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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
        <publisher-loc>S&#227;o Paulo, SP, Brazil</publisher-loc>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">7KN3BWVVCYPDkgVwcX3F4BN</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2013003100003</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v1">S0066-782X(13)10100500003</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5935/abc.20130188</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigos Originais</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Envelhecer altera relevantemente a Frequ&#234;ncia Card&#237;aca M&#233;dia?</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Santos</surname>
            <given-names>Marcos Antonio Almeida</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff03"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Sousa</surname>
            <given-names>Antonio Carlos Sobral</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff03"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Reis</surname>
            <given-names>Francisco Prado</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Santos</surname>
            <given-names>Thayn&#225; Ramos</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Lima</surname>
            <given-names>Sonia Oliveira</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Barreto-Filho</surname>
            <given-names>Jos&#233; Augusto</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff03"/>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff01">
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="state">Sergipe</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Tiradentes</institution>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff04">
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Aracaju</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state"/>
        </addr-line>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Hospital S&#227;o Lucas</institution>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff03">
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="state"/>
        </addr-line>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Centro de Pesquisas da Cl&#237;nica</institution>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff02">
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="state">Sergipe</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal de Sergipe</institution>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
      </aff>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>11</month>
        <year>2013</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>101</volume>
      <issue>5</issue>
      <fpage>388</fpage>
      <lpage>398</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>07</day>
          <month>04</month>
          <year>2013</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>07</day>
          <month>06</month>
          <year>2013</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>03</day>
          <month>06</month>
          <year>2013</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <p>FUNDAMENTO: A Frequ&#234;ncia Card&#237;aca M&#233;dia (FCM) tende a reduzir com a idade. Quando ajustado para g&#234;nero e agravos, a magnitude desse efeito &#233; pouco conhecida. OBJETIVO: Analisar a FCM em amostra estratificada de indiv&#237;duos ativos e independentes funcionais. M&#201;TODOS: Mil cento e setenta e dois pacientes com idade &gt; 40 anos realizaram Holter e foram estratificados por faixa et&#225;ria: 1 = 40-49; 2 = 50-59; 3 = 60-69; 4 = 70-79; 5 &gt; 80 anos. A FCM foi avaliada segundo idade e g&#234;nero, ajustados para Hipertens&#227;o Arterial Sist&#234;mica (HAS), dislipidemia e Diabete Melito n&#227;o insulinodependente (DM). Empregaram-se diversos modelos de ANOVA, correla&#231;&#227;o e regress&#227;o linear. Considerou-se significativo valor de p bicaudal &lt; 0,05 (IC 95%). RESULTADOS: A FCM tendeu a diminuir com a faixa et&#225;ria: 1 = 77,20 &#177; 7,10; 2 = 76,66 &#177; 7,07; 3 = 74,02 &#177; 7,46; 4 = 72,93 &#177; 7,35; 5 = 73,41 &#177; 7,98 (p &lt; 0,001). Mulheres tiveram correla&#231;&#227;o com maiores valores de FCM (p &lt; 0,001). Nas ANOVAS e nos modelos de regress&#227;o, idade e g&#234;nero foram preditores (p &lt; 0,001). Por&#233;m, R2 e Eta2 &lt; 0,10, al&#233;m de discretos coeficientes beta padronizados, indicaram tamanho do efeito reduzido. Dislipidemia, HAS e DM n&#227;o influenciaram nos achados. CONCLUS&#195;O: A FCM reduziu com a idade. O g&#234;nero feminino apresentou valores de FCM mais elevados, independentemente de grupo et&#225;rio. Correla&#231;&#245;es entre FCM e idade ou g&#234;nero, embora significativas, demonstraram magnitude do efeito de pequena relev&#226;ncia estat&#237;stica. A preval&#234;ncia de HAS, dislipidemia e DM n&#227;o exerceu intera&#231;&#227;o nos resultados.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt" kwd-group-type="author-generated">
        <kwd>Envelhecimento</kwd>
        <kwd>Frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca</kwd>
        <kwd>Eletrocardiografia Ambulatorial</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="pub">
        <day>13</day>
        <month>09</month>
        <year>2013</year>
      </pub-date>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <p>
      <bold>Envelhecer altera relevantemente a Frequ&#234;ncia Card&#237;aca M&#233;dia?</bold>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Marcos Antonio Almeida Santos<sup>I,II,III</sup>; Antonio Carlos Sobral Sousa<sup>II,III</sup>; Francisco Prado Reis<sup>I</sup>; Thayn&#225; Ramos Santos<sup>I</sup>; Sonia Oliveira Lima<sup>I</sup>; Jos&#233; Augusto Barreto-Filho<sup>II,III</sup></bold>
    </p>
    <p><sup>I</sup>Universidade Tiradentes </p>
    <p><sup>II</sup>Universidade Federal de Sergipe </p>
    <p><sup>III</sup>Centro de Pesquisas da Cl&#237;nica e Hospital S&#227;o Lucas, Aracaju, SE - Brasil</p>
    <p>
      <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="end">Correspond&#234;ncia</xref>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>RESUMO</bold>
    </p>
    <p><bold>FUNDAMENTO:</bold> A Frequ&#234;ncia Card&#237;aca M&#233;dia (FCM) tende a reduzir com a idade. Quando ajustado para g&#234;nero e agravos, a magnitude desse efeito &#233; pouco conhecida. </p>
    <p><bold>OBJETIVO:</bold> Analisar a FCM em amostra estratificada de indiv&#237;duos ativos e independentes funcionais. </p>
    <p><bold>M&#201;TODOS:</bold> Mil cento e setenta e dois pacientes com idade <underline>&gt;</underline> 40 anos realizaram Holter e foram estratificados por faixa et&#225;ria: 1 = 40-49; 2 = 50-59; 3 = 60-69; 4 = 70-79; 5 <underline>&gt;</underline> 80 anos. A FCM foi avaliada segundo idade e g&#234;nero, ajustados para Hipertens&#227;o Arterial Sist&#234;mica (HAS), dislipidemia e Diabete Melito n&#227;o insulinodependente (DM). Empregaram-se diversos modelos de ANOVA, correla&#231;&#227;o e regress&#227;o linear. Considerou-se significativo valor de p bicaudal &lt; 0,05 (IC 95%). </p>
    <p><bold>RESULTADOS:</bold> A FCM tendeu a diminuir com a faixa et&#225;ria: 1 = 77,20 &#177; 7,10; 2 = 76,66 &#177; 7,07; 3 = 74,02 &#177; 7,46; 4 = 72,93 &#177; 7,35; 5 = 73,41 &#177; 7,98 (p &lt; 0,001). Mulheres tiveram correla&#231;&#227;o com maiores valores de FCM (p &lt; 0,001). Nas ANOVAS e nos modelos de regress&#227;o, idade e g&#234;nero foram preditores (p &lt; 0,001). Por&#233;m, R2 e Eta2 &lt; 0,10, al&#233;m de discretos coeficientes beta padronizados, indicaram tamanho do efeito reduzido. Dislipidemia, HAS e DM n&#227;o influenciaram nos achados. </p>
    <p><bold>CONCLUS&#195;O:</bold> A FCM reduziu com a idade. O g&#234;nero feminino apresentou valores de FCM mais elevados, independentemente de grupo et&#225;rio. Correla&#231;&#245;es entre FCM e idade ou g&#234;nero, embora significativas, demonstraram magnitude do efeito de pequena relev&#226;ncia estat&#237;stica. A preval&#234;ncia de HAS, dislipidemia e DM n&#227;o exerceu intera&#231;&#227;o nos resultados.</p>
    <p><bold>Palavras-chave:</bold> Envelhecimento; Frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca; Eletrocardiografia Ambulatorial.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</bold>
    </p>
    <p>O processo de envelhecimento, a despeito dos recentes avan&#231;os da medicina, ainda se constitui num fen&#244;meno inexor&#225;vel. O n&#250;mero de idosos tem crescido em praticamente todas as regi&#245;es do mundo, em especial onde tenham sido implantadas estrat&#233;gias de melhoria de condi&#231;&#245;es de vida<sup>1</sup>.</p>
    <p>Nas &#250;ltimas d&#233;cadas, ocorreu uma mudan&#231;a no perfil et&#225;rio brasileiro. Considerada, durante muito tempo, jovem, a popula&#231;&#227;o vem progressivamente adquirindo maior participa&#231;&#227;o da parcela idosa<sup>2-5</sup>.</p>
    <p>Em decorr&#234;ncia, t&#234;m surgido estudos de larga escala acerca de variados aspectos da quest&#227;o do envelhecimento<sup>6-8</sup>, entendido como um processo complexo e multifatorial, a encapar transforma&#231;&#245;es biol&#243;gicas com consequ&#234;ncias na qualidade de vida e no estado geral de sa&#250;de<sup>9</sup>.</p>
    <p>Existem diversas particularidades da senesc&#234;ncia cardiovascular, que v&#227;o desde a diminui&#231;&#227;o da complac&#234;ncia do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo devido ac&#250;mulo de col&#225;geno e fibrose at&#233; a altera&#231;&#227;o no sistema de condu&#231;&#227;o, com redu&#231;&#227;o das c&#233;lulas marca-passo e infiltra&#231;&#227;o gordurosa, levando a perda de fibras especializadas e depress&#227;o intr&#237;nseca do automatismo sinusal<sup>10,11</sup>. Adicionalmente, altera&#231;&#245;es din&#226;micas no &#226;mbito histoqu&#237;mico e imuno-histoqu&#237;mico durante o processo de envelhecimento est&#227;o associadas a rea&#231;&#245;es auton&#244;micas envolvidas na redu&#231;&#227;o da frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca em idosos<sup>12</sup>, com implica&#231;&#245;es no plano diagn&#243;stico e terap&#234;utico<sup>13</sup>.</p>
    <p>Pouca &#233; a produ&#231;&#227;o cient&#237;fica que objetiva mensurar o tamanho do efeito e a relev&#226;ncia da FCM ao Holter com o avan&#231;ar da idade. Em busca no banco de dados do Medline e do Embase para publica&#231;&#245;es a partir de 2005, tendo como palavras-chave "mean heart rate" e "ageing" ou "elderly", apenas um artigo abordou a quest&#227;o, se bem que indiretamente devido ao delineamento, ainda assim em amostra reduzida e popula&#231;&#227;o espec&#237;fica<sup>14</sup>.</p>
    <p>O presente estudo se prop&#245;e a investigar os valores de FCM em adultos e gerontes ativos funcional e mentalmente, submetidos ao exame ambulatorial de Holter de 24 horas. Ser&#227;o utilizados diversos e exaustivos modelos de an&#225;lise estat&#237;stica com o intuito de identificar, quantificar e avaliar a relev&#226;ncia de tend&#234;ncias de FCM associadas &#224; faixa et&#225;ria, dependentes ou n&#227;o de outros fatores, entre eles o g&#234;nero e a presen&#231;a de tr&#234;s comorbidades de elevada preval&#234;ncia entre idosos: Hipertens&#227;o Arterial Sist&#234;mica (HAS), dislipidemia e Diabete Melito n&#227;o insulinodependente (DM).</p>
    <p>
      <bold>M&#233;todos</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Foi realizado um estudo transversal, descritivo e anal&#237;tico. A pesquisa cumpriu os princ&#237;pios &#233;ticos contidos na Declara&#231;&#227;o de Helsinki e os requisitos da resolu&#231;&#227;o Conselho Nacional de Sa&#250;de 196/96, incluindo os complementares, tendo obtido a aprova&#231;&#227;o do Comit&#234; de &#201;tica em Pesquisa sob o parecer n&#250;mero 100710, de 19 de julho de 2010. Todos os indiv&#237;duos investigados consentiram em participar e preencheram o termo de consentimento livre e esclarecido.</p>
    <p>O tamanho amostral, em torno de mil sujeitos, foi calculado previamente por interm&#233;dio do software GPower, tomando-se como base os seguintes par&#226;metros: alfa = 0,05; 1-&#946; = 0,80; efeito = 0,10.</p>
    <p>A coleta de dados se deu de maneira consecutiva e prospectiva, sendo a amostra constitu&#237;da de adultos e gerontes de ambos os g&#234;neros, com idade igual ou superior a 40 anos, submetidos ao exame de Holter de 24 horas em cl&#237;nica privada de refer&#234;ncia cardiol&#243;gica no per&#237;odo entre julho de 2010 e dezembro de 2012. O principal motivo para a realiza&#231;&#227;o do exame foi avalia&#231;&#227;o cardiol&#243;gica de rotina em assintom&#225;ticos ou investiga&#231;&#227;o de sintomas inespec&#237;ficos, tais como palpita&#231;&#227;o, tonturas ou precordialgia at&#237;pica.</p>
    <p>O registro do tra&#231;ado eletrocardiogr&#225;fico decorreu de situa&#231;&#245;es espont&#226;neas, ocorridas fora do ambiente m&#233;dico e hospitalar. Foi tamb&#233;m integral, isto &#233;, realizou-se a contagem de todo batimento que gerasse atividade el&#233;trica em qualquer per&#237;odo da grava&#231;&#227;o. O m&#233;todo foi validado por diversos pesquisadores<sup>15,16</sup>, associa&#231;&#245;es cardiol&#243;gicas nacionais<sup>17</sup> e internacionais<sup>18</sup>.</p>
    <p>O gravador de Holter utilizado, modelo digital da marca Cardiolight da Cardios, com Memory Card, realizou registro cont&#237;nuo de tr&#234;s canais de grava&#231;&#227;o, posteriormente analisado em programa CardioSmart Professional CS 540. Todos os aparelhos de grava&#231;&#227;o foram instalados no mesmo local, por id&#234;ntico profissional, e os exames processados em um &#250;nico computador. Igualmente, a an&#225;lise do exame e a produ&#231;&#227;o do laudo final estiveram a cargo de um mesmo cardiologista, experiente em Sistema Holter.</p>
    <p>Antes de proceder ao arrolamento, os indiv&#237;duos, inicialmente selecionados pelo crit&#233;rio de idade (<underline>&gt;</underline> 40 anos) e em regime de atendimento ambulatorial, foram convidados para uma entrevista, onde se buscou avaliar, ainda que de maneira subjetiva, a capacidade cognitiva (entender sem dificuldade o conte&#250;do de perguntas diretas, relativas &#224; anamnese) e a independ&#234;ncia funcional (deambular sem aux&#237;lio externo dor ou dificuldade na marcha).</p>
    <p>Selecionaram-se apenas os sujeitos que atenderam a ambos os crit&#233;rios e aceitaram tomar parte na investiga&#231;&#227;o. Queixas indicativas de agravos maiores (hist&#243;rico de infarto do mioc&#225;rdio, angina de peito, procedimento hemodin&#226;mico invasivo, cirurgia card&#237;aca e estimula&#231;&#227;o artificial definitiva) representaram crit&#233;rios adicionais de exclus&#227;o.</p>
    <p>Exclu&#237;ram-se tamb&#233;m os que referiram uso de insulina, digit&#225;licos, antiarr&#237;tmicos, betabloqueadores ou f&#225;rmacos com a&#231;&#227;o direta na frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca (a exemplo do nebivolol), sendo o inqu&#233;rito farmacol&#243;gico realizado em duas etapas (nos dias de instala&#231;&#227;o e retirada do gravador) e avaliando-se a compatibilidade entre os dados da anamnese, os agravos referidos e a prescri&#231;&#227;o em uso.</p>
    <p>Tamb&#233;m foram exclu&#237;dos, desta vez <italic>a posteriori</italic>, os exames em que ocorreu dura&#231;&#227;o de grava&#231;&#227;o inferior a 22 horas, mais de 5% de artefatos, fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial ou altera&#231;&#245;es din&#226;micas de segmento ST e onda T, taxa elevada de ectopia supraventricular ou ventricular (&gt; 10000/24h), ou ainda os que apresentaram ind&#237;cios de anormalidade na atividade sinusal, seja ela de etiologia org&#226;nica ou funcional, manifestada por valores at&#237;picos de FCM (&lt; 60 ou &gt; 90 bpm). Ap&#243;s realiza&#231;&#227;o de ecocardiograma, selecionaram-se indiv&#237;duos com fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o (FE) &gt;50%. O fluxograma de sele&#231;&#227;o amostral se encontra detalhado na <xref ref-type="fig" rid="aop_5596fig01">figura 1</xref>.</p>
    <p content-type="asset">
      <fig id="aop_5596fig01">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-101-05-0388-30188-gf01.jpg"/></fig>
    </p>
    <p>A amostra resultante, de 1.172 indiv&#237;duos, foi separada por g&#234;nero e agrupada em cinco estratos de acordo com a idade (em anos): 1 = 40 - 49; 2 = 50-59; 3 = 60 a 69 anos; 4 = 70-79; 5 = <underline>&gt;</underline> 80. N&#227;o houve dados faltantes.</p>
    <p>A obten&#231;&#227;o de dados antropom&#233;tricos (peso e altura) se realizou com o aux&#237;lio de balan&#231;a eletr&#244;nica calibrada, com capacidade m&#225;xima de 200 kg e r&#233;gua de aferi&#231;&#227;o de altura com abrang&#234;ncia entre 1,30 e 2 metros. O &#205;ndice de Massa Corporal (IMC) foi calculado atrav&#233;s da f&#243;rmula: peso (kg)/altura (m)<sup>2</sup>.</p>
    <p>Por interm&#233;dio de aplica&#231;&#227;o do question&#225;rio sociodemogr&#225;fico foram obtidos dados de caracteriza&#231;&#227;o da amostra, assim como refer&#234;ncia a tr&#234;s enfermidades cr&#244;nicas: HAS, DM e dislipidemia.</p>
    <p>Os c&#225;lculos foram aplicados em plataforma SPSS 20, com exce&#231;&#227;o do teste de homocedasticidade e as estimativas de FCM baseadas em "jackknife", realizados em Stata12. Empregou-se o Intervalo de Confian&#231;a (IC) de 95% e o valor de signific&#226;ncia de p &lt; 0,05 (bicaudal). Os dados n&#227;o param&#233;tricos foram representados mediante n&#250;mero total e porcentagem. Calculou-se o qui-quadrado de Pearson, ou o teste de Fisher quando mais apropriado, para as compara&#231;&#245;es entre os grupos. As vari&#225;veis param&#233;tricas foram descritas como m&#233;dia, desvio padr&#227;o, erro padr&#227;o e intervalo interquartil. Empregaram-se diversos "bootstraps" para corroborar os valores amostrais de FCM, com 1.000 coletas e recontagens aleat&#243;rias do IC95% para cada situa&#231;&#227;o: FCM na totalidade da amostra; FCM para diferen&#231;as de g&#234;nero; FCM em cinco estratos et&#225;rios.</p>
    <p>Aplicou-se o teste de Kolmogorov-Smirnov para explora&#231;&#227;o do padr&#227;o de normalidade e o teste de Levene para igualdade de vari&#226;ncia. Isso se fez tanto na totalidade da amostra quanto em subgrupos, divididos segundo o g&#234;nero ou faixa et&#225;ria. Nas compara&#231;&#245;es entre duas amostras independentes, calculou-se a diferen&#231;a de m&#233;dias pelo teste <italic>t</italic> de Student. N&#227;o obstante ter-se encontrado distribui&#231;&#227;o normal, procedeu-se de igual modo ao teste de Mann-Whitney, por sua caracter&#237;stica mais conservadora e menor probabilidade de erro tipo I.</p>
    <p>Em seguida, a an&#225;lise da FCM entre os estratos et&#225;rios foi realizada mediante teste de Kruskal-Wallis (tamb&#233;m pela sua caracter&#237;stica mais conservadora e menor probabilidade de erro tipo I) e tr&#234;s modelos de ANOVA: One-way (grupos et&#225;rios), 5x2 (grupos et&#225;rios e g&#234;nero) e 5x2x2x2x2 (grupos et&#225;rios, g&#234;nero, HAS, dislipidemia e DM). No terceiro modelo de ANOVA, calculou-se a diferen&#231;a entre subgrupos com o teste <italic>post hoc </italic>de Tukey.</p>
    <p>De igual modo, foram empregados modelos de correla&#231;&#227;o bivariada, bisserial por ponto e parcial, calculando-se o r, o R<sup>2</sup> e o Eta<sup>2</sup> para FCM e idade, FCM e g&#234;nero, FCM e agravos, ajustados e n&#227;o ajustados, assim como tamb&#233;m os fatores de correla&#231;&#227;o e determina&#231;&#227;o para FE e IMC.</p>
    <p>Por fim, efetuou-se regress&#227;o linear para FCM em cinco modelos. Os dois primeiros, simplificados, envolvendo apenas os estratos et&#225;rios ou a idade. O terceiro, com o m&#233;todo de entrada simult&#226;nea de vari&#225;veis preditoras (grupo et&#225;rio, g&#234;nero e os tr&#234;s agravos). O quarto, uma regress&#227;o hier&#225;rquica dividida em duas etapas, para idade e g&#234;nero. O quinto, uma regress&#227;o hier&#225;rquica mais complexa, contendo as vari&#225;veis supracitadas, inseridas em tr&#234;s etapas sequenciais. Coeficientes-beta padronizados foram calculados separadamente para os dois modelos hier&#225;rquicos.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Resultados</bold>
    </p>
    <p>As caracter&#237;sticas gerais da distribui&#231;&#227;o da amostra de acordo com os grupos et&#225;rios e g&#234;nero est&#227;o representadas na <xref ref-type="table" rid="aop_5596tab01">tabela 1</xref>. A idade variou entre 40 e 100 anos, com m&#233;dia igual a 65,69 &#177; 11,65 anos.</p>
    <p content-type="asset">
      <table-wrap id="aop_5596tab01">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-101-05-0388-30188-gt01.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    </p>
    <p>Pode ser observado que o g&#234;nero feminino predominou nos cinco grupos et&#225;rios, mas esse padr&#227;o n&#227;o apresentou diferen&#231;a significativa entre as faixas et&#225;rias da popula&#231;&#227;o amostral.</p>
    <p>Com o avan&#231;ar da idade, houve aumento da preval&#234;ncia de HAS, DM, dislipidemia e do n&#250;mero de medicamentos (p &lt; 0,001) e decr&#233;scimo do IMC, da fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o e do percentual de n&#227;o sedent&#225;rios.</p>
    <p>A m&#233;dia da FCM na popula&#231;&#227;o amostral foi igual a 74,45 &#177; 7,55 ppm (IC95% = 74,02 - 74,88). Al&#233;m do estreito intervalo de confian&#231;a, a validade interna desses valores espont&#226;neos foi corroborada por sucessivos "bootstraps" (IC95% = 74,00 - 74,90) e pelo emprego de "jackknife" (IC95% = 74,01 - 74,89). A an&#225;lise foi tamb&#233;m realizada em subgrupos, de acordo com o g&#234;nero, a faixa et&#225;ria e a associa&#231;&#227;o entre ambos. Em todas as situa&#231;&#245;es, os valores obtidos diretamente se assemelharam tanto aos de "jackknife" quanto aos de "bootstraps" (<xref ref-type="table" rid="aop_5596tab02">Tabela 2</xref>).</p>
    <p content-type="asset">
      <table-wrap id="aop_5596tab02">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-101-05-0388-30188-gt02.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    </p>
    <p>Os intervalos interquartis e a mediana da FCM foram analisados na totalidade da amostra de acordo com o g&#234;nero, e estratificados segundo g&#234;nero e faixa et&#225;ria. As distribui&#231;&#245;es apresentaram padr&#227;o t&#237;pico de normalidade, sem valores extremos ou at&#237;picos. Ocorreu FCM mais elevada entre as mulheres, notando-se que esse padr&#227;o persistiu em todos os estratos et&#225;rios, e tamb&#233;m se identificou tend&#234;ncia de redu&#231;&#227;o da FCM com a idade, independente do g&#234;nero (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="aop_5596fig02">Figura 2A</xref>, <xref ref-type="fig" rid="aop_5596fig02">B</xref>, <xref ref-type="fig" rid="aop_5596fig02">C</xref>, <xref ref-type="fig" rid="aop_5596fig02">D</xref>).</p>
    <p><fig id="aop_5596fig02"/>&#13;
&#160;&#13;
</p>
    <p>
      <fig id="aop_5596fig02a">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-101-05-0388-30188-gf02.jpg"/></fig>
    </p>
    <p>&#13;
  <fig id="aop_5596fig02x02b"/><fig id="aop_5596fig02b"><graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-101-05-0388-30188-gf03.jpg"/></fig></p>
    <p>&#13;
  <fig id="aop_5596fig02x02c"/><fig id="aop_5596fig02c"><graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-101-05-0388-30188-gf04.jpg"/></fig></p>
    <p>A m&#233;dia de FCM foi significativamente superior no g&#234;nero feminino, tanto no teste <italic>t</italic> de Student quanto no teste de Mann-Whitney (p &lt; 0,001). Entretanto, a magnitude dessa diferen&#231;a resultou consideravelmente pequena (d = 0,281). Ambos os testes para compara&#231;&#245;es de m&#233;dias de FCM em duas amostras independentes foram reaplicados com rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; presen&#231;a de DM, dislipidemia e DM, com resultados n&#227;o significativos. O teste de Levene para homogeneidade de vari&#226;ncia foi satisfat&#243;rio em todas essas an&#225;lises (<xref ref-type="table" rid="aop_5596tab03">Tabela 3</xref>).</p>
    <p content-type="asset">
      <table-wrap id="aop_5596tab03">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-101-05-0388-30188-gt03.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    </p>
    <p>Com o intuito de avaliar o grau de associa&#231;&#227;o entre FCM e algumas vari&#225;veis, empregaram-se estrat&#233;gias de correla&#231;&#227;o bivariada, incluindo bisserial por ponto e parcial. Calculou-se o coeficiente de correla&#231;&#227;o e de determina&#231;&#227;o, individual ou ajustados, para idade, g&#234;nero, agravos, FE e IMC (<xref ref-type="table" rid="aop_5596tab04">Tabela 4</xref>). Apenas idade, g&#234;nero e g&#234;nero ajustado para a idade tiveram signific&#226;ncia estat&#237;stica (p &lt; 0,001). A despeito da signific&#226;ncia, a for&#231;a dessa associa&#231;&#227;o &#233; de muito baixa relev&#226;ncia, uma vez que os valores de R e R<sup>2 </sup>se encontram em escala inferior a 0,10.</p>
    <p content-type="asset">
      <table-wrap id="aop_5596tab04">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-101-05-0388-30188-gt04.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    </p>
    <p>Nas an&#225;lises envolvendo os cinco grupos et&#225;rios, diferentes modelos de ANOVA foram empregados, al&#233;m do teste de Kruskal-Wallis (<xref ref-type="table" rid="aop_5596tab05">Tabela 5</xref>). Com refer&#234;ncia &#224; associa&#231;&#227;o entre maior FCM e g&#234;nero feminino, todos os testes resultaram em diferen&#231;a significativa. Quanto &#224; associa&#231;&#227;o entre FCM e grupo et&#225;rio, as ANOVAS One Way e 5x2 (fatores = grupo et&#225;rio e g&#234;nero) apresentaram signific&#226;ncia. Isso n&#227;o se repetiu na ANOVA 5x2x2x2x2x2 (fatores anteriores + HAS + dislipidemia + DM) devido provavelmente &#224; redu&#231;&#227;o de poder em decorr&#234;ncia da amplia&#231;&#227;o dos fatores. Por&#233;m, na an&#225;lise <italic>post hoc</italic> de subgrupos, o test de Tukey sublinhou diferen&#231;as em termos de FCM, atingindo n&#237;veis de signific&#226;ncia quando a compara&#231;&#227;o era feita entre faixas et&#225;rias n&#227;o cont&#237;guas.</p>
    <p content-type="asset">
      <table-wrap id="aop_5596tab05">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-101-05-0388-30188-gt05.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    </p>
    <p>Isoladamente, HAS, dislipidemia e DM n&#227;o exerceram influ&#234;ncia preditiva, tampouco em intera&#231;&#227;o. Em decorr&#234;ncia de m&#250;ltiplas compara&#231;&#245;es, uma vez aplicada a corre&#231;&#227;o de Bonferroni, os valores lim&#237;trofes para a intera&#231;&#227;o entre grupo et&#225;rio e HAS (p = 0,046) n&#227;o seriam considerados significativos. Nas situa&#231;&#245;es em que ocorreu diferen&#231;a realmente significativa, os valores de R<sup>2</sup> e de Eta<sup>2</sup> encontrados nos diversos modelos indicam uma contribui&#231;&#227;o diminuta da vari&#225;vel implicada.</p>
    <p>Semelhante fen&#244;meno se deu com os cinco modelos de regress&#227;o linear. Nos dois primeiros, aplicou-se uma regress&#227;o simples, seja para o grupo et&#225;rio, seja para a idade como vari&#225;vel discreta. No terceiro, foram agregadas as tr&#234;s comorbidades e inseridas simultaneamente. Aplicou-se regress&#227;o hier&#225;rquica no quarto e no quinto modelos, a primeira em duas etapas e contendo apenas idade e g&#234;nero, e a segunda em tr&#234;s etapas, reincluindo-se as comorbidades (<xref ref-type="table" rid="aop_5596tab06">Tabela 6</xref>).</p>
    <p content-type="asset">
      <table-wrap id="aop_5596tab06">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-101-05-0388-30188-gt06.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    </p>
    <p>Novamente, em todos os modelos de regress&#227;o se encontrou signific&#226;ncia para a faixa et&#225;ria e o g&#234;nero. N&#227;o obstante, a participa&#231;&#227;o dessas duas vari&#225;veis foi diminuta, haja vista os reduzidos valores dos coeficientes beta padronizados. Nos modelos hier&#225;rquicos, quando se analisou o papel individual das comorbidades, ele n&#227;o foi significante do ponto de vista estat&#237;stico.</p>
    <p>Os valores de VIF em torno de 1 e o c&#244;mputo da equa&#231;&#227;o de Durbin-Watson pr&#243;ximo a 2, acrescidos do resultado satisfat&#243;rio do teste de homocedasticidade de Cook-Weisberg (p = 0,892) indicaram excelente adequa&#231;&#227;o amostral aos modelos escolhidos para os testes de regress&#227;o. Isso tamb&#233;m p&#244;de ser corroborado mediante an&#225;lise de res&#237;duos padronizados de regress&#227;o envolvendo frequ&#234;ncias de distribui&#231;&#227;o, probabilidade acumulada e valores cr&#237;ticos de distribui&#231;&#227;o Z em gr&#225;ficos de dispers&#227;o.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Discuss&#227;o</bold>
    </p>
    <p>O predom&#237;nio de mulheres &#224; medida que avan&#231;a a faixa et&#225;ria tem sido devido provavelmente a uma maior expectativa de vida nesse g&#234;nero, quando comparado com idosos do g&#234;nero masculino<sup>19</sup>.</p>
    <p>As tr&#234;s comorbidades avaliadas na pesquisa (HAS, diabete melito e dislipidemia) apresentaram distribui&#231;&#227;o homog&#234;nea e n&#227;o exerceram influ&#234;ncia no comportamento da FCM. Quanto &#224; preval&#234;ncia, apresentaram padr&#227;o semelhante ao costumeiramente descrito em estudos epidemiol&#243;gicos de outras localidades no Brasil<sup>20,21</sup>.</p>
    <p>No estudo CARLA (Cardiovascular Disease, Living and Ageing), com uma amostra de 1.779 indiv&#237;duos, a idade variou entre 45 e 83 anos e tamb&#233;m n&#227;o foi encontrada uma rela&#231;&#227;o consistente entre par&#226;metros de variabilidade de frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca e os principais fatores de risco cardiovascular<sup>22</sup>.</p>
    <p>Embora geralmente seja considerado que o automatismo sinusal diminui durante o processo de envelhecimento<sup>12-15</sup>, o valor progn&#243;stico, o potencial terap&#234;utico e a relev&#226;ncia cl&#237;nica t&#234;m sido questionados em vista da diversidade de resultados e de interpreta&#231;&#227;o<sup>23,24</sup>.</p>
    <p>No Jap&#227;o<sup>14</sup>, os valores m&#233;dios de NN ao Holter de 24 horas em 15 indiv&#237;duos com idade superior a 65 anos foram analisados em dois momentos, com intervalo de 15 anos, tendo havido ligeiro encurtamento do ciclo sinusal, embora alcan&#231;ando signific&#226;ncia estat&#237;stica (0,976 &#177; 0,115 x 0,903 &#177; 0,117; p = 0,0019). N&#227;o obstante, os autores do presente artigo calcularam a diferen&#231;a segundo a f&#243;rmula de Cohen e corrigiram para cada ano de vida, com resultado &#237;nfimo (d = 0,0413).</p>
    <p>Na Dinamarca, em uma pesquisa cuja amostra era formada por 260 indiv&#237;duos saud&#225;veis com idade variando entre 40 e 79 anos, obteve-se FCM igual a 74 &#177; 18 bpm<sup>25</sup>. O menor valor de desvio padr&#227;o no presente estudo sugere maior homogeneidade da amostra, al&#233;m da maior precis&#227;o devido ao emprego de tra&#231;ados de longa dura&#231;&#227;o.</p>
    <p>Num estudo de caso-controle realizado no Rio Grande do Sul<sup>26</sup>, o registro da FC de repouso no grupo controle de 5.410 pacientes com idade m&#233;dia igual a 55,4 &#177; 10,4 anos apresentou uma m&#233;dia de 72,1 &#177; 12,6 bpm. Esse tamb&#233;m foi um valor pr&#243;ximo aos atuais achados descritos no exame de Holter. Por&#233;m, ao contr&#225;rio da eletrocardiografia ambulatorial de 24 horas, medi&#231;&#245;es rotineiras e diretas da FC est&#227;o sujeitas a vari&#226;ncia decorrente de v&#225;rios tipos de interfer&#234;ncia, tais como a temperatura ambiente, a presen&#231;a do examinador e o estado emocional do examinado<sup>27</sup>. Novamente, o desvio padr&#227;o obtido atrav&#233;s da FC de repouso foi bastante superior &#224;quele resultante da medida da FCM atrav&#233;s do registro de 24 horas.</p>
    <p>Esse aspecto da quest&#227;o pode ser ilustrado mediante an&#225;lise de outra pesquisa<sup>28</sup>, onde foram utilizadas ambas as medi&#231;&#245;es (FC de repouso e FCM). Primeiramente, comparou-se a FC de repouso de 32 pacientes centen&#225;rios (idade entre 100 e 106 anos) com 89 pessoas saud&#225;veis (idade entre 63 e 95 anos). Foi encontrada uma diferen&#231;a entre os primeiros (76,8 &#177; 12,7) e os segundos (74,9 &#177; 5,9), com signific&#226;ncia (p &lt; 0,005). Por&#233;m, quando se mediu a FCM durante Holter de 24 horas, essa se situou em torno de 72 bpm, e n&#227;o houve diferen&#231;a significativa entre grupos. Tais achados se assemelham aos encontrados no presente estudo. Os autores atribu&#237;ram o aumento da FC de repouso em centen&#225;rios ao esfor&#231;o pr&#233;vio durante o deslocamento para a maca, ou a alguma expectativa de ordem emocional, diante da realiza&#231;&#227;o do exame.</p>
    <p>O Baltimore Longitudinal Study on Ageing (BLSA)<sup>29</sup> avaliou 69 homens e 29 mulheres com idade entre 60 e 85 anos. Os pacientes foram divididos em tr&#234;s grupos: 59 indiv&#237;duos com idade entre 60 e 69 anos; 32 com idade entre 70 e 79 anos; e apenas 7 integrantes com idade <underline>&gt;</underline> 80 anos. Todos foram considerados "saud&#225;veis" de acordo com os seguintes crit&#233;rios: aus&#234;ncia de enfermidade sist&#234;mica ou doen&#231;a card&#237;aca manifesta; exame f&#237;sico do cora&#231;&#227;o sem anormalidades; press&#227;o arterial de at&#233; 160/95 mmHg; eletrocardiograma sem altera&#231;&#245;es morfol&#243;gicas importantes; fun&#231;&#227;o pulmonar satisfat&#243;ria; teste ergom&#233;trico dentro dos padr&#245;es de normalidade; sem uso de medicamentos antiarr&#237;tmicos e betabloqueadores. Os registros de eletrocardiografia din&#226;mica duraram entre 17 e 26 horas. N&#227;o foi encontrada varia&#231;&#227;o significativa da FCM com a idade. Entretanto, a FCM das mulheres (76,9 &#177; 8,0) foi significativamente mais elevada que a dos homens (69,8 &#177; 8,8), com valor de p &lt; 0,001.</p>
    <p>Comparado &#224; presente pesquisa, e embora corrobore nossos achados, o BLSA apresentou maior diferen&#231;a com rela&#231;&#227;o ao g&#234;nero, o que pode dever-se ao menor tamanho amostral e &#224; maior variabilidade de dura&#231;&#227;o do registro eletrocardiogr&#225;fico. Outro aspecto importante a ser comentado sobre o estudo BLSA &#233; a excessiva propor&#231;&#227;o de homens (cerca de 70%). Isso decorreu da forma de ingresso, que foi volunt&#225;ria e ativa da parte dos pacientes. Adicionalmente, a mensura&#231;&#227;o, obtida em regime de internamento, pode enviesar os resultados, uma vez que possivelmente n&#227;o refletiram o ambiente natural<sup>30</sup>.</p>
    <p>A fisiopatologia da resposta cronotr&#243;pica &#233; considerada complexa, multifatorial e n&#227;o totalmente conhecida. O aumento discreto da frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca poderia decorrer de varia&#231;&#245;es transit&#243;rias do fluxo sangu&#237;neo na parede atrial<sup>31</sup>, redu&#231;&#245;es progressivas do volume sist&#243;lico ou altera&#231;&#245;es de complac&#234;ncia ventricular produzidas pela disfun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica<sup>32</sup>.</p>
    <p>Diversos fatores relacionados com a modula&#231;&#227;o auton&#244;mica durante o processo de envelhecimento, ag&#244;nicos e antag&#244;nicos, podem estar relacionados com a manuten&#231;&#227;o do status de equil&#237;brio da FCM.</p>
    <p>A reduzida queda da FCM, substancialmente inferior &#224; diminui&#231;&#227;o da frequ&#234;ncia sinusal intr&#237;nseca<sup>14</sup>, eventualmente decorreria da atua&#231;&#227;o de outros mecanismos de adapta&#231;&#227;o do sistema cardiovascular em gerontes, tais como o incremento do t&#244;nus simp&#225;tico diante de um menor desempenho mioc&#225;rdico durante as atividades di&#225;rias, incluindo graus vari&#225;veis de esfor&#231;o f&#237;sico. V&#225;rios estudos identificaram uma tend&#234;ncia de predom&#237;nio da modula&#231;&#227;o simp&#225;tica sobre a parassimp&#225;tica com a avan&#231;ar da idade<sup>23,33</sup>.</p>
    <p>Embora n&#227;o se conhe&#231;am completamente os motivos respons&#225;veis, a diminuta redu&#231;&#227;o da FCM com a idade, independentemente de g&#234;nero e etnia, tem sido demonstrada em outros trabalhos com idosos submetidos ao exame de Holter de 24 horas<sup>27,34,35</sup>.</p>
    <p>Novas investiga&#231;&#245;es nesse sentido, associando medi&#231;&#245;es ecococardiogr&#225;ficas e variabilidade de frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca, poder&#227;o esclarecer o fen&#244;meno e corroborar algumas das hip&#243;teses aventadas.</p>
    <p>Entre as limita&#231;&#245;es do presente estudo, pode-se questionar a representatividade da amostra, uma vez que n&#227;o houve aleatoriza&#231;&#227;o durante o processo de inclus&#227;o dos participantes, e a popula&#231;&#227;o fonte &#233; formada por clientes de um &#250;nico centro de refer&#234;ncia cardiol&#243;gica. De fato, em amostragens de base institucional, existe potencialmente uma tend&#234;ncia de predom&#237;nio de sujeitos com maior preval&#234;ncia de agravos<sup>36</sup>. Outro fator a ser considerado &#233; a aus&#234;ncia de mensura&#231;&#227;o direta de n&#237;veis press&#243;ricos e par&#226;metros cl&#237;nicos, mas a avalia&#231;&#227;o ecocardiogr&#225;fica buscou evitar a inser&#231;&#227;o de indiv&#237;duos com cardiopatia evidente.</p>
    <p>Dados relativos &#224; fun&#231;&#227;o da tireoide n&#227;o estiveram dispon&#237;veis em cerca de 25% da amostra. Embora uma eventual disfun&#231;&#227;o dessa gl&#226;ndula possa interferir nos valores de FCM, acreditamos que esse fator n&#227;o tenha sido de significativa influ&#234;ncia no presente estudo, uma vez que os restantes 75% apresentaram n&#237;veis hormonais normais e nenhum sujeito arrolado referiu uso de medica&#231;&#227;o relacionada.</p>
    <p>Adicionalmente, a coleta prospectiva e sequencial, o preenchimento completo dos dados, os crit&#233;rios de sele&#231;&#227;o e exclus&#227;o dos participantes, al&#233;m de apurados recursos estat&#237;sticos, foram medidas relevantes na minimiza&#231;&#227;o de vieses. A distribui&#231;&#227;o de indiv&#237;duos entre os grupos et&#225;rios e a esperada propor&#231;&#227;o entre homens e mulheres em termos de "vida real" tamb&#233;m sugerem que a amostra pesquisada se insere no padr&#227;o populacional esperado.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Conclus&#245;es</bold>
    </p>
    <p>A FCM reduziu com o aumento da idade, em ambos os g&#234;neros. Para id&#234;nticas faixas et&#225;rias, o g&#234;nero feminino apresentou valores de FCM significativamente mais altos que sua contrapartida masculina, e esse fen&#244;meno se reproduziu tanto na totalidade da amostra quanto na observa&#231;&#227;o estratificada por idade. A preval&#234;ncia de comorbidades tais como hipertens&#227;o arterial sist&#234;mica, diabete melito n&#227;o insulinodependente e dislipidemia n&#227;o exerceu influ&#234;ncia detect&#225;vel nos padr&#245;es de FCM. Tanto a associa&#231;&#227;o entre FCM e faixa et&#225;ria quanto a associa&#231;&#227;o entre FCM e g&#234;nero foram significativas em diversos modelos de an&#225;lise estat&#237;stica. Por&#233;m, a magnitude dessa associa&#231;&#227;o em ambos as situa&#231;&#245;es &#233; consideravelmente pequena.</p>
    <p>Os achados foram consistentes, reprodut&#237;veis e corroborados em variados modelos estat&#237;sticos.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Contribui&#231;&#227;o dos Autores</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa e Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito: Santos MAA, Sousa ACS, Reis FP, Santos TR, Lima SO, Barreto-Filho JA; Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados: Santos MAA, Santos TR; An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados: Santos MAA, Sousa ACS, Reis FP, Barreto-Filho JA; An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica: Santos MAA; Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual: Santos MAA, Sousa ACS, Reis FP, Lima SO, Barreto-Filho JA.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Potencial Conflito de Interesses</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Declaro n&#227;o haver conflito de interesses pertinentes.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Fontes de Financiamento</bold>
    </p>
    <p>O presente estudo n&#227;o teve fontes de financiamento externas.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Vincula&#231;&#227;o Acad&#234;mica</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Este artigo &#233; parte de tese de Mestrado e Doutorado de Marcos Antonio Almeida Santos pela Universidade Tiradentes e Universidade Federal de Sergipe.</p>
    <p>
      <fn id="end" fn-type="corresp">
        <label>
          <bold>Correspond&#234;ncia:</bold>
        </label>
        <p> Marcos Antonio Almeida Santos </p>
        <p> Avenida Gon&#231;alo Prado Rollemberg, 211, Sala 210, S&#227;o Jos&#233; </p>
        <p> CEP 49010-410 - Aracaju, SE - Brasil </p>
        <p> E-mail: </p>
        <p><email xlink:href="maasantos@cardiol.br">maasantos@cardiol.br</email>, </p>
        <p>
          <email xlink:href="marcosalmeida2010@yahoo.com.br">marcosalmeida2010@yahoo.com.br</email>
        </p>
      </fn>
    </p>
    <p>Artigo recebido em 07/04/13; revisado em 03/06/13; aceito em 07/06/13.</p>
  </body>
  <back>
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  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Articles</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title xml:lang="en">Does the aging process significantly modify the Mean Heart Rate?</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <abstract xml:lang="en">
        <p>BACKGROUND: The Mean Heart Rate (MHR) tends to decrease with age. When adjusted for gender and diseases, the magnitude of this effect is unclear. OBJECTIVES: To analyze the MHR in a stratified sample of active and functionally independent individuals. METHODS: A total of 1,172 patients aged &gt; 40 years underwent Holter monitoring and were stratified by age group: 1 = 40-49, 2 = 50-59, 3 = 60-69, 4 = 70-79, 5 = &gt; 80 years. The MHR was evaluated according to age and gender, adjusted for Hypertension (SAH), dyslipidemia and non-insulin dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM). Several models of ANOVA, correlation and linear regression were employed. A two-tailed p value &lt;0.05 was considered significant (95% CI). RESULTS: The MHR tended to decrease with the age range: 1 = 77.20 &#177; 7.10; 2 = 76.66 &#177; 7.07; 3 = 74.02 &#177; 7.46; 4 = 72.93 &#177; 7.35; 5 = 73.41 &#177; 7.98 (p &lt; 0.001). Women showed a correlation with higher MHR (p &lt;0.001). In the ANOVA and regression models, age and gender were predictors (p &lt; 0.001). However, R&#178; and ETA&#178; &lt; 0.10, as well as discrete standardized beta coefficients indicated reduced effect. Dyslipidemia, hypertension and DM did not influence the findings. CONCLUSION: The MHR decreased with age. Women had higher values of MHR, regardless of the age group. Correlations between MHR and age or gender, albeit significant, showed the effect magnitude had little statistical relevance. The prevalence of SAH, dyslipidemia and diabetes mellitus did not influence the results.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>Aging</kwd>
        <kwd>Heart Rate</kwd>
        <kwd>Electrocardiography, Ambulatory</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p>
        <fn id="enda-body2">
          <label>
            <bold>Does the aging process significantly modify the Mean Heart Rate?</bold>
          </label>
          <p>
            <bold>Marcos Antonio Almeida Santos<sup>I,II,III</sup>; Antonio Carlos Sobral Sousa<sup>II,III</sup>; Francisco Prado Reis<sup>I</sup>; Thayn&#225; Ramos Santos<sup>I</sup>; Sonia Oliveira Lima<sup>I</sup>; Jos&#233; Augusto Barreto-Filho<sup>II,III</sup></bold>
          </p>
        </fn>
      </p>
      <p><sup>I</sup>Universidade Tiradentes</p>
      <p><sup>II</sup>Universidade Federal de Sergipe</p>
      <p><sup>III</sup>Centro de Pesquisas da Cl&#237;nica e Hospital S&#227;o Lucas, Aracaju, SE - Brazil</p>
      <p>Mailing Address</p>
      <p>
        <bold>ABSTRACT</bold>
      </p>
      <p><bold>BACKGROUND:</bold> The Mean Heart Rate (MHR) tends to decrease with age. When adjusted for gender and diseases, the magnitude of this effect is unclear.</p>
      <p><bold>OBJECTIVES:</bold> To analyze the MHR in a stratified sample of active and functionally independent individuals.</p>
      <p><bold>METHODS:</bold> A total of 1,172 patients aged <underline>&gt;</underline> 40 years underwent Holter monitoring and were stratified by age group: 1 = 40-49, 2 = 50-59, 3 = 60-69, 4 = 70-79, 5 = <underline>&gt;</underline> 80 years. The MHR was evaluated according to age and gender, adjusted for Hypertension (SAH), dyslipidemia and non-insulin dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM). Several models of ANOVA, correlation and linear regression were employed. A two-tailed p value &lt;0.05 was considered significant (95% CI).</p>
      <p><bold>RESULTS:</bold> The MHR tended to decrease with the age range: 1 = 77.20 &#177; 7.10; 2 = 76.66 &#177; 7.07; 3 = 74.02 &#177; 7.46; 4 = 72.93 &#177; 7.35; 5 = 73.41 &#177; 7.98 (p &lt; 0.001). Women showed a correlation with higher MHR (p &lt;0.001). In the ANOVA and regression models, age and gender were predictors (p &lt; 0.001). However, R<sup>2</sup> and ETA<sup>2</sup> &lt; 0.10, as well as discrete standardized beta coefficients indicated reduced effect. Dyslipidemia, hypertension and DM did not influence the findings.</p>
      <p><bold>CONCLUSION:</bold> The MHR decreased with age. Women had higher values of MHR, regardless of the age group. Correlations between MHR and age or gender, albeit significant, showed the effect magnitude had little statistical relevance. The prevalence of SAH, dyslipidemia and diabetes mellitus did not influence the results.</p>
      <p><bold>Keywords:</bold> Aging; Heart Rate; Electrocardiography, Ambulatory.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Introduction</bold>
      </p>
      <p>The aging process, in spite of recent medical advances, still constitutes an inexorable phenomenon. The number of elderly individuals has grown in almost all regions of the world, particularly where strategies to improve living conditions have been implemented<sup>1</sup>.</p>
      <p>In recent decades, there has been a change in the age profile of Brazil. Considered for a long time as a young population, the number of elderly individuals is progressively increasing<sup>2-5</sup>.</p>
      <p>On account of that, large-scale studies have been performed on the different aspects of the aging issue<sup>6-8</sup>, understood as a complex and multifactorial process, comprising biological changes with consequences on quality of life and general health status<sup>9</sup>.</p>
      <p>There are several features related to cardiovascular senescence, ranging from decreased left ventricular compliance due to collagen accumulation and fibrosis to alterations in the conduction system, with reduction in pacemaker cells and fatty infiltration, leading to loss of specialized fibers and intrinsic decrease in sinus automatism<sup>10,11</sup>. Moreover, dynamic histochemical and immunohistochemical alterations during the aging process are associated with autonomic reactions involved in the reduction of heart rate in the elderly<sup>12</sup>, resulting in diagnostic and therapeutic implications<sup>13</sup>.</p>
      <p>There is little scientific literature that aims to measure the effect size and relevance of MHR at Holter with advancing age. Searching the Medline and Embase databases for publications from 2005 on, using the keywords "mean heart rate" and "aging" or "elderly", only one article addressed the issue, albeit indirectly due to its design, as well as its small sample size and specific population<sup>14</sup>.</p>
      <p>The present study aims to investigate the values of MHR in functionally and mentally active adults and elderly individuals, submitted to physical examination with 24-hour Holter monitoring. Several and exhaustive statistical analysis models will be used in order to identify, quantify and assess the relevance of MHR trends associated with age, dependent or not on other factors, including gender and presence of three high prevalence comorbidities among the elderly: systemic arterial hypertension (SAH), dyslipidemia and non-insulin dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM).</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Method</bold>
      </p>
      <p>A cross-sectional, descriptive and analytical study was carried out. The study complied with the ethical principles in the Declaration of Helsinki and the requirements of the 196/96 National Health Council Resolution, including complementary requirements and was approved by the institutional Research Ethics Committee #100710, on July 19, 2010. All individuals enrolled in the study consented to participate and signed the free and informed consent form.</p>
      <p>The sample size, of around a thousand individuals, was previously calculated using the GPower software, based on the following parameters: alpha = 0.05, 1-&#946; = 0.80, effect = 0.10. Data collection was performed consecutively and prospectively and the sample consisted of adult and elderly individuals of both genders, aged <underline>&gt;</underline> 40 years, submitted to Holter monitoring for 24 hours in a cardiology reference private practice from July 2010 to December 2012. The main reason for the examination was routine cardiological assessment in asymptomatic individuals or investigation of nonspecific symptoms, such as palpitations, dizziness or atypical chest pain.</p>
      <p>The recording of the electrocardiographic tracing was performed during spontaneous situations occurring outside the hospital and medical environment. Every beat that generated electrical activity at any time of the recording was counted. The method has been validated by several researchers<sup>15,16</sup> national<sup>17</sup> and international<sup>18</sup> cardiology associations.</p>
      <p>The Holter recorder used in the study was a Cardiolight Cardios digital model with Memory Card, which performed 3-channel continuous recording, subsequently analyzed by the CardioSmart Professional CS 540 program. All recording devices were installed in the same location by the same professional and the tests were processed in a single computer. Moreover, the analysis of the examination and the production of the final report were made by the same cardiologist, experienced in Holter System.</p>
      <p>Before the enrollment, individuals initially selected by the age criterion (<underline>&gt;</underline> 40 years) and under outpatient care, were invited for an interview, where cognitive capacity was evaluated, albeit subjectively (understand without difficulty the content of direct questions related to anamnesis) and functional independence (walking without external aid, pain or difficulty in walking).</p>
      <p>We selected only those individuals that met both criteria and agreed to take part in the research. Complaints indicating major diseases (history of myocardial infarction, angina pectoris, invasive hemodynamic procedure, cardiac surgery and permanent pacing) represented additional exclusion criteria.</p>
      <p>We also excluded those who reported using insulin, digitalis, antiarrhythmics, beta-blockers or drugs that had a direct action on heart rate (such as the nebivolol), and the pharmacological survey was carried out in two stages (on the day of installation and removal of the recording device) and by evaluating the compatibility between the anamnesis, the reported diseases and prescribed medications.</p>
      <p>We also subsequently excluded those whose tests had a recording duration &lt; 22 hours, those with more than 5% of artifacts, atrial fibrillation or dynamic alterations in the ST segment and T wave, high rate of supraventricular or ventricular ectopy (&gt; 10,000/24h), or those who had evidence of abnormal sinus activity, be it of functional or organic etiology, manifested by atypical MHR values (&lt; 60 or &gt; 90 bpm). After echocardiography, we selected subjects with ejection fraction (EF) &gt; 50%. The sample selection flowchart is shown in <xref ref-type="fig" rid="en_aop5596fig01-body2">figure 1</xref>.</p>
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      <p>The resulting sample consisted of 1,172 individuals and was separated by gender and grouped into five strata according to the age (in years): 1 = 40-49; 2 = 50-59; 3 = 60-69; 4 = 70-79; 5 <underline>&gt;</underline> 80. There were no missing data. </p>
      <p>Anthropometric data were obtained (weight and height) using an electronic calibrated scale with a maximum capacity of 200 kg and a ruler for measuring height ranging between 1.30 and 2 meters. The Body Mass Index (BMI) was calculated using the formula: weight (kg) / height (m)<sup>2</sup>.</p>
      <p>Sample characterization data were obtained through a sociodemographic questionnaire, as well as reference to three chronic diseases: systemic arterial hypertension, diabetes mellitus and dyslipidemia.</p>
      <p>The calculations were performed using SPSS platform 20, with the exception of the homoscedasticity test, and MHR jackknife estimates were performed in Stata 12. The 95% Confidence Interval (95%CI) was used and a significance value of p &lt; 0.05 (two-tailed). Nonparametric data were represented by the total number and percentage. The chi-square test or Fisher's test were employed when appropriate for comparisons between groups.</p>
      <p>Parametric variables were described as mean, standard deviation, standard error and interquartile range. Several bootstraps were employed to corroborate the sample values of MHR, with 1,000 samples and random counts of the 95%CIs for each situation: MHR for the entire sample; MHR for gender differences; MHR in five age groups.</p>
      <p>The Kolmogorov-Smirnov test was used for exploration of the normality pattern and Levene's test for equality of variance. This was carried out both in the whole sample and in subgroups divided according to gender or age. In comparisons between two independent samples, the mean difference was calculated by Student's <italic>t</italic> test. Even though the distribution was normal, the same thing was done with the Mann-Whitney test, due to its more conservative characteristic and lower probability of Type I error</p>
      <p>Subsequently, the analysis of MHR between age groups was performed by Kruskal-Wallis (also due to its more conservative characteristic and lower probability of type I error) and three ANOVA models: One-way (age groups), 5x2 (age groups and gender) and 5x2x2x2x2 (age groups, gender, SAH, dyslipidemia and diabetes mellitus). In the third ANOVA model, the difference between subgroups was calculated using Tukey's post hoc test.</p>
      <p>Similarly, models of bivariate, point biserial and partial correlation were used, calculating the R<sup>2</sup> and ETA<sup>2</sup> for MHR and age, MHR and gender, MHR and diseases, adjusted and nonadjusted, as well as factors of correlation and determination for EF and BMI.</p>
      <p>Finally, we performed linear regression for MHR in five models. The first two, simplified, involved only the age groups or age. The third was performed using the method of simultaneous input of predictor variables (age group, gender and the three diseases). The fourth was a hierarchical regression divided into two stages, for age and gender. The fifth was a more complex hierarchical regression, containing the aforementioned variables, entered in three sequential steps. Standardized beta-coefficients were calculated separately for the two hierarchical models.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Results</bold>
      </p>
      <p>The general characteristics of the sample distribution according to age groups and gender are shown in <xref ref-type="table" rid="en_aop5596tab01-body2">table 1</xref>. The age of the sample ranged between 40 and 100 years, with a mean of 65.69 &#177; 11.65 years.</p>
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      <p>It can be observed that females predominated in the five age groups, but this pattern was not significantly different between the age groups of the sample population. With advancing age, there was an increased prevalence of SAH, diabetes mellitus, dyslipidemia, and number of medications (p &lt; 0.001) and decreased BMI, ejection fraction and percentage of non-sedentary individuals.</p>
      <p>The mean MHR in the sample population was 74.45 &#177; 7.55 bpm (95% CI = 74.02 to 74.88). In addition to the narrow confidence interval, the internal validity of these values was corroborated by successive spontaneous bootstrap estimates (95% CI = 74.00 to 74.90) and the use of jackknife estimates (95%CI = 74.01 to 74.89). The analysis was also performed in subgroups according to gender, age range and the association between them. In all cases, the values obtained directly resembled those found by the jackknife and the bootstrap estimates (<xref ref-type="table" rid="en_aop5596tab02-body2">Table 2</xref>).</p>
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      <p>The median and interquartile ranges of MHR were analyzed for the whole sample according to gender and stratified according to gender and age. The distributions showed typical pattern of normality without outliers or atypical values. MHR was higher among women and this pattern persisted in all age groups; we also identified a trend decline in MHR with age, regardless of gender (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="en_aop_5596fig02-body2">Figure 2A</xref>, <xref ref-type="fig" rid="en_aop_5596fig02-body2">B</xref>, <xref ref-type="fig" rid="en_aop_5596fig02-body2">C</xref>, <xref ref-type="fig" rid="en_aop_5596fig02-body2">D</xref>).</p>
      <p content-type="html"><fig id="en_aop_5596fig02-body2"><graphic xlink:href="https://minio.scielo.br/documentstore/1678-4170/7KN3BWVVCYPDkgVwcX3F4BN/0367896d802c2749dfc41a2cbdaa6a67dbbeb390.jpg"/><graphic xlink:href="https://minio.scielo.br/documentstore/1678-4170/7KN3BWVVCYPDkgVwcX3F4BN/a7153d7368bcb931f5ca9883e113fb80ac6bcb47.jpg"/><graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-101-05-0388-30188-gf02-en.jpg"/></fig>&#13;
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      <p>The mean MHR was significantly higher in females, both at Student's <italic>t</italic> test and at the Mann-Whitney test (p &lt; 0.001). However, the magnitude of this difference was considerably small (d = 0.281). Both tests for comparisons of MHR means in two independent samples were reapplied regarding the presence of DM, dyslipidemia and diabetes, with nonsignificant results. Levene test for homogeneity of variance was satisfactory in all these analyses (<xref ref-type="table" rid="en_aop5596tab03-body2">Table 3</xref>).</p>
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      </p>
      <p>In order to assess the degree of association between MHR and some variables bivariate correlation strategies were employed, including point biserial and partial correlation. We calculated the coefficient of correlation and determination, individual or adjusted for age, gender, diseases, EF and BMI (<xref ref-type="table" rid="en_aop5596tab04-body2">Table 4</xref>). Only age, gender and gender adjusted for age were statistically significant (p &lt; 0.001). Despite the significance, the strength of this association is of very low significance, considering that the R and R<sup>2</sup> values were less than 0.10.</p>
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      </p>
      <p>In analyses involving the five age groups, different ANOVA models were employed, as well as the Kruskal-Wallis test (<xref ref-type="table" rid="en_aop5596tab05-body2">Table 5</xref>). With regard to the association between higher MHR and female gender, all tests resulted in significant differences. As for the association between MHR and age group, the One Way ANOVA and 5x2 (factors = age group and gender) were significant. This was not observed with the 5x2x2x2x2x2 ANOVA (previous factors + SAH + dyslipidemia + DM), probably due to the reduction in power caused by the magnification of factors.</p>
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      <p>However, in <italic>post hoc</italic> analysis of the subgroup, Tukey's test showed differences in MHR, reaching levels of significance when the comparison was made between non-contiguous age groups. SAH, dyslipidemia and diabetes mellitus had no predictive influence, either separately or in interaction. Due to the multiple comparisons, when Bonferroni correction was applied, the threshold values for the interaction between age group and SAH (p = 0.046) were not considered significant. In situations where there was actually a significant difference, the values of R<sup>2</sup> and ETA<sup>2</sup> found in the several models indicated a diminished contribution of the involved variable. Similar phenomenon occurred with the five linear regression models.</p>
      <p>In the first two models, a simple regression was applied, for the age group and for age as discrete variable. In the third, the three comorbidities were added and inserted simultaneously. Hierarchical regression was applied to the fourth and fifth models, the first in two stages and containing only age and gender, and the second in three stages, once again including the comorbidities (<xref ref-type="table" rid="en_aop5596tab06-body2">Table 6</xref>). Again, in all regression models significance was found for age range and gender. Nevertheless, the participation of these two variables was limited, given the reduced values of standardized beta coefficients. In the hierarchical models, when analyzing the individual role of comorbidities, it was not significant from a statistical point of view.</p>
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      <p>The VIF values around 1 and the computation of the Durbin-Watson equation close to 2, added to the successful result of the Cook-Weisberg homoscedasticity test (p = 0.892) indicated excellent sample suitability to the models chosen for regression testing. This was also corroborated by analyzing the standardized regression residuals involving frequencies of distribution, cumulative probability and critical values of Z-distribution in scatter plots.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Discussion</bold>
      </p>
      <p>The predominance of women as the age progresses has been probably due to a longer life expectancy in females, when compared with male elderly individuals<sup>19</sup>.</p>
      <p>The three comorbidities assessed in the study (SAH, diabetes and dyslipidemia) showed homogenous distribution and had no influence on MHR behavior. In terms of prevalence, they showed a similar pattern customarily described in epidemiological studies carried out in other locations in Brazil<sup>20,21</sup>.</p>
      <p>In the CARLA (Cardiovascular Disease, Living and Ageing) study, which had a sample of 1,779 individuals, age ranged between 45 and 83 years and no consistent association was observed between parameters of heart rate variability and major cardiovascular risk factors<sup>22</sup>.</p>
      <p>Although it is generally considered that sinus automatism decreases with the aging process<sup>12-15</sup>, the prognostic value, therapeutic potential and clinical significance have been questioned in view of varying results and interpretation<sup>23,24</sup>. </p>
      <p>In Japan<sup>14</sup>, the mean values of NN intervals at 24-hour Holter in 15 individuals aged &gt; 65 years were analyzed in two stages, with a 15-year interval, showing slight shortening of sinus cycle, although reaching statistical significance (0.976 &#177; 0.115 x 0.903 &#177; 0.117, p = 0.0019). Nevertheless, the authors of this article calculated the difference according to Cohen's formula and corrected for each year of life, with negligible results (d = 0.0413). </p>
      <p>In Denmark, a study of which sample consisted of 260 healthy subjects aged between 40 and 79 years, a MHR of 74 &#177; 18 bpm was obtained<sup>25</sup>. The lower standard deviation value in this study suggests greater sample homogeneity, in addition to greater precision due to the use of long-term tracings.</p>
      <p>In a case-control study performed in the state of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil<sup>26</sup>, the recording of HR at rest in the control group of 5,410 patients with a mean age of 55.4 &#177; 10.4 years showed a mean value of 72.1 &#177; 12.6 bpm. This value was also close to the current findings described in Holter monitoring. However, dissimilar from the 24-hour ambulatory ECG, routine and direct HR measurements are subject to variations caused by several types of interference, such as ambient temperature, presence of the examiner and the individual's emotional status<sup>27</sup>. Again, the standard deviation obtained from the resting HR was quite higher than that resulting from the measurement of MHR by 24-hour monitoring. </p>
      <p>This aspect of the matter can be illustrated by the analysis of another study<sup>28</sup>, which used both measurements (resting HR and MHR). First, the resting HR of 32 patients aged 100 to 106 years was compared to that of 89 healthy individuals (aged 63 to 95 years). There was a difference between the first (76.8 &#177; 12.7) and the latter (74.9 &#177; 5.9), with statistical significance (p &lt; 0.005). But when the MHR was measured by 24-hour Holter, it was around 72 bpm and there was no significant difference between the groups.</p>
      <p>These findings are similar to those found in the present study. The authors attributed the increase in resting HR in centenarians to the previous effort made when lying on the stretcher, or some emotional expectation before the examination.</p>
      <p>The Baltimore Longitudinal Study on Ageing (BLSA)<sup>29</sup> evaluated 69 men and 29 women aged 60 to 85 years. Patients were divided into three groups: 59 subjects aged between 60 and 69 years, 32 aged between 70 and 79 years, and only 7 members aged <underline>&gt;</underline> 80 years. All were considered "healthy" according to the following criteria: absence of systemic disease or overt heart disease, no heart abnormalities at physical examination, blood pressure of 160/95 mmHg; ECG with no significant morphological alterations; satisfactory lung function, exercise testing within normal limits, no antiarrhythmic and beta-blocker drug use. The dynamic electrocardiography recordings lasted between 17 and 26 hours.</p>
      <p>There was no significant variation in MHR with age. However, MHR in women (76.9 &#177; 8.0) was significantly higher than that of men (69.8 &#177; 8.8), with p &lt; 0.001.</p>
      <p>Compared to the present study, and although it corroborates our findings, the BLSA showed greater differences regarding gender, which may be due to the smaller sample size and greater variability during the electrocardiographic recording. Another important aspect of the BLSA study is the excessive proportion of men (70%). This fact was due to the enrollment procedure, which was voluntary and active on the part of the patients. Additionally, the measurements obtained in inpatients may result in bias, as they may not reflect the natural environment<sup>30</sup>.</p>
      <p>The physiopathology of the chronotropic response is considered to be complex, multifactorial and not completely understood. The slight increase in heart rate may be attributed to transient alterations in blood flow on the atrial wall<sup>31</sup>, progressive reductions in systolic volume or ventricular compliance alterations produced by diastolic dysfunction<sup>32</sup>.</p>
      <p>Several factors related to the autonomic modulation during the aging process, agonist and antagonist ones, may be related to the maintenance of the MHR equilibrium status.</p>
      <p>The reduced decrease in MHR, substantially lower than the intrinsic sinus rate decrease<sup>14</sup>, would eventually result from the action of other adaptation mechanisms of the cardiovascular system in the elderly, such as increase in sympathetic tone after a lower myocardial performance during daily activities, including varying degrees of physical exertion. Several studies have identified a trend of predominant sympathetic modulation over the parasympathetic one with advancing age<sup>23,33</sup>.</p>
      <p>Although the mechanisms responsible for it are not completely understood, the small decrease in MHR with age, regardless of gender and ethnicity, has been demonstrated in other studies with elderly individuals submitted to 24-hour Holter monitoring<sup>27,34,35</sup>.</p>
      <p>Further investigations, involving echocardiographic measurements and heart rate variability, may explain the phenomenon and confirm some of the hypotheses.</p>
      <p>Among the limitations of this study, one might question the representativeness of the sample, as there was no randomization during the process of participant inclusion and the source population consists of patients from a single cardiology referral center. In fact, considering the institutional-based sampling, there is potentially a trend of predominance of individuals with higher prevalence of diseases<sup>36</sup>. Another factor to be considered is the lack of direct measurement of blood pressure levels and clinical parameters, but the echocardiographic evaluation sought to avoid the inclusion of individuals with evident heart disease.</p>
      <p>Data related to thyroid function were not available in approximately 25% of the sample. Although an eventual thyroid dysfunction may interfere with MHR values, we believe this factor did not have any significant influence on the present study, as the remaining 75% showed normal hormone levels and no subjects enrolled in the study reported the use of thyroid-dysfunction medication.</p>
      <p>Additionally, the prospective and sequential data collection, the complete filling out of data, the participants' selection and exclusion criteria and the stringent statistical calculations were relevant measures in minimizing biases. The distribution of individuals across the age groups and the expected ratio between men and women in terms of "real life" also suggest that the research sample is inserted within the expected population standard.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Conclusions</bold>
      </p>
      <p>MHR decreased with increasing age in both genders. For similar age groups, females had significantly higher MHR values than their male counterparts and this phenomenon was reproduced in both the total sample and when stratified by age. The prevalence of comorbidities such as hypertension, non-insulin dependent diabetes mellitus and dyslipidemia had no detectable influence on MHR patterns. Both the association between MHR and age range as the association between MHR and gender were significant in several models of statistical analysis. However, the magnitude of this association in both situations is considerably small.</p>
      <p>The findings were consistent, reproducible and corroborated in several statistical models.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Author contributions</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Conception and design of the research e Writing of the manuscript: Santos MAA, Sousa ACS, Reis FP, Santos TR, Lima SO, Barreto-Filho JA; Acquisition of data: Santos MAA, Santos TR; Analysis and interpretation of the data: Santos MAA, Sousa ACS, Reis FP, Barreto-Filho JA; Statistical analysis: Santos MAA; Critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content: Santos MAA, Sousa ACS, Reis FP, Lima SO, Barreto-Filho JA.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Potential Conflict of Interest</bold>
      </p>
      <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Sources of Funding</bold>
      </p>
      <p>There were no external funding sources for this study.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Study Association</bold>
      </p>
      <p>This article is part of the thesis of master and doctoral submitted by Marcos Antonio Almeida Santos from Universidade Tiradentes and Universidade Federal de Sergipe.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>References</bold>
      </p>
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