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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
        <publisher-loc>S&#227;o Paulo, SP, Brazil</publisher-loc>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">JzPN4cZ9F6jpmbBK9nFFGmr</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2013003000015</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v1">S0066-782X(13)10100400015</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5935/abc.20130193</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Correla&#231;&#227;o Cl&#237;nico-Radiogr&#225;fica</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Caso 5/2013 - menino de 4 anos de idade com tumor card&#237;aco do tipo rabdomioma em ambos os ventr&#237;culos e com taquicardias ventriculares repetidas</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Atik</surname>
            <given-names>Edmar</given-names>
          </name>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>10</month>
        <year>2013</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>101</volume>
      <issue>4</issue>
      <fpage>e74</fpage>
      <lpage>e76</lpage>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="pub">
        <day>05</day>
        <month>11</month>
        <year>2013</year>
      </pub-date>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <p>
      <bold>CORRELA&#199;&#195;O CL&#205;NICO-RADIOGR&#193;FICA</bold>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Caso 5/2013 - menino de 4 anos de idade com tumor card&#237;aco do tipo rabdomioma em ambos os ventr&#237;culos e com taquicardias ventriculares repetidas </bold>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Edmar Atik</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Cl&#237;nica privada do Dr. Edmar Atik, S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brasil</p>
    <p>
      <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="enda">Correspond&#234;ncia</xref>
    </p>
    <p><bold>Palavras-chave:</bold> Neoplasias Card&#237;acas; Rabdomioma; Taquicardia Ventricular.</p>
    <p><bold>Dados cl&#237;nicos:</bold> Radiografia de t&#243;rax realizada em vig&#234;ncia de infec&#231;&#227;o de vias a&#233;reas superiores com 5 meses de idade, estabeleceu suspeita de cardiopatia em face de deformidade evidenciada no arco ventricular. A ecocardiograma confirmou, na &#233;poca, a presen&#231;a de duas massas tumorais nos dois ventr&#237;culos. Epis&#243;dios de taquicardia parox&#237;stica ventricular, com frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca em torno de 200 bpm, acompanhados de sudorese e palidez, todos revertidos ap&#243;s cardiovers&#227;o el&#233;trica, se iniciaram com 9 meses de idade e se repetiram por mais cinco vezes, apesar do uso sistem&#225;tico de medica&#231;&#227;o antiarr&#237;tmica constitu&#237;da por propranolol e amiodarona.</p>
    <p><bold>Exame f&#237;sico:</bold> Ativo, eupneico, corado, pulsos normais. Peso: 17 kg. Altura: 97 cm. PA: 90/52-61 mmHg. FC: 100 bpm. A aorta n&#227;o era palpada na f&#250;rcula.</p>
    <p>No prec&#243;rdio n&#227;o havia deformidades, o <italic>ictus cordis</italic> n&#227;o era palpado e n&#227;o havia impuls&#245;es sist&#243;licas. As bulhas card&#237;acas eram normofon&#233;ticas e n&#227;o se auscultava sopro card&#237;aco. O f&#237;gado n&#227;o era palpado.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Exames complementares</bold>
    </p>
    <p><bold>Eletrocardiograma</bold> (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="a15fig01">Figura 1</xref>) mostrava ritmo sinusal e sinais de sobrecarga do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo. Havia complexo QR em aVL com onda T negativa nessa deriva&#231;&#227;o e isoel&#233;trica em D1, caracterizando o diagn&#243;stico de isquemia el&#233;trica de parede lateral alta. AP: +60&#186;. AQRS: +80&#186;. AT: +90&#186;. Durante a crise de taquicardia, o ECG exibia bloqueio completo do ramo direito, com frequ&#234;ncia ventricular de 210 bpm.</p>
    <p content-type="asset">
      <fig id="a15fig01">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-101-04-0e74-30193-gf01.jpg"/></fig>
    </p>
    <p><bold>Radiografia de t&#243;rax</bold> mostrou &#225;rea card&#237;aca e trama vascular pulmonar normais, deformidade por abaulamento discreto e localizado no meio do arco ventricular esquerdo (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="a15fig01">Figura 1</xref>).</p>
    <p><bold>Ecocardiograma</bold> (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="a15fig02">Figura 2</xref>) mostrou duas imagens homog&#234;neas e ecodensas, com contornos bem definidos e arredondados. A menor estava na parede livre do ventr&#237;culo direito, com di&#226;metros de 39 &#215; 21 mm e &#225;rea de 6,9 cm<sup>2</sup>, e a maior, na parede anterior do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo, com 51 &#215; 37 mm e &#225;rea de 12,5 cm<sup>2</sup>. Ambas as massas apresentavam plano de clivagem com as paredes ventriculares cont&#237;guas e n&#227;o provocavam obstru&#231;&#227;o nas vias de entrada e de sa&#237;da dos ventr&#237;culos. A fun&#231;&#227;o biventricular era normal.</p>
    <p content-type="asset">
      <fig id="a15fig02">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-101-04-0e74-30193-gf02.jpg"/></fig>
    </p>
    <p><bold>Tomografia tor&#225;cica da aorta</bold> (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="a15fig02">Figura 2</xref>) salienta o mesmo aspecto, mostrando a massa maior se pronunciando no ventr&#237;culo esquerdo, mas sem causar obstru&#231;&#227;o ao fluxo.</p>
    <p><bold>Diagn&#243;stico cl&#237;nico: </bold>Tumores card&#237;acos biventriculares sem obstru&#231;&#227;o ao fluxo de entrada e sa&#237;da, sem insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca, mas com taquicardia ventricular parox&#237;stica repetida. Os tumores foram categorizados como rabdomiomas pela multiplicidade de locais, plano de clivagem bem definido com o mioc&#225;rdio e por n&#227;o provocarem obstru&#231;&#227;o ao fluxo. </p>
    <p><bold>Racioc&#237;nio cl&#237;nico: </bold>Os elementos cl&#237;nicos eram compat&#237;veis com a normalidade cardiovascular, exceto o eletrocardiograma e a radiografia de t&#243;rax, que, pela isquemia el&#233;trica da parede lateral alta e a protuber&#226;ncia do arco ventricular, respectivamente, orientaram para a presen&#231;a de "massa" correspondente &#224; regi&#227;o descrita, presuntivamente no peric&#225;rdio, mioc&#225;rdio ou endoc&#225;rdio. Outros exames de imagem foram decisivos para o encontro da massa ventricular endocavit&#225;ria que se projetava na parede anterolateral do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo, respons&#225;vel pelas altera&#231;&#245;es descritas. A outra massa encontrada na parede livre do ventr&#237;culo direito era menor e sem express&#227;o cl&#237;nica.</p>
    <p><bold>Diagn&#243;stico diferencial:</bold> Os sinais an&#244;malos encontrados no eletrocardiograma e na radiografia de t&#243;rax tamb&#233;m poderiam estar presentes em processos peric&#225;rdicos, como em cistos e tumores, ou mesmo mioc&#225;rdicos, como em fibroma ou em outros tumores benignos.</p>
    <p><bold>Conduta:</bold> Em face da manifesta&#231;&#227;o parox&#237;stica da arritmia card&#237;aca, de origem ventricular esquerda, do bloqueio do ramo direito encontrado no eletrocardiograma durante a crise de taquicardia, a dose dos antiarr&#237;tmicos foi aumentada. Em caso de n&#227;o haver adequada resposta cl&#237;nica, a extirpa&#231;&#227;o cir&#250;rgica do tumor passa a ser priorit&#225;ria, em vista do que o estudo eletrofisiol&#243;gico foi incapaz da demonstra&#231;&#227;o de poss&#237;veis focos de arritmia.</p>
    <p><bold>Coment&#225;rios: </bold>A exterioriza&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica dos tumores benignos do cora&#231;&#227;o se faz habitualmente por insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca, arritmias supraventriculares e ventriculares, e tamb&#233;m por eventos s&#250;bitos como s&#237;ncope, baixo d&#233;bito card&#237;aco, acompanhados ou n&#227;o por sintomas cerebrais. A descoberta dos mesmos por vezes se expressa de rotina em vig&#234;ncia de infec&#231;&#227;o, convuls&#227;o ou desmaio. No caso em estudo, a radiografia de t&#243;rax foi o primeiro exame de suspeita diagn&#243;stica em face do abaulamento do arco ventricular. O eletrocardiograma atrav&#233;s da isquemia el&#233;trica pode caracterizar o local exato da altera&#231;&#227;o, e as imagens diagn&#243;sticas, o ecocardiograma e a RMN confirmaram o diagn&#243;stico. As arritmias em geral hoje podem ser mais bem tratadas atrav&#233;s de medicamentos mais adequados, pela abla&#231;&#227;o ap&#243;s constata&#231;&#227;o do mecanismo eletrofisiol&#243;gico respons&#225;vel e at&#233; por ressec&#231;&#227;o cir&#250;rgica da massa tumoral causadora. Todas essas alternativas s&#227;o v&#225;lidas e adequadas. A conduta mais conservadora, como a do uso de medica&#231;&#227;o antiarr&#237;tmica, se posiciona como a primeira delas. No decurso do tempo &#233; poss&#237;vel que as outras etapas sejam necess&#225;rias para o controle cl&#237;nico da arritmia ventricular.</p>
    <p>
      <fn id="enda" fn-type="corresp">
        <p>Correspond&#234;ncia:</p>
        <p> Edmar Atik </p>
        <p> Rua Dona Adma Jafet 74 , cj 73 </p>
        <p> 01308-050 S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brasil </p>
        <p> E-mail: </p>
        <p>
          <email xlink:href="conatik@incor.usp.br">conatik@incor.usp.br</email>
        </p>
      </fn>
    </p>
  </body>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Clinicoradiological Session</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title xml:lang="en">Case 5/2013 - a four-year-old boy with a rhabdomyoma-type cardiac tumor in both ventricles and repeated ventricular tachycardia</article-title>
      </title-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p>
        <bold>CLINICORADIOLOGICAL SESSION</bold>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Case 5/2013 - a four-year-old boy with a rhabdomyoma-type cardiac tumor in both ventricles and repeated ventricular tachycardia</bold>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Edmar Atik</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Cl&#237;nica privada do Dr. Edmar Atik, S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brazil</p>
      <p>
        <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="enda-body2">Mailing Address</xref>
      </p>
      <p><bold>Keywords:</bold> Heart Neoplasms; Rhabdomyoma; Tachycardia, Ventricular.</p>
      <p><bold>Clinical data: </bold>Chest radiography performed during upper respiratory tract infection at 5 months of age suggested heart disease because of a deformity observed in the ventricular arch. At that time, echocardiography confirmed the presence of two tumor masses in both ventricles. At nine months of age, the patient started to present with episodes of paroxysmal ventricular tachycardia, with a heart rate of approximately 200 bpm, accompanied by diaphoresis and paleness, all reverted after electrical cardioversion. The episodes recurred for five times, despite the systematic use of antiarrhythmic medication comprising propranolol and amiodarone.</p>
      <p><bold>Physical examination:</bold> Active, eupneic, mucous membranes pink, normal pulses. Weight: 17 kg. Height: 97 cm. BP: 90/52-61 mmHg. HR: 100 bpm. Aorta non-palpable in the suprasternal notch area.</p>
      <p>No deformities were observed in the precordium; the apical impulse was not palpable and there were no systolic impulses. The heart sounds were normal with no murmurs. The liver was not palpable.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Laboratory tests</bold>
      </p>
      <p><bold>Electrocardiogram</bold> (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="en_a15fig01-body2">Figure 1</xref>) showed normal sinus rhythm and signs of left ventricular overload. QR complex in aVL with negative T wave in aVL and isoelectric in D1 were observed, thus characterizing the diagnosis of electrical ischemia of the high lateral wall. AP: +60&#186;. AQRS: +80&#186;. AT: +90&#186;. During an episode of tachycardia, ECG showed complete right bundle branch block, with a ventricular rate of 210 bpm.</p>
      <p content-type="asset">
        <fig id="en_a15fig01-body2">
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-101-04-0e74-30193-gf01-en.jpg"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p><bold>Chest radiography </bold>showed normal cardiac silhouette and pulmonary vascular network, and a deformity characterized by a mild bulging located in the middle of the left ventricular arch (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="en_a15fig01-body2">Figure 1</xref>).</p>
      <p><bold>Ecocardiogram</bold> (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="en_a15fig02-body2">Figure 2</xref>) showed two homogeneous and echodense images with well-defined round contours. The smallest was located in the right ventricular free wall and its diameters were 39 x 21 mm, with an area of 6.9 cm<sup>2</sup>; the largest, in the left ventricular anterior wall, was 51 x 37 mm, with an area of 12.5 cm<sup>2</sup>. Both masses showed a cleavage plane with the contiguous ventricular walls and did not cause obstruction in the ventricular inflow and outflow tracts. Function of both ventricles was normal.</p>
      <p content-type="asset">
        <fig id="en_a15fig02-body2">
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-101-04-0e74-30193-gf02-en.jpg"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p><bold>Tomography of the thoracic aorta</bold> (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="en_a15fig02-body2">Figure 2</xref>) showed the same pattern, with the larger mass protruding from the left ventricle, however without causing obstruction to the flow.</p>
      <p><bold>Clinical diagnosis:</bold> Biventricular cardiac tumors without obstruction in the inflow and outflow tracts, no heart failure, but with repeated paroxysmal ventricular tachycardia. The tumors were classified as rhabdomyomas because of their multiple locations, well-defined cleavage plane with the myocardium, and for not causing obstruction to the flow.</p>
      <p><bold>Clinical reasoning:</bold> The clinical elements were consistent with a normal cardiovascular system, except for the electrocardiogram and chest radiography, which showed electrical ischemia of the high lateral wall and protrusion of the ventricular arch, respectively. These findings suggested the presence of a "mass" corresponding to the region described, presumably in the pericardium, myocardium or endocardium. Other imaging tests were decisive to find the ventricular intracavitary mass which projected itself in the left ventricular anterolateral wall, and was responsible for the abnormalities described. The other mass found in the free wall of the right ventricle was smaller and lacked clinical relevance.</p>
      <p><bold>Differential diagnosis:</bold> The abnormal findings observed in the electrocardiogram and chest radiography could also be present in pericardial processes such as cysts and tumors, or even in myocardial processes such as fibroma or other benign tumors.</p>
      <p><bold>Management:</bold> Because of the paroxysmal manifestation of the cardiac arrhythmia of left ventricular origin, of the right bundle branch block found on the electrocardiogram during a tachycardia episode, the dose of antiarrhythmic drugs was increased. If an adequate clinical response is not observed, surgical removal of the tumor becomes a priority, since the electrophysiological study was unable to demonstrate possible foci of arrhythmia.</p>
      <p><bold>Comments: </bold>The clinical manifestations of benign tumors of the heart commonly include heart failure, supraventricular and ventricular arrhythmias, and sudden events such as syncope and low cardiac output, whether or not accompanied by cerebral symptoms. They are usually diagnosed during an episode of infection, convulsion or fainting. In the present case, chest radiography was the first test to raise the diagnostic hypothesis of a cardiac tumor because of the bulging observed in the ventricular arch. The electrical ischemia found in the electrocardiogram may characterize the exact location of the abnormality, and the diagnostic imaging tests - echocardiography and MRI, confirmed the diagnosis. Today, arrhythmias in general may be better treated by means of more appropriate medications, of ablation after the triggering electrophysiological mechanism has been established, or even of surgical resection of the tumor mass that is causing the arrhythmia. All are valid and adequate options. A more conservative approach, with the use of antiarrhythmic drugs, should be the first option. Over time, other steps may be necessary to achieve the clinical control of the ventricular arrhythmia.</p>
      <p>
        <fn id="enda-body2" fn-type="corresp">
          <label>
            <bold>Mailing Address:</bold>
          </label>
          <p> Edmar Atik</p>
          <p> Rua Dona Adma Jafet 74 , cj 73</p>
          <p> 01308-050 S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brazil</p>
          <p> E-mail: </p>
          <p>
            <email xlink:href="conatik@incor.usp.br">conatik@incor.usp.br</email>
          </p>
        </fn>
      </p>
    </body>
  </sub-article>
</article>
