sup>. No <italic>Euro Heart Survey Programme</italic> foi observado que 36,9% dos pacientes com IC tinham prescri&#231;&#227;o de betabloqueador (BB) e apenas 17,2% estavam recebendo a combina&#231;&#227;o de diur&#233;ticos, inibidores dos receptores da angiotensina e betabloqueadores<sup>4</sup>.</p>
    <p>Na IC avan&#231;ada, mesmo com os pacientes corretamente tratados, a mortalidade &#233; ainda maior do que a desejada, o que permite considerar que novas propostas terap&#234;uticas devem ser pesquisadas ou implementadas<sup>1</sup>.</p>
    <p>A experi&#234;ncia mostra que o tratamento da IC nem sempre &#233; f&#225;cil, pois os pacientes, especialmente os mais graves, se apresentam com n&#237;veis press&#243;ricos reduzidos, achado cl&#237;nico que pode dificultar a prescri&#231;&#227;o de v&#225;rios medicamentos. H&#225;, no entanto, evid&#234;ncias de que especialistas no tratamento da IC e as Cl&#237;nicas de IC conseguem orientar melhor o tratamento e obter melhores resultados<sup>5,6</sup>. S&#227;o poucas as an&#225;lises sobre a qualidade do tratamento da IC no Brasil. No InCor descreveu-se a prescri&#231;&#227;o de medicamentos ainda na era pr&#233;-betabloqueadores<sup>7</sup>. Procurando ter dados sobre a prescri&#231;&#227;o e sua forma, nos propusemos a analisar a prescri&#231;&#227;o dos medicamentos de efic&#225;cia comprovada em pacientes com IC, atendidos em consult&#243;rio, por m&#233;dicos habituados a tratar a IC. Procuramos verificar quais medicamentos estavam sendo prescritos e, dentre os pacientes em uso de BB, quantos pacientes estavam recebendo prescri&#231;&#227;o nas doses-alvo dos f&#225;rmacos e quais as caracter&#237;sticas cl&#237;nicas desses pacientes com essa prescri&#231;&#227;o. Procuramos tamb&#233;m responder uma pergunta mais recente: quantos pacientes teriam, quando sob tratamento otimizado, frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca acima de 70 batimentos por minuto?</p>
    <p>
      <bold>M&#233;todos</bold>
    </p>
    <p>O objetivo da pesquisa foi verificar como s&#227;o tratados os pacientes com IC por m&#233;dicos cardiologistas habituados a tratar essa s&#237;ndrome, especialmente se a dose dos medicamentos testados nos grandes ensaios cl&#237;nicos pode ser prescrita para os pacientes e se ela seria bem tolerada por eles. </p>
    <p>Para realizar esta pesquisa avaliou-se o tratamento dos pacientes com IC que foram atendidos por tr&#234;s m&#233;dicos cardiologistas habituados com o tratamento dessa s&#237;ndrome. De outubro de 2011 a maio de 2012, foram selecionados consecutivamente 104 pacientes com IC e disfun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo. Foram inclu&#237;dos nessa coorte transversa os pacientes em tratamento da IC h&#225; mais de dois meses, e que se encontravam em uso de um BB e com terap&#234;utica otimizada, no momento de sua inclus&#227;o no estudo. Avaliaram-se dados demogr&#225;ficos, etiologia da cardiopatia, ritmo card&#237;aco, press&#227;o arterial, frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca, peso e o tratamento medicamentoso, verificando-se as doses atingidas com os diferentes f&#225;rmacos. </p>
    <p>Para ser inclu&#237;do o paciente tinha que estar tomando BB, ter um ecocardiograma documentando disfun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica com fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o menor que 45%, em exame realizado at&#233; seis meses antes da inclus&#227;o no estudo. </p>
    <p>Foi considerado que o paciente estava sendo corretamente tratado quando recebia prescri&#231;&#227;o das tr&#234;s medica&#231;&#245;es que comprovadamente modificam a hist&#243;ria natural da IC: inibidor da Enzima de Convers&#227;o da Angiotensina (ECA) ou Bloqueador dos Receptores da Angiotensina II (BRA), espironolactona e BB e naqueles com insufici&#234;ncia renal, se recebiam hidralazina e nitrato em substitui&#231;&#227;o ao inibidor da ECA ou BRA. A dose considerada correta para o inibidor da ECA foi de 20 mg 2x/dia de enalapril ou dose equivalente de captopril (150 mg/dia) ou ramipril (10 mg/dia)<sup>2</sup>. Para os BRA a dose considerada correta foi de 150 mg/dia de losartana. Para a candesartana a dose alvo foi de 32 mg/dia, e para valsartana, de 320 mg/dia<sup>2</sup>. Para espironolactona, a dose alvo foi de 25 mg/dia. Para os betabloqueadores, a dose considerada plena foi de 25 mg 2x/dia para o carvedilol, para os pacientes at&#233; 80 kg e 50 mg 2x/dia para os com mais de 80 kg<sup>2</sup>. Para o bisoprolol, considerou-se como dose alvo 10 mg/dia; e para o succinato de metoprolol, de 200 mg/dia<sup>2</sup>. </p>
    <p>Identificou-se tamb&#233;m percentual e dose de prescri&#231;&#227;o de digoxina, hidroclorotiazida, furosemida e amiodarona, medica&#231;&#245;es frequentemente prescritas para os pacientes com IC. </p>
    <p>Para fim de an&#225;lise estat&#237;stica, considerando que os medicamentos mais prescritos foram enalapril, losartana e carvedilol, adotaram-se doses equivalentes quando os medicamentos prescritos n&#227;o foram um desses. </p>
    <p>
      <bold>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</bold>
    </p>
    <p>As vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas foram apresentadas atrav&#233;s de m&#233;dia &#177; desvio padr&#227;o e as vari&#225;veis categ&#243;ricas atrav&#233;s de frequ&#234;ncias e porcentagens. Com rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; compara&#231;&#227;o do tratamento entre os pacientes que atingiram a dose alvo do BB, foi utilizado o teste de Kolmogorov-Smirnov para testar a distribui&#231;&#227;o normal das vari&#225;reis cont&#237;nuas (<xref ref-type="table" rid="aop_5413tab01">tab. 1</xref>), e todas as vari&#225;veis analisadas (idade, PAS, PAD, FC, peso, FEVE, DDVE, AE) apresentavam distribui&#231;&#227;o normal pelo teste de Kolmogorov-Smirnov (p &gt; 0,05). Dessa forma, foi utilizado o teste <italic>t</italic> de Student na compara&#231;&#227;o das m&#233;dias dessas vari&#225;veis com rela&#231;&#227;o a "dose alvo" do BB. Ainda na compara&#231;&#227;o das caracter&#237;sticas, foram utilizados os testes do qui-quadrado ou teste exato de Fisher para as vari&#225;veis categ&#243;ricas.</p>
    <p content-type="asset">
      <table-wrap id="aop_5413tab01">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-101-05-0442-30201-gt01.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    </p>
    <p>O tamanho da amostra foi estimado em 98 pacientes, para se determinar a dose m&#233;dia do BB (carvedilol) na popula&#231;&#227;o de pacientes com IC em tratamento otimizado, com um intervalo de confian&#231;a de 95% e uma varia&#231;&#227;o de &#177;3,5 mg no desvio padr&#227;o, tomando-se por base o desvio padr&#227;o da dose m&#233;dia do carvedilol no estudo SHIFT<sup>8</sup>, que foi de 17,8 mg. Dessa forma, foram inclu&#237;dos 104 pacientes no estudo.</p>
    <p>Os valores de p apresentados s&#227;o bicaudais, tendo sido adotado um n&#237;vel de signific&#226;ncia &lt; 0,05.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Resultados</bold>
    </p>
    <p>As principais caracter&#237;sticas da popula&#231;&#227;o estudada est&#227;o representadas na <xref ref-type="table" rid="aop_5413tab01">tabela 1</xref>.</p>
    <p>Quanto ao tratamento, 93,3% estavam recebendo um bloqueador do Sistema Renina Angiotensina, sendo 52,9% um inibidor da ECA e 40,4% um BRA; todos recebiam betabloqueador, sendo o carvedilol o mais prescrito (92,3%). A espironolactona estava sendo prescrita para 69,2% dos pacientes e a digoxina, para 16,3% deles. </p>
    <p>Na <xref ref-type="table" rid="aop_5413tab02">tabela 2</xref> apresentamos a dose m&#233;dia dos medicamentos prescritos. Quanto &#224;s doses, 82,1% dos tratados com um inibidor da ECA estavam recebendo a dose alvo e 97,1% dos que recebiam um BRA estavam com dose abaixo da ideal.</p>
    <p content-type="asset">
      <table-wrap id="aop_5413tab02">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-101-05-0442-30201-gt02.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    </p>
    <p>Quanto aos betabloqueadores, 76% dos pacientes receberam prescri&#231;&#227;o da dose alvo ou maior. Nos pacientes com mais de 80 kg o percentual de pacientes recebendo a dose alvo de 50 mg 2x/dia foi de 21,6%. </p>
    <p>Quanto aos inibidores da ECA, foi fator associado a n&#227;o prescri&#231;&#227;o da dose alvo a press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica mais baixa (112,6 + 14,5 mmHg <italic>vs</italic>. 122,7 + 15,1 mmHg; p = 0,0003). </p>
    <p>Quanto aos betabloqueadores, foi fator associado a n&#227;o prescri&#231;&#227;o da dose alvo a etiologia da cardiopatia, com a prescri&#231;&#227;o de doses inferiores as dose alvo em 82% dos portadores de Doen&#231;a de Chagas. Os pacientes em classe funcional III e IV tamb&#233;m receberam doses menores de betabloqueadores. Por outro lado, os pacientes com cardiopatia de etiologia isqu&#234;mica receberam mais frequentemente as doses-alvo de betabloqueadores (<xref ref-type="table" rid="aop_5413tab01">tab. 1</xref>).</p>
    <p>Na an&#225;lise da FC que o paciente em ritmo sinusal apresentava com o tratamento otimizado, identificou-se, nessa popula&#231;&#227;o, que 36,5% apresentavam FC acima de 70 bpm; desses pacientes, 71,1% estavam recebendo dose de carvedilol de 50 mg/dia ou mais (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="aop_5413fig01">fig. 1</xref>). Quando comparamos as caracter&#237;sticas cl&#237;nicas e do tratamento medicamentoso dos pacientes com FC maior ou menor que 70, n&#227;o encontramos diferen&#231;as quanto ao grau de comprometimento card&#237;aco. A FE (37,3 &#177; 8,9% <italic>vs</italic>. 37,4 &#177; 8,34%; p = 0,921) e o DDVE (63,8 &#177; 8,9 <italic>vs.</italic> 64,7 &#177; 6,5 mm; p = 0,426) foram semelhantes nos dois grupos. Dentre as vari&#225;veis cl&#237;nicas, a PA sist&#243;lica diferiu nos dois grupos, sendo menor no grupo com FC menor que 70 bpm (119,2 &#177; 15,4 <italic>vs</italic>. 112,8 &#177; 14,8 mmHg; p = 0,035). </p>
    <p content-type="asset">
      <fig id="aop_5413fig01">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-101-05-0442-30201-gf01.jpg"/></fig>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Coment&#225;rios</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Os pacientes analisados nessa coorte transversa estavam otimizados do ponto de vista terap&#234;utico, a maioria estava recebendo os medicamentos indicados nas Diretrizes para o tratamento da IC e a dose alvo foi prescrita e tolerada pela maioria<sup>2,9</sup>. Os dados mostraram que m&#233;dicos cardiologistas habituados em tratar IC conseguem atingir as doses-alvo indicadas nas Diretrizes na maioria dos pacientes. Os dados mostraram tamb&#233;m que esses resultados, quanto &#224; qualidade do tratamento, foram melhores do que os usualmente descritos nos Registros e mesmo em alguns ensaios cl&#237;nicos<sup>4,8,10,11</sup>. </p>
    <p>Nessa popula&#231;&#227;o o percentual que estava recebendo um bloqueador do sistema renina angiotensina foi semelhante aos descritos nos registros, com mais de 90% dos pacientes recebendo esse tipo de medica&#231;&#227;o; no entanto, o percentual recebendo a dose alvo foi maior em nossa s&#233;rie<sup>4,11</sup>.</p>
    <p>Quanto &#224; espironolactona, a frequ&#234;ncia de prescri&#231;&#227;o foi maior do que a observada nos Registros e semelhante aos dos ensaios cl&#237;nicos mais recentes<sup>4,8,10,12</sup>. No Registro ADHERE, os bloqueadores da aldosterona foram prescritos para 34,6%; no registro Europeu, para 20,5%; e no estudo SHIFT, para 60% dos casos; e em nossa s&#233;rie, para 69,2% dos casos<sup>4,8,10</sup>. </p>
    <p>Quanto aos betabloqueadores, todos os pacientes estavam recebendo o f&#225;rmaco por crit&#233;rio de sele&#231;&#227;o. A dose prescrita foi bem maior do que a descrita nos Registros e mesmo maior do que em v&#225;rios ensaios cl&#237;nicos com esse tipo de medicamento. Citando dois estudos mais recentes, no estudo CIBIS - ELD a dose m&#233;dia prescrita de carvedilol foi de 23,9 mg e 31% receberam a dose alvo de 50 mg/dia<sup>11</sup>. No estudo SHIFT a dose m&#233;dia foi de 25,0 mg/dia e 26% receberam a dose alvo, enquanto na nossa s&#233;rie a dose m&#233;dia de carvedilol foi 49,8 mg dia e 76% receberam a dose alvo de 50 mg dia<sup>8</sup>.</p>
    <p>O tema dose do BB n&#227;o est&#225; totalmente elucidado, mas os estudos MOCHA, REVERT e a an&#225;lise dos estudos CIBS-II, CIBIS-III e SENIORS indicam que doses mais elevadas promovem melhores resultados, com maior revers&#227;o da dilata&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca e maior redu&#231;&#227;o da morbimortalidade<sup>13-17</sup>. An&#225;lise dos dados do estudo HF-ACTION de 2012 confirmaram novamente a import&#226;ncia da dose maior, com os pacientes apresentando melhor evolu&#231;&#227;o quando tratados com as doses-alvo, resultado mais expressivo do que com as doses mais baixas<sup>18</sup>. </p>
    <p>Os nossos resultados mostraram que &#233; poss&#237;vel administrar a dose alvo para a maioria dos pacientes, identificando-se que a etiologia chag&#225;sica esteve associada a maior dificuldade na prescri&#231;&#227;o das doses-alvo dos betabloqueadores. Esses achados nos mostram que m&#233;dicos habituados a tratar IC conseguem com maior frequ&#234;ncia prescrever e atingir as doses-alvo dos medicamentos de comprovada efic&#225;cia na IC<sup>2,9</sup>. Mostrou tamb&#233;m que a doen&#231;a de Chagas, provavelmente pelo seu maior comprometimentos card&#237;aco e formas cl&#237;nicas de apresenta&#231;&#227;o, dificulta atingirem-se as doses-alvo dos medicamentos<sup>19,20</sup>. O maior comprometimento e a n&#227;o prescri&#231;&#227;o/n&#227;o toler&#226;ncia &#224;s doses-alvo podem explicar a pior evolu&#231;&#227;o que os portadores dessa doen&#231;a apresentam quando apresentam IC<sup>19,20</sup>. </p>
    <p>Crescem as evid&#234;ncias de que a FC poderia ser um bom par&#226;metro indicativo da qualidade do tratamento, devendo o esquema terap&#234;utico promover redu&#231;&#227;o da FC, procurando-se atingir FC em torno de 70 ou menos batimentos por minuto<sup>8,12,21,22</sup>. A presen&#231;a de FC superior a 70 bpm seria um indicador da necessidade de rever o tratamento procurando-se increment&#225;-lo.</p>
    <p>O tema FC e o tratamento da IC s&#227;o controversos e n&#227;o totalmente esclarecidos, e para sua interpreta&#231;&#227;o &#233; necess&#225;rio considerar diferentes vari&#225;veis. Por exemplo, na doen&#231;a de Chagas e nos pacientes idosos, a FC &#233; com frequ&#234;ncia mais baixa, deixando, nesses casos, de ser um bom orientador da qualidade de tratamento. Ali&#225;s, esse foi um dos resultados deste estudo, quando observamos que as doses de BB prescrita para os chag&#225;sicos foi menor do que a prescrita para os n&#227;os chag&#225;sicos.</p>
    <p>Nos &#250;ltimos anos, no entanto, come&#231;aram a surgir indica&#231;&#245;es de que a FC mais elevada seria um importante marcador progn&#243;stico. O estudo BEAUTIFUL e o SHIFT demonstraram que pacientes com FC acima de 70 bpm t&#234;m progn&#243;stico mais reservado do que pacientes com FC basal menos elevada<sup>8,21</sup>. Resultados semelhantes v&#234;m sendo descritos em diferentes bancos de dados, como nos dos estudos CHARM, DIG, e em s&#233;rie de casos<sup>22-24</sup>. Esse conjunto de dados n&#227;o deixa d&#250;vida de que a FC deve ser valorizada como importante elemento progn&#243;stico e que deve ser alvo de tratamento, uma vez que, com sua redu&#231;&#227;o com a ivabradina, observou-se redu&#231;&#227;o da admiss&#227;o hospitalar devido IC descompensada e por todas as causas, e redu&#231;&#227;o na mortalidade por IC, n&#227;o havendo diferen&#231;a na mortalidade cardiovascular e na por todas as causas.</p>
    <p>Neste nosso estudo, analisamos a FC que os pacientes apresentaram ap&#243;s a otimiza&#231;&#227;o do tratamento e pudemos constatar que um ter&#231;o deles, mesmo recebendo doses plenas de betabloqueadores, continuava com FC basal acima de 70 bpm.</p>
    <p>Este resultado &#233; semelhante ao descrito em v&#225;rios registros europeus de IC e mesmo em ensaios cl&#237;nicos, n&#227;o havendo, no entanto, dados brasileiros sobre esse achado cl&#237;nico<sup>3,4,24,25</sup>. </p>
    <p>Analisando nossa s&#233;rie, procuramos verificar se as caracter&#237;sticas cl&#237;nicas e de tratamento dos pacientes poderia explicar esse achado de FC acima de 70 bpm. Para fim de an&#225;lise, dividimos os pacientes em dois grupos: aqueles com FC acima e aqueles abaixo de 70 bpm. Nessa compara&#231;&#227;o n&#227;o encontramos diferen&#231;as que explicassem o achado, pois os dois grupos eram semelhantes quanto &#224;s caracter&#237;sticas cl&#237;nicas, bem como quanto ao tratamento medicamentoso recebido. N&#227;o encontramos tamb&#233;m rela&#231;&#227;o entre a dose de BB prescrita e a FC que o paciente apresentou quando sob tratamento medicamentoso otimizado e estabilizado. Nossos resultados se sobrep&#245;em aos observados no estudo SHIFT, mostrando que a FC observada n&#227;o esteve relacionada &#224; dose do BB que os pacientes estavam tomando<sup>8,12</sup>. </p>
    <p>De maneira geral, nossos dados e os da literatura indicam que o tratamento da IC deve ser individualizado. No momento da orienta&#231;&#227;o do tratamento devemos procurar prescrever os medicamentos de comprovada efic&#225;cia nas doses em que foram documentados os benef&#237;cios. Pudemos comprovar que a maioria dos pacientes de consult&#243;rio tolera essas doses.</p>
    <p>Apesar do tratamento otimizado, os pacientes continuam apresentando FC acima de 70 bpm, achado indicativo de pior progn&#243;stico, indicando a necessidade de reavalia&#231;&#227;o do tratamento, e possivelmente melhora da otimiza&#231;&#227;o, procurando redu&#231;&#227;o da FC. Para tal poderemos prescrever digital, aumentar a dose dos betabloqueadores ou prescrever ivabradina. Dessas condutas, a &#250;nica que j&#225; teve documentada a sua efic&#225;cia, analisada de maneira randomizada em um grande ensaio cl&#237;nico foi a ivabradina no estudo SHIFT<sup>8</sup>. </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Limita&#231;&#245;es do estudo</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Neste estudo piloto, observacional, pudemos observar que cardiologistas habituados ao tratamento da IC prescrevem as medica&#231;&#245;es que comprovadamente melhoram o progn&#243;stico da IC, como preconizado nas Diretrizes; entretanto, n&#227;o sabemos como s&#227;o tratados os pacientes com IC pela grande maioria dos cl&#237;nicos generalistas nas unidades p&#250;blicas de sa&#250;de, e qual o impacto, em termos de resultados cl&#237;nicos (progn&#243;stico, hospitaliza&#231;&#245;es por IC), quando comparamos o tratamento da IC entre cl&#237;nicos e cardiologistas. Estudos adicionais s&#227;o necess&#225;rios para entendermos o tratamento da IC em nosso meio.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Conclus&#227;o</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Os resultados desta an&#225;lise mostraram que em popula&#231;&#227;o de consult&#243;rio a maioria dos pacientes tolera os medicamentos de comprovada efic&#225;cia no tratamento da IC e que as doses-alvo podem ser prescritas e s&#227;o toleradas pela maioria dos pacientes. Mostrou tamb&#233;m que cerca de um ter&#231;o dos pacientes em tratamento otimizado persiste com FC acima de 70 bpm, permitindo supor que o tratamento poderia ser ainda revisto e otimizado ainda mais. Esses achados demandam novas investiga&#231;&#245;es para auxiliar no planejamento de novos estudos em nosso meio, permitindo a melhor compreens&#227;o do tratamento da IC no mundo real e, dessa forma, auxiliar no atendimento dos portadores dessa s&#237;ndrome maligna e debilitante, procurando reverter essa tend&#234;ncia.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Contribui&#231;&#227;o dos autores</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa, Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados e Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual: Moreno IB, Del Carlo CH, Pereira-Barretto AC; An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados, An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica e Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito: Del Carlo CH, Pereira-Barretto AC.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Potencial Conflito de Interesses</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Declaro n&#227;o haver conflito de interesses pertinentes.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Fontes de Financiamento</bold>
    </p>
    <p>O presente estudo n&#227;o teve fontes de financiamento externas.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Vincula&#231;&#227;o Acad&#234;mica</bold>
    </p>
    <p>N&#227;o h&#225; vincula&#231;&#227;o deste estudo a programas de p&#243;s-gradua&#231;&#227;o.</p>
    <p>
      <fn id="enda" fn-type="corresp">
        <label>
          <bold>Correspond&#234;ncia:</bold>
        </label>
        <p> Ant&#244;nio Carlos Pereira-Barretto </p>
        <p> Rua Piave, 103, Morumbi </p>
        <p> CEP 05620-010, S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brasil </p>
        <p> E-mail: </p>
        <p><email xlink:href="pbarreto@cardiol.br">pbarreto@cardiol.br</email>, </p>
        <p>
          <email xlink:href="pereira.barretto@incor.usp.br">pereira.barretto@incor.usp.br</email>
        </p>
      </fn>
    </p>
    <p>Artigo recebido em 04/02/13; revisado em 10/07/13; aceito em 10/07/13.</p>
  </body>
  <back>
    <ref-list>
      <ref id="B1">
        <mixed-citation>1. Barretto AC, Del Carlo CH, Cardoso JN, Morgado PC, Munhoz RT, Eid MO, e cols. Re-hospitaliza&#231;&#245;es e morte por insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca. &#205;ndices ainda alarmantes. Arq Bras Cardiol. 2008;91(5):335-41.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Re-hospitaliza&#231;&#245;es e morte por insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca: &#205;ndices ainda alarmantes</article-title>
          <source>Arq Bras Cardiol</source>
          <date>
            <year>2008</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>335</fpage>
          <lpage>41</lpage>
          <issue>5</issue>
          <volume>91</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Barretto</surname>
              <given-names>AC</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Del Carlo</surname>
              <given-names>CH</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Cardoso</surname>
              <given-names>JN</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Morgado</surname>
              <given-names>PC</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Munhoz</surname>
              <given-names>RT</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Eid</surname>
              <given-names>MO</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B2">
        <mixed-citation>2. Bocchi EA, Marcondes-Braga FG, Ayub-Ferreira SM, Rohde LE, Oliveira WA, Almeida DR, et al.; Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia. III Diretriz brasileira de insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca cr&#244;nica. Arq Bras Cardiol. 2009;93(1 supl.1):1-71.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>III Diretriz brasileira de insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca cr&#244;nica</article-title>
          <source>Arq Bras Cardiol</source>
          <date>
            <year>2009</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>1</fpage>
          <lpage>71</lpage>
          <issue>1</issue>
          <volume>93</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Bocchi</surname>
              <given-names>EA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Marcondes-Braga</surname>
              <given-names>FG</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Ayub-Ferreira</surname>
              <given-names>SM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Rohde</surname>
              <given-names>LE</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Oliveira</surname>
              <given-names>WA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Almeida</surname>
              <given-names>DR</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B3">
        <mixed-citation>3. Komajda M, Lapuerta P, Hermans N, Gonzalez-Juanatey JR, van Veldhuisen DJ, Erdmann E, et al. Adherence to guidelines is a predictor of outcome in chronic heart failure: the MAHLER survey. Eur Heart J. 2005;26(16):1653-9.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Adherence to guidelines is a predictor of outcome in chronic heart failure: the MAHLER survey</article-title>
          <source>Eur Heart J</source>
          <date>
            <year>2005</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>1653</fpage>
          <lpage>9</lpage>
          <issue>16</issue>
          <volume>26</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Komajda</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Lapuerta</surname>
              <given-names>P</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Hermans</surname>
              <given-names>N</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Gonzalez-Juanatey</surname>
              <given-names>JR</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>van Veldhuisen</surname>
              <given-names>DJ</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Erdmann</surname>
              <given-names>E</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B4">
        <mixed-citation>4. Komajda M, Follath F, Swedberg K, Cleland J, Aguilar JC, Cohen-Solal A, et al; Study Group on Diagnosis of the Working Group on Heart Failure of the European Society of Cardiology. The EuroHeart Failure Survey programme--a survey on the quality of care among patients with heart failure in Europe. Part 2: treatment. Eur Heart J. 2003;24(5):464-74.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>The EuroHeart Failure Survey programme--a survey on the quality of care among patients with heart failure in Europe: Part 2: treatment</article-title>
          <source>Eur Heart J</source>
          <date>
            <year>2003</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>464</fpage>
          <lpage>74</lpage>
          <issue>5</issue>
          <volume>24</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Komajda</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Follath</surname>
              <given-names>F</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Swedberg</surname>
              <given-names>K</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Cleland</surname>
              <given-names>J</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Aguilar</surname>
              <given-names>JC</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Cohen-Solal</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B5">
        <mixed-citation>5. Koelling TM, Johnson ML, Cody RJ, Aaronson KD. Discharge education improves clinical outcomes in patients with chronic heart failure. Circulation. 2005;111(2):179-85.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Discharge education improves clinical outcomes in patients with chronic heart failure</article-title>
          <source>Circulation</source>
          <date>
            <year>2005</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>179</fpage>
          <lpage>85</lpage>
          <issue>2</issue>
          <volume>111</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Koelling</surname>
              <given-names>TM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Johnson</surname>
              <given-names>ML</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Cody</surname>
              <given-names>RJ</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Aaronson</surname>
              <given-names>KD</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B6">
        <mixed-citation>6. Roccaforte R, Demers C, Baldassarre F, Teo KK, Yusuf S. Effectiveness of comprehensive disease management programmes in improving clinical outcomes in heart failure patients: a meta-analysis. Eur J Heart Fail. 2005;7(7):1133-44.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Effectiveness of comprehensive disease management programmes in improving clinical outcomes in heart failure patients: a meta-analysis</article-title>
          <source>Eur J Heart Fail</source>
          <date>
            <year>2005</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>1133</fpage>
          <lpage>44</lpage>
          <issue>7</issue>
          <volume>7</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Roccaforte</surname>
              <given-names>R</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Demers</surname>
              <given-names>C</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Baldassarre</surname>
              <given-names>F</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Teo</surname>
              <given-names>KK</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Yusuf</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B7">
        <mixed-citation>7. Barretto AC, Wajngarten M, Serro-Azul JB, Pierri H, Nussbacher A, Gebara OC. Tratamento medicamentoso da insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca em hospital terci&#225;rio de S&#227;o Paulo. Arq Bras Cardiol. 1997;69(6):375-9.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Tratamento medicamentoso da insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca em hospital terci&#225;rio de S&#227;o Paulo</article-title>
          <source>Arq Bras Cardiol</source>
          <date>
            <year>1997</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>375</fpage>
          <lpage>9</lpage>
          <issue>6</issue>
          <volume>69</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Barretto</surname>
              <given-names>AC</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Wajngarten</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Serro-Azul</surname>
              <given-names>JB</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Pierri</surname>
              <given-names>H</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Nussbacher</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Gebara</surname>
              <given-names>OC</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B8">
        <mixed-citation>8. Swedberg K, Komajda M, Bohm M, Borer JS, Ford I, Dubost-Brama A, et al; SHIFT investigators. Ivabradine and outcomes in chronic heart failure (SHIFT): a randomised placebo-controlled study. Lancet. 2010;376(9744):875-85. Erratum in: Lancet. 2010;376(9757):1988.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Ivabradine and outcomes in chronic heart failure (SHIFT): a randomised placebo-controlled study</article-title>
          <source>Lancet</source>
          <date>
            <year>2010</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>875</fpage>
          <lpage>85</lpage>
          <issue>9744</issue>
          <volume>376</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Swedberg</surname>
              <given-names>K</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Komajda</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Bohm</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Borer</surname>
              <given-names>JS</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Ford</surname>
              <given-names>I</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Dubost-Brama</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B9">
        <mixed-citation>9. Bocchi EA, Marcondes-Braga FG, Bacal F, Ferraz AS, Albuquerque D, Rodrigues D, et al; Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia. Atualiza&#231;&#227;o da Diretriz Brasileira de insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca cr&#244;nica - 2012. Arq Bras Cardiol. 2012;98(1 supl 1):1-33.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Atualiza&#231;&#227;o da Diretriz Brasileira de insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca cr&#244;nica - 2012</article-title>
          <source>Arq Bras Cardiol</source>
          <date>
            <year>2012</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>1</fpage>
          <lpage>33</lpage>
          <issue>1</issue>
          <volume>98</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Bocchi</surname>
              <given-names>EA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Marcondes-Braga</surname>
              <given-names>FG</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Bacal</surname>
              <given-names>F</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Ferraz</surname>
              <given-names>AS</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Albuquerque</surname>
              <given-names>D</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Rodrigues</surname>
              <given-names>D</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B10">
        <mixed-citation>10. Fonarow GC, Heywood T, Heidenreich PA, Lopatin M, Yancy CW; ADHERE Scientific Advisory Committee and Investigators. Temporal trends in clinical characteristics, treatments, and outcomes for heart failure hospitalizations, 2002 to 2004: findings from Acute decompensated Heart Failure National Registry (ADHERE). Am Heart J. 2007;153(6):1021-8.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Temporal trends in clinical characteristics, treatments, and outcomes for heart failure hospitalizations, 2002 to 2004: findings from Acute decompensated Heart Failure National Registry (ADHERE)</article-title>
          <source>Am Heart J</source>
          <date>
            <year>2007</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>1021</fpage>
          <lpage>8</lpage>
          <issue>6</issue>
          <volume>153</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Fonarow</surname>
              <given-names>GC</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Heywood</surname>
              <given-names>T</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Heidenreich</surname>
              <given-names>PA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Lopatin</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Yancy</surname>
              <given-names>CW</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B11">
        <mixed-citation>11. D&#252;ngen HD, Apostolovic S, Inkrot S, Tahirovic E, T&#246;pper A, Mehrhof F, et al; CIBIS-ELD investigators and Project Multicentre Trials in the Competence Network Heart Failure. Titration to target dose of bisoprolol vs carvedilol in elderly patients with heart failure: the CIBIS-ELD trial. Eur J Heart Fail. 2011;13(6):670-80.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Titration to target dose of bisoprolol vs carvedilol in elderly patients with heart failure: the CIBIS-ELD trial</article-title>
          <source>Eur J Heart Fail</source>
          <date>
            <year>2011</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>670</fpage>
          <lpage>80</lpage>
          <issue>6</issue>
          <volume>13</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>D&#252;ngen</surname>
              <given-names>HD</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Apostolovic</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Inkrot</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Tahirovic</surname>
              <given-names>E</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>T&#246;pper</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Mehrhof</surname>
              <given-names>F</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B12">
        <mixed-citation>12. Swedberg K, Komajda M, Bohm M, Borer J, Robertson M, Tavazzi L, et al; SHIFT investigators. Effects on outcomes of heart rate reduction by ivabradine in patients with congestive heart failure: is there an influence of betablocker dose?: findings from the SHIFT (Systolic Heart failure treatment with the I(f) inhibitor ivabradine Trial) study. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2012;59(22):1938-45.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Effects on outcomes of heart rate reduction by ivabradine in patients with congestive heart failure: is there an influence of betablocker dose?: findings from the SHIFT (Systolic Heart failure treatment with the I(f) inhibitor ivabradine Trial) study</article-title>
          <source>J Am Coll Cardiol</source>
          <date>
            <year>2012</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>1938</fpage>
          <lpage>45</lpage>
          <issue>22</issue>
          <volume>59</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Swedberg</surname>
              <given-names>K</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Komajda</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Bohm</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Borer</surname>
              <given-names>J</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Robertson</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Tavazzi</surname>
              <given-names>L</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B13">
        <mixed-citation>13. Bristow MR, Gilbert EM, Abraham WT, Adams KF, Fowler MB, Hershberger RE, et al. Carvedilol produces dose-related improvements in left ventricular function and survival in subjects with chronic heart failure. MOCHA Investigators. Circulation. 1996;94(11):2807-16.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Carvedilol produces dose-related improvements in left ventricular function and survival in subjects with chronic heart failure: MOCHA Investigators</article-title>
          <source>Circulation</source>
          <date>
            <year>1996</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>2807</fpage>
          <lpage>16</lpage>
          <issue>11</issue>
          <volume>94</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Bristow</surname>
              <given-names>MR</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Gilbert</surname>
              <given-names>EM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Abraham</surname>
              <given-names>WT</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Adams</surname>
              <given-names>KF</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Fowler</surname>
              <given-names>MB</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Hershberger</surname>
              <given-names>RE</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B14">
        <mixed-citation>14. Colucci WS, Kolias TJ, Kirkwood FA, Adams KF, Armstrong WF, Ghali JK, Gottlieb SS, et al; REVERT Study Group. Metoprolol reverses left ventricular remodeling in patients with asymptomatic systolic dysfunction: the REversal of VEntricular Remodeling with toprol-XL (REVERT) trial. Circulation. 2007;116(1):49-56.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Metoprolol reverses left ventricular remodeling in patients with asymptomatic systolic dysfunction: the REversal of VEntricular Remodeling with toprol-XL (REVERT) trial</article-title>
          <source>Circulation</source>
          <date>
            <year>2007</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>49</fpage>
          <lpage>56</lpage>
          <issue>1</issue>
          <volume>116</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Colucci</surname>
              <given-names>WS</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Kolias</surname>
              <given-names>TJ</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Kirkwood</surname>
              <given-names>FA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Adams</surname>
              <given-names>KF</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Armstrong</surname>
              <given-names>WF</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Ghali</surname>
              <given-names>JK</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Gottlieb</surname>
              <given-names>SS</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B15">
        <mixed-citation>15. The Cardiac insufficiency Bisoprolol study II (CIBIS-II): a randomised trial. Lancet. 1999;353(9146):9-13.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>The Cardiac insufficiency Bisoprolol study II (CIBIS-II): a randomised trial</article-title>
          <source>Lancet</source>
          <date>
            <year>1999</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>9</fpage>
          <lpage>13</lpage>
          <issue>9146</issue>
          <volume>353</volume>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B16">
        <mixed-citation>16. Willenheimer R, van Veldhuisen DJ, Silke B, Erdmann E, Follath F, Krum H, et al; CIBIS III Investigators. Effect on survival and hospitalization of initiating treatment for chronic heart failure with bisoprolol followed by enalapril, as compared with the opposite sequence: results of the randomized cardiac insufficiency bisoprolol study (CIBIS) III. Circulation. 2005;112(16):2426-35.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Effect on survival and hospitalization of initiating treatment for chronic heart failure with bisoprolol followed by enalapril, as compared with the opposite sequence: results of the randomized cardiac insufficiency bisoprolol study (CIBIS) III</article-title>
          <source>Circulation</source>
          <date>
            <year>2005</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>2426</fpage>
          <lpage>35</lpage>
          <issue>16</issue>
          <volume>112</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Willenheimer</surname>
              <given-names>R</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>van Veldhuisen</surname>
              <given-names>DJ</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Silke</surname>
              <given-names>B</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Erdmann</surname>
              <given-names>E</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Follath</surname>
              <given-names>F</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Krum</surname>
              <given-names>H</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B17">
        <mixed-citation>17. Flather MD, Shibata MC, Coats AJ, Van Veldhuisen DJ, Parkhomenko A, Borbola J, et al; SENIORS Investigators. Randomized trial to determine the effect of nebivolol on mortality and cardiovascular hospital admission in elderly patients with heart failure (SENIORS). Eur Heart J. 2005;26(3):215-25.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Randomized trial to determine the effect of nebivolol on mortality and cardiovascular hospital admission in elderly patients with heart failure (SENIORS)</article-title>
          <source>Eur Heart J</source>
          <date>
            <year>2005</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>215</fpage>
          <lpage>25</lpage>
          <issue>3</issue>
          <volume>26</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Flather</surname>
              <given-names>MD</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Shibata</surname>
              <given-names>MC</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Coats</surname>
              <given-names>AJ</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Van Veldhuisen</surname>
              <given-names>DJ</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Parkhomenko</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Borbola</surname>
              <given-names>J</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B18">
        <mixed-citation>18. Fiuzat M, Wojdyla D, Kitzman D, Fleg J, Keteyian SJ, Kraus WE, et al. Relationship of beta-blocker dose with outcomes in ambulatory heart failure patients with systolic dysfunction: results from the HF-ACTION (Heart Failure: a Controlled Trial Investigating Outcomes of Exercise Training) trial. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2012;60:208-15.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Relationship of beta-blocker dose with outcomes in ambulatory heart failure patients with systolic dysfunction: results from the HF-ACTION (Heart Failure: a Controlled Trial Investigating Outcomes of Exercise Training) trial</article-title>
          <source>J Am Coll Cardiol</source>
          <date>
            <year>2012</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>208</fpage>
          <lpage>15</lpage>
          <volume>60</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Fiuzat</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Wojdyla</surname>
              <given-names>D</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Kitzman</surname>
              <given-names>D</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Fleg</surname>
              <given-names>J</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Keteyian</surname>
              <given-names>SJ</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Kraus</surname>
              <given-names>WE</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B19">
        <mixed-citation>19. Silva CP, Del Carlo CH , Oliveira Jr MT, Scipioni A, Strunz-Cassaro C, Ramirez JA, et al. Por que os portadores de cardiomiopatia chag&#225;sica t&#234;m pior evolu&#231;&#227;o que os n&#227;o chag&#225;sicos? Arq Bras Cardiol. 2008;91(6):389-94.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Por que os portadores de cardiomiopatia chag&#225;sica t&#234;m pior evolu&#231;&#227;o que os n&#227;o chag&#225;sicos?</article-title>
          <source>Arq Bras Cardiol</source>
          <date>
            <year>2008</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>389</fpage>
          <lpage>94</lpage>
          <issue>6</issue>
          <volume>91</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Silva</surname>
              <given-names>CP</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Del Carlo</surname>
              <given-names>CH</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Oliveira Jr</surname>
              <given-names>MT</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Scipioni</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Strunz-Cassaro</surname>
              <given-names>C</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Ramirez</surname>
              <given-names>JA</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B20">
        <mixed-citation>20. Pereira-Barretto AC, Carlo CH, Cardoso JN, Ochiai ME, Lima MV, Curiati MC, et al. Papel dos n&#237;veis de BNP no progn&#243;stico da IC avan&#231;ada descompensada. Arq Bras Cardiol. 2013;100(3):281-7.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Papel dos n&#237;veis de BNP no progn&#243;stico da IC avan&#231;ada descompensada</article-title>
          <source>Arq Bras Cardiol</source>
          <date>
            <year>2013</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>281</fpage>
          <lpage>7</lpage>
          <issue>3</issue>
          <volume>100</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Pereira-Barretto</surname>
              <given-names>AC</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Carlo</surname>
              <given-names>CH</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Cardoso</surname>
              <given-names>JN</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Ochiai</surname>
              <given-names>ME</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Lima</surname>
              <given-names>MV</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Curiati</surname>
              <given-names>MC</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B21">
        <mixed-citation>21. Fox K, Ford I, Steg PG, Tendera M, Ferrari R; BEAUTIFUL investigators. Ivabradine for patients with stable coronary artery disease and left-ventricular systolic dysfunction (BEAUTIFUL): a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Lancet. 2008;372(9641):807-16.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Ivabradine for patients with stable coronary artery disease and left-ventricular systolic dysfunction (BEAUTIFUL): a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial</article-title>
          <source>Lancet</source>
          <date>
            <year>2008</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>807</fpage>
          <lpage>16</lpage>
          <issue>9641</issue>
          <volume>372</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Fox</surname>
              <given-names>K</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Ford</surname>
              <given-names>I</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Steg</surname>
              <given-names>PG</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Tendera</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Ferrari</surname>
              <given-names>R</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B22">
        <mixed-citation>22. Castagno D, Skali H, Takeuchi M, Swedberg K, Yusuf S, Granger CB, et al; CHARM Investigators. Association of heart rate and outcomes in a broad spectrum of patients with chronic heart failure: results from the CHARM (Candesartan in Heart Failure: Assessment of Reduction in Mortality and morbidity) program. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2012;59(20):1785-95.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Association of heart rate and outcomes in a broad spectrum of patients with chronic heart failure: results from the CHARM (Candesartan in Heart Failure: Assessment of Reduction in Mortality and morbidity) program</article-title>
          <source>J Am Coll Cardiol</source>
          <date>
            <year>2012</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>1785</fpage>
          <lpage>95</lpage>
          <issue>20</issue>
          <volume>59</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Castagno</surname>
              <given-names>D</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Skali</surname>
              <given-names>H</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Takeuchi</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Swedberg</surname>
              <given-names>K</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Yusuf</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Granger</surname>
              <given-names>CB</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B23">
        <mixed-citation>23. The effect of digoxin on mortality and morbidity in patients with heart failure. The Digitalis Investigation Group. N Engl J Med. 1997;336(8):525-33.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>The effect of digoxin on mortality and morbidity in patients with heart failure: The Digitalis Investigation Group</article-title>
          <source>N Engl J Med</source>
          <date>
            <year>1997</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>525</fpage>
          <lpage>33</lpage>
          <issue>8</issue>
          <volume>336</volume>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B24">
        <mixed-citation>24. Cullington D, Goode KM, Clark AL, Cleland JG. Heart rate achieved or beta-blocker dose in patients with chronic heart failure: which is the better target? Eur J Heart Fail. 2012;14(7):737-47.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Heart rate achieved or beta-blocker dose in patients with chronic heart failure: which is the better target?</article-title>
          <source>Eur J Heart Fail</source>
          <date>
            <year>2012</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>737</fpage>
          <lpage>47</lpage>
          <issue>7</issue>
          <volume>14</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Cullington</surname>
              <given-names>D</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Goode</surname>
              <given-names>KM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Clark</surname>
              <given-names>AL</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Cleland</surname>
              <given-names>JG</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B25">
        <mixed-citation>25. Nieminen MS, Brutsaert D, Dickstein K, Drexler H, Follath F, Harjola VP, et al; EuroHeart Survey Investigators; Heart Failure Association, European Society of Cardiology. EuroHeart Failure Survey II (EHFS II): a survey on hospitalized acute heart failure patients: description of population. Eur Heart J. 2006;27(22):2725-36.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>EuroHeart Failure Survey II (EHFS II) a survey on hospitalized acute heart failure patients: description of population</article-title>
          <source>Eur Heart J</source>
          <date>
            <year>2006</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>2725</fpage>
          <lpage>36</lpage>
          <issue>22</issue>
          <volume>27</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Nieminen</surname>
              <given-names>MS</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Brutsaert</surname>
              <given-names>D</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Dickstein</surname>
              <given-names>K</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Drexler</surname>
              <given-names>H</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Follath</surname>
              <given-names>F</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Harjola</surname>
              <given-names>VP</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
    </ref-list>
  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Articles</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title xml:lang="en">Optimized treatment and heart rate reduction in chronic heart failure</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <abstract xml:lang="en">
        <p>BACKGROUND: Heart failure (HF) is a syndrome that leads to poor outcome in advanced forms. The neurohormonal blockade modifies this natural history; however, it is often suboptimal. OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study is to assess at what percentage cardiologists used to treating HF can prescribe target doses of drugs of proven efficacy. METHODS: A total of 104 outpatients with systolic dysfunction were consecutively enrolled, all under stabilized treatment. Demographic and treatment data were evaluated and the doses achieved were verified. The findings are shown as percentages and correlations are made between different variables. RESULTS: The mean age of patients was 64.1 &#177; 14.2 years, with SBP =115.4 &#177; 15.3, HR = 67.8 &#177; 9.4 bpm, weight = 76.0 &#177; 17.0 kg and sinus rhythm (90.4%). As for treatment, 93.3% received a RAS blocker (ACEI 52.9%), all received beta-blockers (BB), the most often prescribed being carvedilol (92.3%). As for the doses: 97.1% of those receiving an ARB were below the optimal dose and of those who received ACEI, 52.7% received an optimized dose. As for the BB, target doses were prescribed to 76.0% of them. In this group of patients, most with BB target dose, it can be seen that 36.5% had HR &gt; 70 bpm in sinus rhythm. CONCLUSION: Cardiologists used to treating HF can prescribe target doses of ACEI and BB to most patients. Even though they receive the recommended doses, about one third of patients persists with HR &gt; 70 bpm and should have their treatment optimized.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>Heart Failure</kwd>
        <kwd>Heart Rate</kwd>
        <kwd>Ventricular Dysfunction, Left</kwd>
        <kwd>Digoxin</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p>
        <fn id="end-body2">
          <label>
            <bold>Optimized treatment and heart rate reduction in chronic heart failure</bold>
          </label>
          <p>
            <bold>Irineu Blanco Moreno; Carlos Henrique Del Carlo; Ant&#244;nio Carlos Pereira-Barretto</bold>
          </p>
        </fn>
      </p>
      <p>Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o do Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas da FMUSP, S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brazil</p>
      <p>Mailing Address</p>
      <p>
        <bold>ABSTRACT</bold>
      </p>
      <p><bold>BACKGROUND:</bold> Heart failure (HF) is a syndrome that leads to poor outcome in advanced forms. The neurohormonal blockade modifies this natural history; however, it is often suboptimal.</p>
      <p><bold>OBJECTIVE:</bold> The aim of this study is to assess at what percentage cardiologists used to treating HF can prescribe target doses of drugs of proven efficacy.</p>
      <p><bold>METHODS:</bold> A total of 104 outpatients with systolic dysfunction were consecutively enrolled, all under stabilized treatment. Demographic and treatment data were evaluated and the doses achieved were verified. The findings are shown as percentages and correlations are made between different variables.</p>
      <p><bold>RESULTS:</bold> The mean age of patients was 64.1 <italic>&#177;</italic> 14.2 years, with SBP =115.4 <italic>&#177;</italic> 15.3, HR = 67.8 <italic>&#177;</italic> 9.4 bpm, weight = 76.0 <italic>&#177;</italic> 17.0 kg and sinus rhythm (90.4%). As for treatment, 93.3% received a RAS blocker (ACEI 52.9%), all received beta-blockers (BB), the most often prescribed being carvedilol (92.3%). As for the doses: 97.1% of those receiving an ARB were below the optimal dose and of those who received ACEI, 52.7% received an optimized dose. As for the BB, target doses were prescribed to 76.0% of them. In this group of patients, most with BB target dose, it can be seen that 36.5% had HR <underline>&gt;</underline> 70 bpm in sinus rhythm.</p>
      <p><bold>CONCLUSION:</bold> Cardiologists used to treating HF can prescribe target doses of ACEI and BB to most patients. Even though they receive the recommended doses, about one third of patients persists with HR &gt; 70 bpm and should have their treatment optimized.</p>
      <p><bold>Keywords:</bold> Heart Failure; Heart Rate; Ventricular Dysfunction, Left; Digoxin.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Introduction</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Heart failure (HF) is a prevalent and potentially progressive syndrome and individuals with HF at advanced stages have high morbidity and mortality<sup>1,2</sup>. The neurohormonal blockade carried out with adequate doses of drugs can modify its natural history; however, it is often suboptimal<sup>2-4</sup>. Data from clinical trials, HF registries and from patients referred for a second opinion show that often the target doses of drugs with proven efficacy in HF are not prescribed and it is likely that this fact contributes to the possible risk of hypotension, bradycardia and lack of tolerance by patients<sup>3,4</sup>. In the Euro Heart Survey Programme it was observed that 36.9% of patients with HF had a beta-blocker (BB) prescription and only 17.2% received a combination of diuretics, angiotensin-receptor inhibitors and beta-blockers<sup>4</sup>.</p>
      <p>In advanced HF, even when patients are adequately treated, the mortality rate is still higher than desired, which suggests that new therapeutic approaches should be investigated or implemented<sup>1</sup>.</p>
      <p>Experience shows that the HF treatment is not always easy, as the patients, especially the most severe ones, have reduced blood pressure levels, a clinical finding that may complicate the prescription of several medications. There is, however, evidence that HF treatment specialists and HF Clinics can optimize treatment and obtain better results<sup>5,6</sup>. Few analyses have been carried out on the quality of HF treatment in Brazil. In InCor, the prescription of drugs was described at the pre-beta-blockers time<sup>7</sup>.</p>
      <p>In search of data on drug prescription and its form, we proposed to analyze the prescription of drugs of proven efficacy in patients with HF, treated in medical offices, by doctors used to treating HF. We aimed to verifying which medications were being prescribed and, among patients receiving BB, how many were receiving target doses of the drugs and clinical features of patients receiving this type of prescription. We also aimed to answer a more recent question: how many patients would have a HR &gt; 70 beats per minute while receiving optimized treatment?</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Methods</bold>
      </p>
      <p>The aim of the study was to determine how patients with HF are treated by cardiologists used to treating this syndrome, especially if the medication doses tested in large clinical trials can be prescribed to these patients and whether they would be well tolerated by patients.</p>
      <p>To perform this research, we evaluated the treatment of patients with HF treated by three cardiologists used to treating this syndrome. From October 2011 to May 2012 a total of 104 patients with HF and left ventricular systolic dysfunction were consecutively enrolled. Patients undergoing HF treatment for more than two months, who received a BB and optimized treatment at the time of study enrollment, were included in this cross-sectional cohort. Demographic data, heart disease etiology, heart rhythm, blood pressure, heart rate, weight and drug treatment data were assessed, verifying the doses prescribed of different drugs.</p>
      <p>The inclusion criteria included patients receiving BB, who had an echocardiogram documenting systolic dysfunction with ejection fraction &lt; 45% on a test performed within six months prior to study enrollment.</p>
      <p>Patients were considered to be adequately managed when they were prescribed the three medications that have been proven to modify the natural history of HF: Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme (ACE) inhibitor; or Angiotensin Receptor Blockers (ARBs) II; BB and spironolactone and in those with renal failure, if they received hydralazine and nitrate instead of ACE inhibitor or ARBs. The dose considered correct for ACE inhibitor was 20 mg of enalapril 2x/day or equivalent doses of captopril (150 mg/day) or ramipril (10 mg/day) <sup>2</sup>.</p>
      <p>For ARBs, the correct dose was considered as 150 mg/ day of losartan. For candesartan, the target dose was 32 mg/day and for valsartan, 320 mg/day <sup>2</sup>. For spironolactone, the target dose was 25 mg/day. For beta-blockers, the full dose was considered as 25 mg 2x/day for carvedilol to patients up to 80 kg, 50 mg 2x/day for those with more than 80 kg <sup>2</sup>. For bisoprolol, the target dose was considered as 10 mg/day, and for metoprolol succinate, 200 mg/day <sup>2</sup>.</p>
      <p>We also identified the percentage and prescription dose of digoxin, hydrochlorothiazide, furosemide and amiodarone, medications often prescribed to patients with HF.</p>
      <p>For the statistical analysis, considering that the most often prescribed medications were enalapril, losartan and carvedilol, equivalent doses were adopted when the prescribed medications were not one of those.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Statistical Analysis</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Continuous variables are shown as mean &#177; standard deviation and categorical variables as frequencies and percentages. The comparison of treatment among patients who reached the target dose of BB was performed using the Kolmogorov-Smirnov test for normal distribution of continuous variables (<xref ref-type="table" rid="en_aop_5413tab01-body2">Table 1</xref>), and all analyzed variables (age, SBP, DBP, HR, weight, LVEF, LVDD, LA) showed a normal distribution using the Kolmogorov-Smirnov test (p &gt; 0.05). Thus, the Student's <italic>t </italic>test was used to compare the means of these variables regarding the "target dose" of BB. In the comparison of the characteristics, the chi-square or Fisher's exact test were used for categorical variables.</p>
      <p content-type="asset">
        <table-wrap id="en_aop_5413tab01-body2">
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-101-05-0442-30201-gt01-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      </p>
      <p>The sample size was estimated at 98 patients to determine the mean dose of BB (carvedilol) in the population of patients with HF on optimized treatment, with a confidence interval of 95% and a variation of &#177; 3.5 mg in the standard deviation, taking as basis the standard deviation of the mean dose of carvedilol in the SHIFT study<sup>8</sup>, which was 17.8 mg. Thus, 104 patients were included in the study.</p>
      <p>The p values are two-tailed, with a significance level of &lt;0.05.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Results</bold>
      </p>
      <p>The main characteristics of the study population are shown in <xref ref-type="table" rid="en_aop_5413tab01-body2">Table 1</xref>.</p>
      <p>As for the treatment, 93.3% received a renin-angiotensin system blocker and 52.9% an ACE inhibitor and 40.4%, an ARB; all received beta-blockers, with carvedilol being the most often prescribed medication (92.3%). Spironolactone was being prescribed to 69.2% of patients and digoxin, to 16.3% of them.</p>
      <p><xref ref-type="table" rid="en_aop_5413tab02-body2">Table 2</xref> shows the mean dose of prescribed drugs. As for the doses, 82.1% of those treated with an ACE inhibitor received the target dose and 97.1% of those receiving an ARB received a dose that was less than optimal.</p>
      <p content-type="asset">
        <table-wrap id="en_aop_5413tab02-body2">
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-101-05-0442-30201-gt02-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      </p>
      <p>As for the BB, 76.0% of the patients were prescribed target doses or higher. In patients over 80 kg, the percentage of patients receiving the target dose of 50 mg 2x/day was 21.6%.</p>
      <p>Regarding the ACE inhibitors, the non-prescription of target doses was associated with lower systolic blood pressure (112.6 + 14.5 mmHg vs. 122.7 + 15.1 mmHg, p = 0.0003).</p>
      <p>Regarding the beta-blockers, the non-prescription of target doses was associated with the etiology of heart disease, with prescription of doses below the target dose in 82% of patients with Chagas disease. Patients with functional class III and IV also received lower doses of beta-blockers. On the other hand, patients with ischemic heart disease received more often the target doses of beta-blockers (<xref ref-type="table" rid="en_aop_5413tab01-body2">Table 1</xref>).</p>
      <p>At the HR analysis of patients in sinus rhythm with optimized treatment, it was observed in this population that 36.5% had HR &gt; 70 bpm; of these patients, 71.1% received carvedilol at a dose of 50 mg/day or more (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="en_aop_5413fig01-body2">Figure 1</xref>). When comparing the clinical characteristics and pharmacological treatment of patients with HR &gt; or &lt; 70, we found no differences in the degree of cardiac involvement. The EF (37.3 &#177; 8.9% vs. 37.4 &#177; 8.34%, p = 0.921) and LVEDD (63.8 &#177; 8.9 vs. 64.7 &#177; 6.5 mm, p = 0.426) were similar in both groups. Among the clinical variables, systolic BP differed between the two groups, being lower in the group with HR &lt; 70 bpm (119.2 &#177; 15.4 vs. 112.8 &#177; 14.8 mmHg, p = 0.035).</p>
      <p content-type="asset">
        <fig id="en_aop_5413fig01-body2">
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-101-05-0442-30201-gf01-en.jpg"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Comments</bold>
      </p>
      <p>The patients analyzed in this cross-sectional cohort received optimized treatment from the therapeutic point of view, as most were receiving the drugs indicated in the Guidelines for the treatment of HF and the target dose was prescribed and tolerated by most<sup>2,9</sup>. The data showed that cardiologists used to treating HF can achieve the target doses indicated in the Guidelines for most patients.</p>
      <p>The data also showed that these results, regarding quality of treatment, were better than those usually described in registries and even in some clinical trials<sup>4,8,10,11</sup>.</p>
      <p>In this patient population, the percentage that received a renin-angiotensin system blocker was similar to that described in the registries, with more than 90% of patients receiving such drugs; however, the percentage receiving the target dose was higher in our series<sup>4,11</sup> .</p>
      <p>As for the spironolactone, the prescription frequency was higher than that observed in the registries and similar to those observed in the most recent clinical trials<sup>4,8,10,12</sup>. In the ADHERE Registry, aldosterone blockers were prescribed to 34.6%; in the European registry, to 20.5%, and in the SHIFT study, to 60% of cases, and in our series, to 69.2% of cases<sup>4,8,10</sup>.</p>
      <p>As for beta-blockers, all patients were receiving the drug by selection criteria. The prescribed dose was higher than that described in the Registries and even higher than in several clinical trials of these drugs. Citing two recent studies, in the CIBIS - ELD study the mean prescribed dose of carvedilol was 23.9 mg, and 31% received the target dose of 50 mg/day<sup>11</sup>. In the SHIFT study, the mean dose was 25.0 mg/day and 26% received the target dose, while in our series the mean dose of carvedilol was 49.8 mg/day and 76% received the target dose of 50 mg/day<sup>8</sup>.</p>
      <p>The issue of the BB dose is not fully elucidated, but the MOCHA and REVERT studies and the analyses of CIBS-II, CIBIS-III and SENIORS studies indicate that higher doses result in better outcomes with greater reversal of cardiac dilatation and morbimortality reduction<sup>13-17</sup>. Analysis of data from the HF-ACTION study of 2012 again confirmed the importance of higher doses, with patients showing better outcomes when treated with target doses, a more significant result than with lower doses<sup>18</sup>.</p>
      <p>Our results showed that it is possible to administrate the target dose to most patients, while demonstrating that Chagas disease was associated with greater difficulty in prescribing the target doses of beta-blockers. These findings show us that physicians used to treating HF can most often prescribe and achieve the target doses of drugs of proven efficacy in HF<sup>2,9</sup>. It also showed that Chagas disease, probably due to higher cardiac impairment and clinical forms, makes it difficult to achieve the target doses of these drugs<sup>19,20</sup>. The higher degree of involvement and nonprescription / no tolerance to target doses may explain the worse outcomes in patients with this disease when they have HF<sup>19,20</sup>.</p>
      <p>There is increasing evidence that the HR can be a good parameter to indicate the quality of treatment, considering that the therapeutic regimen should promote HR reduction, aiming at achieving a HR of around 70 beats per minute or less<sup>8,12,21,22</sup>. The presence of HR &gt; 70 bpm would be an indicator of the need to review the treatment and optimize it.</p>
      <p>The issue of HR and treatment of HF is a controversial one and not fully understood, and its interpretation is necessary to consider different variables. For instance, in Chagas disease and in elderly patients, HF is often lower, and thus cannot be used as a good indicator of treatment quality. Incidentally, this was one of the results of this study, when we observed that the doses of BB prescribed to chagasic patients were lower than those prescribed to nonchagasic ones.</p>
      <p>In recent years, however, evidence started to appear that higher HR would be an important prognostic marker. The BEAUTIFUL and SHIFT studies demonstrated that patients with HR &gt; 70 bpm have a poorer prognosis than patients with lower basal HR<sup>8,21</sup>. Similar results have been reported in different databases, such as in the CHARM and DIG studies and in case series<sup>22-24</sup>. These data leave no doubt that HR should be considered an important prognostic factor and should be targeted for treatment, as it has been shown that its reduction with ivabradine resulted in a decrease in hospital admissions due to decompensated HF and from all causes, and reduced HF mortality, with no difference in cardiovascular and all-cause mortality.</p>
      <p>In our study, we analyzed the HR in patients after treatment optimization and observed that a third of them, even after receiving full doses of beta-blockers, persisted with basal HR &gt; 70 bpm.</p>
      <p>This result is similar to that described in several European HF registries and even clinical trials; there were, however, no Brazilian data on this clinical finding<sup>3,4,24,25</sup>.</p>
      <p>When analyzing our series, we tried to verify whether the clinical characteristics and those related to the treatment of patients could explain this finding of HR &gt; 70 bpm. To analyze the data, we divided the patients into two groups: those with HR &gt; and &lt; 70 bpm. In this comparison, we found no differences that could explain the finding, as the two groups were similar regarding clinical characteristics, as well as the medical treatment received. Moreover, there was no association between the prescribed dose of BB and HR of the patient when undergoing stabilized and optimized drug therapy. Our results overlap those observed in the SHIFT study, showing that the observed HR was not associated with the dose of BB that patients were receiving<sup>8,12</sup>.</p>
      <p>Overall, our data and the literature indicate that HF treatment should be individualized. When patients receive treatment instructions, physicians should seek to prescribe drugs of proven efficacy at doses that have shown benefits. We confirmed that the majority of office patients tolerate these doses.</p>
      <p>Notwithstanding the optimized treatment, patients persisted with HR &gt; 70 bpm, a finding indicative of worse prognosis, indicating the need for treatment reevaluation and possibly improved optimization, aiming at a reduction in HR. For that purpose, one can prescribe digitalis, increase the dose of beta-blockers or prescribe ivabradine. Of these drugs, ivabradine is the one of which effectiveness has been documented, randomly analyzed in a large clinical trial, the SHIFT study<sup>8</sup>.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Study limitations</bold>
      </p>
      <p>This pilot observational study demonstrated that cardiologists used to treating HF prescribe medications that have been shown to improve the prognosis of HF, as recommended by the Guidelines; however, we do not know how these patients are treated by most generalists at public health units, and what the impact is on clinical outcomes (prognosis, HF hospitalizations), when comparing the treatment of HF performed by clinicians and cardiologists. Additional studies are needed to understand the treatment of HF in our country.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Conclusion</bold>
      </p>
      <p>The results of this analysis showed that, in a population treated at medical offices, most patients tolerate the drugs of proven efficacy in the treatment of HF and the target doses can be prescribed and are tolerated by most patients. It also showed that about one third of patients with optimized treatment remain with HR &gt; 70 bpm, allowing us to conclude that the treatment could be revised and further optimized. These findings require further investigations to help in the planning of new studies in this area, enabling a better understanding of HF treatment in the real world and thus assist in the care of patients with this malignant and debilitating syndrome, in an attempt to reverse this trend.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Author contributions</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Conception and design of the research, Acquisition of data and Critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content: Moreno IB, Del Carlo CH, Pereira-Barretto AC; Analysis and interpretation of the data, Statistical analysis and Writing of the manuscript: Del Carlo CH, Pereira-Barretto AC.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Potential Conflict of Interest</bold>
      </p>
      <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Sources of Funding</bold>
      </p>
      <p>There were no external funding sources for this study.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Study Association</bold>
      </p>
      <p>This study is not associated with any post-graduation program.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>References</bold>
      </p>
    </body>
  </sub-article>
</article>
