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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
        <publisher-loc>S&#227;o Paulo, SP, Brazil</publisher-loc>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">LqCfmtxSST3b6jVLHkGCTwz</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2013003000011</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v1">S0066-782X(13)10100400011</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5935/abc.20130180</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigos Originais</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Caracter&#237;sticas da arterite de Takayasu no in&#237;cio da doen&#231;a e de acordo com o g&#234;nero</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Mont'Alverne</surname>
            <given-names>Andrea Rocha de Saboia</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Paula</surname>
            <given-names>Luiz Eduardo de</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Shinjo</surname>
            <given-names>Samuel Katsuyuki</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff01">
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Faculdade de Medicina </institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv2">Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas</institution>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
      </aff>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>10</month>
        <year>2013</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>101</volume>
      <issue>4</issue>
      <fpage>359</fpage>
      <lpage>363</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>10</day>
          <month>12</month>
          <year>2012</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>28</day>
          <month>03</month>
          <year>2013</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>22</day>
          <month>12</month>
          <year>2012</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <p>FUNDAMENTO: Embora haja diversos estudos epidemiol&#243;gicos publicados referentes &#224; artrite de Takayasu (AT), nenhum analisou a influ&#234;ncia do g&#234;nero nas manifesta&#231;&#245;es cl&#237;nicas e laboratoriais ou as altera&#231;&#245;es vasculares no in&#237;cio da doen&#231;a. OBJETIVO: Analisar a influ&#234;ncia do g&#234;nero nas manifesta&#231;&#245;es cl&#237;nicas e laboratoriais e nas varia&#231;&#245;es de imagiologia vascular no in&#237;cio da AT. M&#201;TODOS: Estudo de coorte retrospectivo, unic&#234;ntrico que avaliou 55 pacientes consecutivos com AT entre 1982 e 2012. Todos os dados cl&#237;nicos e resultados de testes laboratoriais relacionados ao in&#237;cio da doen&#231;a foram analisados. Inclu&#237;mos apenas pacientes de 12 a 35 anos no diagn&#243;stico para excluir fatores relacionados &#224; idade. RESULTADOS: Analisamos 17 homens e 38 mulheres, sendo a maioria caucasiana, com uma m&#233;dia de idade compar&#225;vel entre os g&#234;neros. N&#227;o houve diferen&#231;a de g&#234;nero referente &#224;s caracter&#237;sticas cl&#237;nicas ou laboratoriais, comorbidades ou tabagismo, exceto pela dor abdominal, que apresentou ser mais comum em homens. Com rela&#231;&#227;o &#224;s les&#245;es vasculares, a presen&#231;a de aneurismas da aorta ascendente foi significativamente mais frequente em homens. O g&#234;nero masculino representou um fator de risco independente para a ocorr&#234;ncia de dor abdominal e aneurismas da aorta ascendente em pacientes com AT. CONCLUS&#195;O: A dor abdominal e aneurismas da aorta ascendente ocorreram com mais frequ&#234;ncia em homens com AT, sugerindo um perfil de doen&#231;a mais severa em homens.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt" kwd-group-type="author-generated">
        <kwd>Arterite de Takayasu</kwd>
        <kwd>Masculino</kwd>
        <kwd>Feminino</kwd>
        <kwd>Estudos de Coortes</kwd>
        <kwd>Aneurisma da Aorta Abdominal</kwd>
        <kwd>Dor Abdominal</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="pub">
        <day>27</day>
        <month>08</month>
        <year>2013</year>
      </pub-date>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <p>
      <bold>Caracter&#237;sticas da arterite de Takayasu no in&#237;cio da doen&#231;a e de acordo com o g&#234;nero</bold>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Andrea Rocha de Saboia Mont'Alverne; Luiz Eduardo de Paula; Samuel Katsuyuki Shinjo</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Divis&#227;o de Reumatologia - Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo, S&#227;o Paulo - Brasil</p>
    <p>
      <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="end">Correspond&#234;ncia</xref>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>RESUMO</bold>
    </p>
    <p><bold>FUNDAMENTO:</bold> Embora haja diversos estudos epidemiol&#243;gicos publicados referentes &#224; artrite de Takayasu (AT), nenhum analisou a influ&#234;ncia do g&#234;nero nas manifesta&#231;&#245;es cl&#237;nicas e laboratoriais ou as altera&#231;&#245;es vasculares no in&#237;cio da doen&#231;a. </p>
    <p><bold>OBJETIVO:</bold> Analisar a influ&#234;ncia do g&#234;nero nas manifesta&#231;&#245;es cl&#237;nicas e laboratoriais e nas varia&#231;&#245;es de imagiologia vascular no in&#237;cio da AT. </p>
    <p><bold>M&#201;TODOS:</bold> Estudo de coorte retrospectivo, unic&#234;ntrico que avaliou 55 pacientes consecutivos com AT entre 1982 e 2012. Todos os dados cl&#237;nicos e resultados de testes laboratoriais relacionados ao in&#237;cio da doen&#231;a foram analisados. Inclu&#237;mos apenas pacientes de 12 a 35 anos no diagn&#243;stico para excluir fatores relacionados &#224; idade. </p>
    <p><bold>RESULTADOS:</bold> Analisamos 17 homens e 38 mulheres, sendo a maioria caucasiana, com uma m&#233;dia de idade compar&#225;vel entre os g&#234;neros. N&#227;o houve diferen&#231;a de g&#234;nero referente &#224;s caracter&#237;sticas cl&#237;nicas ou laboratoriais, comorbidades ou tabagismo, exceto pela dor abdominal, que apresentou ser mais comum em homens. Com rela&#231;&#227;o &#224;s les&#245;es vasculares, a presen&#231;a de aneurismas da aorta ascendente foi significativamente mais frequente em homens. O g&#234;nero masculino representou um fator de risco independente para a ocorr&#234;ncia de dor abdominal e aneurismas da aorta ascendente em pacientes com AT. </p>
    <p><bold>CONCLUS&#195;O:</bold> A dor abdominal e aneurismas da aorta ascendente ocorreram com mais frequ&#234;ncia em homens com AT, sugerindo um perfil de doen&#231;a mais severa em homens.</p>
    <p><bold>Palavras-chave:</bold> Arterite de Takayasu / epidemiologia; Masculino; Feminino; Estudos de Coortes; Aneurisma da Aorta Abdominal; Dor Abdominal.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</bold>
    </p>
    <p>A artrite de Takayasu (AT) &#233; um tipo de vasculite sist&#234;mica prim&#225;ria que afeta as art&#233;rias m&#233;dias e grandes, incluindo a aorta e seus principais ramos, bem como as art&#233;rias coron&#225;rias e pulmonares<sup>1</sup>. A patofisiologia de AT caracteriza-se pela inflama&#231;&#227;o da parede do vaso, levando ao espessamento, estenose, dilata&#231;&#227;o e/ou forma&#231;&#227;o de aneurisma dos vasos afetados<sup>2</sup>. Os sinais e sintomas que refletem o contexto da inflama&#231;&#227;o sist&#234;mica ou isquemia de um &#243;rg&#227;o ou membro, incluem a presen&#231;a de claudica&#231;&#227;o, angiodinia, pulso perif&#233;rico impalp&#225;vel, sopros, hipertens&#227;o arterial sist&#234;mica grave, infarto do mioc&#225;rdio e AVC isqu&#234;mico, entre outros<sup>2,3</sup>.</p>
    <p>Em geral, as doen&#231;as sist&#234;micas autoimunes afetam mais as mulheres que os homens, em uma propor&#231;&#227;o de 2-10:1. O l&#250;pus eritematoso sist&#234;mico e a s&#237;ndrome de Sjogren, por exemplo, possuem propor&#231;&#245;es de 7-10:1, enquanto a artrite reumat&#243;ide e a esclerose sist&#234;mica possuem propor&#231;&#245;es de 2-3:1<sup>4</sup>, enquanto que a AT tende a afetar mulheres com maior frequ&#234;ncia, a uma propor&#231;&#227;o de 1,2-29:1<sup>3,5</sup>.</p>
    <p>Embora tenha existido diversos estudos epidemiol&#243;gicos referentes &#224; AT, nenhum relatou a influ&#234;ncia do g&#234;nero nas manifesta&#231;&#245;es cl&#237;nicas e laboratoriais e as altera&#231;&#245;es vasculares no in&#237;cio da doen&#231;a. Embora Sharma e Jain<sup>6</sup> tenham estudado a possibilidade da fun&#231;&#227;o do sexo na distribui&#231;&#227;o das les&#245;es vasculares em AT e tenham descoberto uma tend&#234;ncia a um maior envolvimento da aorta abdominal em homens e o arco a&#243;rtico e seus ramos nas mulheres, n&#227;o foi especificado se os achados foram cumulativos ou relacionados ao in&#237;cio da doen&#231;a.</p>
    <p>Dessa forma, neste estudo avaliamos as manifesta&#231;&#245;es cl&#237;nicas iniciais e as altera&#231;&#245;es vasculares no in&#237;cio de AT de acordo com o g&#234;nero.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>M&#233;todos</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Avaliamos 55 pacientes consecutivos com AT (17 homens e 38 mulheres) tratados na unidade de tratamento de vasculite de nosso servi&#231;o terci&#225;rio entre 1982 e 2012. Inclu&#237;mos apenas pacientes com idades entre 12 e 35 anos no diagn&#243;stico de AT e que atendiam pelo menos tr&#234;s dos seis crit&#233;rios de classifica&#231;&#227;o do Col&#233;gio Americano de Reumatologia (1990)<sup>7</sup>. O protocolo do estudo foi aprovado pelo comit&#234; de &#233;tica local.</p>
    <p>Os dados demogr&#225;ficos, as manifesta&#231;&#245;es cl&#237;nicas e as imagens vasculares foram obtidas atrav&#233;s de uma revis&#227;o sistem&#225;tica dos relat&#243;rios m&#233;dicos dos pacientes. Os seguintes par&#226;metros foram analisados: (A) manifesta&#231;&#245;es cl&#237;nicas: sintomas constitucionais (perda de peso, febre, fadiga), cefaleia, tontura, defici&#234;ncia visual (cegueira), convuls&#245;es, carotid&#237;nia, claudica&#231;&#227;o, dor abdominal, dor tor&#225;cica, dispneia, manifesta&#231;&#245;es articulares (artrite/artralgia) e eritema nodoso; (B) achados laboratoriais: prote&#237;na C reativa (PCR) (valor de refer&#234;ncia: &lt; 5 mg/L) e velocidade de hemossedimenta&#231;&#227;o (VHS) (valor de refer&#234;ncia: &lt; 19 mm/1&#170; hora); (C) comorbidades: infarto do mioc&#225;rdio, AVC isqu&#234;mico, hipertens&#227;o arterial sist&#234;mica, insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca, diabetes mellitus tipo 2 e dislipidemia; (D) h&#225;bitos: tabagismo; e (E) ecocardiografia: insufici&#234;ncia a&#243;rtica.</p>
    <p>Todas as imagens vasculares foram obtidas atrav&#233;s de angiografia ou angiografia por tomografia computadorizada, na qual avaliamos os seguintes par&#226;metros: estenose/oclus&#227;o, aneurisma/ectasia vascular, e o local anat&#244;mico dessas les&#245;es.</p>
    <p>Os resultados foram expressos como as m&#233;dias &#177; desvio padr&#227;o (DP) ou como porcentagens. Usamos o teste <italic>t</italic> de Student para analisar os dados param&#233;tricos e o teste U de Mann-Whitney para os dados n&#227;o param&#233;tricos. Os intervalos de confian&#231;a de 95% (IC de 95%) das porcentagens foram calculados por distribui&#231;&#227;o binomial. Todos os c&#225;lculos foram realizados utilizando o software estat&#237;stico STATA ver. 7.0 (Stata Corp., College Station, TX, EUA). Um valor de p &lt; 0,05 foi considerado estatisticamente significativo.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Resultados</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Analisamos os relat&#243;rios de 17 homens e 38 mulheres com AT, sendo a maioria caucasiana e tinham uma m&#233;dia de idades compar&#225;vel entre os g&#234;neros (<xref ref-type="table" rid="aop_5331tab01">Tabela 1</xref>). As caracter&#237;sticas cl&#237;nicas e laboratoriais e comorbidades de pacientes no in&#237;cio da doen&#231;a s&#227;o apresentadas na Tabela 1. N&#227;o houve diferen&#231;as de g&#234;nero referente &#224; distribui&#231;&#227;o de ind&#237;cios e sintomas, salvo pela dor abdominal (35,3% vs. 5,3%, p = 0,004 em homens e mulheres, respectivamente). A presen&#231;a de insufici&#234;ncia a&#243;rtica, eleva&#231;&#227;o de VHS e PCR, comorbidades e h&#225;bitos (tabagismo) tamb&#233;m foram semelhante entre os g&#234;neros.</p>
    <p content-type="asset">
      <table-wrap id="aop_5331tab01">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-101-04-0359-30180-gt01.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    </p>
    <p>Nas les&#245;es vasculares encontradas na primeira imagiologia de cada paciente foi observado que n&#227;o houve diferen&#231;as de g&#234;nero na frequ&#234;ncia ou no local das estenoses/oclus&#245;es, que eram mais comuns na car&#243;tida e art&#233;rias subcl&#225;vias em mulheres que em homens (<xref ref-type="table" rid="aop_5331tab02">Tabela 2</xref>). No entanto, a presen&#231;a de aneurismas na aorta ascendente foi significativamente mais frequente em homens (35,3 vs. 10,5%, p = 0,028), embora outros locais do aneurisma n&#227;o apresentam diferen&#231;as entre os g&#234;neros.</p>
    <p content-type="asset">
      <table-wrap id="aop_5331tab02">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-101-04-0359-30180-gt02.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    </p>
    <p>A an&#225;lise multivariada demonstrou que o g&#234;nero masculino era um fator de risco para a ocorr&#234;ncia de dor abdominal (IP, 18,75; IC de 95%, 2,89-121,54) e aneurisma a&#243;rtico (IP, 9,51; IC de 95%, 1,94-46,70) (<xref ref-type="table" rid="aop_5331tab03">Tabela 3</xref>).</p>
    <p content-type="asset">
      <table-wrap id="aop_5331tab03">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-101-04-0359-30180-gt03.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Discuss&#227;o</bold>
    </p>
    <p>De acordo com o nosso conhecimento, este estudo &#233; o primeiro a analisar a presen&#231;a de AT em termos de manifesta&#231;&#245;es cl&#237;nicas e altera&#231;&#245;es de imagiologia vascular de acordo com o g&#234;nero. Em compara&#231;&#227;o &#224;s mulheres, os homens apresentaram maior preval&#234;ncia de dor abdominal e aneurisma da aorta ascendente no diagn&#243;stico de AT.</p>
    <p>Apesar da exist&#234;ncia de diversas s&#233;ries epidemiol&#243;gicas referentes a pacientes com AT<sup>3,8-19</sup>, nenhuma comparou a presen&#231;a da doen&#231;a entre homens e mulheres. Neste estudo, todos os par&#226;metros se referem claramente ao in&#237;cio dos sintomas antes de qualquer tratamento farmacol&#243;gico ou cir&#250;rgico tenha sido iniciado. Al&#233;m disso, avaliamos somente pacientes entre 12 e 35 anos para excluir manifesta&#231;&#245;es cl&#237;nicas, comorbidades ou altera&#231;&#245;es vasculares que poderiam estar relacionadas &#224; idade avan&#231;ada e n&#227;o &#224; AT isoladamente.</p>
    <p>O g&#234;nero &#233; provavelmente um determinante no progn&#243;stico de diversas doen&#231;as reum&#225;ticas. Por exemplo, o l&#250;pus sist&#234;mico eritematoso tende a apresentar um progn&#243;stico pior nos homens, embora esta afirma&#231;&#227;o apresente controv&#233;rsias<sup>20-23</sup>. Na artrite reumat&#243;ide, o g&#234;nero feminino foi associado a pontua&#231;&#227;o mais alta de atividade da doen&#231;a<sup>24</sup> e &#233; um preditor estabelecido da progress&#227;o radiogr&#225;fica<sup>25</sup>. Al&#233;m disso, a resposta inflamat&#243;ria aparentemente &#233; mais grave em mulheres que em homens, bem como a presen&#231;a de artrite de c&#233;lulas gigantes e polimialgia reum&#225;tica<sup>26</sup>. No entanto, n&#227;o h&#225; estudos que avaliam o sexo como um fator determinante do progn&#243;stico de AT. Nossos resultados mostraram uma forte rela&#231;&#227;o entre a presen&#231;a do aneurisma a&#243;rtico e o g&#234;nero masculino, correlacionando este g&#234;nero a um fator de progn&#243;stico pobre.</p>
    <p>Outros fatores normalmente associados ao pobre progn&#243;stico em AT incluem: retinopatia, hipertens&#227;o, regurgita&#231;&#227;o a&#243;rtica grave e a presen&#231;a de aneurisma a&#243;rtico ou arterial, conforme anteriormente mencionado<sup>27</sup>. Subsequentemente, a presen&#231;a de defici&#234;ncia funcional grave e o envolvimento card&#237;aco foram relatados como preditores de &#243;bito ou outros eventos relevantes durante o monitoramento<sup>28</sup>. Sharma e Jain.<sup>6</sup> relataram uma tend&#234;ncia a uma maior frequ&#234;ncia de hipertens&#227;o em homens com AT em compara&#231;&#227;o &#224;s mulheres, mas isso n&#227;o foi observado neste estudo. Chugh e cols.<sup>29</sup> estudaram a hipertens&#227;o renovascular em indianos com AT e tamb&#233;m n&#227;o encontraram diferen&#231;as entre g&#234;neros. A regurgita&#231;&#227;o a&#243;rtica tamb&#233;m foi semelhante em ambos os sexos em nossa s&#233;rie, em contraste aos achados de Kobayashi e Numano.<sup>30</sup>, onde foi relatado maior preval&#234;ncia de regurgita&#231;&#227;o a&#243;rtica em mulheres.</p>
    <p>Nosso estudo foi limitado por sua natureza retrospectiva e complicado por problemas t&#237;picos deste tipo de coorte. Al&#233;m disso, os dados coletados dependeram dos relat&#243;rios m&#233;dicos e apesar de todas as variantes serem verdadeiras no momento do diagn&#243;stico, n&#227;o sabemos se representam precisamente as manifesta&#231;&#245;es no in&#237;cio da doen&#231;a.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Conclus&#227;o</bold>
    </p>
    <p>A dor abdominal e os aneurismas da aorta ascendente ocorreram com maior frequ&#234;ncia em homens com AT e o g&#234;nero masculino foi um fator de risco independente nesses achados. Entretanto, estudos adicionais ser&#227;o necess&#225;rios para confirmar se o g&#234;nero masculino &#233; um preditor do progn&#243;stico em AT.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Contribui&#231;&#227;o dos autores</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa e An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica: Shinjo SK; Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados, An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados, Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito e Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual: MontAlverne ARS, Paula LE, Shinjo SK.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Potencial Conflito de Interesses</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Declaro n&#227;o haver conflito de interesses pertinentes.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Fontes de Financiamento</bold>
    </p>
    <p>O presente estudo n&#227;o teve fontes de financiamento externas.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Vincula&#231;&#227;o Acad&#234;mica</bold>
    </p>
    <p>N&#227;o h&#225; vincula&#231;&#227;o deste estudo a programas de p&#243;s-gradua&#231;&#227;o.</p>
    <p>
      <fn id="end" fn-type="corresp">
        <label>
          <bold>Correspond&#234;ncia:</bold>
        </label>
        <p> Samuel Katsuyuki Shinjo </p>
        <p> Divis&#227;o de Reumatologia - Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo </p>
        <p> Av. Dr. Arnaldo, 455, 3&#186; andar, sala 3150 </p>
        <p> CEP 01246-903, S&#227;o Paulo - Brasil </p>
        <p> E-mail: </p>
        <p>
          <email xlink:href="samuel.shinjo@gmail.com">samuel.shinjo@gmail.com</email>
        </p>
      </fn>
    </p>
    <p>Artigo recebido em 10/12/12; revisado em 22/12/12; aceito em 28/03/13.</p>
  </body>
  <back>
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  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Articles</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title xml:lang="en">Features of the onset of Takayasu's arteritis acccording to gender</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <abstract xml:lang="en">
        <p>BACKGROUND: Although there are various published epidemiological studies regarding Takayasu's arteritis (TA), none have analyzed the influence of gender on the clinical and laboratory manifestations or vascular alterations at disease onset. OBJECTIVES: To analyze the influence of gender on clinical and laboratory manifestations and variations in vascular imaging at TA onset. METHODS: A retrospective, unicentric cohort study that evaluated 55 consecutive TA patients between 1982 and 2012. All available clinical data and laboratory test results related to the onset of the disease were analyzed. We included only patients aged 12-35 years at diagnosis to exclude age-related factors. RESULTS: We analyzed 17 men and 38 women, mostly Caucasian, with a comparable mean age between genders. There was no gender difference regarding the clinical or laboratory characteristics, comorbidities, or smoking habit, except for abdominal pain, which was more common in men. Regarding vascular lesions, the presence of ascending aortic aneurysms was significantly more frequent in males. Male gender represented an independent risk factor for the occurrence of abdominal pain and ascending aortic aneurysms in TA patients. CONCLUSION: Abdominal pain and ascending aortic aneurysms occurred more frequently in men with TA, suggesting a more severe disease profile in males.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>Takayasu Arteritis</kwd>
        <kwd>Male</kwd>
        <kwd>Female</kwd>
        <kwd>Cohort Studies</kwd>
        <kwd>Aortic Aneurysm</kwd>
        <kwd>Abdominal</kwd>
        <kwd>Abdominal Pain</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p>
        <fn id="enda-body2">
          <label>
            <bold>Features of the onset of Takayasu's arteritis acccording to gender</bold>
          </label>
          <p>
            <bold>Andrea Rocha de Saboia Mont'Alverne; Luiz Eduardo de Paula; Samuel Katsuyuki Shinjo</bold>
          </p>
        </fn>
      </p>
      <p>Divis&#227;o de Reumatologia - Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo, S&#227;o Paulo - Brasil</p>
      <p>Mailing Address</p>
      <p>
        <bold>ABSTRACT</bold>
      </p>
      <p><bold>BACKGROUND:</bold> Although there are various published epidemiological studies regarding Takayasu's arteritis (TA), none have analyzed the influence of gender on the clinical and laboratory manifestations or vascular alterations at disease onset.</p>
      <p><bold>OBJECTIVES:</bold> To analyze the influence of gender on clinical and laboratory manifestations and variations in vascular imaging at TA onset.</p>
      <p><bold>METHODS:</bold> A retrospective, unicentric cohort study that evaluated 55 consecutive TA patients between 1982 and 2012. All available clinical data and laboratory test results related to the onset of the disease were analyzed. We included only patients aged 12-35 years at diagnosis to exclude age-related factors.</p>
      <p><bold>RESULTS:</bold> We analyzed 17 men and 38 women, mostly Caucasian, with a comparable mean age between genders. There was no gender difference regarding the clinical or laboratory characteristics, comorbidities, or smoking habit, except for abdominal pain, which was more common in men. Regarding vascular lesions, the presence of ascending aortic aneurysms was significantly more frequent in males. Male gender represented an independent risk factor for the occurrence of abdominal pain and ascending aortic aneurysms in TA patients.</p>
      <p><bold>CONCLUSION:</bold> Abdominal pain and ascending aortic aneurysms occurred more frequently in men with TA, suggesting a more severe disease profile in males.</p>
      <p><bold>Keywords:</bold> Takayasu Arteritis / epidemiology; Male; Female; Cohort Studies; Aortic Aneurysm, Abdominal; Abdominal Pain.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Introduction</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Takayasu's arteritis (TA) is a type of primary systemic vasculitis that affects medium and large arteries, including the aorta and its main branches, as well as the pulmonary and coronary arteries<sup>1</sup>. The pathophysiology of TA is characterized by vessel wall inflammation, leading to thickening, stenosis, dilatation, and/or aneurysm formation of the affected vessels<sup>2</sup>. The signs and symptoms that reflect the context of the systemic inflammation or ischemia of an organ or limb include the presence of claudication, angiodynia, peripheral pulselessness, murmurs, severe systemic arterial hypertension, myocardium infarction, and ischemic stroke, among others<sup>2,3</sup>.</p>
      <p>In general, systemic autoimmune diseases affect more women than men, by a ratio of 2-10:1. Systemic lupus erythematosus and Sjogren's syndrome, for example, have ratios of 7-10:1, whereas rheumatoid arthritis and systemic sclerosis have ratios of 2-3:1<sup>4</sup>, while TA also tends to affect women more often, with a ratio of 1.2-29:1<sup>3,5</sup>.</p>
      <p>Although there have been various epidemiological studies regarding TA, none have reported the influence of gender on the clinical and laboratory manifestations and the vascular alterations at the onset of the TA. Although Sharma and Jain<sup>6</sup> studied a possible role of sex in the distribution of the vascular lesions in TA and found a tendency for greater involvement of the abdominal aorta in men and the aortic arch and its branches in women, they did not specify whether their findings were cumulative or related to disease onset.</p>
      <p>Thus, in the present study, we evaluated the initial clinical manifestations and the vascular alterations at the onset of TA according to gender.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Methods</bold>
      </p>
      <p>We evaluated 55 consecutive TA patients (17 men and 38 women) treated at the vasculitis unit of our tertiary facility between 1982 and 2012. We included only patients who were aged between 12 and 35 years at TA diagnosis and who met at least three of the six American College of Rheumatology classification criteria (1990)<sup>7</sup>. The study protocol was approved by our local ethics committee.</p>
      <p>Demographic data, clinical manifestations, and vascular images were obtained through a systematic review of the patients'medical records. The follow parameters were analyzed: (A) clinical manifestations: constitutional symptoms (weight loss, fever, fatigue), headache, dizziness, visual impairment (blindness), seizures, carotidynia, claudication, abdominal pain, chest pain, dyspnea, articular manifestations (arthritis/arthralgia), and erythema nodosum; (B) laboratory findings: C-reactive protein (CRP) (reference value: &lt; 5 mg/L) and erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) (reference value: &lt; 19 mm/1<sup>st</sup> hour); (C) comorbidities: myocardium infarction, ischemic stroke, systemic arterial hypertension, heart failure, type 2 diabetes mellitus, and dyslipidemia; (D) habit: smoking; and (E) echocardiography: aortic insufficiency.</p>
      <p>All vascular images were obtained via angiography or computed tomography angiography, in which we evaluated the following parameters: stenosis/occlusion, aneurysm/vascular ectasia, and the anatomical location of these lesions.</p>
      <p>The results were expressed as the means &#177; standard deviation (SD) or as percentages. We used the Student's <italic>t</italic>-test to analyze the parametric data and the Mann-Whitney U-test for the nonparametric data. The 95% confidence intervals (95% CI) of the percentages were calculated by binomial distribution. All calculations were performed using STATA ver. 7.0 statistical software (Stata Corp., College Station, TX, USA). A p-value &lt; 0.05 was considered statistically significant.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Results</bold>
      </p>
      <p>We analyzed records of 17 men and 38 women with TA, who were mostly Caucasian and had a comparable mean age between genders (<xref ref-type="table" rid="en_aop_5331tab01-body2">Table 1</xref>). The clinical and laboratory characteristics and comorbidities of patients at disease onset are shown in <xref ref-type="table" rid="en_aop_5331tab01-body2">Table 1</xref>. There was no gender difference regarding the distribution of signs and symptoms, except for abdominal pain (35.3% vs. 5.3%, p = 0.004, in men and women, respectively). The presence of aortic insufficiency, elevation of ESR and CRP, comorbidities, and habit (smoking) were also similar between genders.</p>
      <p content-type="asset">
        <table-wrap id="en_aop_5331tab01-body2">
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-101-04-0359-30180-gt01-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      </p>
      <p>Regarding vascular lesions found in the first imaging for each patient, we observed that there was no gender difference in the frequency or the location of the stenoses/occlusions, which were more common in the carotid and subclavian arteries in women than men (<xref ref-type="table" rid="en_aop_5331tab02-body2">Table 2</xref>). However, the presence of ascending aortic aneurysms was significantly more frequent in men (35.3 vs. 10.5%, p = 0.028), although other aneurysm locations did not differ between genders.</p>
      <p content-type="asset">
        <table-wrap id="en_aop_5331tab02-body2">
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-101-04-0359-30180-gt02-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      </p>
      <p>Multivariate analysis showed that male gender was a risk factor for the occurrence of abdominal pain (OR, 18.75; 95% CI, 2.89-121.54) and aortic aneurysm (OR, 9.51; 95% CI, 1.94-46.70) (<xref ref-type="table" rid="en_aop_5331tab03-body2">Table 3</xref>).</p>
      <p content-type="asset">
        <table-wrap id="en_aop_5331tab03-body2">
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-101-04-0359-30180-gt03-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Discussion</bold>
      </p>
      <p>To our knowledge, the present study is the first to analyze the presentation of TA in terms of clinical manifestations and vascular imaging alterations according to gender. Compared to women, men had a higher prevalence of abdominal pain and ascending aortic aneurysm at diagnosis of TA.</p>
      <p>Despite the existence of various epidemiological series regarding TA patients <sup>3,8-19</sup>, none have compared disease presentation between men and women. In this study, all of the parameters refer clearly to the onset of symptoms before any drug or surgical treatment is initiated. Furthermore, we evaluated only patients aged between 12 and 35 years to exclude clinical manifestations, comorbidities, or vascular changes that could be related to advanced age rather than to TA alone.</p>
      <p>Gender is likely a determinant in the prognosis of several rheumatic diseases. For example, systemic lupus erythematosus tends to have a worse prognosis in men, although this view remains controversial<sup>20-23</sup>. In rheumatoid arthritis, female gender has been associated with higher scores of disease activity<sup>24</sup> and is an established predictor of radiographic progression<sup>25</sup>. Furthermore, the inflammatory response appears to be more severe in women than in men as well as the presence of giant cell arteritis and polymyalgia rheumatica<sup>26</sup>. However, there are no studies that have evaluated sex as a determining factor in TA prognosis. Our results showed a strong association between the presence of aortic aneurysm and male gender, thereby correlating this gender to a poor prognostic factor.</p>
      <p>Other factors classically associated with poor prognosis in TA include the following: retinopathy, hypertension, severe aortic regurgitation, and the presence of aortic or arterial aneurysm, as mentioned previously<sup>27</sup>. Subsequently, the presence of severe functional disability and cardiac involvement were reported as predictors of either death or major events on follow-up<sup>28</sup>. Sharma and Jain<sup>6</sup> reported a trend toward a higher frequency of hypertension in men with TA compared with women, but this was not observed in the present study. Chugh et al<sup>29</sup> studied renovascular hypertension in Indians with AT and also found no difference between genders. Aortic regurgitation was also similar in both sexes in our series, in contrast to the findings of Kobayashi and Numano<sup>30</sup>, who reported a higher prevalence of aortic regurgitation in women.</p>
      <p>Our study was limited by its retrospective nature and complicated by typical problems of this type of cohort. Furthermore, the collected data were dependent on the medical records and even though all of the variables were true at the time of diagnosis, we do not know if they accurately reflected manifestations at disease onset.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Conclusion</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Abdominal pain and ascending aortic aneurysms occurred more frequently in men with TA and the male gender was an independent risk factor for such findings. Nonetheless, further studies will be needed to confirm male gender as a predictor of poor prognosis in TA.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Author contributions</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Conception and design of the research and Statistical analysis: Shinjo SK; Acquisition of data, Analysis and interpretation of the data, Writing of the manuscript and Critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content: MontAlverne ARS, Paula LE, Shinjo SK.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Potential Conflict of Interest</bold>
      </p>
      <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Sources of Funding</bold>
      </p>
      <p>There were no external funding sources for this study.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Study Association</bold>
      </p>
      <p>This study is not associated with any post-graduation program.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>References</bold>
      </p>
    </body>
  </sub-article>
</article>
