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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
        <publisher-loc>S&#227;o Paulo, SP, Brazil</publisher-loc>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">z6gSrZryvKHGZcfdmPZV8ZR</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2013003100006</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v1">S0066-782X(13)10100500006</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5935/abc.20130192</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigos Originais</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Risco da radia&#231;&#227;o ionizante em mulheres f&#233;rteis submetidas &#224; abla&#231;&#227;o por radiofrequ&#234;ncia</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Lima</surname>
            <given-names>Gustavo Glotz de</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Gomes</surname>
            <given-names>Daniel Garcia</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Gensas</surname>
            <given-names>Caroline Saltz</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Sim&#227;o</surname>
            <given-names>Mariana Fernandez</given-names>
          </name>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Rios</surname>
            <given-names>Matheus N.</given-names>
          </name>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Pires</surname>
            <given-names>Leonardo Martins</given-names>
          </name>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Kruse</surname>
            <given-names>Marcelo Lapa</given-names>
          </name>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Leiria</surname>
            <given-names>Tiago Luiz Luz</given-names>
          </name>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff01">
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Porto Alegre</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">Rio Grande do Sul</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Funda&#231;&#227;o Universit&#225;ria de Cardiologia</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Instituto de Cardiologia </institution>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
      </aff>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>11</month>
        <year>2013</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>101</volume>
      <issue>5</issue>
      <fpage>418</fpage>
      <lpage>422</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>13</day>
          <month>03</month>
          <year>2013</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>03</day>
          <month>06</month>
          <year>2013</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>24</day>
          <month>05</month>
          <year>2013</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <p>FUNDAMENTO: A Comiss&#227;o Internacional de Radiologia indica rastreamento com teste de gravidez a todas pacientes do g&#234;nero feminino em per&#237;odo f&#233;rtil que ser&#227;o submetidas a exame radiol&#243;gico. Sabe-se que a radia&#231;&#227;o &#233; teratog&#234;nica e que seu efeito &#233; cumulativo. O potencial teratog&#234;nico inicia-se com doses pr&#243;ximas &#224;s das utilizadas durante esses procedimentos. N&#227;o se sabe a preval&#234;ncia de teste de gravidez positivo em pacientes submetidos a estudo eletrofisiol&#243;gico e/ou &#224; abla&#231;&#227;o por cateter em nosso meio. OBJETIVO: Avaliar a preval&#234;ncia de teste de gravidez positivo em pacientes do g&#234;nero feminino encaminhadas para estudo eletrofisiol&#243;gico e/ou abla&#231;&#227;o por radiofrequ&#234;ncia. M&#201;TODOS: Estudo transversal com an&#225;lise de 2.966 pacientes submetidos a estudo eletrofisiol&#243;gico e/ou abla&#231;&#227;o por cateter, de junho 1997 a fevereiro 2013, no Instituto de Cardiologia do Rio Grande do Sul. Foram realizados 1.490 exames em mulheres sendo que, destas, 769 encontravam-se em idade f&#233;rtil. Todas as pacientes foram rastreadas com teste de gravidez no dia anterior ao procedimento. RESULTADOS: Detectou-se positividade do teste em tr&#234;s pacientes, impossibilitando a realiza&#231;&#227;o do exame. Observou-se preval&#234;ncia de 3,9 casos por 1.000 mulheres em idade f&#233;rtil. CONCLUS&#195;O: Devido ao baixo custo e &#224; seguran&#231;a, indica-se a realiza&#231;&#227;o de teste de rastreamento para gravidez a todas pacientes em idade f&#233;rtil, uma vez que o grau de radia&#231;&#227;o ionizante necess&#225;ria nesse procedimento &#233; muito pr&#243;ximo ao limiar de teratogenicidade, principalmente no primeiro trimestre, quando os sinais de gesta&#231;&#227;o n&#227;o s&#227;o exuberantes.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt" kwd-group-type="author-generated">
        <kwd>Radia&#231;&#227;o Ionizante</kwd>
        <kwd>Mulheres</kwd>
        <kwd>Per&#237;odo F&#233;rtil</kwd>
        <kwd>Medi&#231;&#227;o de Risco</kwd>
        <kwd>Abla&#231;&#227;o por Cateter</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="pub">
        <day>24</day>
        <month>09</month>
        <year>2013</year>
      </pub-date>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <p>
      <bold>Risco da radia&#231;&#227;o ionizante em mulheres f&#233;rteis submetidas &#224; abla&#231;&#227;o por radiofrequ&#234;ncia</bold>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Gustavo Glotz de Lima; Daniel Garcia Gomes; Caroline Saltz Gensas; Mariana Fernandez Sim&#227;o; Matheus N. Rios; Leonardo Martins Pires; Marcelo Lapa Kruse; Tiago Luiz Luz Leiria</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Instituto de Cardiologia, Funda&#231;&#227;o Universit&#225;ria de Cardiologia, Porto Alegre, RS - Brasil</p>
    <p>
      <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="enda">Correspond&#234;ncia</xref>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>RESUMO</bold>
    </p>
    <p><bold>FUNDAMENTO:</bold> A Comiss&#227;o Internacional de Radiologia indica rastreamento com teste de gravidez a todas pacientes do g&#234;nero feminino em per&#237;odo f&#233;rtil que ser&#227;o submetidas a exame radiol&#243;gico. Sabe-se que a radia&#231;&#227;o &#233; teratog&#234;nica e que seu efeito &#233; cumulativo. O potencial teratog&#234;nico inicia-se com doses pr&#243;ximas &#224;s das utilizadas durante esses procedimentos. N&#227;o se sabe a preval&#234;ncia de teste de gravidez positivo em pacientes submetidos a estudo eletrofisiol&#243;gico e/ou &#224; abla&#231;&#227;o por cateter em nosso meio. </p>
    <p><bold>OBJETIVO:</bold> Avaliar a preval&#234;ncia de teste de gravidez positivo em pacientes do g&#234;nero feminino encaminhadas para estudo eletrofisiol&#243;gico e/ou abla&#231;&#227;o por radiofrequ&#234;ncia. </p>
    <p><bold> M&#201;TODOS:</bold> Estudo transversal com an&#225;lise de 2.966 pacientes submetidos a estudo eletrofisiol&#243;gico e/ou abla&#231;&#227;o por cateter, de junho 1997 a fevereiro 2013, no Instituto de Cardiologia do Rio Grande do Sul. Foram realizados 1.490 exames em mulheres sendo que, destas, 769 encontravam-se em idade f&#233;rtil. Todas as pacientes foram rastreadas com teste de gravidez no dia anterior ao procedimento. </p>
    <p><bold>RESULTADOS:</bold> Detectou-se positividade do teste em tr&#234;s pacientes, impossibilitando a realiza&#231;&#227;o do exame. Observou-se preval&#234;ncia de 3,9 casos por 1.000 mulheres em idade f&#233;rtil. </p>
    <p><bold> CONCLUS&#195;O:</bold> Devido ao baixo custo e &#224; seguran&#231;a, indica-se a realiza&#231;&#227;o de teste de rastreamento para gravidez a todas pacientes em idade f&#233;rtil, uma vez que o grau de radia&#231;&#227;o ionizante necess&#225;ria nesse procedimento &#233; muito pr&#243;ximo ao limiar de teratogenicidade, principalmente no primeiro trimestre, quando os sinais de gesta&#231;&#227;o n&#227;o s&#227;o exuberantes. </p>
    <p><bold>Palavras-chave:</bold> Radia&#231;&#227;o Ionizante; Mulheres; Per&#237;odo F&#233;rtil; Medi&#231;&#227;o de Risco; Abla&#231;&#227;o por Cateter.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</bold>
    </p>
    <p>O Estudo Eletrofisiol&#243;gico (EEF) &#233; um exame invasivo utilizado para diagnosticar dist&#250;rbios do ritmo e da condu&#231;&#227;o el&#233;trica do cora&#231;&#227;o. Pode ser utilizado para mensura&#231;&#227;o dos intervalos de condu&#231;&#227;o atrioventricular, esclarecimento dos mecanismos arritmog&#234;nicos e teste da efic&#225;cia de agentes antiarr&#237;tmicos. Atualmente, tamb&#233;m &#233; utilizado para localiza&#231;&#227;o e o mapeamento detalhado dos circuitos reentrantes e focos ect&#243;picos, para posterior tratamento com abla&#231;&#227;o por cateter. Assim, tem finalidade diagn&#243;stica, terap&#234;utica e progn&#243;stica<sup>1</sup>.</p>
    <p>Desde a d&#233;cada de 1970, o modo de localiza&#231;&#227;o de cateteres nas cavidades do cora&#231;&#227;o tem sido por meio da fluoroscopia com emiss&#227;o de raios X<sup>2</sup>. Sabe-se, contudo, que a exposi&#231;&#227;o de gestantes a essa radia&#231;&#227;o pode ter consequ&#234;ncias para o feto, especialmente entre a 8&#170; e a 15&#170; semanas de gesta&#231;&#227;o (<xref ref-type="table" rid="aop_5532tab01">Tabela 1</xref>)<sup>3</sup>. Entretanto, a quantifica&#231;&#227;o da exposi&#231;&#227;o fetal &#224; radia&#231;&#227;o &#233; muito dif&#237;cil e incerta, devido ao dinamismo do exame, ao uso intermitente de radia&#231;&#227;o, &#224;s v&#225;rias posi&#231;&#245;es do tubo de raio X, &#224; calibra&#231;&#227;o do aparelho e &#224; posi&#231;&#227;o fetal. Essa variabilidade n&#227;o permite identificar uma dose exata de exposi&#231;&#227;o, sendo estimada por modelos matem&#225;ticos anat&#244;micos e em animais de experimenta&#231;&#227;o (<xref ref-type="table" rid="aop_5532tab02">Tabela 2</xref>)<sup>4</sup>.</p>
    <p content-type="asset">
      <table-wrap id="aop_5532tab01">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-101-05-0418-30192-gt01.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    </p>
    <p content-type="asset">
      <table-wrap id="aop_5532tab02">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-101-05-0418-30192-gt02.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    </p>
    <p>As diretrizes nacionais e da <italic>American Heart Association</italic> n&#227;o recomendam a realiza&#231;&#227;o do teste beta-HCG na triagem de mulheres em idade f&#233;rtil que ser&#227;o submetidas &#224; procedimentos eletrofisiol&#243;gicos<sup>5-7</sup>.</p>
    <p>Avaliou-se aqui o n&#250;mero de pacientes do g&#234;nero feminino encaminhadas para EEF e/ou abla&#231;&#227;o com radiofrequ&#234;ncia e que apresentaram positividade no teste beta-HCG antes do procedimento.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>M&#233;todos</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Estudo transversal, analisando as informa&#231;&#245;es de pacientes submetidas a EEF e/ou abla&#231;&#227;o por cateter com radiofrequ&#234;ncia no Laborat&#243;rio de Eletrofisiologia do Instituto de Cardiologia do Rio Grande do Sul, entre junho de 1997 a fevereiro de 2013. Todas as pacientes em idade f&#233;rtil realizaram o teste de gravidez (beta-HCG s&#233;rico) no dia anterior a realiza&#231;&#227;o do procedimento.</p>
    <p>O estudo foi aprovado pelo Comit&#234; de &#201;tica e Pesquisa do Instituto de Cardiologia do Rio Grande do Sul/Funda&#231;&#227;o Universit&#225;ria de Cardiologia. O banco de dados e c&#225;lculos estat&#237;sticos foram realizados utilizando o programa MedCalc(r) V.7.3. As vari&#225;veis categ&#243;ricas foram expressas como n&#250;meros absolutos e percentual. Dados cont&#237;nuos foram expressos como m&#233;dia &#177; desvio padr&#227;o.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Resultados</bold>
    </p>
    <p>De uma amostra inicial de 2.966 pacientes, 1.490 eram do g&#234;nero feminino, sendo 769 em idade f&#233;rtil (10 a 50 anos, de acordo com a Organiza&#231;&#227;o Mundial da Sa&#250;de).</p>
    <p>A idade m&#233;dia das mulheres submetidas a rastreamento de gravidez foi de 33,6 &#177; 11,3 anos, e o tempo m&#233;dio de fluoroscopia nas abla&#231;&#245;es foi de 10,8 &#177; 9 minutos.</p>
    <p>Foram realizados 556 abla&#231;&#245;es e 213 estudos eletrofisiol&#243;gicos em mulheres de idade f&#233;rtil. A indica&#231;&#227;o dos procedimentos foi, na maioria dos casos, para investiga&#231;&#227;o de taquicardia supraventricular, sendo diagnosticados 236 casos de taquicardia por reentrada nodal e 203 casos de taquicardia por reentrada atrioventricular.</p>
    <p>Das 769 mulheres em idade f&#233;rtil encaminhadas para abla&#231;&#227;o por cateter, tr&#234;s tiveram seus procedimentos suspensos por apresentarem beta-HCG positivo e estarem no in&#237;cio de gesta&#231;&#227;o, desconhecida at&#233; o momento do exame. Observou-se, assim, preval&#234;ncia 3,9 casos por 1.000 mulheres em idade f&#233;rtil encaminhadas para procedimento eletrofisiol&#243;gico.</p>
    <p>Como o custo do teste de beta-HCG no Sistema &#218;nico de Sa&#250;de &#233; de aproximadamente R$ 7,00, &#233; poss&#237;vel estimar que foram necess&#225;rios cerca de R$ 1.794,00 para evitar exposi&#231;&#227;o de radia&#231;&#227;o a um feto durante abla&#231;&#227;o materna.</p>
    <p>A <xref ref-type="table" rid="tab03">tabela 3</xref> apresenta os procedimentos realizados no Laborat&#243;rio de Eletrofisiologia do Instituto de Cardiologia do Rio Grande do Sul.</p>
    <table-wrap id="tab03">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-101-05-0418-30192-gt03.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    <p>
      <bold>Discuss&#227;o</bold>
    </p>
    <p>A exposi&#231;&#227;o &#224; radia&#231;&#227;o ionizante durante procedimentos diagn&#243;sticos e terap&#234;uticos aumentou drasticamente nos &#250;ltimos anos.</p>
    <p>Os fetos s&#227;o suscet&#237;veis aos efeitos teratog&#234;nicos durante todo o per&#237;odo pr&#233;-natal, sendo mais vulner&#225;veis no primeiro trimestre gestacional. Esses efeitos dependem de diversas vari&#225;veis, dentre elas a idade gestacional, os mecanismos fetais de reparo celular e o n&#237;vel de absor&#231;&#227;o da dose de radia&#231;&#227;o.</p>
    <p>N&#227;o h&#225; evid&#234;ncias de que uma dose de radia&#231;&#227;o inferior a 0,10 Gy esteja relacionada a severas complica&#231;&#245;es para o organismo fetal<sup>14</sup>. Efeitos espec&#237;ficos, como restri&#231;&#227;o do crescimento, morte pr&#233;-natal, malforma&#231;&#245;es de &#243;rg&#227;os e comprometimento de intelig&#234;ncia, est&#227;o relacionados a doses superiores a 0,10-0,20 Gy<sup>15-24</sup>.</p>
    <p>Nas primeiras semanas gestacionais, o efeito secund&#225;rio a radia&#231;&#227;o pode ser a indu&#231;&#227;o de abortamento<sup>8,16-18</sup>, que costuma ser decorrente a doses superiores a 1 Gy. Ap&#243;s 4 semanas, pode haver risco de malforma&#231;&#227;o de &#243;rg&#227;os e de retardo generalizado do crescimento.</p>
    <p>Os efeitos delet&#233;rios sobre o Sistema Nervoso Central s&#227;o mais evidentes na exposi&#231;&#227;o durante o per&#237;odo entre a 8&#170; e a 15&#170; semana de gesta&#231;&#227;o, a partir da dose limiar de aproximadamente 0,30 Gy.</p>
    <p>Em rela&#231;&#227;o ao potencial carcinog&#234;nico, este est&#225; presente tanto na exposi&#231;&#227;o fetal no primeiro trimestre quanto nos demais trimestres<sup>25,26</sup>. O risco de um c&#226;ncer fatal &#233; de aproximadamente 5 a 15% por Gy<sup>8</sup> e o risco de efeitos gen&#233;ticos heredit&#225;rios &#233; de aproximadamente 0,2 a 1% por Gy<sup>25</sup>. Calkins e cols.<sup>27</sup> estimam que o risco de malignidade fatal seja correspondente a 1 para cada 1.000 pacientes por hora de fluoroscopia.</p>
    <p>A Agencia Nacional de Vigil&#226;ncia Sanit&#225;ria (ANVISA), em sua portaria 453, recomenda, entretanto, que a dose na superf&#237;cie do abd&#244;men n&#227;o exceda 2 mSv durante todo o per&#237;odo da gravidez, tornando pouco prov&#225;vel que dose adicional no embri&#227;o ou feto exceda cerca de 1 mSv nesse per&#237;odo<sup>28</sup>.</p>
    <p>Atualmente, observam-se crescentes interesse e cuidado com formas de prote&#231;&#227;o e de menor exposi&#231;&#227;o poss&#237;vel aos efeitos radioativos. Acredita-se que novas tecnologias, como mapeamento eletroanat&#244;mico e ecocardiografia intracard&#237;aca e tridimensional, que dispensam uso de radia&#231;&#227;o, possam ser utilizadas nesses procedimentos e que ser&#227;o introduzidas paulatinamente<sup>2</sup>.</p>
    <p>No presente estudo, observou-se que metade das mulheres encaminhas ao servi&#231;o estava em idade f&#233;rtil. Detectaram-se tr&#234;s casos de gravidez em 769 pacientes do g&#234;nero feminino em idade f&#233;rtil. O custo adicional estimado para essa detec&#231;&#227;o foi cerca de R$ 5.383,00. Esses dados iniciais levantam a discuss&#227;o sobre analise de custo-efetividade da medida. Essa informa&#231;&#227;o tem import&#226;ncia quando comparam-se os riscos atribu&#237;dos ao uso de medica&#231;&#245;es para o tratamento de arritmias como amiodarona e verapamil, que, sabidamente, possuem potencial teratog&#234;nico. Al&#233;m disso, o rastreamento permite prevenir a exposi&#231;&#227;o &#224; radia&#231;&#227;o e orientar a decis&#227;o na terapia farmacol&#243;gica. S&#227;o desconhecidos dados na literatura sobre custo-efetividade da realiza&#231;&#227;o do teste beta-HCG para evitar poss&#237;veis malforma&#231;&#245;es no feto.</p>
    <p>O efeito teratog&#234;nico da radia&#231;&#227;o no per&#237;odo gestacional est&#225; bem evidenciado, apesar de exist&#234;ncia de poucos dados relacionados &#224; exposi&#231;&#227;o durante EEF e/ou abla&#231;&#227;o por cateter.</p>
    <p>Apesar das recomenda&#231;&#245;es da ANVISA, as diretrizes nacionais ainda n&#227;o recomendam a realiza&#231;&#227;o do teste beta-HCG na triagem de pacientes do g&#234;nero feminino em idade f&#233;rtil que ser&#227;o submetidas &#224; EEF e &#224; abla&#231;&#227;o por radiofrequ&#234;ncia<sup>6,7</sup>.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Limita&#231;&#245;es</bold>
    </p>
    <p>N&#227;o foi avaliada a exposi&#231;&#227;o radiol&#243;gica de cada paciente em diferentes posi&#231;&#245;es do corpo, j&#225; que o dos&#237;metro encontra-se junto a mesa de procedimentos. Essa informa&#231;&#227;o permitiria uma quantifica&#231;&#227;o mais precisa da exposi&#231;&#227;o &#224; radia&#231;&#227;o fetal.</p>
    <p>A an&#225;lise real de custo-efetividade n&#227;o foi aferida prospectivamente e, assim, s&#243; se disp&#245;e de estimativa aproximada. Ainda, os riscos considerados s&#227;o de exposi&#231;&#227;o materna &#224; radia&#231;&#227;o e n&#227;o de malforma&#231;&#227;o fetal. </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Conclus&#227;o</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Demonstra-se que &#233; significativo o risco de expor &#224; radia&#231;&#227;o ionizante mulheres em idade f&#233;rtil encaminhadas para abla&#231;&#227;o por radiofrequ&#234;ncia. A intensidade de radia&#231;&#227;o necess&#225;ria nesses procedimentos n&#227;o &#233; desprez&#237;vel, principalmente no primeiro trimestre, quando os sinais de gesta&#231;&#227;o n&#227;o s&#227;o exuberantes. A an&#225;lise real do custo-efetividade n&#227;o pode ser aferida, mas prop&#245;e-se que o rastreamento de gesta&#231;&#227;o seja incorporado &#224;s diretrizes nacionais e &#224; rotina dos laborat&#243;rios de eletrofisiologia, antes da realiza&#231;&#227;o de procedimentos eletivos com necessidade de fluoroscopia.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Contribui&#231;&#227;o dos autores</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa e Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual: Lima GG, Gomes DG, Gensas CS, Sim&#227;o MF, Rios MN, Kruse ML, Leiria TLL, Pires LM; Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados: Lima GG, Gomes DG, Gensas CS, Sim&#227;o MF, Rios MN, Kruse ML, Pires LM; An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados: Lima GG, Gomes DG, Gensas CS, Sim&#227;o MF, Rios MN; An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica: Lima GG, Gomes DG, Leiria TLL; Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito: Lima GG, Gomes DG, Gensas CS, Sim&#227;o MF, Rios MN, Leiria TLL, Pires LM.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Potencial Conflito de Interesses</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Declaro n&#227;o haver conflito de interesses pertinentes.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Fontes de Financiamento</bold>
    </p>
    <p>O presente estudo n&#227;o teve fontes de financiamento externas.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Vincula&#231;&#227;o Acad&#234;mica</bold>
    </p>
    <p>N&#227;o h&#225; vincula&#231;&#227;o deste estudo a programas de p&#243;s-gradua&#231;&#227;o.</p>
    <p>
      <fn id="enda" fn-type="corresp">
        <label>
          <bold>Correspond&#234;ncia:</bold>
        </label>
        <p> Gustavo Glotz de Lima </p>
        <p> Avenida Princesa Isabel, 370, Santana </p>
        <p> CEP 90620-000, Porto Alegre, RS &#150; Brasil </p>
        <p> E-mail: </p>
        <p>
          <email xlink:href="gglima.pesquisa@gmail.com">gglima.pesquisa@gmail.com</email>
        </p>
      </fn>
    </p>
    <p>Artigo recebido em 13/03/13; revisado em 24/05/13; aceito em 03/06/13.</p>
  </body>
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  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Articles</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title xml:lang="en">Risk of ionizing radiation in women of childbearing age undergoing radiofrequency ablation</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <abstract xml:lang="en">
        <p>BACKGROUND: The International Commission of Radiology recommends a pregnancy screening test to all female patients of childbearing age who will undergo a radiological study. Radiation is known to be teratogenic and its effect is cumulative. The teratogenic potential starts at doses close to those used during these procedures. The prevalence of positive pregnancy tests in patients undergoing electrophysiological studies and/or catheter ablation in our midst is unknown. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the prevalence of positive pregnancy tests in female patients referred for electrophysiological study and/or radiofrequency ablation. METHODS: Cross-sectional study analyzing 2966 patients undergoing electrophysiological study and/or catheter ablation, from June 1997 to February 2013, in the Institute of Cardiology of Rio Grande do Sul. A total of 1490 procedures were performed in women, of whom 769 were of childbearing age. All patients were screened with a pregnancy test on the day before the procedure. RESULTS: Three patients tested positive, and were therefore unable to undergo the procedure. The prevalence observed was 3.9 cases per 1000 women of childbearing age. CONCLUSION: Because of their safety and low cost, pregnancy screening tests are indicated for all women of childbearing age undergoing radiological studies, since the degree of ionizing radiation needed for these procedures is very close to the threshold for teratogenicity, especially in the first trimester, when the signs of pregnancy are not evident.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>Radiation, Ionizing</kwd>
        <kwd>Women</kwd>
        <kwd>Fertile Period</kwd>
        <kwd>Risk Assessment</kwd>
        <kwd>Catheter Ablation</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p>
        <fn id="end-body2">
          <label>
            <bold>Risk of ionizing radiation in women of childbearing age undergoing radiofrequency ablation</bold>
          </label>
          <p>
            <bold>Gustavo Glotz de Lima; Daniel Garcia Gomes; Caroline Saltz Gensas; Mariana Fernandez Sim&#227;o; Matheus N. Rios; Leonardo Martins Pires; Marcelo Lapa Kruse; Tiago Luiz Luz Leiria</bold>
          </p>
        </fn>
      </p>
      <p>Instituto de Cardiologia, Funda&#231;&#227;o Universit&#225;ria de Cardiologia, Porto Alegre, RS - Brazil</p>
      <p>Mailing Address</p>
      <p>
        <bold>ABSTRACT</bold>
      </p>
      <p><bold>BACKGROUND:</bold> The International Commission of Radiology recommends a pregnancy screening test to all female patients of childbearing age who will undergo a radiological study. Radiation is known to be teratogenic and its effect is cumulative. The teratogenic potential starts at doses close to those used during these procedures. The prevalence of positive pregnancy tests in patients undergoing electrophysiological studies and/or catheter ablation in our midst is unknown.</p>
      <p><bold>OBJECTIVE:</bold> To evaluate the prevalence of positive pregnancy tests in female patients referred for electrophysiological study and/or radiofrequency ablation.</p>
      <p><bold>METHODS:</bold> Cross-sectional study analyzing 2,966 patients undergoing electrophysiological study and/or catheter ablation, from June 1997 to February 2013, in the Institute of Cardiology of Rio Grande do Sul. A total of 1490 procedures were performed in women, of whom 769 were of childbearing age. All patients were screened with a pregnancy test on the day before the procedure. <bold>RESULTS:</bold> Three patients tested positive, and were therefore unable to undergo the procedure. The prevalence observed was 3.9 cases per 1,000 women of childbearing age.</p>
      <p><bold>CONCLUSION:</bold> Because of their safety and low cost, pregnancy screening tests are indicated for all women of childbearing age undergoing radiological studies, since the degree of ionizing radiation needed for these procedures is very close to the threshold for teratogenicity, especially in the first trimester, when the signs of pregnancy are not evident. (Arq Bras Cardiol. 2013; [online].ahead print, PP.0-0)</p>
      <p><bold>Keywords:</bold> Radiation, Ionizing; Women; Fertile Period; Risk Assessment; Catheter Ablation.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Introduction</bold>
      </p>
      <p>An electrophysiological study (EPS) is an invasive procedure used for the diagnosis of disturbances in the rhythm and electrical conduction of the heart. It can be used to measure atrioventricular conduction intervals, to elucidate arrhythmogenic mechanisms, and to evaluate the efficacy of antiarrhythmic agents. It is currently also used to locate and map reentrant circuits and ectopic sources in detail, for further treatment with catheter ablation. Thus, it has a diagnostic, therapeutic, and prognostic purpose<sup>1</sup>.</p>
      <p>Since the 1970's, catheters have been positioned in cardiac chambers by means of fluoroscopy with X-ray emmission<sup>2</sup>. However, it is known that the exposure of a pregnant woman to this radiation can have consequences to the fetus, especially between the 8th and 15th weeks of gestation (<xref ref-type="table" rid="en_aop5532tab01-body2">Table 1</xref>)<sup>3</sup>. However, it is very difficult and inaccurate to quantify the fetal exposure to radiation, because of the dynamic characteristics of the test, the intermittent use of radiation, the different X-ray tube positions, device calibration, and fetal position. Due to this variability, it is not possible to determinate the exact amount of exposure, which is estimated by anatomical-mathematical models and in experimental animals (<xref ref-type="table" rid="en_aop5532tab02-body2">Table 2</xref>)<sup>4</sup>.</p>
      <p content-type="asset">
        <table-wrap id="en_aop5532tab01-body2">
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-101-05-0418-30192-gt01-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      </p>
      <p content-type="asset">
        <table-wrap id="en_aop5532tab02-body2">
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-101-05-0418-30192-gt02-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      </p>
      <p>Brazilian guidelines and those of the American Heart Association do not recommend the use of the beta-HCG test in the screening of women of childbearing age undergoing electrophysiological procedures<sup>5-7</sup>.</p>
      <p>In the present study, we evaluated the number of female patients referred for EPS and/or radiofrequency ablation who tested positive for a pre-procedural beta-HCG test.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Methods</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Cross-sectional study analyzing information from patients undergoing EPS and/or radiofrequency catheter ablation in the Electrophysiology Laboratory of the Institute of Cardiology of Rio Grande do Sul, between June 1997 and February 2013. All women of childbearing age underwent the pregnancy test (serum beta-HCG) on the day before the procedure.</p>
      <p>The study was approved by the Research Ethics Committee of the Institute of Cardiology of Rio Grande do Sul/ University Foundation of Cardiology. The database and statistical calculations were carried out using the MedCalc<sup>&#174;</sup> V.7.3 software program. Categorical variables were expressed as absolute numbers and percentages. Continuous variables were expressed as mean &#177; standard deviation.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Results</bold>
      </p>
      <p>From an initial sample of 2,966 patients, 1,490 were females, of whom 769 were of childbearing age (10 to 50 years, according to the World Health Organization).</p>
      <p>The mean age of the women undergoing a pregnancy screening test was 33.6 &#177; 11.3 years, and the mean time of fluoroscopy during ablation was 10.8 &#177; 9 minutes.</p>
      <p>A total of 556 ablations and 213 electrophysiological studies were performed in women of childbearing age. The procedures had been indicated for the investigation of supraventricular tachycardia in most of the cases; 236 cases of nodal reentry tachycardia and 203 cases of atrioventricular reentry tachycardia were diagnosed.</p>
      <p>Of the 769 women of childbearing age referred for catheter ablation, three had their procedures suspended because they tested positive for beta-HCG and were in the beginning of pregnancy, which was unknown to them until the test was performed. Thus, a prevalence of 3.9 cases per 1000 women of childbearing age referred for electrophysiological study was observed.</p>
      <p>Since the cost of a beta-HCG test in the Single Health System is of approximately R$ 7.00, we can estimate that approximately R$ 1794.00 were necessary to prevent fetal radiation exposure during ablation procedures in their mothers.</p>
      <p><xref ref-type="table" rid="tab3-body2">Table 3</xref> shows the procedures performed by the Laboratory of Electrophysiology of the Institute of Cardiology of Rio Grande do Sul.</p>
      <table-wrap id="tab3-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-101-05-0418-30192-gt03-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      <p>
        <bold>Discussion</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Exposure to ionizing radiation during diagnostic and therapeutic procedures has dramatically increased in the past years.</p>
      <p>Fetuses are susceptible to teratogenic effects through the complete prenatal period, and are more vulnerable in the first trimester of pregnancy. These effects depend on several variables, including the gestational age, fetal mechanisms of cell repair, and level of absorption of the radiation dose.</p>
      <p>There is no evidence that a radiation dose lower than 0.10 Gy is related to severe complications for the fetus<sup>14</sup>. Specific effects, such as growth restriction, prenatal death, organ malformation, and intelligence impairment, are related to doses higher than 0.10-0.20 Gy<sup>15-24</sup>.</p>
      <p>In the first weeks of gestation, the secondary effect of radiation may be the induction of abortion<sup>8,16-18</sup>, which usually results from doses higher than 1 Gy. After 4 weeks, there may be the risk of organ malformation and overall growth retardation.</p>
      <p>Deleterious effects on the central nervous system are more evident in exposures during the period between the 8th and 15th week of gestation, from the threshold dose of approximately 0.30 Gy.</p>
      <p>In relation to the carcinogenic potential, this is present both in fetal exposure in the first trimester and in the other trimesters<sup>25,26</sup>. The risk of a fatal cancer is of approximately 5 to 15% per Gy<sup>8</sup>, and the risk of inherited genetic effects is of approximately 0.2 to 1% per Gy<sup>25</sup>. Calkins et al<sup>27</sup> estimated that the risk of fatal malignancy is of 1 for every 1000 patients per hour of fluoroscopy.</p>
      <p>However, resolution 453 of the National Agency of Sanitary Surveillance (<italic>Ag&#234;ncia Nacional de Vigil&#226;ncia Sanit&#225;ria</italic> - ANVISA) recommends that the dose on the abdominal surface does not exceed 2 mSv during all pregnancy, thus making it unlikely that the additional dose on the embryo or fetus exceeds approximately 1 mSv in this period<sup>28</sup>.</p>
      <p>Currently, a growing interest and concern regarding protective measures and the least possible exposure to radioactive effects have been observed. It is believed that new technologies such as electroanatomical mapping and intracardiac three-dimensional echocardiography, which eliminate the use of radiation, could be used in these procedures and that they will be introduced gradually<sup>2</sup>.</p>
      <p>In the present study, we observed that half of the women referred to our service were of childbearing age. Three cases of pregnancy were detected among 769 female patients of childbearing age. The estimated additional cost for this detection was of approximately R$ 5383.00. These preliminary data raise the discussion about the cost-effectiveness analysis of the measure. This information is important when we compare the risks attributed to the use of medications for the treatment of arrhythmias, such as amiodarone and verapamil, which are known to be potentially teratogenic. Additionally, the screening enables the prevention of radiation exposure and guidance on the decision-making about the drug therapy. Data in the literature on the cost-effectiveness of performing a beta-HCG test to prevent possible fetal malformations are unknown.</p>
      <p>The teratogenic effect of radiation in the gestational period is well established, although few data are available in relation to exposure during EPS and/or catheter ablation.</p>
      <p>Despite the ANVISA recommendations, the national guidelines still do not recommend the performance of beta-HCG test in the screening of female patients of childbearing age undergoing EPS and radiofrequency ablation<sup>6,7</sup>.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Limitations</bold>
      </p>
      <p>The radiological exposure of each patient in different body positions was not assessed, since the dosimeter is positioned next to the procedure table. This information would permit a more precise quantification of the fetal exposure to radiation.</p>
      <p>The real cost-effectiveness analysis was not carried out prospectively and thus only an approximate estimate is available. Additionally, the risks considered are those of maternal exposure to radiation and not of fetal malformation.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Conclusion</bold>
      </p>
      <p>We demonstrated that the risk of exposure to ionizing radiation of women of childbearing age referred for radiofrequency ablation is significant. The amount of radiation necessary in these procedures is not negligible, especially in the first trimester, when the signs of pregnancy are not evident. The real cost-effectiveness analysis could not be carried out, but we propose that the pregnancy screening be incorporated to the national guidelines and to the routine of electrophysiology laboratories prior to the performance of elective procedures that require fluoroscopy.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Author contributions</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Conception and design of the research and Critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content: Lima GG, Gomes DG, Gensas CS, Sim&#227;o MF, Rios MN, Kruse ML, Leiria TLL, Pires LM; Acquisition of data: Lima GG, Gomes DG, Gensas CS, Sim&#227;o MF, Rios MN, Kruse ML, Pires LM; Analysis and interpretation of the data: Lima GG, Gomes DG, Gensas CS, Sim&#227;o MF, Rios MN; Statistical analysis: Lima GG, Gomes DG, Leiria TLL; Writing of the manuscript: Lima GG, Gomes DG, Gensas CS, Sim&#227;o MF, Rios MN, Leiria TLL, Pires LM.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Potential Conflict of Interest</bold>
      </p>
      <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Sources of Funding</bold>
      </p>
      <p>There were no external funding sources for this study.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Study Association</bold>
      </p>
      <p>This study is not associated with any post-graduation program.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>References</bold>
      </p>
    </body>
  </sub-article>
</article>
