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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
        <publisher-loc>S&#227;o Paulo, SP, Brazil</publisher-loc>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">V9WK7QkRjZQNsTf9RjKWWbP</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2013003000016</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v1">S0066-782X(13)10100400016</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5935/abc.20130194</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Relato de Caso</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Denerva&#231;&#227;o renal por abla&#231;&#227;o com t&#233;cnica inovadora em hipertens&#227;o resistente</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Bortolotto</surname>
            <given-names>Luiz Aparecido</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Midlej-Brito</surname>
            <given-names>Thiago</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Pisani</surname>
            <given-names>Cristiano</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Costa-Hong</surname>
            <given-names>Val&#233;ria</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Scanavacca</surname>
            <given-names>Maur&#237;cio</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff01">
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Faculdade de Medicina </institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv2">Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o</institution>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
      </aff>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>10</month>
        <year>2013</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>101</volume>
      <issue>4</issue>
      <fpage>e77</fpage>
      <lpage>e79</lpage>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="pub">
        <day>05</day>
        <month>11</month>
        <year>2013</year>
      </pub-date>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <p>
      <bold>RELATO DE CASO</bold>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Denerva&#231;&#227;o renal por abla&#231;&#227;o com t&#233;cnica inovadora em hipertens&#227;o resistente</bold>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Luiz Aparecido Bortolotto; Thiago Midlej-Brito; Cristiano Pisani; Val&#233;ria Costa-Hong; Maur&#237;cio Scanavacca</bold>
    </p>
    <p>INCOR - Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo, S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brasil</p>
    <p>
      <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="enda">Correspond&#234;ncia</xref>
    </p>
    <p><bold>Palavras-chave:</bold> Denerva&#231;&#227;o, Hipertens&#227;o, Abla&#231;&#227;o por Cateter, Sistema Nervoso Simp&#225;tico.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</bold>
    </p>
    <p>A Hipertens&#227;o Arterial (HA) &#233; causa de milhares de mortes anualmente<sup>1</sup>, e metade dos pacientes tratados apresenta Press&#227;o Arterial (PA) controlada<sup>2</sup>. A Hipertens&#227;o Arterial Resistente (HAR) &#233; definida quando a PA permanece acima das metas recomendadas com o uso de tr&#234;s f&#225;rmacos anti-hipertensivos, com a&#231;&#245;es sin&#233;rgicas em doses m&#225;ximas preconizadas e toleradas, sendo um deles preferencialmente um diur&#233;tico, ou quando em uso de quatro ou mais f&#225;rmacos anti-hipertensivos, mesmo com a PA controlada<sup>3</sup>. Estima-se que 12%-15% dos hipertensos sejam considerados resistentes, com elevado risco de morbimortalidade cardiovascular<sup>4</sup>.</p>
    <p>A patog&#234;nese da hipertens&#227;o &#233; multifatorial, mas a atividade simp&#225;tica tem papel importante, sobretudo nos hipertensos resistentes<sup>2</sup>. A atividade simp&#225;tica renal eferente estimula libera&#231;&#227;o de renina, aumenta reabsor&#231;&#227;o de s&#243;dio e reduz fluxo sangu&#237;neo renal, podendo ser um mecanismo de desenvolvimento e manuten&#231;&#227;o da hipertens&#227;o<sup>2</sup>. Fatores gen&#233;ticos, comportamentais e ambientais influenciam aumento da atividade simp&#225;tica em hipertensos<sup>5</sup>.</p>
    <p>Novas terapias visando &#224; diminui&#231;&#227;o da atividade simp&#225;tica v&#234;m sendo desenvolvidas. A Denerva&#231;&#227;o Simp&#225;tica Renal (DSR) por cateter de abla&#231;&#227;o com radiofrequ&#234;ncia nas art&#233;rias renais tem demonstrado controle da PA em hipertens&#227;o resistente<sup>6,7</sup> e em situa&#231;&#245;es cl&#237;nicas associadas como a apneia obstrutiva do sono<sup>8</sup> e resist&#234;ncia a insulina<sup>9</sup>.</p>
    <p>Os principais estudos cl&#237;nicos de DSR utilizaram cateter especifico ainda n&#227;o dispon&#237;vel no Brasil, mas a abla&#231;&#227;o com radiofrequ&#234;ncia de arritmias &#233; um procedimento realizado por meio de cateteres apropriados por eletrofisiologistas h&#225; anos em nosso pa&#237;s. Estudos experimentais de DSR com cateteres utilizados para abla&#231;&#227;o de arritmias indicaram a possibilidade de utiliza&#231;&#227;o desses em substitui&#231;&#227;o aos usados nos estudos internacionais, visto a indisponibilidade desses em nosso meio. Baseado nisso, escolheu-se para o procedimento a ser relatado o modelo utilizado para abla&#231;&#227;o em crian&#231;as (ponta de 4 mm e 5F), que se mostrou mais adequado. O objetivo do relato &#233; mostrar o resultado da primeira DSR em nosso meio, com auxilio de tecnologia usada em arritmias card&#237;acas.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Relato do caso</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Paciente de 39 anos, mulher, admitida em nossa institui&#231;&#227;o com hist&#243;ria de HA desde os 17 anos. Aos 29 anos passou a apresentar epis&#243;dios de crise hipertensiva associados a taquicardia, palidez, sudorese e boca seca, e foi descartada feocromocitoma. Ap&#243;s tr&#234;s anos, apresentou Acidente Vascular Cerebral (AVC) sem sequelas neurol&#243;gicas. Desde ent&#227;o, a HA teve controle mais dif&#237;cil e passou a usar v&#225;rios anti-hipertensivos, mas mantendo n&#237;veis elevados da PA. No &#250;ltimo ano apresentou interna&#231;&#245;es por crises hipertensivas, atingindo PA de 230/130 mmHg. Na admiss&#227;o estava em uso de sete anti-hipertensivos em dose m&#225;xima (amlodipina, valsartana, furosemida, espironolactona, clonidina, hidralazina e atenolol). Negava uso de drogas il&#237;citas ou outras medica&#231;&#245;es hipertens&#243;genas. A m&#227;e era hipertensa, falecida aos 40 anos por AVC, e dois irm&#227;os eram hipertensos.</p>
    <p>Ao exame f&#237;sico apresentava PA 180/110 mmHg (deitada), 182/112 mmHg (ortostase) e frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca 120 bpm. O exame cardiovascular n&#227;o revelava anormalidades e o restante do exame f&#237;sico era normal. Investiga&#231;&#227;o de HA secund&#225;ria afastou todas as causas prov&#225;veis. Ecodopplercardiograma n&#227;o evidenciou altera&#231;&#245;es e o Holter de 24 horas n&#227;o mostrou arritmias.</p>
    <p>Por apresentar HAS resistente a varias medica&#231;&#245;es, a equipe cl&#237;nica sugeriu a DSR por abla&#231;&#227;o e a paciente aceitou ap&#243;s explica&#231;&#227;o dos riscos e benef&#237;cios. A paciente leu e assinou Termo de Consentimento Livre Esclarecido, visto ter sido o primeiro procedimento no Brasil.</p>
    <p>O procedimento de DSR foi realizado em 25/08/2011 pela equipe de Eletrofisiologia. O acesso &#224; art&#233;ria renal foi obtido pela art&#233;ria femoral e anatomia eleg&#237;vel para o procedimento confirmada pela angiografia ap&#243;s cateteriza&#231;&#227;o seletiva. Para a abla&#231;&#227;o renal foi utilizado cateter 5F (Mariner Series AblationCatheters, Medtronics) posicionado por via a&#243;rtica, retr&#243;grado na art&#233;ria renal, guiado por radioscopia e conectado a um gerador de Radiofrequ&#234;ncia (RF). Foi constru&#237;do mapa eletroanat&#244;mico (Sistema Ensite, StJude Medical) da aorta e das art&#233;rias renais (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="a16fig01">Figura 1</xref>) e realizado planejamento para quatro aplica&#231;&#245;es de RF em cada art&#233;ria renal, distal para proximal, separados longitudinalmente e em rota&#231;&#227;o (helicoidal), com marca&#231;&#245;es no mapa (pontos brancos na <xref ref-type="fig" rid="a16fig01">figura 1</xref>). Ap&#243;s, o cateter foi avan&#231;ado em cada art&#233;ria renal e foram realizadas quatro aplica&#231;&#245;es de RF (8W, 60 &#186;C, 120s) por art&#233;ria nas regi&#245;es previamente demarcadas (pontos vermelhos na <xref ref-type="fig" rid="a16fig01">figura 1</xref>). A paciente permaneceu sob anestesia geral, com PA monitorizada durante o procedimento que ocorreu sem complica&#231;&#245;es. Ao final, a paciente foi despertada da anestesia referindo leve desconforto lombar que melhorou ap&#243;s analg&#233;sico. Nova angiografia seletiva n&#227;o evidenciou anormalidades.</p>
    <p content-type="asset">
      <fig id="a16fig01">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-101-04-0e77-30194-gf01.jpg"/></fig>
    </p>
    <p>Seis meses ap&#243;s o procedimento, a paciente apresentava menor valor de PA no consult&#243;rio e na MAPA, em uso de quatro classes de anti-hipertensivos (<xref ref-type="table" rid="a16tab01">Tabela 1</xref>). Ap&#243;s um ano, a paciente permanece pouco sintom&#225;tica, com melhora na qualidade de vida, sem nenhuma grave crise hipertensiva. Os dados evolutivos de PA de consult&#243;rio e da MAPA, assim como das propriedades arteriais est&#227;o na <xref ref-type="table" rid="a16tab01">tabela 1</xref>. Ap&#243;s seis meses realizou-se angiorresson&#226;ncia de art&#233;rias renais que n&#227;o mostrou estenose.</p>
    <p content-type="asset">
      <table-wrap id="a16tab01">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-101-04-0e77-30194-gt01.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Discuss&#227;o</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Trata-se da primeira experi&#234;ncia de DSR realizada no Brasil com cateter de abla&#231;&#227;o usado para arritmias em crian&#231;as. Os resultados mostraram seguran&#231;a do procedimento, al&#233;m de resultados satisfat&#243;rios no controle da PA e na qualidade de vida.</p>
    <p>O primeiro estudo utilizando essa t&#233;cnica mostrou seguran&#231;a e redu&#231;&#227;o significativa da PA em 58 pacientes com hipertens&#227;o resistente<sup>10</sup>. A redu&#231;&#227;o m&#233;dia de PA sist&#243;lica e diast&#243;lica, respectivamente, foi 22/11 mmHg em seis meses, e 27/17 mmHg em doze meses.</p>
    <p>Em 2010, um ensaio multic&#234;ntrico internacional estudou 106 pacientes, 52 alocados para interven&#231;&#227;o e 54 para tratamento cl&#237;nico. Ap&#243;s seis meses, houve queda na PA de consult&#243;rio de 33/11 mmHg naqueles submetidos ao procedimento comparado ao grupo cl&#237;nico. Entre os pacientes submetidos a denerva&#231;&#227;o, 20% reduziram os anti-hipertensivos e em 84% a PA reduziu 10 mmHg ou mais<sup>2</sup>. N&#227;o houve complica&#231;&#245;es s&#233;rias relacionadas ao procedimento.</p>
    <p>Todos os estudos demonstram alta taxa de sucesso ap&#243;s DSR em pacientes com hipertens&#227;o resistente, com redu&#231;&#227;o significativa da PA, diminui&#231;&#227;o de dose e/ou n&#250;mero de medica&#231;&#245;es, sem causar dano na art&#233;ria renal ou preju&#237;zo na fun&#231;&#227;o renal<sup>1,9,10</sup>.</p>
    <p>Em rela&#231;&#227;o ao caso relatado, a DSR utilizando cateter convencional de eletrofisiologia, para abla&#231;&#227;o em crian&#231;as (5F), &#233; segura e eficaz. Adicionando-se mapeamento eletroanat&#244;mico, podem-se avaliar com precis&#227;o os locais na art&#233;ria renal onde foram feitas as aplica&#231;&#245;es, uma vez que a estrat&#233;gia utilizada nos procedimentos de denerva&#231;&#227;o &#233; baseada na anatomia sem avalia&#231;&#245;es funcionais imediatas.</p>
    <p>Na evolu&#231;&#227;o observamos melhora na PA de 24 h, vig&#237;lia e, especialmente, no sono (<xref ref-type="table" rid="a16tab01">Tabela 1</xref>). Maior atividade simp&#225;tica &#233; um dos mecanismos mais importantes da aus&#234;ncia de queda noturna no sono, o que justificaria o efeito de redu&#231;&#227;o expressiva da PA noturna em nossa paciente.</p>
    <p>Tamb&#233;m avaliamos propriedades arteriais pelas medidas da velocidade de onda de pulso e da distens&#227;o carot&#237;dea. Esses &#237;ndices s&#227;o marcadores da fun&#231;&#227;o arterial, cujas altera&#231;&#245;es podem estar implicadas nos mecanismos de dificuldade de controle da PA. Aumento na atividade simp&#225;tica pode aumentar rigidez arterial em hipertensos resistentes e a melhora desses par&#226;metros na paciente ap&#243;s a denerva&#231;&#227;o refor&#231;a essa intera&#231;&#227;o.</p>
    <p>A DSR por abla&#231;&#227;o &#233; uma t&#233;cnica segura e promissora na redu&#231;&#227;o da press&#227;o arterial, al&#233;m de melhorar qualidade de vida em pacientes portadores de hipertens&#227;o arterial resistente, mesmo com cateteres usados em eletrofisiologia card&#237;aca.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Contribui&#231;&#227;o dos autores</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa: Bortolotto LA, Midlej-Brito T, Scanavacca M; Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados e An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados: Bortolotto LA, Midlej-Brito T, Pisani C, Costa-Hong V, Scanavacca M; An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica: Bortolotto LA, Midlej-Brito T; Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito e Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual: Bortolotto LA, Midlej-Brito T, Pisani C, Scanavacca M.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Potencial Conflito de Interesses</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Declaro n&#227;o haver conflito de interesses pertinentes.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Fontes de Financiamento</bold>
    </p>
    <p>O presente estudo n&#227;o teve fontes de financiamento externas.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Vincula&#231;&#227;o Acad&#234;mica</bold>
    </p>
    <p>N&#227;o h&#225; vincula&#231;&#227;o deste estudo a programas de p&#243;s-gradua&#231;&#227;o.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Refer&#234;ncias</bold>
    </p>
    <p content-type="ref-to-delete">1. Symplicity HTN-1 Investigators. Catheter-based renal sympathetic denervation for resistant hypertension: durability of blood pressure reduction out to 24 months. Hypertension. 2011;57(5):911-7. </p>
    <p content-type="ref-to-delete">2. Esler MD, Krum H, Sobotka PA, Schlaich MP, Schmieder RE, B&#246;hm M; Symplicity HTN-2 Investigators Renal sympathetic denervation in patients with treatment-resistant hypertension (The Symplicity HTN-2 Trial): a randomised controlled trial. Lancet. 2010;376(9756):1903-9. </p>
    <p content-type="ref-to-delete">3. de Souza WS, Alessi A, Cordeiro A, da Rocha Nogueira A, Feitosa A, Amodeo C, et al. First Brazilian position on resistant hypertension. Arq Bras Cardiol. 2012;99(1):576-85.  </p>
    <p content-type="ref-to-delete">4. Pimenta E, Calhoun DA. Resistant hypertension: incidence, prevalence, and prognosis. Circulation. 2012;125(13):1594-6. </p>
    <p content-type="ref-to-delete">5. Esler M. The sympathetic system and hypertension. Am J Hypertens. 2000;13(6 Pt 2):99S-105S.  </p>
    <p content-type="ref-to-delete">6. DiBona GF. The sympathetic nervous system and hypertension: recent developments. Hypertension. 2004;43(2):147-50. </p>
    <p content-type="ref-to-delete">7. DiBona GF, Kopp UC. Neural control of renal function. Physiol Rev. 1997;77(1):75-197. </p>
    <p content-type="ref-to-delete">8. Baguet JP, Barone-Rochette G, P&#233;pin JL. Hypertension and obstructive sleep apnoea syndrome: current perspectives. J Hum Hypertens. 2009;23(7):431-43. </p>
    <p>9. Witkowski A, Prejbisz A, Florczak E, K&#261;dziela J, &#346;liwi&#324;ski P, Biele&#324; P, et al. Effects of renal sympathetic denervation on blood pressure, sleep apnea course, and glycemic control in patients with resistant hypertension and sleep apnea. Hypertension. 2011;58(4)559-65.</p>
    <p content-type="ref-to-delete">10. Krum H, Schlaich M, Whitbourn R, Sobotka PA, Sadowski J, Bartus K, et al. Catheter-based renal sympathetic denervation for resistant hypertension: a multicentre safety and proof-of-principle cohort study. Lancet. 2009;373(9671):1275-81.  </p>
    <p>
      <fn id="enda" fn-type="corresp">
        <p>Correspond&#234;ncia:</p>
        <p> Thiago Midlej-Brito </p>
        <p> Rua Dr. En&#233;as de Carvalho Aguiar, 44, Cerqueira C&#233;sar </p>
        <p> CEP 05403-000, S&#227;o Paulo - SP - Brasil </p>
        <p> E-mail: </p>
        <p><email xlink:href="thiagomidlej@gmail.com">thiagomidlej@gmail.com</email>, </p>
        <p>
          <email xlink:href="thiagomidlej@yahoo.com.br">thiagomidlej@yahoo.com.br</email>
        </p>
      </fn>
    </p>
    <p>Artigo recebido em 04/10/12; revisado em 19/12/12; aceito em 08/03/13.</p>
  </body>
  <back>
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  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Case Report</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title xml:lang="en">Renal denervation by ablation with innovative technique in resistant hypertension</article-title>
      </title-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p>
        <bold>CASE REPORT</bold>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Renal denervation by ablation with innovative technique in resistant hypertension</bold>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Luiz Aparecido Bortolotto; Thiago Midlej-Brito; Cristiano Pisani; Val&#233;ria Costa-Hong; Maur&#237;cio Scanavacca</bold>
      </p>
      <p>INCOR - Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo, S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brazil</p>
      <p>
        <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="enda-body2">Mailing Address</xref>
      </p>
      <p><bold>Keywords:</bold> Denervation; Hypertension; Catheter Ablation; Sympathetic Nervous System.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Introduction</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Hypertension is the cause of thousands of deaths annually<sup>1</sup>, and half of the patients treated present controlled blood pressure (BP)<sup>2</sup>. Resistant hypertension (RH)is defined when the BP remains above the recommended targets with the use of three antihypertensive drugs with synergistic actions at maximum doses recommended and tolerated, preferably one being a diuretic, or when in use of four or more anti-hypertensive drugs, even with controlled BP<sup>3</sup>. It is estimated that 12%-15% of persons with hypertension are considered resistant, with high risk of cardiovascular morbidity and mortality<sup>4</sup>.</p>
      <p>The pathogenesis of hypertension is multifactorial, but the sympathetic activity plays an important role, especially in patients with resistant hypertension<sup>2</sup>. Efferent renal sympathetic activity stimulates renin release, increases sodium reabsorption and reduces renal blood flow and may be a mechanism for the development and maintenance of hypertension<sup>2</sup>. Genetic, behavioral and environmental factors influence increased sympathetic activity in persons with hypertension<sup>5</sup>.</p>
      <p>New therapies aiming to reduce sympathetic activity have been developed. Renal Sympathetic Denervation (RSD) by radiofrequency catheter ablation of renal arteries has been shown to control BP in resistant hypertension<sup>6,7</sup> and in associated clinical conditions such as sleep destructive apnea<sup>8</sup> and insulin resistance<sup>9</sup>.</p>
      <p>The main RSD clinical studies used a specific catheter not yet available in Brazil, but the radiofrequency ablation of arrhythmias is a procedure that has been performed by electrophysiologists through appropriate catheters for years in our country. Experimental studies of RSD with catheters used for ablation of arrhythmias indicated the possibility of using these to replace those used in international studies, considering the unavailability of those in our reality. Based on this, for the procedure to be reported, the model used for ablation in children (4 mm tip and 5F), which was proven to be more appropriate, was chosen. The objective of the report is to show the result of the first RSD in our community, with the aid of technology used in cardiac arrhythmias.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Case report</bold>
      </p>
      <p>39-year-old woman was admitted to our institution with a history of hypertension since age 17. At age 29, the patient began to experience episodes of hypertensive crisis associated with tachycardia, pallor, sweating and dry mouth, and pheochromocytoma was ruled out. After three years, the patient presented Cerebrovascular Accident (CVA) without neurological sequelae. Since then, it was harder to control hypertension and the patient has to use multiple antihypertensive drugs, while maintaining high levels of BP. In the last year, the patient was hospitalized due to hypertensive crises, reaching BP of 230/130 mmHg. On admission, she was using seven antihypertensive drugs at maximum dose (amlodipine, valsartan, furosemide, spironolactone, clonidine, hydralazine and atenolol). She denied the use of illegal drugs or other medications that would worsen hypertension. Her mother was hypertensive, died at age 40 from CVA, and two brothers were hypertensive.</p>
      <p>Physical examination revealed BP 180/110 mmHg (lying position), 182/112 mmHg (standing position) and heart rate 120 bpm. Cardiovascular examination revealed no abnormalities and the remainder of the physical examination was normal. Investigation of secondary hypertension ruled out all probable causes. Doppler echocardiography showed no abnormalities and 24-hour Holter showed no arrhythmias.</p>
      <p>As the patient presented hypertension resistant to several medications, the medical staff suggested RSD by ablation and the patient accepted after explanation of risks and benefits. The patient read and signed the Informed Consent Form, since it was the first procedure in Brazil.</p>
      <p>The RSD procedure was conducted on August 25, 2011 by the Electrophysiology team. Access to the renal artery was through the femoral artery and anatomy eligible for the procedure was confirmed by angiography after selective catheterization. For renal ablation, a 5F catheter was used (Mariner Series AblationCatheters, Medtronics) and positioned in the aorta, retrograde in the renal artery, guided by radioscopy and connected to a radiofrequency (RF) generator. An electroanatomic map (EnSite System, StJude Medical) of the aorta and the renal arteries was constructed (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="en_a16fig01-body2">Figure 1</xref>) and four RF applications in each renal artery were planned, distal to proximal, separated longitudinally and in rotation (helical), with markings on the map (white dots in <xref ref-type="fig" rid="en_a16fig01-body2">Figure 1</xref>). After that, the catheter was introduced into each renal artery and four RF applications were made (8W, 60 &#186;C, 120s) per artery in the regions previously marked (red dots in <xref ref-type="fig" rid="en_a16fig01-body2">Figure 1</xref>). The patient was under general anesthesia, with BP monitored during the procedure, which occurred without complications. At the end, the patient was awakened from anesthesia reporting mild lower back discomfort that improved after administration of painkiller. A new selective angiography showed no abnormalities.</p>
      <p content-type="asset">
        <fig id="en_a16fig01-body2">
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-101-04-0e77-30194-gf01-en.jpg"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p>Six months after the procedure, the patient had lower office and ABPM BP, in use of four classes of antihypertensive drugs (<xref ref-type="table" rid="en_a16tab01-body2">Table 1</xref>). After one year, the patient remained little symptomatic, with improved quality of life, without any serious hypertensive crisis. Evolutionary office and ABPM BP data, as well as the arterial properties are shown in <xref ref-type="table" rid="en_a16tab01-body2">Table 1</xref>. After six months, angiography of renal arteries showed no stenosis.</p>
      <p content-type="asset">
        <table-wrap id="en_a16tab01-body2">
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-101-04-0e77-30194-gt01-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Discussion</bold>
      </p>
      <p>This is the first experience of RSD held in Brazil with catheter ablation used for arrhythmias in children. The results showed the safety of the procedure, and satisfactory BP control and quality of life results.</p>
      <p> The first study using this technique demonstrated safety and significant BP reduction in 58 patients with resistant hypertension<sup>10</sup>. Average reduction in systolic and diastolic BP, respectively, was 22/11 mmHg in six months, and 27/17 mmHg in twelve months.</p>
      <p>In 2010, an international multicenter trial studied 106 patients, 52 assigned to intervention and 54 assigned to clinical treatment. After six months, there was a decrease in office BP of 33/11 mmHg in those undergoing the procedure compared to the medical group. Among patients undergoing denervation, 20% reduced antihypertensive drugs and in 84% BP decreased 10 mmHg or more<sup>2</sup>. There were no serious complications related to the procedure.</p>
      <p>All studies show high success rate after RSD in patients with resistant hypertension, with significant reduction in BP, decreased dose and/or number of drugs, without causing damage to the renal artery or impaired renal function<sup>1,9,10</sup>.</p>
      <p>Regarding the case reported, RSD using conventional electrophysiology catheter for ablation in children (5F) is safe and effective. Adding electroanatomic mapping, we can accurately assess renal artery sites where the applications were made, since the strategy used in the denervation procedures is based on the anatomy without immediate functional evaluations.</p>
      <p>In the evolution, we observed improvement in 24-h, daytime and especially nighttime BP (<xref ref-type="table" rid="en_a16tab01-body2">Table 1</xref>). Increased sympathetic activity is one of the most important mechanisms of the absence of nocturnal blood pressure falls during sleep, which could explain the effect of a significant reduction in nocturnal BP in our patient.</p>
      <p>We also assessed arterial properties through measurements of pulse wave velocity and carotid distension. These rates are markers of arterial function, whose changes may be involved in the mechanisms of difficulty in controlling BP. Increased sympathetic activity can increase arterial stiffness in patients with resistant hypertension and improvement of these parameters in the patient after denervation reinforces this interaction.</p>
      <p>Ablation RSD is a safe and promising approach in reducing blood pressure, and improves quality of life in patients with resistant hypertension, even with catheters used in cardiac electrophysiology.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Author contributions</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Conception and design of the research: Bortolotto LA, Midlej-Brito T, Scanavacca M; Acquisition of data and Analysis and interpretation of the data: Bortolotto LA, Midlej-Brito T, Pisani C, Costa-Hong V, Scanavacca M; Statistical analysis: Bortolotto LA, Midlej-Brito T; Writing of the manuscript and Critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content: Bortolotto LA, Midlej-Brito T, Pisani C, Scanavacca M.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Potential Conflict of Interest</bold>
      </p>
      <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Sources of Funding</bold>
      </p>
      <p>There were no external funding sources for this study.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Study Association</bold>
      </p>
      <p>This study is not associated with any post-graduation program.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>References</bold>
      </p>
      <p content-type="ref-to-delete">1. Symplicity HTN-1 Investigators. Catheter-based renal sympathetic denervation for resistant hypertension: durability of blood pressure reduction out to 24 months. Hypertension. 2011;57(5):911-7. </p>
      <p content-type="ref-to-delete">2. Esler MD, Krum H, Sobotka PA, Schlaich MP, Schmieder RE, B&#246;hm M; Symplicity HTN-2 Investigators Renal sympathetic denervation in patients with treatment-resistant hypertension (The Symplicity HTN-2 Trial): a randomised controlled trial. Lancet. 2010;376(9756):1903-9. </p>
      <p content-type="ref-to-delete">3. de Souza WS, Alessi A, Cordeiro A, da Rocha Nogueira A, Feitosa A, Amodeo C, et al. First Brazilian position on resistant hypertension. Arq Bras Cardiol. 2012;99(1):576-85.  </p>
      <p content-type="ref-to-delete">4. Pimenta E, Calhoun DA. Resistant hypertension: incidence, prevalence, and prognosis. Circulation. 2012;125(13):1594-6. </p>
      <p content-type="ref-to-delete">5. Esler M. The sympathetic system and hypertension. Am J Hypertens. 2000;13(6 Pt 2):99S-105S.  </p>
      <p content-type="ref-to-delete">6. DiBona GF. The sympathetic nervous system and hypertension: recent developments. Hypertension. 2004;43(2):147-50. </p>
      <p content-type="ref-to-delete">7. DiBona GF, Kopp UC. Neural control of renal function. Physiol Rev. 1997;77(1):75-197. </p>
      <p content-type="ref-to-delete">8. Baguet JP, Barone-Rochette G, P&#233;pin JL. Hypertension and obstructive sleep apnoea syndrome: current perspectives. J Hum Hypertens. 2009;23(7):431-43. </p>
      <p>9. Witkowski A, Prejbisz A, Florczak E, K&#261;dziela J, &#346;liwi&#324;ski P, Biele&#324; P, et al. Effects of renal sympathetic denervation on blood pressure, sleep apnea course, and glycemic control in patients with resistant hypertension and sleep apnea. Hypertension. 2011;58(4)559-65.</p>
      <p>10. Krum H, Schlaich M, Whitbourn R, Sobotka PA, Sadowski J, Bartus K, et al. Catheter-based renal sympathetic denervation for resistant hypertension: a multicentre safety and proof-of-principle cohort study. Lancet. 2009;373(9671):1275-81.      </p>
      <p>
        <fn id="enda-body2" fn-type="corresp">
          <label>
            <bold>Mailing Address:</bold>
          </label>
          <p> Thiago Midlej-Brito</p>
          <p> Rua Dr. En&#233;as de Carvalho Aguiar, 44, Cerqueira C&#233;sar</p>
          <p> Postal Code 05403-000, S&#227;o Paulo - SP - Brazil</p>
          <p> E-mail: </p>
          <p><email xlink:href="thiagomidlej@gmail.com">thiagomidlej@gmail.com</email>, </p>
          <p>
            <email xlink:href="thiagomidlej@yahoo.com.br">thiagomidlej@yahoo.com.br</email>
          </p>
        </fn>
      </p>
      <p>Manuscript received October 04, 2012; manuscript revised December 19, 2012; manuscript accepted March 08, 2013. </p>
    </body>
  </sub-article>
</article>
