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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
        <publisher-loc>S&#227;o Paulo, SP, Brazil</publisher-loc>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">7LfnH5xs3j8MWHXtcR8pb5m</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2013003000017</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v1">S0066-782X(13)10100400017</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5935/abc.20130195</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Relato de Caso</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Padr&#227;o exuberante de realce tardio em paciente com cardiomiopatia hipertr&#243;fica</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Fernandes</surname>
            <given-names>Elsa</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Camargo</surname>
            <given-names>Gabriel C.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Derenne</surname>
            <given-names>Maria Eduarda</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Rothstein</surname>
            <given-names>Tamara</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Gottlieb</surname>
            <given-names>Ilan</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff01">
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Rio de Janeiro</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state"/>
        </addr-line>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Cl&#237;nica de Diagn&#243;stico por Imagem</institution>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
      </aff>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>10</month>
        <year>2013</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>101</volume>
      <issue>4</issue>
      <fpage>e80</fpage>
      <lpage>e82</lpage>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="pub">
        <day>05</day>
        <month>11</month>
        <year>2013</year>
      </pub-date>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <p>
      <bold>RELATO DE CASO</bold>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Padr&#227;o exuberante de realce tardio em paciente com cardiomiopatia hipertr&#243;fica</bold>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Elsa Fernandes; Gabriel C. Camargo; Maria Eduarda Derenne; Tamara Rothstein; Ilan Gottlieb</bold>
    </p>
    <p>CDPI - Cl&#237;nica de Diagn&#243;stico por Imagem, Rio de Janeiro, RJ - Brasil</p>
    <p>
      <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="enda">Correspond&#234;ncia</xref>
    </p>
    <p><bold>Palavras-chave:</bold> Cardiomiopatia Hipertr&#243;fica, Fibrose Endomioc&#225;rdica, Disfun&#231;&#227;o Ventricular, Taquicardia Ventricular.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</bold>
    </p>
    <p>A cardiomiopatia hipertr&#243;fica (CMH) &#233; a forma mais comum das cardiopatias gen&#233;ticas, com incid&#234;ncia de 1: 500 indiv&#237;duos na popula&#231;&#227;o geral, sendo a causa mais frequente de morte s&#250;bita em atletas e adultos jovens nos Estados Unidos<sup>1,2</sup>.</p>
    <p>A resson&#226;ncia magn&#233;tica card&#237;aca (RMC) &#233; um m&#233;todo n&#227;o invasivo de imagem que permite a identifica&#231;&#227;o precisa das diversas formas de hipertrofia, quantifica&#231;&#227;o do volume e massa ventriculares e caracteriza&#231;&#227;o de fibrose mioc&#225;rdica pela t&#233;cnica do realce tardio<sup>3</sup>.</p>
    <p>A presen&#231;a de fibrose mioc&#225;rdica na RMC &#233; associada a risco de morte s&#250;bita, taquicardia ventricular e disfun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica<sup>4</sup>. A presen&#231;a de realce tardio &#233; o mais forte preditor de pior progn&#243;stico, mesmo ap&#243;s ajuste para outros fatores, como espessura m&#225;xima e massa mioc&#225;rdica, obstru&#231;&#227;o da via de sa&#237;da do VE e vari&#225;veis cl&#237;nicas<sup>5,6</sup>.</p>
    <p>O objetivo deste trabalho &#233; relatar o caso de um paciente portador de CMH, assintom&#225;tico, com exuberante fibrose mioc&#225;rdica detectada pela RMC e discutir poss&#237;vel implica&#231;&#227;o terap&#234;utica.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Relato do Caso</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Homem de 42 anos, branco, assintom&#225;tico, com hist&#243;ria familiar de CMH e diagn&#243;stico estabelecido da mesma cardiopatia h&#225; 22 anos. A monitoriza&#231;&#227;o do ritmo card&#237;aco pelo sistema Holter de 24 h (05/04/2012) mostrou ritmo sinusal, raras ectopias atriais, presen&#231;a de 2970 extrass&#237;stoles ventriculares isoladas e cinco surtos de taquicardia ventricular n&#227;o sustentada (TVNS), sendo o mais longo com 13 complexos QRS. Diante do resultado do Holter, foi encaminhado pelo m&#233;dico assistente &#224; realiza&#231;&#227;o de resson&#226;ncia magn&#233;tica card&#237;aca para melhor caracteriza&#231;&#227;o fenot&#237;pica do mioc&#225;rdio.</p>
    <p>A RMC foi realizada em um <italic>scanner</italic> 3T-Verio (Siemens, Alemanha) em 09/05/2012 e foram usadas sequ&#234;ncias Cine SSFP (<italic>steady-state free precession</italic>) para avalia&#231;&#227;o funcional e Inversion Recovery-GRE (<italic>gradient echo</italic>) para o realce tardio. As seguintes observa&#231;&#245;es foram feitas: acentuada hipertrofia assim&#233;trica, sendo o ponto de maior espessura medido em 2,4 cm na parede inferosseptal m&#233;dia; massa do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo normal; focos de hipossinal em todas as sequ&#234;ncias nas paredes septal e anterior m&#233;dio-apical do VE, que podem corresponder a calcifica&#231;&#245;es; VE de volumes cavit&#225;rios normais, com disfun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica global leve &#224;s custas de hipocinesia segmentar das paredes anterior e septal; importante espessamento muscular da regi&#227;o apical do VD; exuberante realce tardio pelo meio de contraste nos segmentos hipertrofiados do VE e VD de distribui&#231;&#227;o predominantemente mesoc&#225;rdica (padr&#227;o n&#227;o isqu&#234;mico). As <xref ref-type="fig" rid="a17fig01">Figuras 1</xref> e <xref ref-type="fig" rid="a17fig02">2</xref> ilustram alguns destes achados.</p>
    <p content-type="asset">
      <fig id="a17fig01">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-101-04-0e80-30195-gf01.jpg"/></fig>
    </p>
    <p content-type="asset">
      <fig id="a17fig02">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-101-04-0e80-30195-gf02.jpg"/></fig>
    </p>
    <p>O paciente foi submetido a implante de cardiodesfibrilador em 02/06/2012 e permanece sem sintomatologia at&#233; a presente data.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Discuss&#227;o</bold>
    </p>
    <p>O paciente em discuss&#227;o apresenta miocardiopatia hipertr&#243;fica de longa data (h&#225; 22 anos) com acometimento biventricular, importante fibrose mioc&#225;rdica e leve disfun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica. N&#227;o havia marcadores cl&#225;ssicos de alto risco para morte s&#250;bita, como espessura mioc&#225;rdica <underline>&gt;</underline> 30 mm, hist&#243;ria familiar de morte s&#250;bita, s&#237;ncope, taquicardia ventricular (TV) sustentada ou obstru&#231;&#227;o da via de sa&#237;da do VE ou comportamento anormal da press&#227;o arterial no teste ergom&#233;trico. Os marcadores que sugeriram que esse paciente encontrava-se em maior risco de morte s&#250;bita foram a taquicardia ventricular n&#227;o sustentada e a presen&#231;a de importante realce tardio na RM.</p>
    <p>Apesar de TV sustentada ser claramente associada a morte s&#250;bita, a associa&#231;&#227;o com TV n&#227;o sustentada &#233; menos robusta. No entanto, um estudo recente demonstrou associa&#231;&#227;o de TV n&#227;o sustentada com morte s&#250;bita na an&#225;lise multivariada<sup>7</sup>.</p>
    <p>A detec&#231;&#227;o de fibrose mioc&#225;rdica na CMH pela RMC usando a t&#233;cnica de realce tardio tem incid&#234;ncia de 50-80% dos casos de MCPH e acredita-se ser o substrato anat&#244;mico para ocorr&#234;ncia de taquiarritmias ventriculares malignas<sup>8,9</sup>.</p>
    <p>O padr&#227;o de realce tardio mais frequentemente descrito &#233; o heterog&#234;neo e mesoc&#225;rdico, com localiza&#231;&#227;o preferencial para os segmentos hipertrofiados e nos pontos de inser&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo direito com o septo interventricular<sup>4,9</sup>. No caso cl&#237;nico relatado, apenas os segmentos anterolateral e inferolateral (ambos basal e m&#233;dio) e basal inferior encontravam-se livres de realce tardio, o que caracteriza um padr&#227;o pouco comum de apresenta&#231;&#227;o.</p>
    <p>No paciente relatado, a &#225;rea de realce tardio medida, utilizando cinco desvios-padr&#227;o da &#225;rea remota, &#233; de 46,9% de massa de ventr&#237;culo esquerdo. N&#227;o existe consenso sobre qual valor de percentual dever&#225; ser considerado como maior risco para eventos adversos, mas, certamente, 46,9% &#233; um percentual considerado elevado. Alguns estudos mostram que a presen&#231;a de realce tardio superior a 5% da massa do VE &#233; relacionado a maior risco de morte s&#250;bita, terapia apropriada pelo cardiodesfibrilador implant&#225;vel e ocorr&#234;ncia de taquiarritmias ventriculares<sup>5,10</sup>.</p>
    <p>O envolvimento do ventr&#237;culo direito foi descrito em aproximadamente 18% dos pacientes com CMH, acometendo a regi&#227;o m&#233;dia e apical igualmente encontrada no caso cl&#237;nico relatado<sup>4</sup>. Esses pacientes podem apresentar espessura m&#225;xima da parede superior a 8 mm, bem como aumento da massa ventricular direita<sup>8</sup>. A presen&#231;a de exuberante realce tardio no ventr&#237;culo direito nesse paciente &#233; outra caracter&#237;stica at&#237;pica.</p>
    <p>A aparente discord&#226;ncia entre a espessura mioc&#225;rdica m&#225;xima e o exuberante realce tardio pode ser resultante de MCPH <italic>burnt out</italic>, ou seja, fibrose e afilamento ventricular devido ao longo tempo de doen&#231;a. As calcifica&#231;&#245;es mioc&#225;rdicas podem corroborar essa longa agress&#227;o ao m&#250;sculo card&#237;aco<sup>11</sup>.</p>
    <p>A import&#226;ncia do realce tardio nos pacientes com miocardiopatia hipertr&#243;fica foi pesquisada em dois recentes estudos, e ambos mostraram ser o realce, n&#227;o apenas preditor independente de eventos cardiovasculares na an&#225;lise multivariada, como o melhor preditor, quando comparado com preditores usuais, como a espessura m&#225;xima do mioc&#225;rdio, a obstru&#231;&#227;o da via de sa&#237;da do VE, fatores cl&#237;nicos e hist&#243;ria de morte s&#250;bita na fam&#237;lia<sup>5,6</sup>. No entanto, reconhecemos que a presen&#231;a de realce tardio tem baixo valor preditivo positivo para morte s&#250;bita como mencionado nas diretrizes do ACC/AHA de 2011<sup>2</sup>, e corroborado em uma metan&#225;lise na qual a presen&#231;a de realce foi significativamente associada com desfechos cardiovasculares, mas n&#227;o com mortalidade de origem arr&#237;tmica<sup>12</sup>.</p>
    <p>O paciente n&#227;o apresenta marcadores cl&#225;ssicos de alto risco para morte s&#250;bita, tendo a decis&#227;o de implante de CDI sido tomada com base na presen&#231;a de TVNS no holter de 24 h, pela importante fibrose mioc&#225;rdica na RM e ap&#243;s discuss&#227;o de riscos e benef&#237;cios com o paciente e a fam&#237;lia. A presen&#231;a de realce tardio pela RMC &#233; um marcador emergente de progn&#243;stico, mas seu papel no direcionamento do tratamento ainda &#233; motivo de controv&#233;rsia.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Contribui&#231;&#227;o dos autores</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa e An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados: Gottlieb I; Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados: Fernandes E, Camargo GC, Rothstein T, Gottlieb I; Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito: Fernandes E, Gottlieb I; Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual: Camargo GC, Derenne ME, Rothstein T, Gottlieb I.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Potencial Conflito de Interesses</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Declaro n&#227;o haver conflito de interesses pertinentes.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Fontes de Financiamento</bold>
    </p>
    <p>O presente estudo n&#227;o teve fontes de financiamento externas.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Vincula&#231;&#227;o Acad&#234;mica</bold>
    </p>
    <p>N&#227;o h&#225; vincula&#231;&#227;o deste estudo a programas de p&#243;s-gradua&#231;&#227;o.</p>
    <p>
      <fn id="enda" fn-type="corresp">
        <label>
          <bold>Correspond&#234;ncia:</bold>
        </label>
        <p> Tamara Rothstein </p>
        <p> Rua Ataulfo de Paiva, 669, Leblon </p>
        <p> CEP 22430-210, Rio de Janeiro, RJ - Brasil </p>
        <p> E-mail: </p>
        <p>
          <email xlink:href="tamaragott@gmail.com">tamaragott@gmail.com</email>
        </p>
      </fn>
    </p>
    <p>Artigo recebido em 18/10/12; revisado em 23/10/12; aceito em 26/02/13.</p>
  </body>
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  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Case Report</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title xml:lang="en">Exuberant pattern of late gadolinium enhancement in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy</article-title>
      </title-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p>
        <bold>CASE REPORT</bold>
      </p>
      <p>
        <fn id="end-body2">
          <label>
            <bold>Exuberant pattern of late gadolinium enhancement in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy</bold>
          </label>
          <p>
            <bold>Elsa Fernandes; Gabriel C. Camargo; Maria Eduarda Derenne; Tamara Rothstein; Ilan Gottlieb</bold>
          </p>
        </fn>
      </p>
      <p>CDPI - Cl&#237;nica de Diagn&#243;stico por Imagem, Rio de Janeiro, RJ - Brazil</p>
      <p>Mailing Address</p>
      <p><bold>Keywords:</bold> Cardiomyopathy, Hypertrophic; Endomyocardial Fibrosis; Ventricular Dysfunction; Tachycardia Ventricular.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Introduction</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM) is the most common form of genetic heart disease, with an incidence of 1: 500 individuals in the general population, being the most frequent cause of sudden death in athletes and young adults in the United States<sup>1,2</sup>.</p>
      <p>Cardiac magnetic resonance imaging (CMRI) is a noninvasive imaging method that allows the accurate identification of various forms of hypertrophy, quantification of ventricular volume and mass and characterization of myocardial fibrosis through the late enhancement technique<sup>3</sup>.</p>
      <p>The presence of myocardial fibrosis in CMRI is associated with the risk of sudden death, ventricular tachycardia and systolic dysfunction<sup>4</sup>. The presence of late enhancement is the strongest predictor of worse prognosis, even after adjustment for other factors such as maximum thickness and myocardial mass, obstruction of the LV outflow tract and clinical variable<sup>5,6</sup>.</p>
      <p>The purpose of this study is to report the case of a patient with HCM, asymptomatic, with extensive/exuberant myocardial fibrosis detected by CMRI and to discuss a potential therapeutic implication.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Case Report</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Patient aged 42, Caucasian, asymptomatic, with family history of HCM and diagnosis of the same cardiomyopathy 22 years ago. The 24-h Holter heart rhythm monitoring (April 5, 2012) showed sinus rhythm, rare atrial ectopic beats, presence of 2,970 isolated ventricular extrasystoles and five outbreaks of non-sustained ventricular tachycardia (NSVT), the longest one presenting 13 QRS complexes. Given the Holter results, the patient was referred by the assistant physician to cardiac magnetic resonance imaging for a better phenotypic characterization of the myocardium.</p>
      <p>CMRI was performed on a 3T-Verio scanner (Siemens, Germany) on May 9, 2012 and Cine SSFP (steady-state free precession) sequences and were used for functional assessment and Inversion Recovery-GRE (gradient echo) for the late enhancement. The following observations were made: severe asymmetric hypertrophy, where the point of greatest thickness was measured at 2.4 cm on the mid inferoseptal wall; normal left ventricular mass; outbreaks of hypointense signal on all sequences in the septal and anterior mid-apical LV walls, which may represent calcifications; LV of normal cavity volumes with mild global systolic dysfunction at the expense of segmental hypokinesis of the anterior and septal walls; severe muscular thickening of the RV apical region; late enhancement on contrast media in hypertrophied LV and RV segments of predominantly mesocardial distribution (nonischemic pattern). <xref ref-type="fig" rid="en_a17fig01-body2">Figures 1</xref> and <xref ref-type="fig" rid="en_a17fig02-body2">2</xref> illustrate some of these findings.</p>
      <p content-type="asset">
        <fig id="en_a17fig01-body2">
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-101-04-0e80-30195-gf01-en.jpg"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p content-type="asset">
        <fig id="en_a17fig02-body2">
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-101-04-0e80-30195-gf02-en.jpg"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p>The patient underwent implantation of cardioverter on June 2, 2012 and remains asymptomatic to date.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Discussion</bold>
      </p>
      <p>The patient under discussion has had longtime hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (for 22 years) with biventricular involvement, severe myocardial fibrosis and mild systolic dysfunction. There were no classical markers of high risk for sudden death, such as myocardial thickness <underline>&gt;</underline> 30 mm, family history of sudden death, syncope, ventricular tachycardia (VT) or obstruction of the LV outflow tract or abnormal behavior of blood pressure during exercise testing. The markers that suggested that this patient was at higher risk for sudden death were non-sustained ventricular tachycardia and the presence of severe late enhancement on MRI.</p>
      <p>Although sustained VT is clearly associated with sudden death, the association with non-sustained VT is less robust. However, a recent study showed no association of non-sustained VT with death in multivariate analysis<sup>7</sup>.</p>
      <p>The detection of myocardial fibrosis in HCM by CMRI using the late enhancement technique has an incidence of 50-80% of cases of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy and is believed to be the anatomical substrate for the occurrence of malign ventricular tachyarrhythmias<sup>8,9</sup>.</p>
      <p>The late enhancement pattern most often described is the heterogeneous and mesocardial pattern, preferably located in hypertrophied segments and at the points of insertion of the right ventricle with the interventricular septum<sup>4,9</sup>. In the clinical case reported, only the anterolateral and inferolateral segments (both basal and mid) and lower basal were free of late enhancement, which characterizes a pattern of an unusual presentation.</p>
      <p>In the patient reported, the late enhancement area measured using five standard deviations of the remote area is 46.9% of the left ventricular mass. There is no consensus on what percentage value should be considered higher risk for adverse events, but 46.9% is certainly considered a high percentage. Some studies show that the presence of late enhancement above 5% of the LV mass is associated with increased risk of sudden death, appropriate therapy by implantable defibrillator and ventricular tachyarrhythmia<sup>5,10</sup>.</p>
      <p>The right ventricular involvement has been reported in approximately 18% of patients with HCM, affecting the middle and apical region also found in the clinical case reported<sup>4</sup>. These patients may have maximum wall thickness greater than 8 mm, as well as increased right ventricular mass<sup>8</sup>. The presence of severe late enhancement in the right ventricle in this patient is another atypical characteristic.</p>
      <p>The apparent discrepancy between the maximum myocardial thickness and the severe late enhancement may result from burnt out hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, i.e., fibrosis and ventricular thinning due to disease duration. Myocardial calcifications may corroborate this long aggression on the cardiac muscle<sup>11</sup>.</p>
      <p>The importance of late enhancement in patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy was investigated in two recent studies, and both demonstrated that the enhancement is not only an independent predictor of cardiovascular events in multivariate analysis, but also the best predictor compared to the usual predictors, such as maximum myocardial thickness, obstruction of the LV outflow tract, clinical factors and family history of sudden death<sup>5,6</sup>. However, we recognize that the presence of late enhancement has a low positive predictive value for sudden death as mentioned in the guidelines of the ACC/AHA of 2011<sup>2</sup>, and confirmed in a meta-analysis in which the presence of enhancement was significantly associated with cardiovascular outcomes, but not with mortality from arrhythmia<sup>12</sup>.</p>
      <p>The patient has no classical markers of high risk for sudden death, and the decision to implant ICD was made based on the presence of NSVT on 24-h Holter, severe myocardial fibrosis on MRI after discussion of risks and benefits with the patient and the family. The presence of late enhancement by CMRI is an emerging marker of prognosis, but its role in directing the therapy is still controversial.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Author contributions</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Conception and design of the research and Analysis and interpretation of the data: Gottlieb I ; Acquisition of data: Fernandes E, Camargo GC, Rothstein T, Gottlieb I; Writing of the manuscript: Fernandes E, Gottlieb I; Critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content: Camargo GC, Derenne ME, Rothstein T, Gottlieb I.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Potential Conflict of Interest</bold>
      </p>
      <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Sources of Funding</bold>
      </p>
      <p>There were no external funding sources for this study.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Study Association</bold>
      </p>
      <p>This study is not associated with any post-graduation program. </p>
      <p>
        <bold>References</bold>
      </p>
    </body>
  </sub-article>
</article>
