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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
        <publisher-loc>S&#227;o Paulo, SP, Brazil</publisher-loc>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">nG6bmd69mQjxqLqqD8tSBKJ</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2013003100005</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v1">S0066-782X(13)10100500005</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5935/abc.20130189</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigos Originais</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Sincronia e fun&#231;&#227;o ventricular esquerda em pacientes pedi&#225;tricos portadores de marca-passo definitivo</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Cabrera Ortega</surname>
            <given-names>Michel</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Gonzales Morej&#243;n</surname>
            <given-names>Adel Eladio</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Serrano Ricardo</surname>
            <given-names>Giselle</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff01">
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Havana</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state"/>
        </addr-line>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Cardiocentro Pedi&#225;trico &#168;William Soler&#168;</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Departamento de Arritmia e Estimula&#231;&#227;o Card&#237;aca </institution>
        <country country="CU">Cuba</country>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff02">
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Havana</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state"/>
        </addr-line>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Cardiocentro Pedi&#225;trico &#168;William Soler&#168;</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Departamento de Ecocardiografia </institution>
        <country country="CU">Cuba</country>
      </aff>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>11</month>
        <year>2013</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>101</volume>
      <issue>5</issue>
      <fpage>410</fpage>
      <lpage>417</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>06</day>
          <month>07</month>
          <year>2012</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>19</day>
          <month>11</month>
          <year>2012</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>26</day>
          <month>10</month>
          <year>2012</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <p>FUNDAMENTO: A estimula&#231;&#227;o cr&#244;nica do ventr&#237;culo direito (EVD) induz um padr&#227;o de contra&#231;&#227;o dessincronizado, produzindo assincronia interventricular e intraventricular. Muitos estudos t&#234;m mostrado a rela&#231;&#227;o entre EVD e a forma e fun&#231;&#227;o ventricular esquerda (VE) comprometida. OBJETIVO: O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a sincronia e a fun&#231;&#227;o do VE em pacientes pedi&#225;tricos que receberam EVD em compara&#231;&#227;o com aqueles que receberam estimula&#231;&#227;o do VE (EVE). M&#201;TODOS: As fun&#231;&#245;es sist&#243;lica e diast&#243;lica e a sincronia do VE foram avaliadas em 80 pacientes pedi&#225;tricos com bloqueio atrioventricular total n&#227;o cir&#250;rgico ou p&#243;s-cir&#250;rgico, com estimula&#231;&#227;o a partir do endoc&#225;rdio do ventr&#237;culo direito (VD) (n = 40) ou do epic&#225;rdio do VE (n = 40). Foram analisados dados ecocardiogr&#225;ficos obtidos antes da implanta&#231;&#227;o do marca-passo, imediatamente ap&#243;s a implanta&#231;&#227;o, e no final de um acompanhamento m&#233;dio de 6,8 anos. RESULTADOS: A fun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica do VE n&#227;o se alterou em nenhum dos pacientes durante o acompanhamento. A fun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica ventricular esquerda foi preservada nos pacientes que receberam EVE. No entanto, a fra&#231;&#227;o de encurtamento e a fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o diminu&#237;ram de medianas de 41% &#177; 2,6% e 70% &#177; 6,9% antes da implanta&#231;&#227;o para 32% &#177; 4,2% e 64% &#177; 2,5% (p &lt; 0,0001 e p &lt; 0,0001), respectivamente, no acompanhamento final. O atraso mec&#226;nico interventricular foi significativamente maior com a EVD (66 &#177; 13 ms) do que com a EVE (20 &#177; 8 ms). Da mesma forma, nos dois grupos houve uma diferen&#231;a significativa entre os seguintes par&#226;metros: atraso mec&#226;nico do VE (EVD: 69 &#177; 6 ms, EVE: 30 &#177; 11 ms, p &lt; 0,0001); atraso septo-lateral (RVP: 75 &#177; 19 ms, LVP: 42 &#177; 10 ms, p &lt; 0,0001) e atraso septo-posterior (EVD: 127 &#177; 33 ms, EVE: 58 &#177; 17 ms, p &lt; 0,0001). CONCLUS&#195;O: Quando comparado ao endoc&#225;rdio do VD, o epic&#225;rdio do VE &#233; um local ideal para a estimula&#231;&#227;o para preservar a sincronia e a fun&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt" kwd-group-type="author-generated">
        <kwd>Fun&#231;&#227;o Ventricular Esquerda</kwd>
        <kwd>Contra&#231;&#227;o Mioc&#225;rdica</kwd>
        <kwd>Estimula&#231;&#227;o Card&#237;aca Artificial</kwd>
        <kwd>Crian&#231;a</kwd>
        <kwd>Marca-Passo Artificial</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="pub">
        <day>24</day>
        <month>09</month>
        <year>2013</year>
      </pub-date>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <p>
      <bold>Sincronia e fun&#231;&#227;o ventricular esquerda em pacientes pedi&#225;tricos portadores de marca-passo definitivo</bold>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Michel Cabrera Ortega<sup>I</sup>; Adel Eladio Gonzales Morej&#243;n<sup>II</sup>; Giselle Serrano Ricardo<sup>II</sup></bold>
    </p>
    <p><sup>I</sup>Departamento de Arritmia e Estimula&#231;&#227;o Card&#237;aca - Cardiocentro Pedi&#225;trico &#168;William Soler&#168;, Havana, Cuba </p>
    <p><sup>II</sup>Departamento de Ecocardiografia - Cardiocentro Pedi&#225;trico &#168;William Soler&#168; , Havana, Cuba </p>
    <p>
      <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="enda">Correspond&#234;ncia</xref>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>RESUMO</bold>
    </p>
    <p><bold>FUNDAMENTO:</bold> A estimula&#231;&#227;o cr&#244;nica do ventr&#237;culo direito (EVD) induz um padr&#227;o de contra&#231;&#227;o dessincronizado, produzindo assincronia interventricular e intraventricular. Muitos estudos t&#234;m mostrado a rela&#231;&#227;o entre EVD e a forma e fun&#231;&#227;o ventricular esquerda (VE) comprometida. </p>
    <p><bold>OBJETIVO:</bold> O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a sincronia e a fun&#231;&#227;o do VE em pacientes pedi&#225;tricos que receberam EVD em compara&#231;&#227;o com aqueles que receberam estimula&#231;&#227;o do VE (EVE). </p>
    <p><bold>M&#201;TODOS:</bold> As fun&#231;&#245;es sist&#243;lica e diast&#243;lica e a sincronia do VE foram avaliadas em 80 pacientes pedi&#225;tricos com bloqueio atrioventricular total n&#227;o cir&#250;rgico ou p&#243;s-cir&#250;rgico, com estimula&#231;&#227;o a partir do endoc&#225;rdio do ventr&#237;culo direito (VD) (n = 40) ou do epic&#225;rdio do VE (n = 40). Foram analisados dados ecocardiogr&#225;ficos obtidos antes da implanta&#231;&#227;o do marca-passo, imediatamente ap&#243;s a implanta&#231;&#227;o, e no final de um acompanhamento m&#233;dio de 6,8 anos. </p>
    <p><bold>RESULTADOS:</bold> A fun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica do VE n&#227;o se alterou em nenhum dos pacientes durante o acompanhamento. A fun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica ventricular esquerda foi preservada nos pacientes que receberam EVE. No entanto, a fra&#231;&#227;o de encurtamento e a fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o diminu&#237;ram de medianas de 41% &#177; 2,6% e 70% &#177; 6,9% antes da implanta&#231;&#227;o para 32% &#177; 4,2% e 64% &#177; 2,5% (p &lt; 0,0001 e p &lt; 0,0001), respectivamente, no acompanhamento final. O atraso mec&#226;nico interventricular foi significativamente maior com a EVD (66 &#177; 13 ms) do que com a EVE (20 &#177; 8 ms). Da mesma forma, nos dois grupos houve uma diferen&#231;a significativa entre os seguintes par&#226;metros: atraso mec&#226;nico do VE (EVD: 69 &#177; 6 ms, EVE: 30 &#177; 11 ms, p &lt; 0,0001); atraso septo-lateral (RVP: 75 &#177; 19 ms, LVP: 42 &#177; 10 ms, p &lt; 0,0001) e atraso septo-posterior (EVD: 127 &#177; 33 ms, EVE: 58 &#177; 17 ms, p &lt; 0,0001). </p>
    <p><bold> CONCLUS&#195;O:</bold> Quando comparado ao endoc&#225;rdio do VD, o epic&#225;rdio do VE &#233; um local ideal para a estimula&#231;&#227;o para preservar a sincronia e a fun&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca. </p>
    <p><bold>Palavras-chave:</bold> Fun&#231;&#227;o Ventricular Esquerda; Contra&#231;&#227;o Mioc&#225;rdica; Estimula&#231;&#227;o Card&#237;aca Artificial; Crian&#231;a; Marca-Passo Artificial.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</bold>
    </p>
    <p>A estimula&#231;&#227;o el&#233;trica a partir do &#225;pice e da parede livre do ventr&#237;culo direito (VD) induz um padr&#227;o de contra&#231;&#227;o dessincronizado caracterizado pela ativa&#231;&#227;o precoce do VD e do septo interventricular e ativa&#231;&#227;o tardia da parede anterior do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo (VE). Isso produz assincronia interventricular mec&#226;nica e el&#233;trica, juntamente com assincronia intraventricular<sup>1</sup>. Embora esses efeitos prejudiciais sejam tolerados pela maioria dos pacientes pedi&#225;tricos, estudos mostraram que a estimula&#231;&#227;o cr&#244;nica do VD (EVD) &#233; um fator de risco importante para o comprometimento agudo e cr&#244;nico da fun&#231;&#227;o ventricular esquerda, para a remodela&#231;&#227;o estrutural do VE e para o aumento do risco de insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca<sup>2-5</sup>. Esses efeitos adversos ocorrem em 6% e 13% dos pacientes ap&#243;s o acompanhamento ao longo de aproximadamente 10 anos<sup>2,5-8</sup>. </p>
    <p>Locais alternativos de estimula&#231;&#227;o t&#234;m sido investigados para preservar a sincronia do VE. Dois estudos retrospectivos em crian&#231;as com estimula&#231;&#227;o epic&#225;rdica permanente do VE conclu&#237;ram que a fun&#231;&#227;o do VE pode ser preservada pela estimula&#231;&#227;o cr&#244;nica da parede livre do VE<sup>9,10</sup> (EVE). Al&#233;m disso, um estudo com pacientes pedi&#225;tricos com disfun&#231;&#227;o ventricular esquerda e EVD ou bloqueio intr&#237;nseco de ramo esquerdo demonstrou a possibilidade de melhoria da fun&#231;&#227;o ventricular esquerda um m&#234;s ap&#243;s a EVE em &#250;nico local<sup>11</sup>.</p>
    <p>Este estudo teve como objetivo avaliar a evolu&#231;&#227;o da fun&#231;&#227;o e da sincronia ventricular esquerda depois da EVE endoc&#225;rdica, quando comparada &#224; EVE epic&#225;rdica. </p>
    <p>
      <bold>M&#233;todos</bold>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Pacientes</bold>
    </p>
    <p>No total, foram selecionados 130 pacientes pedi&#225;tricos que receberam um implante de marca-passo em um &#250;nico centro terci&#225;rio de cardiologia pedi&#225;trica. O estudo incluiu todas as crian&#231;as com bloqueio atrioventricular total (BAVT) n&#227;o cir&#250;rgico ou cir&#250;rgico. As crian&#231;as que eram estimuladas a partir do endoc&#225;rdio do VD (n = 40) e do epic&#225;rdio do VE (n = 40) foram inclu&#237;das no estudo. Os seguintes pacientes foram exclu&#237;dos: os que tinham mais de 18 anos &#224; &#233;poca do implante do marca-passo, os que recebiam estimula&#231;&#227;o ventricular menor do que 95%, os que tinham um ano ou menos de estimula&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca permanente e aqueles com evid&#234;ncias cl&#237;nicas ou hist&#243;rico de insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca n&#227;o relacionado ao BAVT no momento da implanta&#231;&#227;o do marca-passo. A <xref ref-type="table" rid="aop_4992tab01">tabela 1</xref> descreve os dados demogr&#225;ficos das crian&#231;as estimuladas. O protocolo do estudo foi aprovado pelo comit&#234; de &#233;tica e pesquisa institucional e um termo de consentimento por escrito foi obtido dos pais de todos os pacientes.</p>
    <p content-type="asset">
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    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Estimula&#231;&#227;o</bold>
    </p>
    <p>As posi&#231;&#245;es de coloca&#231;&#227;o dos eletrodos do marca-passo foram determinadas de acordo com dados do protocolo de implanta&#231;&#227;o e confirmadas atrav&#233;s de radiografias do t&#243;rax. Eletrodos unipolares para EVE foram implantados na regi&#227;o apical e inseridos atrav&#233;s de uma toracotomia lateral. Todos os eletrodos do marca-passo foram colocados no &#225;pice do ventr&#237;culo direito (AVD). A estimula&#231;&#227;o ventricular (Estimula&#231;&#227;o Modulada por Taxa Ventricular [VVI/VVIR]) foi o modo de estimula&#231;&#227;o predominante. O estudo excluiu pacientes que precisavam alterar o local de estimula&#231;&#227;o entre o in&#237;cio da estimula&#231;&#227;o e a avalia&#231;&#227;o. </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Ecocardiografia</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Foram feitas avalia&#231;&#245;es ecocardiogr&#225;ficas antes do implante de marca-passo, imediatamente ap&#243;s, e em intervalos regulares durante um per&#237;odo m&#233;dio de acompanhamento de 6,8 anos. Os dados foram obtidos nas posi&#231;&#245;es precordiais padr&#227;o com um transdutor adequado (5 MHz, Aloka Prosound 5500). Dois observadores experientes, cegos para o local de estimula&#231;&#227;o ventricular, realizaram avalia&#231;&#245;es ecocardiogr&#225;ficas transtor&#225;cicas uni e bidimensionais e avalia&#231;&#245;es com Doppler. Todos os exames foram realizados de acordo com as recomenda&#231;&#245;es do Conselho Pedi&#225;trico da Sociedade Americana de Ecocardiografia (<italic>Pediatric Council of the American Society of Echocardiography</italic>)<sup>12</sup>; cada observador fez tr&#234;s medi&#231;&#245;es aleat&#243;rias para cada paciente, e a m&#233;dia das medidas foi utilizada para an&#225;lise posterior. Imagens em modo-M de cortes paraesternais foram usadas &#8203;&#8203;para medir os di&#226;metros diast&#243;lico final e sist&#243;lico final do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo (DDFVE e DSFVE, respectivamente). A fra&#231;&#227;o de encurtamento do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo (FEVE) foi calculada de acordo com a f&#243;rmula<sup>12</sup>: FEVE = DDFVE - DSFVE / DDFVE &#215; 100. O volume sist&#243;lico final e o volume diast&#243;lico final do VE (VSFVE e VDFVE, respectivamente) foram obtidos utilizando o m&#233;todo de Simpson biplano, e indexados &#224; superf&#237;cie corporal e &#224; fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o (FE) calculada. </p>
    <p>Para uma avalia&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica abrangente, o exame de Doppler tecidual (DTI) foi realizado no anel da valva mitral lateral e septal no corte apical de quatro c&#226;maras. As velocidades m&#225;ximas da onda E (AE) e da onda A (Aa) no tecido foram obtidas, e a rela&#231;&#227;o E / Ea tamb&#233;m foi determinada. O tempo de relaxamento isovolum&#233;trico do VE foi utilizado para avaliar a fun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica, e foi considerado como o per&#237;odo a partir do final do fluxo a&#243;rtico para o in&#237;cio do fluxo mitral na vista apical de cinco c&#226;maras.</p>
    <p>A sincronia ventricular na vis&#227;o de quatro c&#226;maras e de eixo longo foi avaliada por 2D strain. Os seguintes par&#226;metros foram avaliados:</p>
    <p>Atraso mec&#226;nico interventricular, medido pela diferen&#231;a de tempo entre os per&#237;odos de pr&#233;-eje&#231;&#227;o do VD e do VE.</p>
    <p>Atraso mec&#226;nico septo-lateral, calculado como a maior diferen&#231;a de tempo entre a primeira e &#250;ltima velocidade m&#225;xima sist&#243;lica do mioc&#225;rdio de dois segmentos opostos.</p>
    <p>Atraso septo-posterior, determinado pelo atraso entre o pico da contra&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica do septo interventricular e da parede posterior esquerda.</p>
    <p>Atraso mec&#226;nico do VE, medido como a diferen&#231;a m&#225;xima entre o pico sist&#243;lico inicial e final da contra&#231;&#227;o analisados pelo 2D strain em qualquer um dos 12 segmentos do VE.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>An&#225;lise Estat&#237;stica</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Os dados s&#227;o apresentados como m&#233;dia &#177; desvio padr&#227;o. Para analisar as diferen&#231;as nas vari&#225;veis &#8203;&#8203;cont&#237;nuas entre o grupo estimula&#231;&#227;o do AVD (EAVD) e o grupo EVE, foram realizados testes <italic>t</italic> de Student. As correla&#231;&#245;es entre as vari&#225;veis &#8203;&#8203;foram avaliadas atrav&#233;s do coeficiente de correla&#231;&#227;o de Pearson (valor de r). A regress&#227;o log&#237;stica foi realizada para determinar os fatores preditores de disfun&#231;&#227;o ventricular esquerda. Valores de p <underline>&lt;</underline> 0,05 foram considerados significativos. O <italic>software</italic> Medcalc para <italic>Windows</italic> (vers&#227;o 11.3) foi utilizado para a an&#225;lise estat&#237;stica.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Resultados</bold>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Caracter&#237;sticas dos pacientes</bold>
    </p>
    <p>No total, 80 pacientes com idade m&#233;dia de 12,5 &#177; 5,2 anos foram avaliados. As caracter&#237;sticas demogr&#225;ficas e as caracter&#237;sticas cl&#237;nicas do estudo s&#227;o apresentadas na <xref ref-type="table" rid="aop_4992tab01">Tabela 1</xref>. As indica&#231;&#245;es de estimula&#231;&#227;o foram o BAVT p&#243;s-cir&#250;rgico (n = 38) e n&#227;o cir&#250;rgico (n = 42). No total, 57,5&#8203;&#8203;% dos pacientes tinham doen&#231;a card&#237;aca estrutural, e 79,2% tinham sido submetidos &#224; corre&#231;&#227;o cir&#250;rgica. A Tetralogia de Fallot foi a cardiopatia cong&#234;nita com a maior taxa de BAVT p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio. A idade m&#233;dia ao primeiro implante e a dura&#231;&#227;o da estimula&#231;&#227;o n&#227;o mostraram diferen&#231;as significativas entre os dois grupos de estimula&#231;&#227;o. Todos os pacientes com EVE receberam um marca-passo unicameral, enquanto 23 crian&#231;as (57,5%) que foram estimuladas pelo AVD receberam estimula&#231;&#227;o VVI / VVIR.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Ventr&#237;culo esquerdo: tamanho, fun&#231;&#227;o e sincronia ao longo prazo</bold>
    </p>
    <p>No final do per&#237;odo de acompanhamento, em pacientes com EAVD, o DDFVE aumentou significativamente al&#233;m dos valores de refer&#234;ncia correspondentes (40 &#177; 6,0 vs 32 &#177; 3,1, p &lt; 0,001), e dos valores do grupo de EVE (40 &#177; 6,0 vs 35 &#177; 4,2, p &lt; 0,001) (<xref ref-type="table" rid="aop_4992tab02">Tabela 2</xref>). No grupo de EVD, a fun&#231;&#227;o de encurtamento estava significativamente mais baixa do que antes de estimula&#231;&#227;o (32 &#177; 4,2 vs 41 &#177; 2,6, p &lt; 0,001) e estava mais baixa do que a do grupo de EVE (32 &#177; 4,2 vs 39 &#177; 5,2, p &lt; 0,001). A fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do VE estava normal em crian&#231;as com EVE ap&#243;s estimula&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca por longo per&#237;odo, mas tendia a piorar no grupo EAVD (70 &#177; 6,9 vs 64 &#177; 2,5, p &lt; 0,001). Uma tend&#234;ncia semelhante n&#227;o foi observada para a fun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica do VE em qualquer local de estimula&#231;&#227;o durante o per&#237;odo de acompanhamento (<xref ref-type="table" rid="aop_4992tab03">Tabela 3</xref>).</p>
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        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-101-05-0410-30189-gt03.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    </p>
    <p>Todos os par&#226;metros ecocardiogr&#225;ficos que refletiam a dessincronia interventricular e intraventricular foram afetados em pacientes com EAVD (<xref ref-type="table" rid="aop_4992tab04">Tabela 4</xref>). O atraso mec&#226;nico interventricular foi significativamente maior no grupo EAVD (66 &#177; 13 ms) do que no grupo de EVE (20 &#177; 8 ms). De forma semelhante, o atraso septo-lateral (EVD: 75 &#177; 19 ms; EVD: 42 &#177; 10 ms, p &lt; 0,0001) e o atraso septo-posterior (EAVD: 127 &#177; 33 ms; EVE: 58 &#177; 17 ms, p &lt; 0,0001) estavam alterados em pacientes que receberam EAVD, mas n&#227;o nos que receberam EVE. Al&#233;m disso, a EAVD foi associada &#224; dessincronia global do VE, evidenciada por um atraso mec&#226;nico prolongado do VE (69 &#177; 6 ms), em compara&#231;&#227;o com a EVE (30 &#177; 11 ms). </p>
    <p content-type="asset">
      <table-wrap id="aop_4992tab04">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-101-05-0410-30189-gt04.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    </p>
    <p>Cinco pacientes desenvolveram cardiomiopatia dilatada (6,3%). Os dados cl&#237;nicos e ecocardiogr&#225;ficos destes pacientes s&#227;o mostrados na <xref ref-type="table" rid="aop_4992tab05">Tabela 5</xref>. Tr&#234;s vari&#225;veis foram identificadas &#8203;&#8203;como preditoras significativas de disfun&#231;&#227;o ventricular esquerda: EAVD [raz&#227;o de chances (<italic>odds ratio</italic>, OR) = 11,3, p &lt; 0,001], atraso septo-lateral (OR = 12,1, p &lt; 0,001), e atraso septo-posterior (OR = 11,6, p &lt; 0,001). No entanto, nos pacientes que recebem EAVD, n&#227;o houve correla&#231;&#227;o entre FE e atraso septo-posterior (R<sup>2</sup> = 0,283, p = 0,077) ou FE e atraso septo-lateral (R<sup>2</sup> = -0,013, p = 0,935) (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="aop_4992fig01">Figura 1</xref>). N&#227;o foram encontradas correla&#231;&#245;es entre o diagn&#243;stico tardio de disfun&#231;&#227;o do VE, o modo de estimula&#231;&#227;o, a dura&#231;&#227;o da estimula&#231;&#227;o, a presen&#231;a de doen&#231;a card&#237;aca estrutural ou outros &#237;ndices ecocardiogr&#225;ficos de dessincronia.</p>
    <p content-type="asset">
      <table-wrap id="aop_4992tab05">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-101-05-0410-30189-gt05.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    </p>
    <p content-type="asset">
      <fig id="aop_4992fig01">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-101-05-0410-30189-gf01.jpg"/></fig>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Discuss&#227;o</bold>
    </p>
    <p>O principal achado do nosso estudo &#233; que a estimula&#231;&#227;o apical do VD em pacientes pedi&#225;tricos com ou sem doen&#231;a card&#237;aca estrutural produz remodela&#231;&#227;o do VE e dessincronia. Al&#233;m disso, a pesquisa confirma que a EVE &#233; um local seguro de estimula&#231;&#227;o quando se busca evitar a dessincronia causada pela estimula&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca cr&#244;nica. </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Evolu&#231;&#227;o da fun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica do VE e da fun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica do VD na estimula&#231;&#227;o apical</bold>
    </p>
    <p>As bi&#243;psias endomioc&#225;rdicas coletadas a partir da regi&#227;o mediana do septo em pacientes estimulados detectaram anomalias histopatol&#243;gicas, caracterizadas por c&#233;lulas de Purkinje subendoc&#225;rdicas proeminentes com um aumento de tamanho vari&#225;vel, &#225;reas focais de calcifica&#231;&#227;o distr&#243;fica e desarranjo das miofibrilas<sup>13</sup>. Esses achados s&#227;o o resultado de vetores de tens&#227;o e for&#231;as mioc&#225;rdicas de cisalhamento decorrentes da assincronia da ativa&#231;&#227;o el&#233;trica ventricular, com ativa&#231;&#227;o precoce dos mi&#243;citos pr&#243;ximos ao AVD e ativa&#231;&#227;o tardia de c&#233;lulas em regi&#245;es remotas<sup>1</sup>. Essa heterogeneidade na ativa&#231;&#227;o el&#233;trica do mioc&#225;rdio &#233; acompanhada por mudan&#231;as no padr&#227;o de ativa&#231;&#227;o mec&#226;nica do VE<sup>14</sup>. Um estudo em animais demonstrou a presen&#231;a de um r&#225;pido encurtamento precoce sist&#243;lico em regi&#245;es ativadas precocemente, com o relaxamento prematuro desses locais, e um pr&#233;-estiramento das regi&#245;es ativadas tardiamente<sup>15</sup>. Devido &#224; baixa press&#227;o no VE, a contra&#231;&#227;o do mioc&#225;rdio precocemente ativado &#233; ineficiente. Al&#233;m disso, contra altas press&#245;es do VE, ocorre uma vigorosa contra&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica tardia em regi&#245;es com atraso. Isso imp&#245;e carga sobre as &#225;reas anteriormente ativadas, que se submetem a um estiramento sist&#243;lico paradoxal<sup>16</sup>. O padr&#227;o de contra&#231;&#227;o anormal de diferentes regi&#245;es do VE resulta em uma redistribui&#231;&#227;o da tens&#227;o do mioc&#225;rdio e em contra&#231;&#245;es menos eficazes<sup>15</sup>. Diminui&#231;&#245;es na contratilidade e no relaxamento, juntamente com altera&#231;&#245;es histol&#243;gicas, levam ao comprometimento da fun&#231;&#227;o ventricular esquerda. </p>
    <p>Os dados cl&#237;nicos sobre o efeito delet&#233;rio da EVD cr&#244;nica em crian&#231;as permanecem controversos, e algumas pesquisas suportam um impacto negativo<sup>13,17,18</sup>, enquanto outras obtiveram resultados conflitantes<sup>19,20</sup>. O presente estudo encontrou um efeito delet&#233;rio significativo da estimula&#231;&#227;o apical do VD na fun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica do VE, com uma incid&#234;ncia de 6,3% em pacientes com cardiomiopatia dilatada, o que est&#225; de acordo com os dados anteriores (6,0% - 13,4%)<sup>2,5-8</sup>. A estimula&#231;&#227;o apical do VD foi um fator preditivo para a deteriora&#231;&#227;o da fun&#231;&#227;o do VE [OR = 11,3, intervalo de confian&#231;a (IC) de 95% = 2,1- 63,8, p &lt; 0,001]. Gebauer e cols.<sup>5</sup> avaliaram a fun&#231;&#227;o ventricular esquerda em 82 pacientes pedi&#225;tricos com BAVT n&#227;o cir&#250;rgico ou p&#243;s-cir&#250;rgico. Em sua pesquisa, o &#250;nico fator de risco significativo para o desenvolvimento de dilata&#231;&#227;o e disfun&#231;&#227;o do VE foi a presen&#231;a de estimula&#231;&#227;o da parede livre do epic&#225;rdio do VD (OR = 14,3, IC 95% = 2,3 - 78,2, p &lt; 0,001). Portanto, embora a estimula&#231;&#227;o da parede livre do epic&#225;rdio do VD possa induzir maior dessincronia no VE, nossos resultados sugerem que a EAVD resulta no mesmo grau de ativa&#231;&#227;o ass&#237;ncrona, contra&#231;&#227;o anormal e diminui&#231;&#227;o da fun&#231;&#227;o de bombeamento. </p>
    <p>O impacto da estimula&#231;&#227;o apical do VD na fun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica do VE n&#227;o tem sido amplamente explorado, mesmo em popula&#231;&#245;es pedi&#225;tricas. Estudos anteriores em modelos animais demonstraram a deteriora&#231;&#227;o dos par&#226;metros diast&#243;licos<sup>21,22</sup>. Litwin e cols.<sup>21</sup>, por exemplo, encontraram uma altera&#231;&#227;o significativa dos par&#226;metros de enchimento diast&#243;lico na ventriculografia esquerda de radionucl&#237;deos, como o tempo para o pico de enchimento e a taxa negativa de aumento da press&#227;o do VE em c&#227;es que receberam estimula&#231;&#227;o ventricular<sup>21</sup>. Da mesma forma, Aoyagi e cols.<sup>22</sup>, encontraram um prolongamento do tempo de relaxamento isovolum&#233;trico (TRIV) do VE, que era dependente do grau de assincronia da movimenta&#231;&#227;o da parede<sup>22</sup>. Embora nossos dados tenham mostrado um efeito negativo sobre a sincronia do grupo EVD, o TRIV do VE n&#227;o se alterou durante o acompanhamento. Al&#233;m disso, Kolettis e cols.<sup>23</sup> estudaram o estado hemodin&#226;mico agudo de 20 pacientes adultos, com a estimula&#231;&#227;o seq&#252;encial dupla c&#226;mara, determinando que um aumento no TRIV &#233; uma medida da deteriora&#231;&#227;o da fun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica do VE<sup>23</sup>. Da mesma forma, baseando-se na hip&#243;tese de que a disfun&#231;&#227;o ventricular direita precede a disfun&#231;&#227;o ventricular esquerda, Dwevedi e cols.<sup>24</sup> encontraram um aumento significativo no TRIV e no tempo de desacelera&#231;&#227;o depois de 1 m&#234;s de EVD de c&#226;mara &#250;nica, que continuaram a aumentar progressivamente at&#233; seis meses<sup>24</sup>. Eles confirmam que as fun&#231;&#245;es diast&#243;lica e sist&#243;lica s&#227;o perturbadas em muitas condi&#231;&#245;es secund&#225;rias ao envolvimento do ventr&#237;culo direito<sup>24</sup>. No entanto, em nosso estudo, 57,5&#8203;&#8203;% dos pacientes que apresentavam defeitos cardiovasculares cong&#234;nitos, como defeitos do septo atrial, estenose pulmonar, tetralogia de Fallot ou dupla via de sa&#237;da do ventr&#237;culo direito, que s&#227;o condi&#231;&#245;es que melhoram a fun&#231;&#227;o do VD, a disfun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica estava ausente, assim como a correla&#231;&#227;o entre a presen&#231;a de doen&#231;a card&#237;aca estrutural e insufici&#234;ncia tardia do VE. A contradi&#231;&#227;o com as conclus&#245;es de Dwevedi e cols.<sup>24</sup> poderia ser explicada pelo fato de 47,5% da popula&#231;&#227;o do estudo ter um defeito card&#237;aco cong&#234;nito corrigido, e pelo fato dos pacientes com evid&#234;ncia cl&#237;nica de disfun&#231;&#227;o ventricular terem sido exclu&#237;dos. Os resultados e as conclus&#245;es de estudos envolvendo estimula&#231;&#227;o em pacientes adultos n&#227;o podem ser extrapolados para a popula&#231;&#227;o pedi&#225;trica devido a diferen&#231;as de comorbidades e &#224;s causas potenciais de dessincronia ventricular.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Dessincronia ventricular esquerda: EVE vs EVD</bold>
    </p>
    <p>N&#243;s postulamos que a sequ&#234;ncia de ativa&#231;&#227;o &#233; um dos principais determinantes da fun&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca de bombeamento, como pesquisas anteriores j&#225; mostraram<sup>25,26</sup>. A estimula&#231;&#227;o a partir da parede livre do VE induz uma ativa&#231;&#227;o pr&#233;via da parede lateral do VE, impedindo o movimento paradoxal do septo, resultando em uma melhor resposta hemodin&#226;mica, quando comparada &#224; estimula&#231;&#227;o do VD<sup>27</sup>. Al&#233;m disso, &#233; induzida uma sequ&#234;ncia fisiol&#243;gica do v&#233;rtice &#224; base, produzindo uma ativa&#231;&#227;o el&#233;trica e uma contra&#231;&#227;o s&#237;ncronas no n&#237;vel circunferencial do VE<sup>28</sup>. </p>
    <p>Em estudos com animais e com crian&#231;as, j&#225; foi confirmado que a fun&#231;&#227;o de bombeamento do VE que se aproxima &#224; da condu&#231;&#227;o ventricular normal resulta da estimula&#231;&#227;o do septo &#237;nfero-apical do VE e do epic&#225;rdio do &#225;pice do VE<sup>28-30</sup>. A contra&#231;&#227;o s&#237;ncrona resultante deve-se predominantemente ao r&#225;pido envolvimento do impulso nas camadas do endoc&#225;rdio do VE, e &#224; consequente r&#225;pida condu&#231;&#227;o do &#225;pice &#224; base ao longo de todos os segmentos da parede do VE<sup>30</sup>. Mills e cols.<sup>30</sup>, em sua pesquisa em c&#227;es com bloqueio atrioventricular total experimental, demonstraram que a estimula&#231;&#227;o apical do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo pode produzir uma dessincronia el&#233;trica moderada com n&#237;veis normais de efici&#234;ncia, contratilidade e relaxamento do mioc&#225;rdio ap&#243;s 4 meses de EVE<sup>30</sup>. </p>
    <p>Em nosso estudo, os &#237;ndices de dessincronia, como o atraso septo lateral e o atraso septo-posterior, foram identificados como fatores preditores da disfun&#231;&#227;o ventricular esquerda. Esse achado demonstrou, mais uma vez, as consequ&#234;ncias da defici&#234;ncia da ativa&#231;&#227;o ventricular normal. A EVD apical produz ativa&#231;&#227;o precoce da parede do VD, seguida pela ativa&#231;&#227;o precoce do septo do VE e, em seguida, da parede lateral do VE<sup>30</sup>. A ativa&#231;&#227;o precoce do septo basal induz uma contra&#231;&#227;o segmentar que n&#227;o tem a oposi&#231;&#227;o da ativa&#231;&#227;o tardia do restante mioc&#225;rdio do VE, o que leva ao abaulamento sist&#243;lico do septo<sup>9</sup>. Longos tempos de ativa&#231;&#227;o ao redor da circunfer&#234;ncia do VE (29 - 49 ms) durante a estimula&#231;&#227;o apical do VD produzem uma distribui&#231;&#227;o anormal do trabalho mec&#226;nico e do fluxo sangu&#237;neo, dessincronia mec&#226;nica e incoordena&#231;&#227;o da contra&#231;&#227;o. Em seguida, h&#225; um consequente impacto negativo na contratilidade, no relaxamento e na efici&#234;ncia externa<sup>30</sup>. </p>
    <p>Uma pesquisa feita por van Geldorp e cols.<sup>10</sup> comparou a fun&#231;&#227;o e a sincronia ventricular em 18 crian&#231;as saud&#225;veis &#8203;&#8203;e pacientes com EVD e EVE cr&#244;nicas. Nesse estudo, o grupo EVD tamb&#233;m mostrou uma diminui&#231;&#227;o da FEn do VE. Do mesmo modo, o &#237;ndice sist&#243;lico de excentricidade do VE e a dura&#231;&#227;o do atraso septo-posterior foram significativamente maiores nesse grupo do que no grupo EVE ou no grupo de controle<sup>10</sup>. Al&#233;m disso, Gebauer e cols.<sup>31</sup> avaliaram a sincronia e a fun&#231;&#227;o do VE em 32 pacientes estimulados no epic&#225;rdio da parede livre do VD, do &#225;pice do VE e do &#225;pice do VD. Identificou-se que a estimula&#231;&#227;o da parede livre do VD e o atraso septo-posterior eram preditores negativos da FEVE<sup>31</sup>. Em destaque, Tomaske e cols.<sup>9</sup> mostraram que uma FE do VE diminu&#237;da e uma maior dessincronia do VE estavam associadas a crian&#231;as que recebiam estimula&#231;&#227;o do VE. Al&#233;m disso, uma correla&#231;&#227;o significativa foi estabelecida entre a diminui&#231;&#227;o da FEVE e a severidade da dessincronia mec&#226;nica medida pelo atraso septo-lateral do VE e pelo atraso mec&#226;nico do VE<sup>9</sup>.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Implica&#231;&#245;es cl&#237;nicas</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Nossos dados confirmam o benef&#237;cio da estimula&#231;&#227;o cr&#244;nica do VE na sincronia e na fun&#231;&#227;o ventricular esquerda. Os resultados do nosso estudo apoiam a vis&#227;o de que a EVE no epic&#225;rdio &#233; o local ideal para estimula&#231;&#227;o em popula&#231;&#245;es pedi&#225;tricas. Observa&#231;&#245;es em pequenas coortes ap&#243;iam o uso de um local de estimula&#231;&#227;o no VE quando a estimula&#231;&#227;o cr&#244;nica &#233; indicada em crian&#231;as<sup>9,10,31</sup>. Tamb&#233;m tem sido demonstrado que a estimula&#231;&#227;o na parede lateral do VE pode ser t&#227;o eficaz quanto a estimula&#231;&#227;o biventricular em pacientes com insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca congestiva<sup>32,33</sup>. Por exemplo, Vanagt e cols.<sup>34</sup> relataram um caso de uma menina de 2 anos de idade com BAVT cong&#234;nito e insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca induzida pela EVD que recuperou a fun&#231;&#227;o do VE ap&#243;s estimula&#231;&#227;o apical do VE. Al&#233;m disso, em crian&#231;as com disfun&#231;&#227;o ventricular esquerda e dessincronia causada pela EVD a longo prazo, pequenas casu&#237;sticas mostraram melhorias na fun&#231;&#227;o um m&#234;s ap&#243;s a EVE em um &#250;nico local<sup>11</sup>. </p>
    <p>Locais alternativos para estimula&#231;&#227;o tamb&#233;m tem sido investigados<sup>35-40</sup>. A estimula&#231;&#227;o do feixe de His induz uma seq&#252;&#234;ncia de ativa&#231;&#227;o fisiol&#243;gica normal e, portanto, impede a dessincronia e os efeitos delet&#233;rios sobre a fun&#231;&#227;o do VE<sup>35,36</sup>. No entanto, as caracter&#237;sticas anat&#244;micas dessa regi&#227;o fazem deste um processo desafiador, que pode ser dif&#237;cil em uma popula&#231;&#227;o pedi&#225;trica. Alternativamente, a via de sa&#237;da do VD foi proposta<sup>37,38</sup>, embora os resultados sejam controversos<sup>39,40</sup>, e n&#227;o suportem a estimula&#231;&#227;o desse local em crian&#231;as. Em nossa institui&#231;&#227;o, defendemos a implanta&#231;&#227;o de eletrodos no epic&#225;rdio do VE atrav&#233;s de uma toracotomia lateral esquerda, resultando em limiares est&#225;veis, assim como em bons resultados est&#233;ticos.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Limita&#231;&#245;es do estudo</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Devido &#224; falta de avalia&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica antes do primeiro implante, n&#227;o pudemos comparar as medidas do exame de Doppler tecidual antes e depois da estimula&#231;&#227;o permanente. Ainda assim, os resultados do &#250;ltimo acompanhamento mostraram uma fun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica preservada utilizando o m&#233;todo ecocardiogr&#225;fico de Doppler tecidual.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Conclus&#245;es</bold>
    </p>
    <p>A EVD cr&#244;nica estava associada ao remodelamento, &#224; dessincronia, e &#224; disfun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica do VE na popula&#231;&#227;o pedi&#225;trica, o que est&#225; de acordo com os resultados anteriores. Devido &#224;s vantagens da estimula&#231;&#227;o cr&#244;nica do VE, acreditamos que este deve ser proposto como o local ideal quando a estimula&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca permanente for necess&#225;ria em crian&#231;as.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Contribui&#231;&#227;o dos autores</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa: Ortega MC, Ricardo GS; Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito: Ortega MC; Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados, An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados, An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica e Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual: Ortega MC, Morej&#243;n AEG, Ricardo GS.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Potencial Conflito de Interesses</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Declaro n&#227;o haver conflito de interesses pertinentes.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Fontes de Financiamento</bold>
    </p>
    <p>O presente estudo n&#227;o teve fontes de financiamento externas.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Vincula&#231;&#227;o Acad&#234;mica</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Este artigo &#233; parte de tese de doutorado de Michel Cabrera Ortega pelo Cardiocentro Pedi&#225;trico &#168;William Soler".</p>
    <p>
      <fn id="enda" fn-type="corresp">
        <p>Correspond&#234;ncia:</p>
        <p> Michel Cabrera Ortega </p>
        <p> 100 y Perla, Altahabana, Boyeros 10800 </p>
        <p> Havana, Cuba </p>
        <p> E-mail:</p>
        <p>
          <ext-link xlink:href="mailto: michel@cardiows.sld.cu" ext-link-type="email"> michel@cardiows.sld.cu</ext-link>
        </p>
      </fn>
    </p>
    <p>Artigo recebido em 06/07/12, revisado em 26/10/12, aceito em 19/11/12.</p>
  </body>
  <back>
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  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Articles</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title xml:lang="en">Left ventricular synchrony and function in pediatric patients with definitive pacemakers</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <abstract xml:lang="en">
        <p>BACKGROUND: Chronic right ventricular pacing (RVP) induces a dyssynchronous contraction pattern,producing interventricular and intraventricular asynchrony. Many studies have shown the relationship of RVP with impaired left ventricular (LV) form and function. OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to evaluate LV synchrony and function in pediatric patients receiving RVP in comparison with those receiving LV pacing (LVP). METHODS:LV systolic and diastolic function and synchrony were evaluated in 80 pediatric patients with either nonsurgical or postsurgical complete atrioventricular block, with pacing from either the RV endocardium (n = 40) or the LV epicardium (n = 40). Echocardiographic data obtained before pacemaker implantation, immediately after it, and at the end of a mean follow-up of 6.8 years were analyzed. RESULTS: LV diastolic function did not change in any patient during follow-up. LV systolic function was preserved in patients with LVP. However, in children with RVP the shortening fraction and ejection fraction decreased from medians of 41% &#177; 2.6% and 70% &#177; 6.9% before implantation to 32% &#177; 4.2% and 64% &#177; 2.5% (p &lt; 0.0001 and p &lt; 0.0001), respectively, at final follow-up. Interventricular mechanical delay was significantly larger with RVP (66 &#177; 13 ms) than with LVP (20 &#177; 8 ms). Similarly, the following parameters were significantly different in the two groups: LV mechanical delay (RVP: 69 &#177; 6 ms, LVP: 30 &#177; 11 ms, p &lt; 0.0001); septal to lateral wall motion delay (RVP: 75 &#177; 19 ms, LVP: 42 &#177; 10 ms, p &lt; 0.0001); and, septal to posterior wall motion delay (RVP: 127 &#177; 33 ms, LVP: 58 &#177; 17 ms, p &lt; 0.0001). CONCLUSION: Compared with RV endocardium, LV epicardium is an optimal site for pacing to preserve cardiac synchrony and function.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>Ventricular Function, Left</kwd>
        <kwd>Myocardial Contraction</kwd>
        <kwd>Cardiac Pacing, Artificial</kwd>
        <kwd>Child</kwd>
        <kwd>Pacemaker</kwd>
        <kwd>Artificial</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p>
        <fn id="end-body2">
          <label>
            <bold>Left ventricular synchrony and function in pediatric patients with definitive pacemakers</bold>
          </label>
          <p>
            <bold>Michel Cabrera Ortega<sup>I</sup>; Adel Eladio Gonzales Morej&#243;n<sup>II</sup>; Giselle Serrano Ricardo<sup>II</sup></bold>
          </p>
        </fn>
      </p>
      <p><sup>I</sup>Departamento de Arritmia e Estimula&#231;&#227;o Card&#237;aca - Cardiocentro Pedi&#225;trico &#168;William Soler&#168;, Havana, Cuba</p>
      <p><sup>II</sup>Departamento de Ecocardiografia - Cardiocentro Pedi&#225;trico &#168;William Soler&#168;, Havana, Cuba</p>
      <p>Mailing Address</p>
      <p>
        <bold>ABSTRACT</bold>
      </p>
      <p><bold>BACKGROUND:</bold> Chronic right ventricular pacing (RVP) induces a dyssynchronous contraction pattern, producing interventricular and intraventricular asynchrony. Many studies have shown the relationship of RVP with impaired left ventricular (LV) form and function.</p>
      <p><bold>OBJECTIVE:</bold> The aim of this study was to evaluate LV synchrony and function in pediatric patients receiving RVP in comparison with those receiving LV pacing (LVP).</p>
      <p><bold>METHODS:</bold> LV systolic and diastolic function and synchrony were evaluated in 80 pediatric patients with either nonsurgical or postsurgical complete atrioventricular block, with pacing from either the RV endocardium (n = 40) or the LV epicardium (n = 40). Echocardiographic data obtained before pacemaker implantation, immediately after it, and at the end of a mean follow-up of 6.8 years were analyzed.</p>
      <p><bold>RESULTS:</bold> LV diastolic function did not change in any patient during follow-up. LV systolic function was preserved in patients with LVP. However, in children with RVP the shortening fraction and ejection fraction decreased from medians of 41% &#177; 2.6% and 70% &#177; 6.9% before implantation to 32% &#177; 4.2% and 64% &#177; 2.5% (p &lt; 0.0001 and p &lt; 0.0001), respectively, at final follow-up. Interventricular mechanical delay was significantly larger with RVP (66 &#177; 13 ms) than with LVP (20 &#177; 8 ms). Similarly, the following parameters were significantly different in the two groups: LV mechanical delay (RVP: 69 &#177; 6 ms, LVP: 30 &#177; 11 ms, p &lt; 0.0001); septal to lateral wall motion delay (RVP: 75 &#177; 19 ms, LVP: 42 &#177; 10 ms, p &lt; 0.0001); and, septal to posterior wall motion delay (RVP: 127 &#177; 33 ms, LVP: 58 &#177; 17 ms, p &lt; 0.0001).</p>
      <p><bold>CONCLUSION:</bold> Compared with RV endocardium, LV epicardium is an optimal site for pacing to preserve cardiac synchrony and function. </p>
      <p><bold>Keywords:</bold> Ventricular Function, Left; Myocardial Contraction; Cardiac Pacing, Artificial; Child; Pacemaker, Artificial. </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Introduction</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Electric stimulation from the right ventricular (RV) apex and free wall induce a dyssynchronous contraction pattern characterized by early activation of RV and the interventricular septum and delayed activation of the left ventricular (LV) anterior wall. This produces mechanical and electrical interventricular asynchrony, along with intraventricular asynchrony<sup>1</sup>. Although these detrimental effects are tolerated by most pediatric patients, studies have shown that chronic RV pacing (RVP) is an important risk factor for acute and chronic impairment of LV function, structural remodeling of LV, and an increased risk of heart failure<sup>2-5</sup>. These adverse events occur in 6% and 13% patients after follow-up over approximately 10 years<sup>2,5-8</sup>. </p>
      <p>Alternative pacing sites have been investigated to preserve LV synchrony. Two retrospective studies of children with permanent LV epicardial pacing concluded that LV function can be preserved by chronic stimulation of the LV (LVP) free wall<sup>9,10</sup>. In addition, an study of pediatric patients with either LV dysfunction and RVP or intrinsic left bundle branch block demonstrated the possibility for improvement of LV function 1 month after single-site LVP<sup>11</sup>. </p>
      <p>The present study aimed to evaluate the evolution of LV function and synchrony after endocardial RVP in comparison with those after epicardial LVP. </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Methods</bold>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Patients</bold>
      </p>
      <p>A total of 130 pediatric patients who underwent pacemaker implantation in a single tertiary pediatric cardiology center were prospectively enrolled. The study included all children with either nonsurgical or surgical complete atrioventricular block (CAVB). Children were included when paced from both the RV endocardium (n = 40) and from the left ventricular epicardium (n = 40). We excluded the following patients: those aged &gt;18 years at pacemaker implantation, those with &lt;95% ventricular pacing, those with <underline>&lt;</underline>1 year of permanent cardiac pacing, and those with clinical evidence or history of heart failure unrelated to CAVB at the time of pacemaker implantation. <xref ref-type="table" rid="en_aop4992tab01-body2">Table 1</xref> depicts the demographic data of the paced children. The study protocol was approved by the institutional research ethics committee and written consent was obtained from the parents of all patients. </p>
      <p content-type="asset">
        <table-wrap id="en_aop4992tab01-body2">
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-101-05-0410-30189-gt01-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Pacing</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Pacing lead positions were assigned according to implantation protocol data and confirmed by chest X-rays. LVP unipolar leads were implanted in the apical region, and inserted through a left lateral thoracotomy. All endocardial pacing leads were placed in the RV apex (RVA). Ventricular pacing (Ventricular Rate Modulated Pacing [VVI/VVIR]) was the predominant pacing mode. The study excluded patients who required a change in the pacing site between the initiation of pacing and evaluation. </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Echocardiography</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Echocardiographic evaluations were made before pacemaker implantation, immediately after, and at regular intervals during a mean follow-up period of 6.8 years. Data were obtained in the standard precordial positions with an appropriate transducer (5 MHz, Aloka Prosound 5500). Two experienced observers, blinded for the ventricular pacing site, performed one- and two-dimensional transthoracic echocardiography and Doppler evaluations. All examinations were performed in line with the recommendations of the Pediatric Council of the American Society of Echocardiography <sup>12</sup>; three measurements in random for every patient were made for each observer and the average of measurements was used for further analysis. Paraesternal M-mode images were used to measure LV end-diastolic and LV end-systolic diameters (LVEDD and LVESD, respectively). LV shortening fraction (LV SF) was calculated according to the formula<sup>12</sup>: LV SF = LVEDD - LVESD/LVEDD &#215; 100. LV end-diastolic and LV end-systolic volumes (LVEDV and LVESV, respectively) were obtained using Simpson's biplane method, and indexed to body surface area and the ejection fraction (EF) calculated. </p>
      <p>For a comprehensive diastolic evaluation, Doppler tissue imaging (DTI) was undertaken at the lateral and septal mitral valve annulus in the apical four-chamber view. The peak tissue E-wave (Ea) and A-wave (Aa) velocities were obtained, and the E/Ea ratio was also determined. LV isovolumic relaxation time was used to assess diastolic function, and it was considered as the period from the end of aortic flow to the beginning of mitral inflow in the apical five-chamber view. </p>
      <p>Myocardial 2D strain was performed to assess ventricular synchrony in the four-chamber and long-axis views. The following parameters were evaluated:</p>
      <p>Interventricular mechanical delay, measured as the time difference between the LV and RV pre-ejection times. </p>
      <p>Septal to lateral mechanical delay, calculated as the maximum time difference between the earliest and latest peak myocardial systolic velocity of two opposing segments. </p>
      <p>Septal to posterior wall motion delay (SPWMD), determined as the delay between peak systolic inward motion of the interventricular septum, and the left posterior wall. </p>
      <p>LV mechanical delay, measured as the maximum difference between the initial and last peak systolic 2D strain in any of the 12 LV segments. </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Statistics</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Data are presented as mean &#177; standard deviation. For analyzing the differences in continuous variables between the RVA pacing (RVAP) group and LVP group, t-tests were used. Correlations between variables were assessed using Pearson's correlation (r value). Logistic regression was performed to determine the predictors of impaired left ventricular function. Significance was accepted at a p value of <underline>&lt;</underline>0.05. The software package Medcalc for Windows (Version 11.3) was used for statistical work up. </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Results</bold>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Patient characteristics</bold>
      </p>
      <p>A total of 80 patients with a mean age of 12.5 &#177; 5.2 years were evaluated. The demographic data and clinical characteristics of study are presented in <xref ref-type="table" rid="en_aop4992tab01-body2">Table 1</xref>. Pacing indications were postsurgical CAVB (n = 38) and nonsurgical CAVB (n = 42). In total, 57.5% patients had structural heart disease, with 79.2% having undergone surgical correction. Tetralogy of Fallot was the congenital cardiac disease with the highest rate of postoperative CAVB. Neither the mean age at first implantation nor the duration of pacing showed significant differences between the two pacing groups. All patients with LVP received a single-chamber pacemaker, whereas 23 children (57.5%) that were paced from the RVA received VVI/VVIR pacing. </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Left ventricle: long-term size, function and synchrony. </bold>
      </p>
      <p>At the end of the follow-up period, LVEDD in patients with RVAP increased significantly over both the corresponding baseline values (40 &#177; 6.0 vs. 32 &#177; 3.1, p &lt; 0.001) and the values of the LVP group (40 &#177; 6.0 vs. 35 &#177; 4.2, p &lt; 0.001) (<xref ref-type="table" rid="en_aop4992tab02-body2">Table 2</xref>). SF in the RVP group was significantly lower than before pacing (32 &#177; 4.2 vs. 41 &#177; 2.6, p &lt; 0.001) and was lower than that in the LVP group (32 &#177; 4.2 vs. 39 &#177; 5.2, p &lt; 0.001). The LV EF was normal in children with LVP after long-term cardiac stimulation, but tended to worsen in the RVAP group (70 &#177; 6.9 vs. 64 &#177; 2.5, p &lt; 0.001). A similar tendency has not been observed with LV diastolic function at any pacing site during follow-up (<xref ref-type="table" rid="en_aop4992tab03-body2">Table 3</xref>). </p>
      <p content-type="asset">
        <table-wrap id="en_aop4992tab02-body2">
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-101-05-0410-30189-gt02-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      </p>
      <p content-type="asset">
        <table-wrap id="en_aop4992tab03-body2">
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-101-05-0410-30189-gt03-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      </p>
      <p>All the echocardiographic parameters reflecting both interventricular and intraventricular dyssynchrony were affected in patients with RVAP (<xref ref-type="table" rid="en_aop4992tab04-body2">Table 4</xref>). Interventricular mechanical delay was significantly larger in the RVAP group (66 &#177; 13 ms) than in the LVP group (20 &#177; 8 ms); similarly, septal to lateral wall motion delay (RVP: 75 &#177; 19 ms; LVP: 42 &#177; 10 ms, p &lt; 0.0001) and SPWMD (RVAP: 127 &#177; 33 ms; LVP: 58 &#177; 17 ms, p &lt; 0.0001) were altered in patients with receiving RVAP but not LVP. In addition, RVAP was associated with global LV dyssynchrony, as evidenced by a prolonged LV mechanical delay (69 &#177; 6 ms) compared with LVP (30 &#177; 11 ms). </p>
      <p content-type="asset">
        <table-wrap id="en_aop4992tab04-body2">
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-101-05-0410-30189-gt04-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      </p>
      <p>Five patients developed dilated cardiomyopathy (6.3%). The clinical and echocardiographic data of these patients are shown in <xref ref-type="table" rid="en_aop4992tab05-body2">Table 5</xref>. Three variables were identified as significant predictors of LV dysfunction: RVAP [odds ratio (OR) = 11.3, p &lt; 0.001], septal to lateral wall mechanical delay (OR = 12.1, p &lt; 0.001), and septal to posterior wall motion delay (OR = 11.6, p &lt; 0.001). However, in those patients receiving RVAP, there was no correlation between either EF and SPWMD (R<sup>2</sup> = 0.283, p = 0.077) or EF and septal to lateral mechanical delay (R<sup>2</sup> = -0.013, p = 0.935) (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="en_aop4992fig01-body2">Figure 1</xref>). No correlations were found between late LV failure diagnosis, pacing mode, duration of stimulation, presence of structural heart disease or other echocardiographic indices of dyssynchrony. </p>
      <p content-type="asset">
        <table-wrap id="en_aop4992tab05-body2">
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-101-05-0410-30189-gt05-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      </p>
      <p content-type="asset">
        <fig id="en_aop4992fig01-body2">
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-101-05-0410-30189-gf01-en.jpg"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p>The main finding of our study is that RV apical pacing in pediatric patients with or without structural heart disease produces LV remodeling and dyssynchrony. Moreover, the research confirms that LVP is a safe site of stimulation when seeking to prevent the dyssynchronous effect of chronic cardiac pacing. </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Evolution of LV systolic and diastolic function in RV apical pacing:</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Endomyocardial biopsies taken from the mid-RV septal region in paced patients have detected histopathological abnormalities. These consist of prominent subendocardial Purkinje cells with an increase in variable-sized, focal areas of dystrophic calcification and myofibrillar disarray<sup>13</sup>. These findings are the result of stress vectors and myocardial shearing forces resulting from asynchrony of electrical ventricular activation, with early activation of myocytes close to RVA, and delayed activation of cells in remote regions<sup>1</sup>. This heterogeneity in electrical activation of the myocardium is accompanied with changes in the mechanical activation pattern of LV<sup>14</sup>. An animal study has demonstrated the presence of rapid early-systolic shortening in early-activated regions, with premature relaxation of these sites, and prestretching of late-activated regions<sup>15</sup>. Because of the low LV pressure, contraction of the early-activated myocardium is inefficient. Furthermore, against high LV pressures, a vigorous late-systolic contraction occurs in regions with delay. This imposes loading on the earlier activated territories, which undergo paradoxical systolic stretch<sup>16</sup>. The abnormal contraction pattern of different regions of LV, results in a redistribution of myocardial strain, and less effective contraction<sup>15</sup>. Decreases in contractility and relaxation together with histological abnormalities lead to the detriment of left ventricular function. </p>
      <p>Clinical data about the deleterious effect of chronic RVP in children remain controversial, with some researches supporting a negative impact<sup>13,17,18</sup>, whereas others have obtained conflicting results<sup>19, 20</sup>. The present study found a significant deleterious effect of RV apical pacing on systolic LV function, with an incidence of 6.3% in patients with dilated cardiomyophathy, which is concordant with previous data (6.0%-13.4%)<sup>2,5-8</sup>. RV apical pacing was a predictive factor for the deterioration of LV function [OR = 11.3, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 2.1-63.8, p &lt; 0.001]. Gebauer et al<sup>5</sup> evaluated LV function in 82 pediatric patients with either nonsurgical or postsurgical CAVB. In their research, the only significant risk factor for the development of LV dilatation and dysfunction was the presence of epicardial RV free wall pacing (OR = 14.3, 95% CI = 2.3-78.2, p &lt; 0.001). Therefore, although epicardial RV free wall stimulation may induce more LV dyssynchrony, our findings suggest that RVAP results in the same degree of asynchronous activation, abnormal contraction and decreased pump function. </p>
      <p>The impact of RV apical stimulation on LV diastolic function has not been extensively explored, even in pediatric populations. Previous research in animal models have demonstrated the deterioration of diastolic parameters<sup>21,22</sup>. Litwin et al<sup>21</sup> for example found a significant alteration of the diastolic filling parameters on radionuclide left ventriculography, such as time to peak filling rate and negative rate of LV pressure rise in ventricular paced dogs<sup>21</sup>. Similarly, Aoyagi et al<sup>22</sup>, found a prolongation of the LV isovolumic relaxation time (IVRT) that was dependent on the degree of wall motion asynchrony<sup>22</sup>. Although our data showed a detrimental effect on synchrony in the RVP group, the LV IVRT did not change during follow-up. In addition, Kolettis et al<sup>23</sup> studied the acute hemodynamic status of 20 adult patients with dual-chamber sequential pacing, determining increased IVRT to be a measure of LV diastolic function deterioration<sup>23</sup>. Similarly, on the basis of the hypothesis that RV impairment precedes LV dysfunction, Dwevedi et al<sup>24</sup> found a significant increase in IVRT and deceleration time following 1 month of single-chamber RVP, which continued to increase progressively until 6 months<sup>24</sup>. They confirm that LV diastolic and systolic functions are deranged in many conditions secondary to involvement of the right ventricle<sup>24</sup>. However, in our study, 57.5% patients presenting with congenital cardiovascular defects such as atrial septal defect, pulmonary stenosis, tetralogy of Fallot or double-outlet right ventricle, which are conditions that improve RV function, diastolic dysfunction was absent and so was a correlation between the presence of structural heart disease and late LV failure. The contradiction with the findings of Dwevedi et al<sup>24</sup> could possibly be explained because 47.5% of the study population had a corrected congenital cardiac defect, and that we excluded patients with clinical evidence of ventricular dysfunction. Results and conclusions from pacing studies in adult patients cannot be extrapolated to the pediatric population because of differences in comorbid diseases and potential causes of ventricular dyssynchrony. </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Left ventricular dyssynchrony: LVP vs. RVP</bold>
      </p>
      <p>We postulate that the sequence of activation is a major determinant of cardiac pump function, as previous researches have shown<sup>25,26</sup>. Stimulation from the LV free wall induces a prior activation of the LV lateral wall, preventing paradoxical movement of the septum, and resulting in a better hemodynamic response when compared with RV pacing<sup>27</sup>. Moreover, a physiological apex-to-base sequence is induced, producing a synchronous electrical activation and contraction at the LV circumferential level<sup>28</sup>. </p>
      <p>It has been confirmed in studies in both animals and children that LV pumping function approximating to that of normal ventricular conduction results from pacing at the inferoapical LV septum and the epicardium of LV apex<sup>28-30</sup>. The resultant synchronous contraction is predominantly because of quick engagement of the impulse into the LV endocardial layers, and subsequent fast apex-to-base conduction along all wall segments of LV<sup>30</sup>. Mills et al<sup>30</sup>, in their research in dogs with experimental complete AV block, demonstrated that LV apical pacing can produce a moderate electrical dyssynchrony with normal levels of myocardial efficiency, contractility and relaxation after 4 months of LVP<sup>30</sup>. </p>
      <p>In our study, indices of dyssynchrony such as septal-to-lateral wall motion delay and SPWMD were identified as predictors of LV dysfunction. This finding demonstrated, once again, the consequences of impairment of normal ventricular activation. Apical RVP produces early activation of the RV wall, followed by that of the LV septum and then the LV lateral wall<sup>30</sup>. Early activation of the basal septum induces segmental contraction that is unopposed by the delayed activation of the remaining LV myocardium, which leads to systolic septal bulging<sup>9</sup>. Long activation times around the LV circumference (29-49 ms) during RV apical pacing, produces abnormal distribution of mechanical work and blood flow, mechanical dyssynchrony, and incoordination of contraction; there is then a consequential negative impact on contractility, relaxation, and external efficiency<sup>30</sup>. </p>
      <p>Research by van Geldorp et al<sup>10</sup>, compared the ventricular function and synchrony in 18 healthy children and patients with chronic RVP and LVP. In this study, the RVP group also showed a decreased LV SF. Similarly, the systolic LV eccentricity index, and the duration of posterior septal wall motion delay were significantly longer in this group than in the LVP or control groups<sup>10</sup>. In addition, Gebauer et al<sup>31</sup> evaluated LV synchrony and function in 32 patients paced epicardially from the RV free wall, the LV apex and the RVA; RV free wall pacing and SPWMD were found to be negative predictors of LVEF<sup>31</sup>. Of note, Tomaske et al<sup>9</sup> showed that a decreased LV EF and greater LV dyssynchrony was associated with children receiving RV pacing<sup>9</sup>. In addition, a significant correlation was established between decreased LVEF and the severity of mechanical dyssynchrony measured by the septal-to-lateral wall delay and LV mechanical delay<sup>9</sup>. </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Clinical implications</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Our data confirm the benefit of chronic LV pacing on LV synchrony and function. The results of our study support the view that epicardial LVP is the optimal pacing site in pediatric populations; observations in small cohorts support the use of an LV pacing site when chronic pacing is indicated in children<sup>9,10,31</sup>. It has also been demonstrated that LV lateral wall pacing can be as effective as biventricular pacing in patients with congestive heart failure<sup>32,33</sup>. For example, Vanagt et al. reported the case of a 2-year-old girl with congenital CAVB and heart failure induced by RVP, who recovered LV function following LV apical pacing<sup>34</sup>. Furthermore, in children with LV dysfunction and dyssynchrony caused by long-term RVP, small case series have shown improvements in function 1 month after single-site LVP<sup>11</sup>. </p>
      <p>Alternative sites for pacing have also been investigated<sup>35-40</sup>. His-bundle pacing induces a normal physiological sequence of activation, and therefore prevents dyssynchrony and the deleterious effects on LV function<sup>35,36</sup>; however the anatomical characteristics of this region make this a challenging procedure that could be difficult in a pediatric population. Alternatively, the RV outflow has been proposed<sup>37,38</sup>, although the results are controversial<sup>39,40</sup>, and do not support stimulation from this site in children. In our institution, we advocate the implantation of LV epicardial leads via a left lateral thoracotomy, resulting in stable thresholds as well as good cosmetic results. </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Study limitations</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Because of a lack of diastolic evaluation prior the first implantation, we could not compare the DTI measurement before and after permanent pacing; nevertheless, the results at the last follow-up showed a preserved diastolic function using the DTI echocardiographic method. </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Conclusions</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Chronic RVP was associated with LV remodeling, dyssynchrony, and systolic dysfunction in our pediatric population. This is consistent with previous findings. Because of the benefits of chronic LV pacing, we believe that it should be proposed as the optimal site when permanent cardiac stimulation is required in children. </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Author contributions</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Conception and design of the research: Ortega MC, Ricardo GS; Acquisition of data, Analysis and interpretation of the data, Statistical analysis and Critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content: Ortega MC, Morej&#243;n AEG, Ricardo GS; Writing of the manuscript: Ortega MC. </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Potential Conflict of Interest</bold>
      </p>
      <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported. </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Sources of Funding</bold>
      </p>
      <p>There were no external funding sources for this study. </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Study Association</bold>
      </p>
      <p>This article is part of the thesis of doctoral submitted by Michel Cabrera Ortega, from Cardiocentro Pedi&#225;trico &#168;William Soler".</p>
      <p>
        <bold>References</bold>
      </p>
    </body>
  </sub-article>
</article>
