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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
        <publisher-loc>S&#227;o Paulo, SP, Brazil</publisher-loc>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">FYQMxxFJdQQqnNy4w8Xyz7v</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2013003100002</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v1">S0066-782X(13)10100500002</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5935/abc.20130199</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigos Originais</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Stent farmacol&#243;gico autoexpans&#237;vel miniaturizado em coron&#225;rias de pequeno calibre: efic&#225;cia tardia</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Oliveira</surname>
            <given-names>Flavio Roberto Azevedo de</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Mattos</surname>
            <given-names>Luiz Alberto Piva e</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Abizaid</surname>
            <given-names>Alexandre</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Abizaid</surname>
            <given-names>Andrea S.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Costa</surname>
            <given-names>J. Ribamar</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Costa</surname>
            <given-names>Ricardo</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Staico</surname>
            <given-names>Rodolfo</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Botelho</surname>
            <given-names>Roberto</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Sousa</surname>
            <given-names>J. Eduardo</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Sousa</surname>
            <given-names>Amanda</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff01">
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Instituto Dante Pazzanese de Cardiologia</institution>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
      </aff>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>11</month>
        <year>2013</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>101</volume>
      <issue>5</issue>
      <fpage>379</fpage>
      <lpage>387</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>10</day>
          <month>09</month>
          <year>2012</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>23</day>
          <month>04</month>
          <year>2013</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>17</day>
          <month>09</month>
          <year>2012</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <p>FUNDAMENTO: Na angioplastia coron&#225;ria percut&#226;nea (ACP), os vasos de fino calibre representam um fator de risco para reestenose. O stent farmacol&#243;gico (SF) autoexpans&#237;vel Sparrow&#174;, de perfil menor que os sistemas atuais, nunca foi testado nesse cen&#225;rio. OBJETIVOS: Avaliar a efic&#225;cia tardia do SF Sparrow&#174;, com rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; perda luminal tardia intrastent (PLT intrastent) aos oito meses. M&#201;TODOS: Estudo prospectivo, randomizado, em P com doen&#231;a arterial coron&#225;ria (DAC) sintom&#225;tica ou com isquemia documentada, submetido &#224; ACP em vasos de calibre &lt; 2,75 mm, dividido em dois grupos quanto ao tipo de stent Sparrow&#174;: grupo 1, SF; grupo 2, stent n&#227;o farmacol&#243;gico (SNF). O seguimento cl&#237;nico foi de 12 meses. De imediato e aos oito meses, avalia&#231;&#227;o pela angiografia coron&#225;ria quantitativa (ACQ). Para o c&#225;lculo da amostra estimou-se diminui&#231;&#227;o de mais de 65% de PLT intrastent com o SF. Para an&#225;lise estat&#237;stica utilizou-se o programa IBM SPSS Statistics&#174; vers&#227;o 19 (Chicago, Illinois, EUA). RESULTADOS: Foram inclu&#237;dos 24 p, 12 em cada grupo. Os grupos SF e SNF foram semelhantes quanto &#224; idade (63,25 &#177; 10,01 versus 64,58 &#177; 11,54, p = 0,765), sexo masculino (58,3% versus 33,3%, p = 0,412), fatores de risco e todos os aspectos angiogr&#225;ficos. Os resultados imediatos foram satisfat&#243;rios em ambos os grupos. Aos oito meses, a PLT intrastent foi significativamente menor no SF do que no SNF (SF 0,25 &#177; 0,16 versus SNF 0,97 &#177; 0,76, p = 0,008). CONCLUS&#195;O: Em ACP de vasos de calibre &lt; 2,75 mm, o SF Sparrow&#174; determinou significativa redu&#231;&#227;o da PLT intrastent, em compara&#231;&#227;o ao SNF Sparrow&#174;.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt" kwd-group-type="author-generated">
        <kwd>Angioplastia Coron&#225;ria com Bal&#227;o</kwd>
        <kwd>Stents Famacol&#243;gicos</kwd>
        <kwd>Ensaio Cl&#237;nico Controlado Aleat&#243;rio</kwd>
        <kwd>Estudo Comparativo</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="pub">
        <day>08</day>
        <month>10</month>
        <year>2013</year>
      </pub-date>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <p>
      <bold><italic>Stent</italic> farmacol&#243;gico autoexpans&#237;vel miniaturizado em coron&#225;rias de pequeno calibre: efic&#225;cia tardia</bold>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Flavio Roberto Azevedo de Oliveira; Luiz Alberto Piva e Mattos; Alexandre Abizaid; Andrea S. Abizaid; J. Ribamar Costa; Ricardo Costa; Rodolfo Staico; Roberto Botelho; J. Eduardo Sousa; Amanda Sousa</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Instituto Dante Pazzanese de Cardiologia, S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brasil</p>
    <p>
      <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="enda">Correspond&#234;ncia</xref>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>RESUMO</bold>
    </p>
    <p><bold>FUNDAMENTO:</bold> Na angioplastia coron&#225;ria percut&#226;nea (ACP), os vasos de fino calibre representam um fator de risco para reestenose. O stent farmacol&#243;gico (SF) autoexpans&#237;vel Sparrow<sup>&#174;</sup>, de perfil menor que os sistemas atuais, nunca foi testado nesse cen&#225;rio. </p>
    <p><bold>OBJETIVOS:</bold> Avaliar a efic&#225;cia tardia do SF Sparrow<sup>&#174;</sup>, com rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; perda luminal tardia intrastent (PLT intrastent) aos oito meses. </p>
    <p><bold>M&#201;TODOS:</bold> Estudo prospectivo, randomizado, em P com doen&#231;a arterial coron&#225;ria (DAC) sintom&#225;tica ou com isquemia documentada, submetido &#224; ACP em vasos de calibre &lt; 2,75 mm, dividido em dois grupos quanto ao tipo de stent Sparrow<sup>&#174;</sup>: grupo 1, SF; grupo 2, stent n&#227;o farmacol&#243;gico (SNF). O seguimento cl&#237;nico foi de 12 meses. De imediato e aos oito meses, avalia&#231;&#227;o pela angiografia coron&#225;ria quantitativa (ACQ). Para o c&#225;lculo da amostra estimou-se diminui&#231;&#227;o de mais de 65% de PLT intrastent com o SF. Para an&#225;lise estat&#237;stica utilizou-se o programa IBM SPSS Statistics<sup>&#174;</sup> vers&#227;o 19 (Chicago, Illinois, EUA). </p>
    <p><bold>RESULTADOS:</bold> Foram inclu&#237;dos 24 p, 12 em cada grupo. Os grupos SF e SNF foram semelhantes quanto &#224; idade (63,25 &#177; 10,01 versus 64,58 &#177; 11,54, p = 0,765), sexo masculino (58,3% versus 33,3%, p = 0,412), fatores de risco e todos os aspectos angiogr&#225;ficos. Os resultados imediatos foram satisfat&#243;rios em ambos os grupos. Aos oito meses, a PLT intrastent foi significativamente menor no SF do que no SNF (SF 0,25 &#177; 0,16 versus SNF 0,97 &#177; 0,76, p = 0,008). </p>
    <p><bold>CONCLUS&#195;O:</bold> Em ACP de vasos de calibre <underline>&lt;</underline> 2,75 mm, o SF Sparrow<sup>&#174;</sup> determinou significativa redu&#231;&#227;o da PLT intrastent, em compara&#231;&#227;o ao SNF Sparrow<sup>&#174;</sup>.</p>
    <p><bold>Palavras-chave:</bold> Angioplastia Coron&#225;ria com Bal&#227;o; Stents Famacol&#243;gicos; Ensaio Cl&#237;nico Controlado Aleat&#243;rio; Estudo Comparativo.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Para a angioplastia coron&#225;ria percut&#226;nea (ACP), os vasos de fino calibre representam maior complexidade, com maior taxa de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o da les&#227;o-alvo (RLA) e mais reestenose, quando comparados com vasos de maior calibre<sup>1-5</sup>, estando isso relacionado com a hiperplasia neointimal (HNI) que determina a perda luminal tardia (PLT) ap&#243;s a ACP.</p>
    <p>A HNI tem a mesma intensidade em vasos de diferente calibre, com maior impacto nos de fino calibre, que respondem com maior perda luminal que os vasos mais calibrosos<sup>6</sup>.</p>
    <p>Com os <italic>stents</italic> n&#227;o farmacol&#243;gicos (SNF) a PLT varia de 0,8 a 1,0 mm. Com os stents farmacol&#243;gicos (SF) a PLT se situa sempre abaixo de 0,5 mm, sendo menor (abaixo de 0,3 mm) com SF eluidos com sirolimus, everolimus ou biolimus. Esse maior poder inibit&#243;rio na HIN, resultou em diminui&#231;&#227;o significativa nas taxas de reestenose em todos os grupos de paciente (P), inclusive nos pacientes com vasos de fino calibre. Ainda assim, as taxas de reestenose continuam maiores nos vasos de fino calibre em compara&#231;&#227;o com os vasos mais calibrosos<sup>7-9</sup>.</p>
    <p>Les&#245;es mais distais, tortuosidade e calcifica&#231;&#227;o, frequentes nos vasos de fino calibre, dificultam a navegabilidade dos sistemas de dilata&#231;&#227;o convencionais com <italic>stent</italic> expans&#237;vel por bal&#227;o (SEB).</p>
    <p><italic>Stents</italic> de hastes finas induzem menor HNI que <italic>stents</italic> com hastes espessas, mesmo entre os SF<sup>10,11</sup>.</p>
    <p>Nesse contexto surgiu o <italic>stent</italic> autoexpans&#237;vel (SAE) de nitinol Sparrow<sup>&#174;</sup>(Cardiomind Inc. , Sunnyvale, Calif&#243;rnia), dedicado a vasos de fino calibre. Na vers&#227;o SNF foi avaliado por Chami&#233; e cols. <sup>12</sup>, que comprovaram a efic&#225;cia e a seguran&#231;a. Montado sobre um sistema de fio-guia que dispensa o bal&#227;o, resulta em perfil 70% menor que o conjunto bal&#227;o-<italic>stent</italic> convencional.</p>
    <p>Neste estudo, avalia-se de forma pioneira o impacto na PLT do emprego do SAE Sparrow<sup>&#174;</sup> farmacol&#243;gico em compara&#231;&#227;o com sua vers&#227;o n&#227;o farmacol&#243;gica, em vasos de fino calibre, avaliada pela angiografia coron&#225;ria quantitativa (ACQ) aos oito meses, sendo esse o objetivo prim&#225;rio. Objetivos secund&#225;rios: (1) compara&#231;&#227;o entre os grupos dos volumes do vaso, do l&#250;men e do <italic>stent</italic>, e do percentual de volumes de obstru&#231;&#227;o do <italic>stent</italic>, por meio da ultrassonografia intracoron&#225;ria (USIC), imediatamente ap&#243;s o implante e aos oito meses; (2) descri&#231;&#227;o at&#233; 12 meses das taxas de eventos card&#237;acos adversos maiores (ECAM - &#243;bito, infarto do mioc&#225;rdio, revasculariza&#231;&#227;o do vaso-alvo (RVA) e trombose intrastent.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>M&#233;todos</bold>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Desenho do estudo</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Estudo prospectivo, randomizado de forma n&#227;o cega (o operador tinha conhecimento do tipo de <italic>stent</italic> utilizado), efetivado no Instituto Dante Pazzanese de Cardiologia, S&#227;o Paulo (SP), com protocolos CEP 3.577 e Conep 14.582 (aprovados), que avaliou a efic&#225;cia tardia do SF Sparrow<sup>&#174;</sup> em compara&#231;&#227;o com sua vers&#227;o n&#227;o farmacol&#243;gica, pela aferi&#231;&#227;o e compara&#231;&#227;o da PLT aos oito meses, por meio da ACQ, em pacientes com les&#245;es em vaso de fino calibre (di&#226;metro de refer&#234;ncia <underline>&lt;</underline> 2,75mm).</p>
    <p>A reavalia&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica foi programada para 30 dias, seis meses e 12 meses ap&#243;s o procedimento. Foi programada avalia&#231;&#227;o pela ACQ imediatamente antes e imediatamente ap&#243;s a ACP e aos oito meses. Ultrassonografia intracoron&#225;ria (USIC) imediatamente ap&#243;s o implante e aos oito meses tamb&#233;m foi programada.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Sele&#231;&#227;o dos pacientes</bold>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Crit&#233;rios de inclus&#227;o:</bold>
    </p>
    <p>&#149; Idade igual ou superior a 18 anos.</p>
    <p>&#149; Evid&#234;ncia cl&#237;nica de isquemia (angina do peito ou equivalente isqu&#234;mico) ou comprova&#231;&#227;o de isquemia por avalia&#231;&#227;o n&#227;o invasiva.</p>
    <p>&#149; Les&#227;o-alvo em art&#233;ria coron&#225;ria natural com estenose <underline>&gt;</underline> 50% e &lt; 100%, em an&#225;lise pela ACQ.</p>
    <p>&#149; Vaso-alvo com di&#226;metro de refer&#234;ncia <underline>&gt;</underline> 2,0 e <underline>&lt;</underline> 2,75 mm.</p>
    <p>&#149; Les&#227;o-alvo com extens&#227;o <underline>&lt;</underline> 20 mm.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Crit&#233;rios de exclus&#227;o:</bold>
    </p>
    <p>&#149; Sexo feminino na vig&#234;ncia de gravidez.</p>
    <p>&#149; Fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o ventricular esquerda &lt; 30% nos seis meses precedentes.</p>
    <p>&#149; Contraindica&#231;&#227;o ao uso de terapia antiplaquet&#225;ria dupla.</p>
    <p>&#149; Disfun&#231;&#227;o renal (creatinina s&#233;rica &gt; 2,0 mg/dL).</p>
    <p>&#149; Acidente vascular cerebral ou acidente isqu&#234;mico transit&#243;rio nos seis meses anteriores.</p>
    <p>&#149; Expectativa de vida menor que 12 meses.</p>
    <p>&#149; Les&#227;o-alvo localizada no tronco da coron&#225;ria esquerda ou &#243;stios de coron&#225;ria direita, descendente anterior ou circunflexa.</p>
    <p>&#149; Les&#227;o em bifurca&#231;&#227;o, com trombo ou em vaso derradeiro.</p>
    <p>&#149; Les&#227;o-alvo envolvendo bifurca&#231;&#227;o.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Dispositivo pesquisado e t&#233;cnica do implante</bold>
    </p>
    <p>O dispositivo pesquisado foi o SF Sparrow<sup>&#174;</sup>(Cardiomind<sup>&#174;</sup> Inc. , Sunnyvale, Calif&#243;rnia, EUA) eluidor de sirolimo, tendo como compara&#231;&#227;o a vers&#227;o n&#227;o farmacol&#243;gica do mesmo <italic>stent</italic> (SNF Sparrow<sup>&#174;</sup>). Trata-se de um sistema de dilata&#231;&#227;o composto por SAE de nitinol, com desenho de c&#233;lulas fechadas e espessura de haste de 67 &#181;m montado em uma plataforma que funciona com fio-guia (0,014"), com elui&#231;&#227;o de sirolimo (6 &#181;g, 60% da dose no <italic>stent</italic> Cypher<sup>&#174;</sup>), incorporado a uma matriz de copol&#237;meros biodegrad&#225;veis da classe PLA/PGLA, do sistema de pol&#237;mero biodegrad&#225;vel SynBiosys<sup>TM</sup>. Essa matriz de copol&#237;meros acrescenta apenas 8 &#181;m &#224; espessura da haste. O resultado &#233; um conjunto de baix&#237;ssimo perfil, conforme demonstrado na <xref ref-type="fig" rid="aop_5117fig01">Figura 1</xref>, sendo at&#233; 70% mais fino do que qualquer conjunto bal&#227;o-<italic>stent</italic> (<xref ref-type="table" rid="aop_5117tab01">Tabela 1</xref>).</p>
    <p content-type="asset">
      <fig id="aop_5117fig01">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-101-05-0379-30199-gf01.jpg"/></fig>
    </p>
    <p content-type="asset">
      <table-wrap id="aop_5117tab01">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-101-05-0379-30199-gt01.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    </p>
    <p>Distal ao <italic>stent</italic> segue um fio-guia flex&#237;vel com 2-3 cm de comprimento, para permitir a progress&#227;o do sistema no vaso. Existem duas marcas radiopacas que identificam o in&#237;cio e o fim do <italic>stent</italic> no sistema de fio-guia e permitem seu preciso posicionamento na les&#227;o. O <italic>stent</italic> composto cont&#233;m nitinol, que tem a propriedade termoel&#225;stica de expans&#227;o (mem&#243;ria do metal). Travas mec&#226;nicas nos bordos do <italic>stent</italic> mant&#234;m o mesmo n&#227;o expandido e preso ao fio-guia. Uma fonte de energia (dispositivo externo n&#227;o est&#233;ril) &#233; conectada &#224; ponta proximal do sistema de dilata&#231;&#227;o por um cabo adaptador est&#233;ril, que controla a libera&#231;&#227;o do <italic>stent</italic> atrav&#233;s de um mecanismo de eletr&#243;lise com corrente de 0,5 mA. Libera-se, inicialmente, a trava distal e, em seguida, a proximal (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="aop_5117fig02">Figura 2</xref>).</p>
    <p content-type="asset">
      <fig id="aop_5117fig02">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-101-05-0379-30199-gf02.jpg"/></fig>
    </p>
    <p>O sistema com o <italic>stent</italic> funcionou como fio-guia 0,014", e sobre esse sistema navegava-se com o bal&#227;o at&#233; a les&#227;o e procedia-se &#224; pr&#233;-dilata&#231;&#227;o. Em seguida, recuava-se o bal&#227;o para uma posi&#231;&#227;o proximal &#224; marca proximal do <italic>stent</italic> e iniciava-se o processo de libera&#231;&#227;o do <italic>stent</italic> por eletr&#243;lise conforme j&#225; descrito. Ap&#243;s a libera&#231;&#227;o do <italic>stent</italic>, realizava-se procedimento de p&#243;s-dilata&#231;&#227;o. Para evitar trauma nos bordos do <italic>stent</italic>, o bal&#227;o era sempre mais curto que o <italic>stent</italic>. Esse mesmo fio-guia poderia, ainda, ser utilizado para a realiza&#231;&#227;o da USIC.</p>
    <p>Os procedimentos do estudo compreenderam a seguinte sequ&#234;ncia: eletrocardiograma (ECG) antes do procedimento e na alta hospitalar; enzimas card&#237;acas (CK-MB) e troponina I ou T, antes e ap&#243;s o procedimento; tempo de coagula&#231;&#227;o ativado (TCA) ap&#243;s o acesso arterial, no final do procedimento e antes da retirada do introdutor; terapia antiplaquet&#225;ria dupla com clopidogrel 300 mg e AAS 100 mg pelo menos 12 horas antes do procedimento, com continua&#231;&#227;o por pelo menos oito meses; utiliza&#231;&#227;o de bainha de 0,6 F e cateteres-guias compat&#237;veis; heparina endovenosa (100 U/kg) ap&#243;s a coloca&#231;&#227;o da bainha e nitroglicerina intracoron&#225;ria (100-200 &#181;g); angiografia inicial do vaso em pelo menos duas proje&#231;&#245;es pr&#243;ximo-ortogonais que permitissem a visualiza&#231;&#227;o adequada do vaso e da les&#227;o; avalia&#231;&#227;o pela ACQ pr&#233;-dilata&#231;&#227;o; ACT com o implante do <italic>stent</italic> conforme j&#225; descrito; retirada da bainha introdut&#243;ria 3-4 h ap&#243;s o procedimento com TCA &lt; 200 s; alta hospitalar ap&#243;s 24 h nos casos sem intercorr&#234;ncias; consultas de acompanhamento aos 30 dias, oito e 12 meses; angiografia de controle aos oito meses; registro de USIC imediatamente ap&#243;s o implante do <italic>stent</italic> e aos oito meses.</p>
    <p>As an&#225;lises da ACQ e da USIC foram realizadas <italic>off-line</italic> (ACG pelo sistema CMS-GFT<sup>&#174;</sup> vers&#227;o 5.1 Medis, Leiden, Holanda,e a USIC pelo programa Echoplaque<sup>&#174;</sup>, Indec Systems, Inc, Mountain View, California, EUA).</p>
    <p>Na ACQ, os seguintes par&#226;metros foram avaliados: extens&#227;o da les&#227;o; di&#226;metro de refer&#234;ncia do vaso (DRV); di&#226;metro luminal m&#237;nimo (DLM); percentual de estenose do vaso (PE) calculado pela f&#243;rmula PE = DR - DML &#247; DR) &#215; 100; ganho luminal agudo (GLA) calculado pela f&#243;rmula GLA = DML<sub>p&#243;s</sub> - DML<sub>pr&#233;</sub>; PLT (diferen&#231;a entre o DLM tardio e o DLM no p&#243;s imediato). Essas an&#225;lises foram feitas intrastent e nos segmentos de 0,5 mm proximais e distais ao <italic>stent</italic> (an&#225;lise dos bordos).</p>
    <p>As imagens de USIC corresponderam aos registros de pelo menos 10 mm distais ao <italic>stent</italic> at&#233; pelo menos 10 mm proximais ao <italic>stent</italic>, em duas aquisi&#231;&#245;es, a primeira imediatamente ap&#243;s o implante e a segunda aos oito meses. Para esse fim foi utilizado um sistema de tra&#231;&#227;o monitorado autom&#225;tico, a uma velocidade de 0,5 mm/s, com transdutor de 40 MHze bainha de 2,6-French (Galaxy 2 ouIlab, Boston Scientific Corporation, Natick, Massachusetts, EUA). Foram programados c&#225;lculos de &#225;reas e volumes do vaso, da luz, do <italic>stent</italic> e da placa, bem como o volume de HNI e o percentual de obstru&#231;&#227;o do volume do <italic>stent</italic>, segundo protocolo j&#225; descrito na literatura. Avaliou-se, ainda, a aposi&#231;&#227;o das hastes &#224; parede do vaso.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Defini&#231;&#245;es do estudo</bold>
    </p>
    <p><italic>Sucesso angiogr&#225;fico</italic>: implante do <italic>stent</italic> na les&#227;o-alvo com les&#227;o residual &lt; 30% e fluxo TIMI 3. <italic>Sucesso do procedimento</italic>: sucesso angiogr&#225;fico sem complica&#231;&#245;es maiores (&#243;bito, infarto ou cirurgia de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o de emerg&#234;ncia na fase hospitalar). <italic>Trombose do stent</italic>: crit&#233;rios da Academic Research Consortium (ARC)<sup>13</sup>. <italic>Eventos card&#237;acos adversos maiores</italic> (ECAM): &#243;bito (de origem card&#237;aca), infarto do mioc&#225;rdio n&#227;o fatal (eleva&#231;&#227;o de enzimas card&#237;acas CK-MB ou troponinas card&#237;acas I ou T, tr&#234;s vezes acima do normal at&#233; a alta hospitalar e duas vezes acima do normal a partir da alta hospitalar ou aparecimento de novas ondas Q em pelo menos duas deriva&#231;&#245;es cont&#237;guas do ECG) e RVA. <italic>Reestenose bin&#225;ria</italic>: recorr&#234;ncia da les&#227;o-alvo igual <underline>&gt;</underline> 50% no controle tardio.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Foi utilizado o programa IBM SPSS Statistics<sup>&#174;</sup>vers&#227;o 19 (Chicago, Illinois, EUA).O teste <italic>t</italic> de <italic>Student</italic> foi utilizado para compara&#231;&#227;o entre as m&#233;dias dos grupos. Para todos os par&#226;metros comparados, valores de p <underline>&lt;</underline> 0,05 foram considerados significativos. Vari&#225;veis categ&#243;ricas foram expressas como valor absoluto ou propor&#231;&#227;o. Vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas, como m&#233;dia e desvio-padr&#227;o. Foi considerado n&#237;vel de signific&#226;ncia de 5% e poder de 80%, estimando-se diminui&#231;&#227;o de PLT com o SF de 65% e calculada amostra m&#237;nima de 11 pacientes para cada grupo.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Resultados</bold>
    </p>
    <p>De janeiro de 2009 a abril de 2010, foram inclu&#237;dos 24 pacientes, 12 em cada grupo, de forma prospectiva e randomizada. As caracter&#237;sticas cl&#237;nicas dos pacientes inclu&#237;dos est&#227;o na <xref ref-type="table" rid="aop_5117tab02">Tabela 2</xref> e revelam grupos homog&#234;neos.</p>
    <p content-type="asset">
      <table-wrap id="aop_5117tab02">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-101-05-0379-30199-gt02.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    </p>
    <p>A distribui&#231;&#227;o por art&#233;ria e por segmento foi semelhante entre os grupos, observando-se que, em mais de 70% dos casos, em ambos os grupos, a les&#227;o se situa nos segmentos m&#233;dio e distal do vaso (<xref ref-type="table" rid="aop_5117tab03">Tabela 3</xref>).</p>
    <p content-type="asset">
      <table-wrap id="aop_5117tab03">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-101-05-0379-30199-gt03.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    </p>
    <p>N&#227;o foram observadas diferen&#231;as significativas entre os grupos SF e SNF, nessa sequ&#234;ncia, com rela&#231;&#227;o ao volume de contraste (133,33 &#177; 23,87 ml <italic>versus</italic> 120 &#177; 34,38 ml, p = 0,282), tempo de procedimento (71 &#177; 9,2 min <italic>versus</italic> 62 &#177; 14,82 min, p = 0,350) e press&#227;o m&#225;xima de p&#243;s-dilata&#231;&#227;o (15,75 &#177; 4,67 <italic>versus</italic>15,42 &#177; 3,12, p = 0,839).</p>
    <p>A ICP foi realizada com sucesso em todos os pacientes. N&#227;o houve registro de ECAM ou qualquer intercorr&#234;ncia at&#233; a alta hospitalar.</p>
    <p>Os resultados da ACQ das angiografias imediatamente antes e ap&#243;s ACP ressaltam que a randomiza&#231;&#227;o produziu grupos semelhantes e destacam a homogeneidade e o sucesso dos resultados imediatos entre os grupos. A extens&#227;o da les&#227;o foi ligeiramente maior no grupo com SF, mas de forma n&#227;o significativa (SF 15,29 &#177; 5,55 mm <italic>versus </italic>SNF 12,91 &#177; 3,23 mm, p = 0,233); a extens&#227;o do <italic>stent</italic> (SF 19,92 &#177; 3,60 mm <italic>versus</italic> SNF 18,00 &#177; 2,34 mm, p = 0,139) e o di&#226;metro do <italic>stent</italic> implantado (SF 2,58 &#177; 0,25 mm <italic>versus </italic>2,66 &#177; 0,19 mm, p = 0,368) tamb&#233;m n&#227;o foram diferentes entre os grupos.</p>
    <p>O di&#226;metro de refer&#234;ncia do vaso imediatamente antes do procedimento foi semelhante entre os grupos (SF = 2,46 &#177; 0,24 mm <italic>versus </italic>SNF = 2,42 &#177; 0,21 mm, p = 0,680), configurando universo de vasos de fino calibre.</p>
    <p>A severidade das les&#245;es inclu&#237;das no estudo est&#225; bem demonstrada nos resultados pr&#233;-procedimento de DLM (SF = 0,75 &#177; 0,20 mm <italic>versus </italic>SNF = 0,73 &#177; 0,17 mm, p = 0,750) e PE (SF = 69,36 &#177; 6,37% <italic>versus </italic>SNF = 69,67 &#177; 5,46%, p = 0,905).</p>
    <p>Os resultados imediatos ap&#243;s o procedimento aferido pelo DLM (SF = 2,46 &#177; 0,22 mm <italic>versus </italic>SNF = 2,39 &#177; 0,13 mm, p = 0,350) e PE (SF = 4,59 &#177; 3,52% <italic>versus </italic>SNF = 4,94 + 4,41%, p = 0,869) confirmam o sucesso angiogr&#225;fico do procedimento em ambos os grupos, com intensidade de benef&#237;cios semelhante, o que se reflete no satisfat&#243;rio ganho absoluto em ambos os grupos (SF = 1,71 &#177; 0,28 mm <italic>versus</italic> SNF = 1,66 &#177; 0,12 mm, p = 0,614), resultado da diferen&#231;a entre o DLM pr&#233;-procedimento e o DLM p&#243;s-procedimento.</p>
    <p>Aos oito meses, os par&#226;metros analisados pela ACQ, destacados na <xref ref-type="table" rid="aop_5117tab04">Tabela 4</xref>, evidenciam diferen&#231;as significativas entre os grupos no tocante &#224; capacidade de manter os resultados registrados na avalia&#231;&#227;o imediatamente ap&#243;s o procedimento, isto &#233;, DLM e PE. Esses resultados se refletem na compara&#231;&#227;o de PLT entre os grupos, objetivo prim&#225;rio deste estudo, que foi significativamente menor no grupo com SF (SF = 0,25 &#177; 0,16 mm <italic>versus </italic>SNF = 0,97 &#177; 0,76 mm, p = 0,008).</p>
    <p content-type="asset">
      <table-wrap id="aop_5117tab04">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-101-05-0379-30199-gt04.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    </p>
    <p>Na <xref ref-type="fig" rid="aop_5117fig03">Figura 3</xref>, evidencia-se a resposta individual dos pacientes do estudo no tocante ao PE, com padr&#227;o de resposta mantido e mais homog&#234;neo no grupo do SF.</p>
    <p content-type="asset">
      <fig id="aop_5117fig03">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-101-05-0379-30199-gf03.jpg"/></fig>
    </p>
    <p>A an&#225;lise dos 5 mm proximais e distais ao <italic>stent</italic> imediatamente ap&#243;s o implante do <italic>stent</italic> e aos oito meses, com resultados na <xref ref-type="table" rid="aop_5117tab05">Tabela 5</xref>, n&#227;o evidenciou diferen&#231;a significativa entre os grupos quanto &#224; DLM e &#224; PE, resultando em PLT tamb&#233;m sem diferen&#231;a significativa. Apesar dessa an&#225;lise de segmentos proximal e distal ao <italic>stent</italic> n&#227;o evidenciar diferen&#231;as significativas entre os grupos, observou-se tend&#234;ncia de PLT maior no grupo com SNF em compara&#231;&#227;o ao grupo com SF, mais marcadamente no segmento proximal.</p>
    <p content-type="asset">
      <table-wrap id="aop_5117tab05">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-101-05-0379-30199-gt05.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    </p>
    <p>Dificuldades t&#233;cnicas na progress&#227;o do cateter de USIC at&#233; um ponto adequado al&#233;m do <italic>stent</italic> (incluindo os 5 mm distais ao mesmo, para contemplar todo o segmento de interesse) restringiram a coleta da informa&#231;&#245;es desse modo de avalia&#231;&#227;o previsto no estudo, impossibilitando a disponibiliza&#231;&#227;o plena de informa&#231;&#245;es, de forma diversa do que ocorreu na ACQ.</p>
    <p>Apesar disso, observou-se que o <italic>stent</italic> autoexpans&#237;vel apresentou aumento de volume ao longo do tempo de 14,8% no grupo com SF e de 2,5% no grupo com SNF. N&#227;o se observou haste m&#225; aposta nesse grupo de pacientes.</p>
    <p>At&#233; 12 meses de evolu&#231;&#227;o, n&#227;o houve perda de seguimento dos pacientes. Todos os pacientes fizeram uso da terapia antiplaquet&#225;ria dupla ao longo do estudo, conforme previsto por protocolo. N&#227;o houve registro de &#243;bito, infarto n&#227;o fatal nem necessidade de cirurgia de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica. Embora quatro pacientes tenham apresentado reestenose bin&#225;ria no grupo com SNF, a tradu&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica desse achado resultou em nova ACTP em apenas tr&#234;s pacientes. Especificamente, o paciente que apresentou reestenose oclusiva, pela boa evolu&#231;&#227;o, foi mantido em tratamento cl&#237;nico.</p>
    <p>Evento cl&#237;nico compat&#237;vel com trombose intrastent n&#227;o foi observado em nenhum dos grupos no per&#237;odo de seguimento.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Discuss&#227;o</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Novas pesquisas nessa &#225;rea t&#234;m relev&#226;ncia porque os vasos de fino calibre representam 40-50% dos casos de ACP, e esse subgrupo,mesmo tendo sido fortemente beneficiado com o advento dos SF, ainda carreia maior risco de reestenose e RVA, quando comparado com os resultados em vasos de calibre maior<sup>7,14,15</sup>. Este estudo representa a primeira experi&#234;ncia cl&#237;nica com SAE farmacol&#243;gico em vasos de fino calibre.</p>
    <p>O objetivo prim&#225;rio de redu&#231;&#227;o da PLT intrastent neste estudo foi atingido com o SF Sparrow<sup>&#174;</sup>, e o valor absoluto encontrado de 0,25 &#177; 0,16 mm mostra que o desempenho dessa plataforma foi equivalente ao melhores resultados com <italic>stents</italic> farmacol&#243;gicos.</p>
    <p>Os pacientes da coorte deste estudo tamb&#233;m fazem parte de um estudo maior, o CARE II<sup>16</sup>, multic&#234;ntrico, com inclus&#227;o de maior n&#250;mero de pacientes e cujos resultados iniciais apresentados no congresso do TCT de 2010 mostraram dados semelhantes aos encontrados aqui.</p>
    <p>O estudo CARE II<sup>16</sup>, com crit&#233;rios de inclus&#227;o semelhantes aos do nosso estudo, inclusive incluindo os pacientes desta coorte, envolveu 137 pacientes em tr&#234;s grupos, comparando o SF da Sparrow<sup>&#174;</sup>(grupo 1) com o SNF da Sparrow<sup>&#174;</sup>(grupo 2) e o <italic>stent</italic> de meta puro expans&#237;vel por bal&#227;o Driver<sup>&#174;</sup>/Microdriver<sup>&#174;</sup>(grupo 3). O objetivo prim&#225;rio foi a avalia&#231;&#227;o da PLT aos oito meses pela USIC. Aos oito meses foi observada PLT significativamente menor com grupo com SF e semelhante &#224; encontrada pela ACQ no nosso estudo (0,29 &#177; 0,45 mm). No grupo com o SF Sparrow<sup>&#174;</sup>, a reestenose bin&#225;ria foi de 6,7% e a incid&#234;ncia de ECAM aos oito meses foi de 6,25%, ratificando, em uma popula&#231;&#227;o maior, os resultados do nosso estudo.</p>
    <p>N&#227;o ocorreu reestenose bin&#225;ria nos bordos no grupo de pacientes com SF, diferentemente do relato do estudo Sirius, anteriormente descrito. Isso pode estar relacionado com a t&#233;cnica de implanta&#231;&#227;o do sistema de <italic>stent</italic> Sparrow<sup>&#174;</sup>, que minimiza as chances de barotrauma nos bordos do <italic>stent</italic>. No grupo com SNF, dois casos(16%) de reestenose bin&#225;ria, ambos envolvendo o bordo proximal, est&#227;o registrados, mas n&#227;o de forma isolada, mas refletindo um processo de reestenose proliferativa, portanto associada &#224; indesejada prolifera&#231;&#227;o de HNI intrastent.</p>
    <p>Problemas de seguran&#231;a com os SF, revelados pela incid&#234;ncia de trombose intrastent tardia e muito tardia (baixa, mas maior que a observada com os SNF), provavelmente estiveram relacionados com est&#237;mulo inflamat&#243;rio cr&#244;nico determinado pelos pol&#237;meros dur&#225;veis que retardariam o processo de reendoteliza&#231;&#227;o<sup>17-20</sup>. No presente estudo n&#227;o ocorreu trombose intrastent em um seguimento de 12 meses. O emprego de pol&#237;mero bioabsorv&#237;vel no <italic>stent</italic> Sparrow<sup>&#174;</sup>pode ter contribu&#237;do para isso.</p>
    <p>Mesmo na era dos SF, h&#225; estudo mostrando que, quanto menor a espessura da haste, menor o PLT<sup>11</sup>. Nesse contexto, o <italic>stent</italic> Sparrow<sup>&#174;</sup> se apresenta com vantagem adicional, uma vez que tem haste mais fina que todos os outros modelos de <italic>stent</italic> dispon&#237;veis.</p>
    <p>Essas caracter&#237;sticas favor&#225;veis do sistema de implanta&#231;&#227;o do SF autoexpans&#237;vel Sparrow<sup>&#174;</sup> - haste fina, pol&#237;mero bioabsorv&#237;vel, droga antiproliferativa da fam&#237;lia <italic>limo</italic>, propriedade de expans&#227;o adicional ao longo do tempo e t&#233;cnica de implanta&#231;&#227;o que minimiza o trauma de bordo - podem estar na raiz do seu bom desempenho demonstrado no nosso estudo e ratificado pelos resultados do estudo CARE II<sup>16</sup>.</p>
    <p>A avalia&#231;&#227;o pela USIC neste estudo, como no CARE II<sup>16</sup>, mostrou tend&#234;ncia &#224; expans&#227;o do <italic>stent</italic> ao longo do tempo, mais marcadamente no grupo com <italic>stent</italic> farmacol&#243;gico, um achado que motiva novas pesquisas.</p>
    <p>Destacam-se como limita&#231;&#245;es deste estudo o pequeno n&#250;mero de pacientes inclu&#237;dos, o que esteve relacionado com quest&#245;es log&#237;sticas quanto &#224; disponibilidade da endopr&#243;tese, &#224; randomiza&#231;&#227;o, que n&#227;o foi cega, e &#224; impossibilidade de an&#225;lise pela USIC, um importante instrumento de avalia&#231;&#227;o mecan&#237;stica do desempenho dos <italic>stents</italic>.</p>
    <p>As an&#225;lises posteriores de ACQ e USIC foram realizadas sem o conhecimento do tipo de <italic>stent</italic> empregado, o que ameniza o problema da randomiza&#231;&#227;o n&#227;o cega.</p>
    <p>Crit&#233;rios de inclus&#227;o amplos, sem restri&#231;&#245;es quanto &#224; tortuosidade e calcifica&#231;&#227;o, al&#233;m do pr&#243;prio di&#226;metro do vasos, podem estar relacionados com a baixa taxa de realiza&#231;&#227;o de USIC neste estudo.</p>
    <p>Ao demonstrar, de forma pioneira, o bom desempenho do <italic>stent</italic> autoexpans&#237;vel farmacol&#243;gico Sparrow<sup>&#174;</sup> em vasos de fino calibre, com comprova&#231;&#227;o de efic&#225;cia pelo resultado no par&#226;metro objetivo de PLT, e indicativo de seguran&#231;a pela aus&#234;ncia de trombose intrastent no per&#237;odo de 12 meses, este estudo pavimenta o caminho para que outros estudos sejam realizados, com maior inclus&#227;o de pacientes e at&#233; compara&#231;&#227;o com outras plataformas farmacol&#243;gicas, de sorte que se possa avaliar o impacto cl&#237;nico desse novo dispositivo.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Conclus&#245;es</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Os resultados do presente estudo permitem concluir:</p>
    <p>1. Em pacientes submetidos a angioplastia transluminal percut&#226;nea em art&#233;rias coron&#225;rias naturais com di&#226;metro de refer&#234;ncia <underline>&lt;</underline> 2,75 mm, o emprego do <italic>stent</italic> farmacol&#243;gico auto expans&#237;vel Sparrow<sup>&#174;</sup>, em compara&#231;&#227;o com a vers&#227;o n&#227;o farmacol&#243;gica do mesmo <italic>stent</italic>, resultou em significativa redu&#231;&#227;o de perda luminal tardia (no per&#237;odo de oito meses ap&#243;s o procedimento &#237;ndice).</p>
    <p>2. As medidas angiogr&#225;ficas referentes ao resultado imediato do procedimento (percentual de estenose, di&#226;metro m&#237;nimo da luz e ganho luminal agudo) foram satisfat&#243;rias em ambos os grupos e sem diferen&#231;as estat&#237;sticas entre elas.</p>
    <p>3. As medidas angiogr&#225;ficas referentes ao impacto do tratamento com o <italic>stent</italic> farmacol&#243;gico Sparrow<sup>&#174;</sup>, nos segmentos de 5 mm proximais e distais ao <italic>stent</italic>, evidenciaram manuten&#231;&#227;o dos resultados aos oito meses em compara&#231;&#227;o aos resultados imediatos (di&#226;metro luminal m&#237;nimo e percentual de estenose), documentando, assim, a aus&#234;ncia de efeitos angiogr&#225;ficos desfavor&#225;veis nos bordos dos <italic>stents</italic> nesse grupo de pacientes.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Contribui&#231;&#227;o dos autores</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa: de Oliveira FRA, Mattos LAP, Abizaid A, Staico R, Botelho R, Sousa JE, Sousa A; Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados: de Oliveira FRA, Abizaid A, Abizaid AS, Costa JR, Costa R, Staico R, Botelho R, Sousa JE, Sousa A; An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados: de Oliveira FRA, Mattos LAP, Sousa JE, Sousa A; An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica: de Oliveira FRA, Sousa JE, Sousa A; Obten&#231;&#227;o de financiamento: de Oliveira FRA, Sousa A; Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito: de Oliveira FRA, Mattos LAP, Costa JR; Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual: Mattos LAP, Abizaid A, Sousa JE, Sousa A; Acompanhamento cl&#237;nico dos pacientes: Abizaid AS.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Potencial Conflito de Interesses</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Declaro n&#227;o haver conflito de interesses pertinentes.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Fontes de Financiamento</bold>
    </p>
    <p>O presente estudo n&#227;o teve fontes de financiamento externas.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Vincula&#231;&#227;o Acad&#234;mica</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Este artigo &#233; parte de tese de Doutorado de Flavio Roberto Azevedo de Oliveira pela Instituto Dante Pazzanese de Cardiologia.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Refer&#234;ncias</bold>
    </p>
    <p content-type="ref-to-delete">1. Sousa JE, Sousa AG, Feres F. Angioplastia transluminal coron&#225;ria: indica&#231;&#245;es e resultados atuais. Arq Bras Cardiol. 1988;51(1):69-76. </p>
    <p content-type="ref-to-delete">2. Feres F, Tanajura LF, Pinto IM, Cano MN, Maldonado G, Mattos LA, et al. Angioplastia coron&#225;ria: efic&#225;cia dos novos cateteres-bal&#227;o de baixo perfil. Arq Bras Cardiol. 1989;53(6):307-11. </p>
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    <p>
      <fn id="enda" fn-type="corresp">
        <label>
          <bold>Correspond&#234;ncia:</bold>
        </label>
        <p> Flavio Roberto Azevedo de Oliveira </p>
        <p> Marques de Tamandar&#233;, Po&#231;o da Panela </p>
        <p> CEP 52061-170, Recife, PE - Brasil </p>
        <p> E-mail: </p>
        <p><email xlink:href="flaviora@cardiol.br">flaviora@cardiol.br</email>, </p>
        <p>
          <email xlink:href="flaviooliveira63@hotmail.com">flaviooliveira63@hotmail.com</email>
        </p>
      </fn>
    </p>
    <p>Artigo recebido em 10/9/12; revisado em 17/9/12; aceito em 23/4/13.</p>
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  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Articles</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title xml:lang="en">Miniaturized self-expanding drug-eluting stent in small coronary arteries: late effectiveness</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <abstract xml:lang="en">
        <p>BACKGROUND: Small vessels represent a risk factor for restenosis in percutaneous coronary angioplasty (PCA). The Sparrow&#174; self-expanding drug-eluting stent, which has a lower profile than the current systems, has never been tested in this scenario. OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the late effectiveness of the Sparrow&#174; drug-eluting stent, regarding in-stent late lumen loss (LLL). METHODS: Patients with ischemia, symptomatic or documented, were submitted to PCA in vessels with reference diameter &lt; 2.75 mm, divided into two groups regarding Sparrow&#174; stent type: group 1: Sparrow&#174; drug-eluting stent (DES), group 2: Sparrow&#174; bare metal stent (BMS). Clinical follow-up duration was 12 months. Evaluation using quantitative coronary angiography (QCA) was performed immediately and at 8 months. A decrease of over 65% of in-stent LLL with DES was estimated to calculate sample size. IBM&#174; SPSS software, release 19 (Chicago, Illinois, USA) was used for the statistical analysis. RESULTS: A total of 24 patients were randomized, 12 in each group. The DES and BMS groups were similar in age (63.25 &#177; 10.01 vs. 64.58 &#177; 11.54, p = 0.765), male gender (58.3% vs. 33.3%, p = 0.412), risk factors and all angiographs aspects. Immediate results were satisfactory in both groups. At 8 months in-stent late lumen loss was significantly lower in DES than in BMS group (DES vs. BMS 0.25 &#177; 0.16 0.97 &#177; 0.76, p = 0.008). CONCLUSION: In small-vessel PCA, the Sparrow&#174; DES determined significant reduction in in-stent LLL, when compared to Sparrow&#174; BMS.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>Angioplasty, Balloon, Coronary</kwd>
        <kwd>Drug Eluting Stents</kwd>
        <kwd>Randomized Controlled Trial</kwd>
        <kwd>Comparative Study</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p>
        <bold>Miniaturized self-expanding drug-eluting stent in small coronary arteries: late effectiveness</bold>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Flavio Roberto Azevedo de Oliveira; Luiz Alberto Piva e Mattos; Alexandre Abizaid; Andrea S. Abizaid; J. Ribamar Costa; Ricardo Costa; Rodolfo Staico; Roberto Botelho; J. Eduardo Sousa; Amanda Sousa</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Instituto Dante Pazzanese de Cardiologia, S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brazil</p>
      <p>
        <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="enda-body2">Mailing Address</xref>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>ABSTRACT</bold>
      </p>
      <p><bold>BACKGROUND:</bold> Small vessels represent a risk factor for restenosis in percutaneous coronary angioplasty (PCA). The Sparrow<sup>&#174;</sup> self-expanding drug-eluting stent, which has a lower profile than the current systems, has never been tested in this scenario.</p>
      <p><bold>OBJECTIVES:</bold> To evaluate the late effectiveness of the Sparrow<sup>&#174;</sup> drug-eluting stent, regarding in-stent late lumen loss (LLL). <bold>METHODS:</bold> Patients with ischemia, symptomatic or documented, were submitted to PCA in vessels with reference diameter &lt; 2.75 mm, divided into two groups regarding Sparrow<sup>&#174;</sup> stent type: group 1: Sparrow<sup>&#174;</sup> drug-eluting stent (DES), group 2: Sparrow<sup>&#174;</sup> bare metal stent (BMS). Clinical follow-up duration was 12 months. Evaluation using quantitative coronary angiography (QCA) was performed immediately and at 8 months. A decrease of over 65% of in-stent LLL with DES was estimated to calculate sample size. IBM<sup>&#174;</sup> SPSS software, release 19 (Chicago, Illinois, USA) was used for the statistical analysis.</p>
      <p><bold>RESULTS:</bold> A total of 24 patients were randomized, 12 in each group. The DES and BMS groups were similar in age (63.25 &#177; 10.01 vs. 64.58 &#177; 11.54, p = 0.765), male gender (58.3% vs. 33.3%, p = 0.412), risk factors and all angiographs aspects. Immediate results were satisfactory in both groups. At 8 months in-stent late lumen loss was significantly lower in DES than in BMS group (DES vs. BMS 0.25 &#177; 0.16 0.97 &#177; 0.76, p = 0.008).</p>
      <p><bold>CONCLUSION:</bold> In small-vessel PCA, the Sparrow<sup>&#174;</sup> DES determined significant reduction in in-stent LLL, when compared to Sparrow<sup>&#174;</sup> BMS.</p>
      <p><bold>Keywords:</bold> Angioplasty, Balloon, Coronary; Drug Eluting Stents; Randomized Controlled Trial; Comparative Study.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Introduction</bold>
      </p>
      <p>During percutaneous coronary angioplasty (PCA), small-caliber vessels represent higher complexity with increased rates of target-lesion revascularization (TLR) and more restenosis, when compared with larger-caliber vessels<sup>1-5</sup>, being related to neointimal hyperplasia (NIH), which determines late luminal loss (LLL) after PCA. NIH has the same intensity in vessels of different sizes, with greater impact on small-caliber ones, which respond with greater lumen loss than larger vessels<sup>6</sup>.</p>
      <p>With bare-metal stents (BMS), LLL ranges from 0.8 to 1.0 mm. With drug-eluting stents (DES), LLL is always below 0.5 mm being smaller (below 0.3 mm) in those DES with sirolimus, everolimus or biolimus. This greater inhibitory power in NIH has resulted in a significant reduction in restenosis rates in all groups of patients (P), even in patients with small-caliber vessels. Still, restenosis rates remain higher in smaller-caliber vessels when compared with larger ones<sup>7-9</sup>.</p>
      <p>More distal lesions, tortuosity and calcification, common in small-caliber vessels, hinder stent navigation in conventional dilation systems with balloon-expanding stent (BES).</p>
      <p>Stents with thin struts induce lower NIH than the ones with thick struts, even among DES<sup>10,11</sup>.</p>
      <p>In this context, the Sparrow<sup>&#174;</sup> self-expanding nitinol stent (Cardiomind Inc., Sunnyvale, California) appeared, dedicated to small-caliber vessels. The BMS version of the Sparrow<sup>&#174;</sup> self-expanding stent (SES) was evaluated by Chami&#233; et al<sup>12</sup>, who demonstrated its efficacy and safety. It is mounted on a guide wire system that eliminates the balloon, resulting in 70% lower profile than the conventional balloon-stent system.</p>
      <p>This study is the pioneer to evaluate the impact of LLL when using self-expanding Sparrow<sup>&#174;</sup> DES compared to the BMS version in small-caliber vessels assessed by QCA at eight months, which is the primary objective. Secondary objectives: (1) comparison between the groups regarding vessel, lumen and stent volumes and the percentage of the stent volume obstruction by means of intracoronary ultrasound (IVUS) immediately after implantation and at eight months; (2) description of up to 12 months in exchange major adverse cardiac events (MACE - death, myocardial infarction, target vessel revascularization (TVR) and stent thrombosis.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Methods</bold>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Study design</bold>
      </p>
      <p>The present was a prospective randomized, non-blinded study (the surgeon was unaware of the type of stent used), carried out at the Instituto Dante Pazzanese de Cardiologia, S&#227;o Paulo (SP), CEP and Conep protocols #3,577 and 14,582 (approved), which evaluated the late effectiveness of the Sparrow<sup>&#174;</sup> DES when compared to the BMS version by measuring and comparing LLL at eight months through the QCA in patients with lesions in small-caliber vessels (reference diameter <underline>&lt;</underline> 2.75 mm).</p>
      <p>The clinical reassessment was scheduled for 30 days, six months and 12 months after the procedure. QCA assessment was scheduled immediately before and immediately after the PCA and after eight months. Intravascular ultrasound (IVUS) was also scheduled immediately after stent implantation and after eight months.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Patient selection</bold>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Inclusion criteria:</bold>
      </p>
      <p>&#149; Age <underline>&gt;</underline> 18 years.</p>
      <p>&#149; Clinical evidence of ischemia (angina or ischemic equivalent) or evidence of ischemia by noninvasive evaluation. </p>
      <p>&#149; Target lesion in natural coronary artery with stenosis <underline>&gt;</underline> 50% and &lt; 100%, analyzed by QCA.</p>
      <p>&#149; Target vessel with reference diameter <underline>&gt;</underline> 2.0 and <underline>&lt;</underline> 2.75 mm.</p>
      <p>&#149; Target lesion with extension <underline>&lt;</underline> 20 mm.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Exclusion criteria:</bold>
      </p>
      <p>&#149; Female gender during pregnancy.</p>
      <p>&#149; Left ventricular ejection fraction &lt; 30% during the prior six months.</p>
      <p>&#149; Contraindication to dual antiplatelet use. </p>
      <p>&#149; Renal dysfunction (serum creatinine &gt; 2.0 mg/dL).</p>
      <p>&#149; Stroke or transient ischemic attack in the previous six months.</p>
      <p>&#149; Life expectancy &lt; 12 months.</p>
      <p>&#149; Target-lesion located in the left main coronary artery or ostia of the right coronary artery, anterior descending or circumflex arteries. Bifurcation lesion, with thrombus, or in single remaining vessel.</p>
      <p>&#149; Target-lesion involving bifurcation.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Analyzed device and implantation technique</bold>
      </p>
      <p>The analyzed device was the sirolimus-eluting Sparrow<sup>&#174;</sup> DES (Cardiomind<sup>&#174;</sup> Inc., Sunnyvale, California, USA), as compared with the BMS version of the same stent (BMS Sparrow<sup>&#174;</sup>). This is a sirolimus-eluting system (6 mg, 60% of the dose of the Cypher<sup>&#174;</sup> stent) comprising a nitinol SES with a closed-cell design and strut thickness of 67 &#181;m, mounted on a platform that runs on a guide wire (0.014"), incorporated to a matrix of medical grade PLA/PGLA biodegradable copolymers of the SynBiosys<sup>TM</sup> biodegradable polymer system. This copolymer matrix adds only 8 microns to strut thickness. The result is a very low profile system, as shown in <xref ref-type="fig" rid="en_aop_5117fig01-body2">Figure 1</xref>, and up to 70% thinner than any balloon-stent system (<xref ref-type="table" rid="en_aop_5117tab01-body2">Table 1</xref>).</p>
      <p content-type="asset">
        <fig id="en_aop_5117fig01-body2">
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-101-05-0379-30199-gf01-en.jpg"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p content-type="asset">
        <table-wrap id="en_aop_5117tab01-body2">
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-101-05-0379-30199-gt01-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      </p>
      <p>A flexible guide wire, with 2-3 cm in length, runs along the stent to allow advancement of the system in the vessel. There are two radiopaque markers that identify the beginning and end of the stent in the guide wire system and allow its precise positioning in the lesion. The compound stent contains nitinol, which has a thermoelastic expansion property (memory metal). Mechanical locks on the stent borders keep it from expanding and attached to the guide wire. A power source (non-sterile external device) is connected to the proximal end of a dilation system sterile adaptable cable, which controls the stent release through an electrolysis mechanism with a 0.5 mA current. Initially, the distal lock is released and then, the proximal one (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="en_aop_5117fig02-body2">Figure 2</xref>).</p>
      <p content-type="asset">
        <fig id="en_aop_5117fig02-body2">
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-101-05-0379-30199-gf02-en.jpg"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p>The stent system worked with a 0.014" guide wire and the balloon was advanced over this system until the lesion, where predilation was performed. Then, the balloon was retreated to a position, proximal to the proximal stent marker and the stent deployment process was initiated through electrolysis, as previously described. Post-procedural dilation was performed after stent release. To prevent trauma to the stent borders, the balloon was always shorter than the stent. The same guide wire could also be used to perform IVUS.</p>
      <p>Study procedures comprised the following sequence: electrocardiogram (ECG) before the procedure and at discharge; cardiac enzymes (CK-MB) and troponin I or T, before and after the procedure, activated clotting time (ACT) after arterial access, at the end of the procedure and before sheath withdrawal; dual antiplatelet therapy with clopidogrel 300 mg and aspirin 100 mg at least 12 hours before the procedure, maintained for at least eight months; use of a 0.6 F sheath and compatible catheter-guides; intravenous heparin (100 U/kg) after sheath placement and intracoronary nitroglycerin (100-200 mg); initial angiography of the vessel in at least two proximal-orthogonal views to allow adequate visualization of the vessel and lesion; evaluation by predilation QCA; ACT with stenting as previously described; sheath withdrawal 3-4 h after the procedure with ACT &lt; 200 s; discharge after 24 h in cases without complications, follow-up visits at 30 days, eight and 12 months; control angiography at eight months; IVUS immediately after stent implantation and after eight months.</p>
      <p>The analysis of the QCA and IVUS were performed offline (QCA using the CMS-GFT<sup>&#174;</sup> software, release 5.1, Medis, Leiden, the Netherlands, and IVUS using the Echoplaque<sup>&#174;</sup> software, Indec Systems, Inc, Mountain View, California, USA). </p>
      <p>In QCA, the following parameters were evaluated: lesion length, reference vessel diameter (RVD), minimal lumen diameter (MLD), percentage of vessel stenosis (PS) calculated by the formula PS = RD - MLD &#247; RD) &#215; 100, acute luminal gain (ALG) calculated by ALG = post-MLD - pre-DML; LLL (difference between the late MLD and MLD immediately after the procedure). These analyses were performed in-stent and in the stent segments 0.5 mm proximal and distal to the stent (analysis of the borders).</p>
      <p>The IVUS images corresponded to the recordings of at least 10 mm distal to the stent up to at least 10 mm proximal to the stent, in two acquisitions, the first immediately after the implantation and the second after 8 months. For this purpose an automated stent traction system at a speed of 0.5 mm / sec with a 40 MHz transducer, 2.6-French sheath (Galaxy 2 ouIlab, Boston Scientific Corporation, Natick, Massachusetts, USA) was used. Were programmed Calculations of areas and volumes of the vessel, lumen, stent and plaque were programmed, as well as the volume of NIH and the stent volume obstruction percentage, according to the protocol already described in literature. Strut apposition to the vessel wall was also evaluated.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Study definitions</bold>
      </p>
      <p><italic>Angiographic success</italic>: stent implantation in the target-lesion with residual stenosis &lt; 30% and TIMI flow 3. <italic>Procedural success</italic>: angiographic success without major complications (death, myocardial infarction or in-hospital emergency revascularization surgery). <italic>Stent thrombosis</italic>: Academic Research Consortium (ARC) criteria<sup>13</sup>. Major adverse cardiac events (MACE): death (cardiac), nonfatal myocardial infarction (elevation of cardiac enzymes CK-MB or cardiac troponins I and T, up to three times above normal levels until discharge and twice the normal after hospital discharge or appearance of new Q waves in at least two contiguous ECG leads) and TVR. <italic>Binary restenosis</italic>: recurrent target lesion <underline>&gt;</underline> 50% at late control.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Statistical Analysis</bold>
      </p>
      <p>The IBM <sup>&#174;</sup> SPSS Statistics software, release 19 (Chicago, Illinois, USA.) was used for the statistical analyses. Student's <italic>t </italic>test was used to compare means between the groups. For all compared parameters, p values &lt; 0.05 were considered significant. Categorical variables were expressed as absolute value or proportion. Continuous variables were expressed as mean and standard deviation. A level of significance of 5% and power of 80% were considered, estimating a LLL decrease with DES of 65% and calculating the minimum sample size of 11 patients for each group.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Results</bold>
      </p>
      <p>From January 2009 to April 2010, 24 patients were included, 12 in each group, and prospectively randomized. The clinical characteristics of the patients are shown in <xref ref-type="table" rid="en_aop_5117tab02-body2">Table 2</xref> and disclosed homogeneous groups.</p>
      <p content-type="asset">
        <table-wrap id="en_aop_5117tab02-body2">
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-101-05-0379-30199-gt02-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      </p>
      <p>The distribution per artery and per segment was similar between the groups and the lesion was located in the middle and distal segments of the vessel in more than 70% of cases in both groups (<xref ref-type="table" rid="en_aop_5117tab03-body2">Table 3</xref>).</p>
      <p content-type="asset">
        <table-wrap id="en_aop_5117tab03-body2">
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-101-05-0379-30199-gt03-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      </p>
      <p>There were no significant differences between the DES and BMS groups, in this sequence, regarding the volume of contrast (133.33 &#177; 23.87 mL <italic>versus</italic> 120 &#177; 34.38 mL, p = 0.282), procedure time (71 &#177; 9.2 min <italic>versus</italic> 62 &#177; 14.82 min, p = 0.350) and maximum pressure postdilation (15.75 &#177; 4.67 <italic>versus</italic> 15.42 &#177; 3.12, p = 0.839).</p>
      <p>PCI was successfully performed in all patients. There were no MACE or complications until discharge.</p>
      <p>QCA results of the angiographies performed immediately before and after PCA show that randomization produced similar groups and highlights the homogeneity and immediate outcome success between the groups. Lesion extension was slightly higher in the group with DES, but not significantly (DES: 15.29 &#177; 5.55 mm <italic>versus</italic> BMS: 12.91 &#177; 3.23 mm, p = 0.233); stent length (SF 19.92 mm &#177; 3.60 <italic>versus</italic> BMS: 18.00 &#177; 2.34 mm, p = 0.139) and implanted stent diameter (DES 2.58 &#177; 0.25 mm <italic>versus</italic> 2.66 &#177; 0.19 mm, p = 0.368) were not different between groups.</p>
      <p>Reference vessel diameter immediately before the procedure was similar between the groups (DES = 2.46 + 0.24 mm <italic>versus</italic> BMS = 2.42 + 0.21 mm, p = 0.680), demonstrating a small-caliber vessel scenario.</p>
      <p>The severity of the lesions included in the study is well demonstrated in the pre-procedural results of MLD (DES = 0.75 + 0.20 mm <italic>versus</italic> BMS = 0.73 + 0.17 mm, p = 0.750) and PS (SF = 69.36 + 6.37 = 69.67% <italic>versus</italic> BMS + 5.46%, p = 0.905).</p>
      <p>The immediate results after the procedure measured by MLD (DES = 2.46 &#177; 0.22 mm <italic>versus</italic> BMS = 2.39 + 0.13 mm, p = 0.350) and PS (DES = 4.59 &#177; 3.52% <italic>versus</italic> BMS = 4.94 + 4.41%, p = 0.869) confirm successful angiographic procedure in both groups, with similar benefits, which is reflected in satisfactory absolute gain in both groups (DES = 1.71 + 0.28 mm <italic>versus</italic> BMS = 1.66 + 0.12 mm, p = 0.614), a result of the difference between the pre-procedural and post-procedural MLD.</p>
      <p>At eight months, the parameters analyzed by QCA, as demonstrated in <xref ref-type="table" rid="en_aop_5117tab04-body2">Table 4</xref>, showed significant differences between the groups regarding the ability to maintain the results recorded in the evaluation immediately after the procedure, i.e., MLD and PS. These results are reflected in the comparison of LLL between groups, the primary objective of this study, which was significantly lower in the group with DES (DES vs BMS = 0.25 + 0.16 <italic>vs</italic> = 0.97 + 0.76 mm, p = 0.008).</p>
      <p content-type="asset">
        <table-wrap id="en_aop_5117tab04-body2">
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-101-05-0379-30199-gt04-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      </p>
      <p><xref ref-type="fig" rid="en_aop_5117fig03-body2">Figure 3</xref> shows study patients' individual response regarding PS, with the DES group showing more homogeneous and maintenance of the response pattern.</p>
      <p content-type="asset">
        <fig id="en_aop_5117fig03-body2">
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-101-05-0379-30199-gf03-en.jpg"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p>The analysis of the 5 mm proximal and distal to the stent immediately after stent implantation and at eight months, as shown in <xref ref-type="table" rid="en_aop_5117tab05-body2">Table 5</xref>, disclosed no significant differences between the groups regarding MLD and PS, resulting in LLL with no significant difference. Although the analysis of the proximal and distal segments to the stent did not show significant differences between the groups, there was a trend of higher LLL in the BMS group compared with DES group, most markedly in the proximal segment.</p>
      <p content-type="asset">
        <table-wrap id="en_aop_5117tab05-body2">
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-101-05-0379-30199-gt05-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      </p>
      <p>Technical difficulties in the progression of IVUS catheter to an adequate point beyond the stent (including 5 mm distal to it, to include the entire segment of interest) restricted data collection provided by this type of evaluation predicted in the study, precluding the provision of full information, differently from what occurred with the QCA.</p>
      <p>Nevertheless, it was observed that the self-expanding stent showed an increase in volume over time from 14.8% in the DES group and 2.5% in the BMS group. There was no strut malapposition in this group of patients.</p>
      <p>Up to 12 months of evolution, there was no patient loss to follow-up. All patients used dual antiplatelet therapy throughout the study, as required by the protocol. There were no reports of death, nonfatal myocardial infarction or need for myocardial revascularization.</p>
      <p>Although four patients had binary restenosis in the BMS group, the clinical translation of this finding resulted in new PTCA in three patients, only. Specifically, the patient that had occlusive restenosis, was maintained in clinical treatment due to the good evolution.</p>
      <p>Clinical event compatible with in-stent thrombosis was not observed in either group during follow-up.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Discussion</bold>
      </p>
      <p>New research in this area is of relevance because the small-caliber vessels represent 40-50% of cases of PCA, and this subgroup, although it has been strongly benefited from the advent of DES, still carries a higher risk of restenosis and TVR, when compared with larger-caliber vessel results<sup>7,14,15</sup>. This study represents the first clinical experience with drug-eluting SES in small-caliber vessels.</p>
      <p>The primary objective of reducing in-stent LLL in this study was achieved with Sparrow<sup>&#174;</sup> DES and the absolute value found of 0.25 &#177; 0.16 mm shows that the performance of this platform was equivalent to the best results with drug-eluting stents.</p>
      <p>The patients in our study are also part of a larger cohort, the multicenter CARE II study<sup>16</sup>, which included a larger number of patients and of which initial results, presented at the 2010 Transcatheter Cardiovascular Therapeutics Congress showed data similar to those found here.</p>
      <p>The CARE II study<sup>16</sup>, with inclusion criteria similar to those in our study, including the patients in this cohort, involved 137 patients in three groups, comparing Sparrow <sup>&#174;</sup> DES (group 1) with Sparrow<sup>&#174;</sup> BMS (group 2) and the Driver<sup>&#174;</sup>/Microdriver<sup>&#174;</sup> bare-metal balloon expandable stent (group 3). The primary objective was the assessment of LLL at eight months by IVUS. At eight months a significantly lower LLL was observed in the DES group, similar to what was found by QCA in our study (0.29 + 0.45 mm). In the group with Sparrow<sup>&#174;</sup> DES, the binary restenosis was 6.7% and the incidence of MACE at eight months was 6.25%, confirming the results of our study in a larger population.</p>
      <p>There was no binary restenosis at the borders in the group of patients with DES, differently from the previously described Sirius study report. This may be related to Sparrow<sup>&#174;</sup> stent system implantation technique, which minimizes the chances of barotrauma to the stent borders. In the group with DES, two cases (16%) of binary restenosis were recorded, both involving the proximal border, but they were not isolated cases, reflecting a proliferative restenosis process and, therefore, associated with undesired proliferation of in-stent NIH.</p>
      <p>Safety problems with DES, shown by late and very late in-stent thrombosis (low, but greater than that observed with the BMS), were probably related to chronic inflammatory stimulation determined by the durable polymers, which hinder the re-endothelialization process<sup>17-20</sup>. In the present study, in-stent thrombosis did not occur during a 12-month follow-up. The use of bioabsorbable polymers in the Sparrow<sup>&#174;</sup> stent may have contributed to this fact.</p>
      <p>Even in the age of DES, there have been studies showing that the smaller the strut thickness, the lower the LLL<sup>11</sup>. In this context, the Sparrow<sup>&#174;</sup> stent has an additional advantage, as it has thinner struts than all other available stent models.</p>
      <p>These favorable characteristics of the deployment system of the self-expanding Sparrow<sup>&#174;</sup> stent - thin struts, bioabsorbable polymer, antiproliferative drug from the <italic>limo</italic> family, additional expansion property over time and deployment technique that minimizes trauma to the borders - may be at the root of its good performance as demonstrated in our study and ratified by the results of the CARE II study<sup>16</sup>.</p>
      <p>The evaluation by IVUS in this study, as in the CARE II<sup>16</sup> showed a trend to stent expansion over time, more markedly in the group with drug-eluting stents, a finding that motivates further research.</p>
      <p>The limitations of this study included the small numbers of patients, which was related to logistical issues regarding the endoprosthesis availability, the randomization, which was not blinded, and the impossibility of IVUS evaluation, an important tool for the assessment of the mechanistic performance of stents.</p>
      <p>The subsequent analysis by QCA and IVUS were performed without knowledge of the type of stent used, which lessens the non-blinded randomization problem.</p>
      <p>Broad inclusion criteria, without restrictions regarding tortuosity and calcification, in addition to vessel diameter, may be related to the low rate of IVUS performance in this study.</p>
      <p>The present study paves the way for further research with larger sample sizes and even comparison with other DES systems, so that the clinical impact of this new device can be assessed by demonstrating, in a pioneering way, the performance of the self-expanding Sparrow<sup>&#174;</sup> stent in small-caliber vessels, validating its efficacy through the objective parameter of LLL outcome and its safety by the absence of stent thrombosis at 12 months.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Conclusions</bold>
      </p>
      <p>The results of this study allow us to conclude:</p>
      <p>1. In patients submitted to percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty in natural coronary arteries with reference diameter <underline>&lt;</underline> 2.75 mm, the use of self-expanding DES Sparrow <sup>&#174;</sup> compared with the bare metal version of the same stent, resulted in significant reduction of late lumen loss (within eight months after the index procedure).</p>
      <p>2. Angiographic measurements regarding the immediate outcome after the procedure (percentage of stenosis, minimal lumen diameter and acute luminal gain) were satisfactory in both groups with no significant differences between them.</p>
      <p>3. Angiographic measurements regarding the impact of treatment with Sparrow<sup>&#174;</sup> DES in segments that are 5 mm proximal and distal to the stent showed outcome maintenance at eight months when compared to immediate outcomes (minimal luminal diameter and percent stenosis), thus demonstrating the absence of angiographic adverse effects at the stent borders in this group of patients.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Author contributions</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Conception and design of the research: de Oliveira FRA, Mattos LAP, Abizaid A, Staico R, Botelho R, Sousa JE, Sousa A; Acquisition of data: de Oliveira FRA, Abizaid A, Abizaid AS, Costa JR, Costa R, Staico R, Botelho R, Sousa JE, Sousa A; Analysis and interpretation of the data: de Oliveira FRA, Mattos LAP, Sousa JE, Sousa A; Statistical analysis: de Oliveira FRA, Sousa JE; Obtaining funding: de Oliveira FRA; Writing of the manuscript: de Oliveira FRA, Mattos LAP, Costa JR; Critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content: Mattos LAP, Abizaid A, Sousa JE, Sousa A; Clinical monitoring of patients: Abizaid AS.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Potential Conflict of Interest</bold>
      </p>
      <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Sources of Funding</bold>
      </p>
      <p>There were no external funding sources for this study.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Study Association</bold>
      </p>
      <p>This article is part of the thesis of doctoral submitted by Flavio Roberto Azevedo de Oliveira, from Instituto Dante Pazzanese de Cardiologia.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>References</bold>
      </p>
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      <p content-type="ref-to-delete">8. Stone GW, Rizvi A, Newman W, Mastali K, Wang JC, Caputo R, et al; SPIRIT IV Investigators. Everolimus-eluting versus paclitaxel-eluting stents in coronary artery disease. N Engl J Med. 2010;362(18):1663-74. </p>
      <p content-type="ref-to-delete">9. Leon MB, Mauri L, Popma JJ, Cutlip DE, Nikolsky E, O'Shaughnessy C, et al; ENDEAVOR IV Investigators. A randomized comparison of the ENDEAVOR zotarolimus-eluting stent versus the TAXUS paclitaxel-eluting stent in de novo native coronary lesions12-month outcomes from the ENDEAVOR IV trial. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2010;55(6):543-54. </p>
      <p content-type="ref-to-delete">10. Briguori C, Sarais C, Pagnotta P, Liistro F, Montorfano M, Chieffo A, et al. In-stent restenosis in small coronary: impact of strut thickness. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2002;40(3):403-9. </p>
      <p content-type="ref-to-delete">11. Colombo A, Drzewiecki J, Banning A, Grube E, Hauptmann K, Silber S, et al. Randomized study to assess the effectiveness of slow- and moderate-release polymer-based paclitaxel-eluting stents for coronary artery lesions. TAXUS II Study Group. Circulation. 2003;108(7):788-94. </p>
      <p content-type="ref-to-delete">12. Chami&#233; D, Costa JR, Abizaid A, GottschaldM, Feres F, Mattos L, et al. Exequibilidade, efic&#225;cia e seguran&#231;a do sistema de stentcardiomin DTM no tratamento de les&#245;es em vasos defino calibre. Um estudo seriado com angiografia e ultrassom intracoron&#225;rio. Rev Bras Cardiol Invas. 2008;16(2):193-9. </p>
      <p content-type="ref-to-delete">13. Cutlip DE, Windecker S, Mehran R, Boam A, Cohen DJ, van Es GA, et al; Academic Research Consortium. Clinical end points in coronary stent trials: a case for standardized definitions. Circulation. 2007;115(17):2344-51. </p>
      <p content-type="ref-to-delete">14. World Health Organization (WHO), Mackay J, Menash G. The atlas of heart disease and stroke. Geneva: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention; 2004. </p>
      <p content-type="ref-to-delete">15. Wong P, Lau KW, Lim YL, Oesterle SN. Stent placement for non-STRESS/BENESTENT lesions: a critical review. Catheter Cardiovasc Interv. 2000;51(2):223-33. </p>
      <p>16. Abizaid A, Botelho R, Verheye S, Meredith I, Costa R, Staico R, et al. [Poster]. CARE II 8 month follow-up results with the CardioMind<sup>&#174;</sup> 0.014" Sparrow<sup>&#174;</sup> Sirolimus-eluting Nitinol Stent System J Am Coll Cardiol. 2010;56(13):B53.</p>
      <p content-type="ref-to-delete">17. Camenzind E, Steg PG, Wijns W. Stent thrombosis late after implantation of first-generation drug-eluting stents: a cause for concern. Circulation. 2007;115(11):1440-55. </p>
      <p content-type="ref-to-delete">18. Taylor AJ, Gorman PD, Kenwood B, Hudak C, Tashko G, Virmani R. A comparison of four stent designs on arterial injury, cellular proliferation, neointima formation, and arterial dimensions in an experimental porcine model. Catheter Cardiovasc Interv. 2001;53(3):420-5. </p>
      <p content-type="ref-to-delete">19. Virmani R, Guagliumi G, Farb A, Musumeci G, Grieco N, Motta T, et al. Localized hypersensitivity and late coronary thrombosis secondary to a sirolimus-eluting stent: should we be cautious? Circulation. 2004;109(6):701-5. </p>
      <p>20. Lockwood NA, Hergenrother RW, Patrick LM, Stucke SM, Steendam R, Pacheco E, et al. In vitro and in vivo characterization of novel biodegradable polymers for application as drug-eluting stent coatings. J Biomater Sci Polym Ed. 2010;21(4):529-52.      </p>
      <p>
        <fn id="enda-body2" fn-type="corresp">
          <label>
            <bold>Mailing Address:</bold>
          </label>
          <p> Flavio Roberto Azevedo de Oliveira</p>
          <p> Marqu&#234;s de Tamandar&#233;, Po&#231;o da Panela</p>
          <p> Postal Code 52061-170, Recife, PE - Brazil</p>
          <p> E-mail: </p>
          <p><email xlink:href="flaviora@cardiol.br">flaviora@cardiol.br</email>, </p>
          <p>
            <email xlink:href="flaviooliveira63@hotmail.com">flaviooliveira63@hotmail.com</email>
          </p>
        </fn>
      </p>
      <p>Manuscript received September 10, 2012, revised manuscript September 17, 2012, accepted April 23, 2013.</p>
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  </sub-article>
</article>
