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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
        <publisher-loc>S&#227;o Paulo, SP, Brazil</publisher-loc>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">SGsjDJvqDTRmPM7KCgKb5hm</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2013003000010</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v1">S0066-782X(13)10100400010</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5935/abc.20130167</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigos Originais</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Polimorfismo G894T da &#243;xido n&#237;trico-sintetase endotelial e o progn&#243;stico na insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Tardin</surname>
            <given-names>Oziel Marcio Araujo</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Pereira</surname>
            <given-names>Sabrina Bernardez</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Velloso</surname>
            <given-names>Monica Wanderley Mon&#231;ores</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Balieiro</surname>
            <given-names>Henrique Miller</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Costa</surname>
            <given-names>Bruno</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Alves</surname>
            <given-names>Thiago Oliveira e</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Giro</surname>
            <given-names>Camila</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Pessoa</surname>
            <given-names>Leandro Pontes</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Ribeiro</surname>
            <given-names>Georgina Severo</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Mesquita</surname>
            <given-names>Evandro Tinoco</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff01">
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Niter&#243;i</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">Rio de Janeiro</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal Fluminense</institution>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff02">
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Valen&#231;a</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state"/>
        </addr-line>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Centro de Ensino Superior de Valen&#231;a</institution>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
      </aff>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>10</month>
        <year>2013</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>101</volume>
      <issue>4</issue>
      <fpage>352</fpage>
      <lpage>358</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>18</day>
          <month>12</month>
          <year>2012</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>15</day>
          <month>04</month>
          <year>2013</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>10</day>
          <month>04</month>
          <year>2013</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <p>FUNDAMENTO: Estudos pr&#233;vios avaliaram o papel do polimorfismo gen&#233;tico da enzima &#243;xido n&#237;trico-sintetase endotelial sobre o progn&#243;stico na insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca. Entretanto, faltam estudos relacionando o G894T e a insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca na popula&#231;&#227;o brasileira. OBJETIVO: Avaliar a associa&#231;&#227;o do G894T com o progn&#243;stico de amostra de pacientes brasileiros com insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca. M&#201;TODOS: Coorte com 145 pacientes com insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca sist&#243;lica, num segmento de 40 meses (m&#233;dia = 22 meses), em dois hospitais universit&#225;rios do Estado do Rio de Janeiro. Foi avaliada a rela&#231;&#227;o do G894T com os desfechos: remodelamento reverso; melhora da classe funcional (NYHA); taxas de mortalidade e hospitaliza&#231;&#227;o. Os di&#226;metros do &#225;trio e ventr&#237;culo esquerdos e a fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo foram medidos na admiss&#227;o e ap&#243;s 6 meses, para avalia&#231;&#227;o do remodelamento reverso. A melhora na classe funcional foi avaliada ap&#243;s 6 meses e as taxas de mortalidade e de hospitaliza&#231;&#227;o durante todo o seguimento. A ra&#231;a foi autodeclarada. O polimorfismo G894T foi analisado por rea&#231;&#227;o em cadeia de polimerase e por an&#225;lise do polimorfismo dos fragmentos de restri&#231;&#227;o. RESULTADOS: A frequ&#234;ncia genot&#237;pica foi GG (40%), GT (48,3%) e TT (11,7%), e a frequ&#234;ncia al&#233;lica foi guanina (64,1%) e tiamina (35,8%). N&#227;o houve diferen&#231;a entre as frequ&#234;ncias genot&#237;pica ou al&#233;lica conforme a ra&#231;a autodeclarada, tampouco conforme as caracter&#237;sticas basais. N&#227;o houve rela&#231;&#227;o entre o gen&#243;tipo ou a frequ&#234;ncia al&#233;lica e os desfechos analisados. CONCLUS&#195;O: N&#227;o se observou associa&#231;&#227;o do polimorfismo G894T (Glu298Asp) com o progn&#243;stico de amostra de pacientes ambulatoriais brasileiros com insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca sist&#243;lica.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt" kwd-group-type="author-generated">
        <kwd>Insufici&#234;ncia Card&#237;aca</kwd>
        <kwd>Polimorfismo Gen&#233;tico</kwd>
        <kwd>&#211;xido N&#237;trico</kwd>
        <kwd>Origem &#201;tnica e Sa&#250;de</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="pub">
        <day>14</day>
        <month>08</month>
        <year>2013</year>
      </pub-date>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <p>
      <bold>Polimorfismo G894T da &#243;xido n&#237;trico-sintetase endotelial e o progn&#243;stico na insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca</bold>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Oziel Marcio Araujo Tardin<sup>I</sup>; Sabrina Bernardez Pereira<sup>I</sup>; Monica Wanderley Mon&#231;ores Velloso<sup>I</sup>; Henrique Miller Balieiro<sup>II</sup>; Bruno Costa<sup>I</sup>; Thiago Oliveira e Alves<sup>I</sup>; Camila Giro<sup>I</sup>; Leandro Pontes Pessoa<sup>I</sup>; Georgina Severo Ribeiro<sup>I</sup>; Evandro Tinoco Mesquita<sup>I</sup></bold>
    </p>
    <p><sup>I</sup>Universidade Federal Fluminense, Niter&#243;i, RJ </p>
    <p><sup>II</sup>Escola de Medicina de Valen&#231;a, Valen&#231;a, RJ - Brasil</p>
    <p>
      <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="enda">Correspond&#234;ncia</xref>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>RESUMO</bold>
    </p>
    <p><bold>FUNDAMENTO:</bold> Estudos pr&#233;vios avaliaram o papel do polimorfismo gen&#233;tico da enzima &#243;xido n&#237;trico-sintetase endotelial sobre o progn&#243;stico na insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca. Entretanto, faltam estudos relacionando o G894T e a insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca na popula&#231;&#227;o brasileira. </p>
    <p><bold>OBJETIVO:</bold> Avaliar a associa&#231;&#227;o do G894T com o progn&#243;stico de amostra de pacientes brasileiros com insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca. </p>
    <p><bold>M&#201;TODOS:</bold> Coorte com 145 pacientes com insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca sist&#243;lica, num segmento de 40 meses (m&#233;dia = 22 meses), em dois hospitais universit&#225;rios do Estado do Rio de Janeiro. Foi avaliada a rela&#231;&#227;o do G894T com os desfechos: remodelamento reverso; melhora da classe funcional (NYHA); taxas de mortalidade e hospitaliza&#231;&#227;o. Os di&#226;metros do &#225;trio e ventr&#237;culo esquerdos e a fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo foram medidos na admiss&#227;o e ap&#243;s 6 meses, para avalia&#231;&#227;o do remodelamento reverso. A melhora na classe funcional foi avaliada ap&#243;s 6 meses e as taxas de mortalidade e de hospitaliza&#231;&#227;o durante todo o seguimento. A ra&#231;a foi autodeclarada. O polimorfismo G894T foi analisado por rea&#231;&#227;o em cadeia de polimerase e por an&#225;lise do polimorfismo dos fragmentos de restri&#231;&#227;o. </p>
    <p><bold>RESULTADOS:</bold> A frequ&#234;ncia genot&#237;pica foi GG (40%), GT (48,3%) e TT (11,7%), e a frequ&#234;ncia al&#233;lica foi guanina (64,1%) e tiamina (35,8%). N&#227;o houve diferen&#231;a entre as frequ&#234;ncias genot&#237;pica ou al&#233;lica conforme a ra&#231;a autodeclarada, tampouco conforme as caracter&#237;sticas basais. N&#227;o houve rela&#231;&#227;o entre o gen&#243;tipo ou a frequ&#234;ncia al&#233;lica e os desfechos analisados. </p>
    <p><bold>CONCLUS&#195;O:</bold> N&#227;o se observou associa&#231;&#227;o do polimorfismo G894T (Glu298Asp) com o progn&#243;stico de amostra de pacientes ambulatoriais brasileiros com insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca sist&#243;lica.</p>
    <p><bold> Palavras-chave:</bold> Insufici&#234;ncia Card&#237;aca; Polimorfismo Gen&#233;tico; &#211;xido N&#237;trico; Origem &#201;tnica e Sa&#250;de.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>INTRODU&#199;&#195;O</bold>
    </p>
    <p>A evolu&#231;&#227;o, o progn&#243;stico e a resposta terap&#234;utica dos pacientes com insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca n&#227;o s&#227;o uniformes. Essa varia&#231;&#227;o interpessoal no comportamento da doen&#231;a tem muitas causas, dentre as quais os fatores gen&#233;ticos<sup>1-7</sup>. Diversos polimorfismos gen&#233;ticos t&#234;m sido implicados; dentre os mais estudados, est&#225; o G894T (Glu298Asp), no qual a mudan&#231;a do nucleot&#237;deo Guanina (G) pela Tiamina (T) na posi&#231;&#227;o 894 do &#233;xon 7 do gene leva &#224; substitui&#231;&#227;o do amino&#225;cido &#225;cido Glut&#226;mico (Glu) pelo &#193;cido Asp&#225;rtico (Asp), na posi&#231;&#227;o 298, da enzima &#211;xido N&#237;trico-Sintetase Endotelial (ONSe), respons&#225;vel pela produ&#231;&#227;o do &#211;xido N&#237;trico (ON) no endoc&#225;rdio e endot&#233;lio<sup>8-16</sup>.</p>
    <p>O estudo GRACE, cuja amostra populacional foi composta por brancos europeus, avaliou o impacto do polimorfismo Glu298Asp da ONSe sobre a sobrevida em pacientes com insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca, e a variante Asp298 foi associada &#224; pior sobrevida livre de eventos, particularmente em pacientes com miocardiopatia n&#227;o isqu&#234;mica<sup>17</sup>.</p>
    <p>No estudo A-HeFT, os pacientes afro-americanos com insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca sist&#243;lica tiveram redu&#231;&#227;o da taxa de mortalidade e de hospitaliza&#231;&#227;o em resposta &#224; combina&#231;&#227;o Dinitrato de Isossorbida e Hidralazina (ISDN/HYD), que agia como um doador de ON<sup>18</sup>. O estudo GRAHF, um subestudo gen&#233;tico do A-HeFT, demonstrou que apenas os pacientes homozigotos Glu298Glu apresentaram melhora no escore composto: hospitaliza&#231;&#227;o, mortalidade e melhor qualidade de vida<sup>19</sup>.</p>
    <p>Notadamente, esses estudos possuem amostras populacionais com forte predom&#237;nio &#233;tnico, e com uma distribui&#231;&#227;o genot&#237;pica intimamente relacionada &#224; cor ou ra&#231;a autodeclarada. Em estudo desenvolvido no Brasil, Velloso e cols.<sup>20</sup> avaliaram amostra de pacientes com insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca e controles saud&#225;veis, n&#227;o verificando diferen&#231;a na distribui&#231;&#227;o da frequ&#234;ncia al&#233;lica (G/T) em fun&#231;&#227;o da cor autodeclarada<sup>20</sup>.</p>
    <p>Faltam estudos relacionando o G894T (Glu298Asp) e a insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca na popula&#231;&#227;o brasileira, o que permite pensar que, talvez, os resultados dos estudos internacionais possam n&#227;o ser aplic&#225;veis diretamente &#224; realidade brasileira, que possui uma popula&#231;&#227;o fortemente miscigenada.</p>
    <p>O presente estudo teve como objetivo avaliar a associa&#231;&#227;o do polimorfismo G894T (Glu298Asp) e o progn&#243;stico de pacientes ambulatoriais brasileiros com insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca sist&#243;lica.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>M&#233;todos</bold>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Popula&#231;&#227;o do estudo</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Tratou-se de um estudo observacional, de coorte prospectiva, multic&#234;ntrico, desenvolvido em cl&#237;nicas de insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca do Hospital Universit&#225;rio Ant&#244;nio Pedro da Universidade Federal Fluminense (UFF) e no Hospital Geral da Escola de Medicina de Valen&#231;a, ambos no Estado do Rio de Janeiro, no per&#237;odo de dezembro de 2005 a mar&#231;o de 2009. O estudo incluiu 145 pacientes ambulatoriais com insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca predominantemente sist&#243;lica, do Sistema &#218;nico de Sa&#250;de (SUS). Amostra de conveni&#234;ncia.</p>
    <p>Os crit&#233;rios de inclus&#227;o foram: idade <underline>&gt;</underline>18 anos, hist&#243;ria e exame f&#237;sico compat&#237;veis com insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca e ecocardiograma com Fra&#231;&#227;o de Eje&#231;&#227;o do Ventr&#237;culo Esquerdo (FEVE) <underline>&lt;</underline> 50% (Simpson). Os crit&#233;rios de exclus&#227;o foram: miocardite em atividade, Infarto do Mioc&#225;rdio (IM) h&#225; menos de 3 meses, Terapia de Ressincroniza&#231;&#227;o Card&#237;aca (TRC), epis&#243;dio de morte s&#250;bita abortada ou presen&#231;a de desfibrilador implant&#225;vel, angioplastia ou cirurgia card&#237;aca programadas para os pr&#243;ximos 12 meses.</p>
    <p>A ra&#231;a foi autodeclarada. A etiologia isqu&#234;mica foi considerada nos pacientes com hist&#243;ria de IM pr&#233;vio, confirmado por eletrocardiograma, testes funcionais compat&#237;veis com isquemia ou cineangiocoronariografia mostrando estenose <underline>&gt;</underline> 50% de um vaso epic&#225;rdico.</p>
    <p>Ap&#243;s inclus&#227;o, os pacientes tinham consultas m&#233;dicas com cardiologistas, realizadas a cada 3 meses ou menos, se a equipe julgasse necess&#225;rio, sendo acompanhados por um per&#237;odo m&#237;nimo de 12 meses e m&#225;ximo de 40 meses (m&#233;dia = 22). O tratamento da insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca seguiu as orienta&#231;&#245;es das II Diretrizes da Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia para o Diagn&#243;stico e Tratamento da Insufici&#234;ncia Card&#237;aca<sup>21</sup>. Na admiss&#227;o, foram realizadas coleta de sangue para exames laboratoriais (hemoglobina, glicemia, creatinina e s&#243;dio) e an&#225;lise gen&#233;tica. Foram realizados ecocardiogramas na admiss&#227;o e ap&#243;s 6 meses.</p>
    <p>Os desfechos analisados foram: &#243;bito durante todo o seguimento, interna&#231;&#227;o durante todo o seguimento, melhora da classe funcional (NYHA) ap&#243;s 6 meses e remodelamento reverso ap&#243;s 6 meses. As hospitaliza&#231;&#245;es foram contabilizadas nas consultas m&#233;dicas subsequentes, enquanto os &#243;bitos foram confirmados por contato telef&#244;nico com familiares e/ou revis&#227;o de prontu&#225;rios. A classe funcional (NYHA) foi avaliada na admiss&#227;o e ap&#243;s 6 meses de seguimento. Os ecocardiogramas realizados aos 6 meses foram comparados aos da admiss&#227;o, considerando-se remodelamento reverso (melhora ecocardiogr&#225;fica) a presen&#231;a de um ou mais dos seguintes par&#226;metros: (1) aumento na FEVE <underline>&gt;</underline> 20%; (2) aumento na FEVE <underline>&gt;</underline> 10%; ou (3) redu&#231;&#227;o <underline>&gt;</underline> 5% no di&#226;metro diast&#243;lico do &#193;trio Esquerdo (AE) e/ou do Di&#226;metro Diast&#243;lico do Ventr&#237;culo Esquerdo (DDVE).</p>
    <p>O Estudo foi conduzido em conformidade com os princ&#237;pios da Declara&#231;&#227;o de Helsinki, e o protocolo foi aprovado pelo Comit&#234; de &#201;tica das Institui&#231;&#245;es. Todos os participantes assinaram o termo de consentimento informado.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>An&#225;lise molecular do polimorfismo do gene da ONSe</bold>
    </p>
    <p>O polimorfismo Glu298Asp (G894T) causado por uma transvers&#227;o de base G para base T, localizado no &#233;xon 7 do gene que codifica a ONSe foi analisado por Rea&#231;&#227;o em Cadeia de Polimerase (PCR) e por an&#225;lise do Polimorfismo dos Fragmentos de Restri&#231;&#227;o (RFLP, sigla do ingl&#234;s <italic>Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism</italic>). A rea&#231;&#227;o de PCR foi realizada em um volume total de 25 mL, sendo utilizados: 50 a100 ng de DNA gen&#244;mico, ap&#243;s ajuste da concentra&#231;&#227;o, 15 pmol de cada oligonucleot&#237;dio sense 5'-AAGGCAGGAGACAGTGGATGG-3' e antisense 5'-CCCAGTCAATCCCTTTGGTGCTCA-3', 1 U de <italic>Taq </italic>DNA polimerase. Fermentas, tamp&#227;o de rea&#231;&#227;o (KCl 50 mM, MgCl2 1,5 mM, Tris-HCl 10 mM), 200 mM de cada desoxinucleot&#237;deo (dATP, dCTP, dGTP, dTTP). Ap&#243;s desnatura&#231;&#227;o a 94&#186;C por 5 minutos, as amostras foram amplificadas em um programa de 35 ciclos de 1 minuto a 94&#186;C (desnatura&#231;&#227;o), 1 minuto a 58&#186;C (anelamento) e 1 minuto a 72&#186;C para extens&#227;o, em um termociclador Techne modelo Progene. Em seguida as amostras foram submetidas &#224; extens&#227;o final em um ciclo de 7 minutos a 72&#186;C. Os amplicons foram avaliados em gel de agarose a 2%, usando um marcador de 100 pares de base como indicador de tamanho.</p>
    <p>O fragmento de 248 pares de base amplificado foi digerido com a enzima de restri&#231;&#227;o (RFLP) Ban II, que reconhece a base G do c&#243;don 298 gerando dois fragmentos de 163 e 85 pares de base na presen&#231;a do Amino&#225;cido &#193;cido Glut&#226;mico. O padr&#227;o de gen&#243;tipos definido em gel de agarose a 2% foi: dois fragmentos, de 163 e de 85 bp, para o homozigoto Glu298, e um &#250;nico fragmento de 248 pares de base identificando o homozigoto Asp298; indiv&#237;duos heterozigotos foram identificados pela presen&#231;a de fragmentos contendo 248, 163 e 85 pares de base.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</bold>
    </p>
    <p>As informa&#231;&#245;es observadas foram descritas em tabelas e expressas como m&#233;dia &#177; desvio padr&#227;o, para as vari&#225;veis num&#233;ricas, e frequ&#234;ncia e percentagem, para vari&#225;veis categ&#243;ricas. Para a an&#225;lise das vari&#225;veis ecocardiogr&#225;ficas, foram utilizados os teste <italic>t</italic> de Student (pareado e para classe funcional - informa&#231;&#227;o categ&#243;rica) e o teste de McNemar.</p>
    <p>A rela&#231;&#227;o das vari&#225;veis cl&#237;nicas, laboratoriais e ecocardiogr&#225;ficas com o gen&#243;tipo (GG, GT ou TT) foi acessada por an&#225;lise de vari&#226;ncia univariada ou Kruskal-Wallis (ANOVA n&#227;o param&#233;trica).</p>
    <p>A rela&#231;&#227;o entre as vari&#225;veis cl&#237;nicas, laboratoriais e ecocardiogr&#225;ficas, bem como das taxas de sobrevida e sobrevida livre de eventos (hospitaliza&#231;&#227;o) com o gen&#243;tipo, foi avaliada pelos seguintes m&#233;todos:</p>
    <p>para compara&#231;&#245;es com informa&#231;&#245;es categ&#243;ricas, foi aplicado o teste do qui-quadrado ou exato de Fisher;</p>
    <p>para compara&#231;&#245;es com informa&#231;&#245;es num&#233;ricas, foi utilizado o teste <italic>t</italic> de Student para amostras independentes ou Mann-Whitney. A homogeneidade das vari&#226;ncias entre os subgrupos foi analisada utilizando-se Bartlet;</p>
    <p>an&#225;lise de regress&#227;o log&#237;stica foi utilizada para identificar vari&#225;veis que predizem (ou explicam) os desfechos ou respostas terap&#234;uticas.</p>
    <p>M&#233;todos n&#227;o param&#233;tricos foram utilizados para as vari&#225;veis n&#227;o normalmente (Gaussianas) distribu&#237;das devido &#224; dispers&#227;o de informa&#231;&#245;es e rejei&#231;&#227;o pelo teste de Kolmogorov-Smirnov. O crit&#233;rio para determinar signific&#226;ncia foi 5%. A an&#225;lise estat&#237;stica foi conduzida utilizando-se o <italic>software</italic> SAS 6.11 (SAS Institute Inc., Cary, NC).</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Resultados</bold>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Perfil geral da amostra</bold>
    </p>
    <p>A popula&#231;&#227;o do estudo encontrava-se em equil&#237;brio de Hardy-Weinberg (qui-quadrado = 0,387; p = 0,53). As caracter&#237;sticas basais encontram-se sumarizadas na <xref ref-type="table" rid="tab01">Tabela 1</xref>.</p>
    <table-wrap id="tab01">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-101-04-0352-30167-gt01.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    <p>
      <bold>Caracter&#237;sticas genot&#237;picas e cl&#237;nicas</bold>
    </p>
    <p>N&#227;o houve diferen&#231;a na distribui&#231;&#227;o genot&#237;pica ou na frequ&#234;ncia al&#233;lica, de acordo com a ra&#231;a autodeclarada. Tampouco se observou diferen&#231;a nas caracter&#237;sticas cl&#237;nicas, laboratoriais ou ecocardiogr&#225;ficas de admiss&#227;o em rela&#231;&#227;o ao gen&#243;tipo (<xref ref-type="table" rid="aop_5343tab02">Tabela 2</xref>). Observou-se tend&#234;ncia &#224; maior frequ&#234;ncia de etiologia isqu&#234;mica entre os pacientes com o gen&#243;tipo TT.</p>
    <p content-type="asset">
      <table-wrap id="aop_5343tab02">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-101-04-0352-30167-gt02.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Gen&#243;tipo e terap&#234;utica</bold>
    </p>
    <p>N&#227;o houve diferen&#231;a estatisticamente significativa na terapia padr&#227;o, para insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca, entre os subgrupos de gen&#243;tipos. No entanto, observou-se maior utiliza&#231;&#227;o da aspirina, na admiss&#227;o, no subgrupo de pacientes homozigotas TT (<xref ref-type="table" rid="aop_5343tab03">Tabela 3</xref>).</p>
    <p content-type="asset">
      <table-wrap id="aop_5343tab03">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-101-04-0352-30167-gt03.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Gen&#243;tipo e remodelamento reverso</bold>
    </p>
    <p>O gen&#243;tipo n&#227;o apresentou rela&#231;&#227;o com as altera&#231;&#245;es ecocardiogr&#225;ficas observadas ao longo do estudo.</p>
    <p>Analisando as vari&#225;veis simultaneamente e utilizando a regress&#227;o log&#237;stica, observou-se que maior AE (p = 0,0005) e menor DDVE (p = 0,009), na admiss&#227;o, associaram-se &#224; redu&#231;&#227;o do di&#226;metro do AE <underline>&gt;</underline> 5%. A presen&#231;a de fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial (p = 0,0002) e menor AE (p = 0,004), na admiss&#227;o, foram associados &#224; redu&#231;&#227;o do DDVE <underline>&gt;</underline> 5% ap&#243;s 6 meses.</p>
    <p>A CF (NYHA) II (p = 0,006) e III/IV (p = 0,030), assim como a menor FEVE (p = 0,023) na admiss&#227;o, associaram-se ao aumento de FEVE <underline>&gt;</underline> 10% ap&#243;s 6 meses. Menor FEVE (p = 0,0001) e aus&#234;ncia de hiponatremia (p = 0,02) na admiss&#227;o foram associadas ao aumento da FEVE <underline>&gt;</underline> 20% ap&#243;s 6 meses.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Gen&#243;tipo e melhora da CF (NYHA)</bold>
    </p>
    <p>A melhora da CF (NYHA), ap&#243;s 6 meses, n&#227;o se relacionou ao gen&#243;tipo ou frequ&#234;ncia al&#233;lica.</p>
    <p>Apenas creatinina &gt; 1,5 mg/dL e pior CF III/IV, na admiss&#227;o, associaram-se &#224; melhora evolutiva da CF, ap&#243;s 6 meses (p = 0.025 and 0.0001, respectivamente).</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Impacto do gen&#243;tipo sobre a sobrevida ou hospitaliza&#231;&#227;o</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Durante o seguimento, 15 pacientes(10,3%) morreram. Trinta e quatro pacientes (23,4%) tiveram uma admiss&#227;o hospitalar; nove pacientes (6.2%) tiveram duas; enquanto tr&#234;s pacientes (2,1%) tiveram tr&#234;s ou mais admiss&#245;es hospitalares.</p>
    <p>Ap&#243;s a regress&#227;o log&#237;stica, apenas um maior DDVE na admiss&#227;o se relacionou independentemente &#224; morte (p = 0,004), enquanto um maior AE (p = 0,02) e CF III/IV (0,004) na admiss&#227;o se relacionaram &#224; hospitaliza&#231;&#227;o.</p>
    <p>A m&#233;dia do DDVE foi 75,6 &#177; 14,7 mm no grupo que evoluiu a &#243;bito <italic>versus </italic>67,1 &#177; 8,8 mm no grupo que sobreviveu durante o seguimento (p = 0,017). Nos pacientes que tiveram ao menos uma admiss&#227;o hospitalar, a m&#233;dia do AE foi 48,6 &#177; 8,6 mm <italic>versus</italic> 45,6 &#177; 7,1 mm no grupo sem interna&#231;&#227;o ao longo do seguimento (p = 0,017).</p>
    <p>N&#227;o houve diferen&#231;a estatisticamente significativa na sobrevida ou na hospitaliza&#231;&#227;o em rela&#231;&#227;o ao gen&#243;tipo ou &#224; frequ&#234;ncia al&#233;lica (curva de Kaplan-Meier, teste de log-rank) (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="aop_5343gra01">Gr&#225;fico 1</xref>).</p>
    <p content-type="asset">
      <fig id="aop_5343gra01">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-101-04-0352-30167-gf01.jpg"/></fig>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Discuss&#227;o</bold>
    </p>
    <p>A amostra populacional do presente estudo mostrou importantes diferen&#231;as em rela&#231;&#227;o aos estudos pr&#233;vios envolvendo o polimorfismo gen&#233;tico da ONSe: os pacientes se dividiram de forma praticamente igualit&#225;ria entre os autodeclarados brancos (50,7%) e os autodeclarados afro-brasileiros (49,7%), o que o distingue de estudos anteriores como o GRACE<sup>17</sup>, com 90,4% de brancos, e A-HeFT<sup>18</sup>, com 100% de afro-americanos. Ainda, diferentemente do que mostraram estudos anteriores, nos quais o alelo G foi mais prevalente entre os negros e o alelo T entre os brancos<sup>17,19,22</sup>, n&#227;o se observou, no presente estudo, associa&#231;&#227;o entre a cor ou ra&#231;a autodeclarada e a distribui&#231;&#227;o genot&#237;pica ou frequ&#234;ncia al&#233;lica. Al&#233;m disso, a distribui&#231;&#227;o genot&#237;pica foi 40% para Glu298Glu, 48,7% para Glu298Asp e 11,7% para Asp298Asp, enquanto a da popula&#231;&#227;o do A-HeFT foi 79% para Glu298Glu, 20% para Glu298Asp e 1% para Asp298Asp<sup>19</sup> e, no GRACE, 67% para Glu298Glu, 31% para Glu298Asp e 2% para Asp298Asp, para negros, e de 41% para Glu298Glu, 45%para Glu298Asp e 14% para Asp298Asp, para brancos<sup>17,18</sup>.</p>
    <p>As grandes diferen&#231;as na distribui&#231;&#227;o da ra&#231;a autodeclarada e da frequ&#234;ncia e distribui&#231;&#227;o genot&#237;pica, entre as amostras do presente estudo e dos estudos pr&#233;vios, que avaliaram o polimorfismo G894T (Glu298Asp), permitem pensar que, talvez, os resultados dos estudos internacionais n&#227;o sejam diretamente aplic&#225;veis aos pacientes brasileiros com insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca.</p>
    <p>Ap&#243;s os resultados do estudo A-HeFT, o <italic>Food and Drug Administration</italic> (FDA) aprovou o BiDil&#174; (ISDN/HYD) para pacientes negros com insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca sist&#243;lica, o que representou o primeiro medicamento aprovado para uma ra&#231;a espec&#237;fica.</p>
    <p>O impacto social e econ&#244;mico da insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca no Brasil &#233; muito grande<sup>23-25</sup>. A hidralazina e o nitrato s&#227;o medicamentos de baixo custo, sua associa&#231;&#227;o &#224; terap&#234;utica padr&#227;o tem o potencial de melhorar o progn&#243;stico de pacientes com insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca sist&#243;lica e com a variante Glu298Glu<sup>19</sup>. Dessa forma, &#233; de grande import&#226;ncia o conhecimento adequado da variabilidade gen&#233;tica do polimorfismo Glu298Asp na popula&#231;&#227;o brasileira e o poss&#237;vel impacto da associa&#231;&#227;o ISDN/HYD em pacientes com insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca no Brasil, independentemente da ra&#231;a autodeclarada.</p>
    <p>Outro achado digno de nota &#233; que se verificou a tend&#234;ncia &#224; maior frequ&#234;ncia da etiologia isqu&#234;mica (p = 0,09) entre os pacientes homozigotas TT, que tamb&#233;m tiveram uma maior taxa de utiliza&#231;&#227;o de &#225;cido acetilsalic&#237;lico (p = 0,03), o que coincide com os achados de outros estudos<sup>17,26,27</sup>.</p>
    <p>Certas limita&#231;&#245;es s&#227;o inerentes a este estudo. A primeira &#233; a amostra, provavelmente pequena para um estudo gen&#233;tico (n = 145). Al&#233;m disso, foi baixa a taxa de utiliza&#231;&#227;o da associa&#231;&#227;o hidralazina/nitrato e uma terapia baseada em doadores de ON (como a hidralazina e nitrato) poderia ter influenciado na rela&#231;&#227;o entre o polimorfismo estudado e os desfechos analisados. Al&#233;m disso, estudos gen&#233;ticos atuais n&#227;o se baseiam na an&#225;lise de apenas um gene, mas de um conjunto de hapl&#243;tipos relacionados ou mesmo milhares de polimorfismos gen&#233;ticos simultaneamente, como no <italic>Genome-Wide Association Studies</italic> (GWAS), que utiliza informa&#231;&#245;es do HapMap<sup>28-30</sup>.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Conclus&#227;o</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Este estudo n&#227;o encontrou associa&#231;&#227;o entre o gen&#243;tipo ou a frequ&#234;ncia al&#233;lica do polimorfismo gen&#233;tico G894T (Glu298Asp) da ONSe e os desfechos de morte, hospitaliza&#231;&#227;o, melhora na classe funcional (NYHA) e remodelamento reverso em pacientes ambulatoriais brasileiros com insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca sist&#243;lica.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Contribui&#231;&#227;o dos autores</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa, Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados e An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados: Tardin OMA, Pereira SB, Velloso MWM, Balieiro HM, Costa B, Alves TO, Giro C, Pessoa LP, Ribeiro GS, Mesquita ET; An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica e Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual: Tardin OMA, Pereira SB, Mesquita ET; Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito: Tardin OMA, Mesquita ET.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Potencial Conflito de Interesses</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Declaro n&#227;o haver conflito de interesses pertinentes.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Fontes de Financiamento</bold>
    </p>
    <p>O presente estudo foi financiado pela FAPERJ.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Vincula&#231;&#227;o Acad&#234;mica</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Este artigo &#233; parte de disserta&#231;&#227;o de Mestrado de Oziel Marcio Araujo Tardin pela Universidade Federal Fluminense.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Refer&#234;ncias</bold>
    </p>
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    <p>
      <fn id="enda" fn-type="corresp">
        <label>
          <bold>Correspond&#234;ncia:</bold>
        </label>
        <p> Oziel Marcio Araujo Tardin </p>
        <p> Rua Coronel Moreira Cesar, 63/501, Icara&#237; </p>
        <p> CEP 24230-050, Niter&#243;i, RJ &#150; Brasil </p>
        <p> E-mail: </p>
        <p><email xlink:href="dr.ozieltardin@cardiol.br">dr.ozieltardin@cardiol.br</email>, </p>
        <p>
          <email xlink:href="ozieltardin@gmail.com">ozieltardin@gmail.com</email>
        </p>
      </fn>
    </p>
    <p>Artigo recebido em 18/12/12; revisado em 10/04/13; aceito em 15/4/13.</p>
  </body>
  <back>
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  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Articles</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title xml:lang="en">Genetic polymorphism G894T and the prognosis of heart failure outpatients</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <abstract xml:lang="en">
        <p>BACKGROUND: Previous studies have analyzed the role of the genetic polymorphism of endothelial nitric oxide synthase on heart failure prognosis. However, there are no studies relating the G894T and heart failure in Brazil. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the association between G894T GP and the prognosis of a sample of Brazilian outpatients with heart failure. METHODS: Cohort study included 145 patients with systolic heart failure, followed for up to 40 months (mean = 22), at two university hospitals, in the State of Rio de Janeiro. We evaluated the relationship between G894T and the following outcomes: reverse remodeling, improvement in functional class (NYHA), and mortality and hospitalization rates. The diameters of the left atrium and ventricle, as well as the ejection fraction of the left ventricle, were evaluated at baseline and at 6 months to assess reverse remodeling. The improvement in functional class was evaluated after 6 months, and mortality rate and hospitalization were evaluated during follow-up. Race was self-declared. G894T polymorphism was analyzed by polymerase chain reaction and restriction fragment length polymorphism. RESULTS: The genotypic frequencies were GG (40%), GT (48.3%) and TT (11.7%). The allele frequency was guanine (64.1%) and thiamine (35.8%). There were no differences between the genotype or allelic frequencies according to self-declared race, either as baseline characteristics. There was no relationship between genotype or allele frequency and the outcome measures. CONCLUSION: No association was observed between the G894T polymorphism (Glu298Asp) and prognosis in this sample of Brazilian outpatients with systolic heart failure.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>Heart Failure</kwd>
        <kwd>Polymorphism, Genetic</kwd>
        <kwd>Nitric Oxide</kwd>
        <kwd>Ethnicity and Health</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p>
        <bold>Genetic polymorphism G894T and the prognosis of heart failure outpatients</bold>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Oziel Marcio Araujo Tardin<sup>I</sup>; Sabrina Bernardez Pereira<sup>I</sup>; Monica Wanderley Mon&#231;ores Velloso<sup>I</sup>; Henrique Miller Balieiro<sup>II</sup>; Bruno Costa<sup>I</sup>; Thiago Oliveira e Alves<sup>I</sup>; Camila Giro<sup>I</sup>; Leandro Pontes Pessoa<sup>I</sup>; Georgina Severo Ribeiro<sup>I</sup>; Evandro Tinoco Mesquita<sup>I</sup></bold>
      </p>
      <p><sup>I</sup>Universidade Federal Fluminense, Niter&#243;i, RJ</p>
      <p><sup>II</sup>Escola de Medicina de Valen&#231;a, Valen&#231;a, RJ - Brazil</p>
      <p>
        <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="enda-body2">Mailing Address</xref>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>ABSTRACT</bold>
      </p>
      <p><bold>BACKGROUND:</bold> Previous studies have analyzed the role of the genetic polymorphism of endothelial nitric oxide synthase on heart failure prognosis. However, there are no studies relating the G894T and heart failure in Brazil.</p>
      <p><bold>OBJECTIVE:</bold> To evaluate the association between G894T GP and the prognosis of a sample of Brazilian outpatients with heart failure.</p>
      <p><bold>METHODS:</bold> Cohort study included 145 patients with systolic heart failure, followed for up to 40 months (mean = 22), at two university hospitals, in the State of Rio de Janeiro. We evaluated the relationship between G894T and the following outcomes: reverse remodeling, improvement in functional class (NYHA), and mortality and hospitalization rates. The diameters of the left atrium and ventricle, as well as the ejection fraction of the left ventricle, were evaluated at baseline and at 6 months to assess reverse remodeling. The improvement in functional class was evaluated after 6 months, and mortality rate and hospitalization were evaluated during follow-up. Race was self-declared. G894T polymorphism was analyzed by polymerase chain reaction and restriction fragment length polymorphism.</p>
      <p><bold>RESULTS:</bold> The genotypic frequencies were GG (40%), GT (48.3%) and TT (11.7%). The allele frequency was guanine (64.1%) and thiamine (35.8%). There were no differences between the genotype or allelic frequencies according to self-declared race, either as baseline characteristics. There was no relationship between genotype or allele frequency and the outcome measures.</p>
      <p><bold>CONCLUSION:</bold> No association was observed between the G894T polymorphism (Glu298Asp) and prognosis in this sample of Brazilian outpatients with systolic heart failure.</p>
      <p><bold>Keywords:</bold> Heart Failure; Polymorphism, Genetic; Nitric Oxide; Ethnicity and Health. </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Introduction</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Heart failure patients' evolution, prognosis and therapeutic response are not uniform. The interpersonal variation in disease behavior has multiple causes, genetic factors among them<sup>1-7</sup>. Various genetic polymorphisms have been implicated; among the most studied is G894T (Glu298Asp), in which changing the nucleotide guanine (G) by thiamine (T) at the position 894 of the exon 7 of the gene leads to the substitution of aspartic acid (asp) for glutamic acid (Glu) in the position 298 of the enzyme endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS), responsible for nitric oxide production (NO) in endocardium and endothelium<sup>8-16</sup>.</p>
      <p>The study GRACE, whose population sample was composed on European white, evaluated the impact of Glu298Asp polymorphism of eNOS on heart failure patients' survival, and the Asp298 variant was associated to the worst event-free survival, particularly in patients with non-ischemic cardiomyopathy<sup>17</sup>.</p>
      <p>In the A-HeFT study, Afro-American patients with systolic heart failure showed a reduction in mortality and admission rates in response to the combination isosorbide dinitrate plus hydralazine (ISDN/HYD), which acted as a NO donor<sup>18</sup>. The GRAHF study, a genetic sub study of A-HeFT, showed that only patients homozygous for Glu298Glu achieved an improvement in the compound score: admission, mortality and better quality of life<sup>19</sup>.</p>
      <p>Of note, these studies' population samples show strong ethnic predominance, and a genotype distribution intimately related to skin color or self-declared race. In a Brazilian study, Velloso et al<sup>20</sup> evaluated samples of heart failure patients and healthy controls and found no difference in allelic frequency distribution (G/T) according to self-declared skin color<sup>20</sup></p>
      <p>There are no studies associating G894T (Glu298Asp) and heart failure in the Brazilian population, allowing us to think that, maybe, the international studies' results may not be applicable directly to Brazil, with its heavily miscigenated population.</p>
      <p>The present study aimed to evaluate the association of G894T (Glu298Asp) polymorphism and prognosis in Brazilian outpatients with systolic heart failure.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Methods</bold>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Study population</bold>
      </p>
      <p>This was an observational, multicenter, prospective cohort study developed in the heart failure clinics of the Antonio Pedro University Hospital of the Fluminense Federal University (Universidade Federal Fluminense - UFF) and the General Hospital of Valen&#231;a Medical School, both in Rio de Janeiro state, from December 2005 to March 2009. The study included 145 outpatients with predominantly systolic heart failure from the Unified Health System (Sistema &#218;nico de Sa&#250;de - SUS). Convenience sample</p>
      <p>The inclusion criteria were: age <underline>&gt;</underline> 18 years, history and physical examination compatible with heart failure and echocardiogram with left ventricle ejection fraction (LVEF) <underline>&lt;</underline> 50% (Simpson). The exclusion criteria were: active myocarditis, myocardial infarction (MI) &lt; 3 months, cardiac resynchronization therapy (CRT), aborted sudden death episode or implantable defibrillator, angioplasty or heart surgery scheduled for the next 12 months.</p>
      <p>Race was self-declared. Patients with past MI, confirmed by electrocardiography, functional tests compatible with ischemia or coronary angiography showing an epicardial vessel with <underline>&gt;</underline> 50% stenosis were considered to have an ischemic etiology.</p>
      <p>After inclusion, patients had appointments scheduled with cardiologists every 3 months or less, if the team judged necessary, and were followed for 12 to 40 months (mean = 22 months). Heart failure was treated according to the II Guideline on Diagnosis and Treatment of Heart Failure of the Brazilian Society of Cardiology<sup>21</sup>. On admission, blood was sampled for lab exams (hemoglobin, glucose, creatinine and sodium) and genetic analysis. Echocardiography was performed on admission and after 6 months.</p>
      <p>The following endpoints were analyzed: death during follow-up, admission during follow-up, functional class (NYHA) improvement after 6 months and reverse remodeling after 6 months. Admission were counted on subsequent clinical appointments, and deaths were confirmed by calling relatives and/or patient record review. Functional class (NYHA) was evaluated on admission and after 6 months of follow-up. The 6-month echocardiograms were compared to admission, and the presence of one or more of the following parameters was considered evidence of reverse remodeling (echocardiographic improvement): (1) LVEF increase <underline>&gt;</underline> 20%; (2) LVEF increase <underline>&gt;</underline>10%; or (3) <underline>&gt;</underline> 5% reduction in left atrium (LA) diastolic diameter and/or left ventricle diastolic diameter (LVDD).</p>
      <p>The study was approved by the Ethics Committees of the Institutions involved, in compliance with the Declaration of Helsinki. All participants signed an informed consent document.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>eNOS gene polymorphism molecular analysis</bold>
      </p>
      <p>The Glu298Asp (G894T) polymorphism, caused by a G-to-T transversion, located at the exon 7 of the eNOS gene, was analyzed by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP). The PCR reaction was performed in a total blood volume of 25 mL, using the following: 50 to 100 ng of genomic DNA, after adjusting for concentration, 15 pmol of each oligonucleotide sense 5'-AAGGCAGGAGACAGTGGATGG-3' and antisense 5'-CCCAGTCAATCCCTTTGGTGCTCA-3', 1 U of <italic>Taq </italic>DNA polymerase, Fermentas reaction buffer (KCl 50 mM, MgCl2 1,5 mM, Tris-HCl 10 mM), 200mM of each desoxinucleotide (dATP, dCTP, dGTP, dTTP). After denaturation at 94&#186;C for 5 minutes, the samples were amplified in a program with 35 1-minute cycles at 94&#186;C (denaturation) 1 minute at 58&#186;C (annealing) and 1 minute at 72&#186;C (elongation) in a Progene Techne thermocycler. After that, the samples were submitted to final elongation in a 7-minute cycle at 72&#186;C. The amplicons were evaluated in 2% agarose gel using a 100 base pair marker as length indicator.</p>
      <p>The amplified 248 base pairs fragment was digested with the restriction enzyme (RFLP) Ban II, which recognizes the G base at codon 298, generating two fragments (with 163 and 85 base pairs) in the presence of the amino acid Glu (E). The genotype pattern defined in 2% agarose gel was: two fragments, with 163 and 85 bp, for the Glu298 homozygous, and one single 248 base-pair fragment identifying the Asp298 homozygous. The heterozygous subjects were identified by the presence of 248-, 162- and 85-base pairs fragments.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Statistical analysis</bold>
      </p>
      <p>The observed data were described in tables as mean &#177; standard deviation (numerical variables) and frequency and percent values (categorical variables). For analyzing the echocardiographic variables, the Student t-test (paired, for functional class - categorical data) and the McNemar test were used.</p>
      <p>The relationship among clinical, laboratorial and echocardiographic variables and the genotype (GG, GT or TT) was accessed by the Kruskal-Wallis univariate variance analysis (non-parametric ANOVA).</p>
      <p>The relationship among clinical, laboratorial and echocardiographic variables, as well as survival and event-free (admission) survival rates was accessed by the following methods:</p>
      <p>Chi-square or Fisher's exact test was used for comparing with categorical data;</p>
      <p>Student t -test for independent samples or Mann-Whitney test was used for comparing with numerical data; The Bartlet test was used for analyzing subgroup variance homogeneity;</p>
      <p>Logistic regression analysis was used for identifying variables that could predict (or explain) the outcomes or therapeutic responses.</p>
      <p>Non-parametric methods were used for non-normal variables due to data dispersion and rejection by the Kolmogorov-Smirnov test. The criteria for determining significance was 5%. The statistical analysis was performed by the software SAS 6.11 (SAS Institute Inc., Cary, NC).</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Results</bold>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>General sample profile</bold>
      </p>
      <p>The study population was in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium (chi-square = 0.387; p = 0.53). The baseline characteristics are summarized in <xref ref-type="table" rid="tab01-body2">Table 1</xref>.</p>
      <table-wrap id="tab01-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-101-04-0352-30167-gt01-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      <p>
        <bold>Clinical and genotypic characteristics</bold>
      </p>
      <p>There were no differences in genotypic distribution or allelic frequency according to self-declared race. Also, no differences were found regarding clinical, laboratorial or echocardiographic characteristics on admission regarding genotype (<xref ref-type="table" rid="en_aop_5343tab02-body2">Table 2</xref>). Ischemic etiology tended to be more frequent in TT patients.</p>
      <p content-type="asset">
        <table-wrap id="en_aop_5343tab02-body2">
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-101-04-0352-30167-gt02-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Genotype and therapeutics</bold>
      </p>
      <p>There were no differences regarding standard heart failure therapy among the genotype subgroups. However, TT patients were more frequently taking aspiring on admission (<xref ref-type="table" rid="en_aop_5343tab03-body2">Table 3</xref>).</p>
      <p content-type="asset">
        <table-wrap id="en_aop_5343tab03-body2">
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-101-04-0352-30167-gt03-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Genotype and reverse remodeling</bold>
      </p>
      <p>There was no relation between genotype and echocardiographic features observed throughout the study.</p>
      <p>Analyzing the variables simultaneously and using logistic regression, we observed that larger LA (p = 0.0005) and smaller LVDD (p = 0.009) on admission were associated to LA diameter reduction <underline>&gt;</underline> 5%. Atrial fibrillation (p = 0.0002) and smaller LA (p = 0.004) on admission were associated to LA diameter reduction <underline>&gt;</underline> 5% after 6 months.</p>
      <p>Functional class (NYHA) II (p = 0.006) and III/IV (p = 0.030), as well as smaller LVEF (p = 0.023) on admission were associated to a <underline>&gt;</underline> 10% LVEF increase after 6 months. Smaller LVEF (p = 0.0001) and no hyponatremia (p = 0.02) on admission were associated to a <underline>&gt;</underline> 20% LVEF increase after 6 months.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Genotype and HF improvement (NYHA)</bold>
      </p>
      <p>HF improvement (NYHA) after 6 months was not related to genotype or allelic frequency.</p>
      <p>HF improvement after 6 months was only associated to creatinine levels &gt; 1.5 mg/dL and functional class III/IV on admission (p = 0.25 and 0.0001, respectively).</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Genotype impact on survival or admission</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Fifteen patients (10.3%) died during follow-up. Thirty-four patients (23.4%) were admitted once; nine patients (6.2%) were admitted twice and three patients (2.1%) were admitted three times or more.</p>
      <p>After logistic regression, in only one occasion a higher LVDD was independently related to death (p = 0.004), while larger LA (p=0.02) and functional class III/IV (p = 0.004) on admission were related to hospitalization.</p>
      <p>Mean LVDD was 75.6 &#177; 14.7 mm in the group who died versus 67.1 &#177; 8.8 mm in the patients that survived on follow-up (p = 0.017). Among the patients who were hospitalized at least once, mean LVDD was 48.6 &#177; 8.6 mm versus 45.6 &#177; 7.1 mm in the patients not admitted during follow-up (p = 0.017).</p>
      <p>No statistically significant difference was observed on survival or hospitalization rates regarding genotype or allelic frequency (Kaplan-Meier curve, long-rank test) (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="en_aop_5343gra01-body2">Graph 1</xref>).</p>
      <p content-type="asset">
        <fig id="en_aop_5343gra01-body2">
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-101-04-0352-30167-gf01-en.jpg"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Discussion</bold>
      </p>
      <p>The present study population sample showed major differences regarding previous studies involving eNOS genetic polymorphism: the proportion of patients who declared themselves white (50.7%) and Afro-Brazilians (49.7%) was virtually the same, a fact that was not found in previous studies such as GRACE<sup>17</sup>, with a 90.4% whites and A-HeFT<sup>18</sup> with 100% Afro-Americans. Still, different to what was shown in previous studies, on which the G allele was more prevalent among blacks and the T allele was more prevalent among whites<sup>17,19,22</sup>, no association was observed between skin color or self-declared race and genotypic distribution or allelic frequency. Besides, the genotype distribution was 40% for Glu298Glu, 48.7% for Glu298Asp e 11.7% for Asp298Asp, while in the A-HeFT study population it was 9% for Glu298Glu, 20% for Glu298Asp and 1% for Asp298Asp<sup>19</sup> and, in GRACE, 67% for Glu298Glu, 31% for Glu298Asp and 2% for Asp298Asp, among the black patients, and 41% for Glu298Glu, 45% for Glu298Asp and 14% for Asp298Asp, among whites<sup>17,18</sup>.</p>
      <p>The great differences found on distribution according to self-declared race, genotype distribution and frequency between the present and previous studies' samples evaluating the G894T (Glu298Asp) polymorphism allow us to think that the international studies' results may not be directly applicable to Brazilian heart failure patients.</p>
      <p>After the results of the A-HeFT study, the FDA approved BiDil&#174; (ISDN/HYD) for black patients with systolic heart failure, the first time a drug was approved for use in a specific race.</p>
      <p>Heart failure has a huge social and economic impact in Brazil<sup>23-25</sup>. Hydralazine and nitrate are low-cost drugs, and their addition to standard therapy may potentially improve the prognosis of systolic heart failure patients harboring the Glu298Glu variant<sup>19</sup>. Thus, the proper quantification of Glu298Asp genetic variability in the Brazilian population and the potential impact of the ISDN/HYD association in Brazilian heart failure patient is important, regardless of the self-declared race.</p>
      <p>Other significant finding is the higher tendency to ischemic etiology (p = 0.09) found in TT patients, which also showed a higher acetylsalicylic acid use rate (p = 0.03), matching the findings in other studies<sup>17,26,27</sup>.</p>
      <p>This study has some inherent limitations. The first one is the sample, which is probably small for a genetic study (n = 145). Besides, there was a low rate of hydralazine/nitrate use, and a therapy based on NO donors (such as hydralazine and nitrate) could exert some influence on the relationship among the studied polymorphism and the analyzed outcomes. Besides, currently, the genetic studies are not based on the analysis of a single gene, but a set or even thousands of related haplotypes simultaneously, such as the Genome-Wide Association Studies (GWAS), which uses data from HapMap<sup>28-30</sup>.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Conclusion</bold>
      </p>
      <p>This study found no association between genotype or allelic frequency of the G894T (Glu298Asp) eNOS genetic polymorphism and the death, hospitalization, functional class (NYHA) improvement and reverse remodeling in Brazilian outpatients with systolic heart failure.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Author contributions</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Conception and design of the research, Acquisition of data and Analysis and interpretation of the data: Tardin OMA, Pereira SB, Velloso MWM, Balieiro HM, Costa B, Alves TO, Giro C, Pessoa LP, Ribeiro GS, Mesquita ET; Statistical analysis and Critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content: Tardin OMA, Pereira SB, Mesquita ET; Writing of the manuscript: Tardin OMA, Mesquita ET.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Potential Conflict of Interest</bold>
      </p>
      <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Sources of Funding</bold>
      </p>
      <p>This study was funded by FAPERJ.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Study Association</bold>
      </p>
      <p>This article is part of the thesis of master submitted by Oziel Marcio Araujo Tardin from Universidade Federal Fluminense.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>References</bold>
      </p>
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      <p>30. International HapMap Consortium. The International HapMap Project. Nature. 2003;426(6968):789-96.      </p>
      <p>
        <fn id="enda-body2" fn-type="corresp">
          <label>
            <bold>Mailing Address:</bold>
          </label>
          <p> Oziel Marcio Araujo Tardin</p>
          <p> Rua Coronel Moreira Cesar, 63/501, Icara&#237;</p>
          <p> Postal Code 24230-050, Niter&#243;i, RJ &#150; Brazil</p>
          <p> E-mail: </p>
          <p><email xlink:href="dr.ozieltardin@cardiol.br">dr.ozieltardin@cardiol.br</email>, </p>
          <p>
            <email xlink:href="ozieltardin@gmail.com">ozieltardin@gmail.com</email>
          </p>
        </fn>
      </p>
      <p>Manuscript received December 18, 2012; revised manuscript April 10, 2013, accepted April 15, 2013.</p>
    </body>
  </sub-article>
</article>
