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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
        <publisher-loc>S&#227;o Paulo, SP, Brazil</publisher-loc>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">ZnVSXtMPKd3rSVmrvG6VtZH</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2013003000009</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v1">S0066-782X(13)10100400009</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5935/abc.20130179</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigos Originais</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Big endotelina-1 e &#243;xido n&#237;trico em pacientes idosos hipertensos com e sem s&#237;ndrome da apneia-hipopneia obstrutiva do sono</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Anunciato</surname>
            <given-names>Iara Felicio</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Lobo</surname>
            <given-names>R&#244;mulo Rebou&#231;as</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Coelho</surname>
            <given-names>Eduardo Barbosa</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Verri Jr</surname>
            <given-names>Waldiceu Aparecido</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Eckeli</surname>
            <given-names>Alan Luiz</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>&#201;vora</surname>
            <given-names>Paulo Roberto Barbosa</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Nobre</surname>
            <given-names>Fernando</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Moriguti</surname>
            <given-names>J&#250;lio C&#233;sar</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Ferriolli</surname>
            <given-names>Eduardo</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Lima</surname>
            <given-names>Nereida Kilza da Costa</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff01">
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Ribeir&#227;o Preto</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeir&#227;o Preto </institution>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
      </aff>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>10</month>
        <year>2013</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>101</volume>
      <issue>4</issue>
      <fpage>344</fpage>
      <lpage>351</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>11</day>
          <month>10</month>
          <year>2012</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>15</day>
          <month>03</month>
          <year>2013</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>29</day>
          <month>11</month>
          <year>2012</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <p>FUNDAMENTO: O papel do estresse oxidativo em pacientes idosos hipertensos com s&#237;ndrome de apneia-hipopneia obstrutiva do sono (SAHOS) &#233; desconhecido. Objetivo: O objetivo foi avaliar os n&#237;veis de Big Endotelina-1 (Big ET-1) e &#211;xido N&#237;trico (NO) em pacientes idosos hipertensos com e sem SAHOS moderada a grave. M&#201;TODOS: Os volunt&#225;rios permaneceram internados durante 24 horas. Obtivemos os seguintes dados: &#237;ndice de massa corporal (IMC), Monitoriza&#231;&#227;o Ambulatorial da Press&#227;o Arterial (MAPA) - 24 horas, e medica&#231;&#227;o atual. Sangue arterial foi coletado &#224;s 7:00 h e &#224;s 19:00 h para determinar n&#237;veis plasm&#225;ticos de NO e Big ET-1. A oximetria de pulso foi realizada durante o sono. A correla&#231;&#227;o de Pearson, Spearman e an&#225;lise de vari&#226;ncia univariada foram utilizadas para a an&#225;lise estat&#237;stica. RESULTADOS: Foram estudados 25 sujeitos com SAHOS (grupo 1) e 12 sem SAHOS (grupo 2), com idades de 67,0 &#177; 6,5 anos, 67,8 &#177; 6,8 anos, respectivamente. N&#227;o foram observadas diferen&#231;as significativas entre os grupos em IMC; no n&#250;mero de horas de sono; PA diast&#243;lica e sist&#243;lica em 24 h; PA de vig&#237;lia; PA no sono; ou medicamentos usados para controlar a PA. N&#227;o foram detectadas diferen&#231;as nos n&#237;veis de NO e Big ET-1 plasm&#225;ticos &#224;s 19:00 h, mas &#224;s 7:00 h os n&#237;veis de de Big ET-1 foram mais altos (p = 0,03). No grupo 1, correla&#231;&#227;o negativa tamb&#233;m foi observada entre a satura&#231;&#227;o de oxihemoglobina arterial m&#233;dia e a PA sist&#243;lica - 24 horas (p = 0,03, r = -0,44), e Big ET-1 (p = 0,04, r = 0,41). CONCLUS&#213;ES: Na compara&#231;&#227;o entre idosos hipertensos com e sem SAHOS com PA e IMC semelhantes, observou-se n&#237;veis mais elevados de Big ET-1 ap&#243;s o sono no grupo SAHOS. Os n&#237;veis de NO n&#227;o diferiram entre os pacientes hipertensos com ou sem SAHOS.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt" kwd-group-type="author-generated">
        <kwd>Hipertens&#227;o</kwd>
        <kwd>Idoso</kwd>
        <kwd>Endotelina-1</kwd>
        <kwd>S&#237;ndrome da apneia-hipopneia obstrutiva do sono</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="pub">
        <day>27</day>
        <month>08</month>
        <year>2013</year>
      </pub-date>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <p>
      <bold>Big endotelina-1 e &#243;xido n&#237;trico em pacientes idosos hipertensos com e sem s&#237;ndrome da apneia-hipopneia obstrutiva do sono</bold>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Iara Felicio Anunciato; R&#244;mulo Rebou&#231;as Lobo; Eduardo Barbosa Coelho; Waldiceu Aparecido Verri Jr; Alan Luiz Eckeli; Paulo Roberto Barbosa &#201;vora; Fernando Nobre; J&#250;lio C&#233;sar Moriguti; Eduardo Ferriolli; Nereida Kilza da Costa Lima</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeir&#227;o Preto da Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo, Ribeir&#227;o Preto, SP - Brasil</p>
    <p>
      <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="end">Correspond&#234;ncia</xref>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>RESUMO</bold>
    </p>
    <p><bold>FUNDAMENTO:</bold> O papel do estresse oxidativo em pacientes idosos hipertensos com s&#237;ndrome de apneia-hipopneia obstrutiva do sono (SAHOS) &#233; desconhecido. Objetivo: O objetivo foi avaliar os n&#237;veis de Big Endotelina-1 (Big ET-1) e &#211;xido N&#237;trico (NO) em pacientes idosos hipertensos com e sem SAHOS moderada a grave. </p>
    <p><bold>M&#201;TODOS:</bold> Os volunt&#225;rios permaneceram internados durante 24 horas. Obtivemos os seguintes dados: &#237;ndice de massa corporal (IMC), Monitoriza&#231;&#227;o Ambulatorial da Press&#227;o Arterial (MAPA) - 24 horas, e medica&#231;&#227;o atual. Sangue arterial foi coletado &#224;s 7:00 h e &#224;s 19:00 h para determinar n&#237;veis plasm&#225;ticos de NO e Big ET-1. A oximetria de pulso foi realizada durante o sono. A correla&#231;&#227;o de Pearson, Spearman e an&#225;lise de vari&#226;ncia univariada foram utilizadas para a an&#225;lise estat&#237;stica. </p>
    <p><bold>RESULTADOS:</bold> Foram estudados 25 sujeitos com SAHOS (grupo 1) e 12 sem SAHOS (grupo 2), com idades de 67,0 &#177; 6,5 anos, 67,8 &#177; 6,8 anos, respectivamente. N&#227;o foram observadas diferen&#231;as significativas entre os grupos em IMC; no n&#250;mero de horas de sono; PA diast&#243;lica e sist&#243;lica em 24 h; PA de vig&#237;lia; PA no sono; ou medicamentos usados para controlar a PA. N&#227;o foram detectadas diferen&#231;as nos n&#237;veis de NO e Big ET-1 plasm&#225;ticos &#224;s 19:00 h, mas &#224;s 7:00 h os n&#237;veis de de Big ET-1 foram mais altos (p = 0,03). No grupo 1, correla&#231;&#227;o negativa tamb&#233;m foi observada entre a satura&#231;&#227;o de oxihemoglobina arterial m&#233;dia e a PA sist&#243;lica - 24 horas (p = 0,03, r = -0,44), e Big ET-1 (p = 0,04, r = 0,41). </p>
    <p><bold> CONCLUS&#213;ES:</bold> Na compara&#231;&#227;o entre idosos hipertensos com e sem SAHOS com PA e IMC semelhantes, observou-se n&#237;veis mais elevados de Big ET-1 ap&#243;s o sono no grupo SAHOS. Os n&#237;veis de NO n&#227;o diferiram entre os pacientes hipertensos com ou sem SAHOS. </p>
    <p><bold>Palavras-chave:</bold> Hipertens&#227;o; Idoso; Endotelina-1; S&#237;ndrome da apneia-hipopneia obstrutiva do sono.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</bold>
    </p>
    <p>O endot&#233;lio desempenha um papel fundamental na regula&#231;&#227;o do t&#244;nus vascular e resist&#234;ncia perif&#233;rica, atrav&#233;s da s&#237;ntese de v&#225;rios compostos vasoativos, ou seja, vasodilatadores, tais como &#211;xido N&#237;trico (NO) e vasoconstritores tais como Big endotelina-1 (Big ET-1), por c&#233;lulas endoteliais<sup>1-3</sup>. Sob condi&#231;&#245;es patol&#243;gicas, tal como hipertens&#227;o arterial sist&#234;mica, existe um desequil&#237;brio de fatores derivados do endot&#233;lio, com uma atenua&#231;&#227;o de vasodilatadores e uma predomin&#226;ncia de vasoconstritores<sup>4</sup>. A taxa de elimina&#231;&#227;o da endotelina-1 (ET-1) &#233; maior do que a de seu precursor Big ET-1. Al&#233;m disso, os n&#237;veis de Big ET-1 plasm&#225;ticos de seres humanos, coelhos, e ratos s&#227;o maiores do que os n&#237;veis de ET-1 plasm&#225;tico, com estudos sugerindo que o precursor &#233; um indicador mais apropriado para a quantifica&#231;&#227;o da libera&#231;&#227;o por c&#233;lulas endoteliais<sup>5</sup>.</p>
    <p>O &#243;xido n&#237;trico tem uma influ&#234;ncia importante sobre o t&#244;nus dos vasos sangu&#237;neos perif&#233;ricos, e &#233; liberado em resposta ao estresse de cisalhamento produzido pelo fluxo de sangue e pela ativa&#231;&#227;o de v&#225;rios receptores<sup>6</sup>. Como o NO &#233; liberado continuamente, a inibi&#231;&#227;o sist&#234;mica da sua s&#237;ntese provoca uma eleva&#231;&#227;o da press&#227;o arterial (PA). Nesta base, o estresse oxidativo desempenha um papel importante na patog&#234;nese da hipertens&#227;o<sup>7</sup>.</p>
    <p>Tamb&#233;m considera-se que o estresse oxidativo esteja envolvido na patog&#234;nese da hipertens&#227;o arterial na s&#237;ndrome de apneia-hipopneia obstrutiva do sono (SAHOS)<sup>8</sup>. A SAHOS &#233; definida como um grupo de desordens caracterizado por cessa&#231;&#227;o peri&#243;dica da respira&#231;&#227;o, consequentemente causando hip&#243;xia e uma frequente fragmenta&#231;&#227;o do sono durante a noite, causando sonol&#234;ncia excessiva durante o dia<sup>9</sup>. Esta s&#237;ndrome &#233; mais prevalente entre os idosos<sup>10</sup>. De acordo com o &#237;ndice de apneia e hipopneia (IAH/h), a SAHOS &#233; classificada como leve (IAH/h, 5-15 eventos/h), moderada (IAH/h, 15-30 eventos/h) e grave (IAH/h, &gt; 30 eventos/h)<sup>11</sup>. Al&#233;m disso, a mortalidade est&#225; significativamente associada com altas taxas de altera&#231;&#245;es respirat&#243;rias [despertares e microdespertares durante o sono]; um &#237;ndice de massa corporal (IMC) de &gt;30 kg/m<sup>2</sup>, e com o sexo masculino<sup>12</sup>.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>M&#233;todos</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Poucos estudos avaliaram a fun&#231;&#227;o endotelial na SAHOS, e o papel do estresse oxidativo em idosos hipertensos com SAHOS &#233; desconhecido. O objetivo do presente estudo foi avaliar Big ET-1 e NO antes e depois do sono em idosos hipertensos com e sem SAHOS.</p>
    <p>Os pacientes hipertensos foram selecionados nos seguintes ambulat&#243;rios: Ambulat&#243;rio de Hipertens&#227;o do Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas, Ambulat&#243;rio de Geriatria do Centro Sa&#250;de Escola e no N&#250;cleo de Sa&#250;de da Fam&#237;lia V, todos pertencente &#224; Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeir&#227;o Preto da Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo. Todos os volunt&#225;rios hipertensos com SAHOS moderada a grave tinham diagn&#243;stico pr&#233;vio confirmado pela polissonografia. Os pacientes hipertensos do grupo controle foram submetidos &#224; polissonografia para excluir a SAHOS. Os pacientes hipertensos diagnosticados com SAHOS moderada ou grave foram diagnosticados pelo Laborat&#243;rio de Neurofisiologia Cl&#237;nica (Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas - Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeir&#227;o Preto) e selecionados seguindo os crit&#233;rios de exclus&#227;o descritos abaixo.</p>
    <p>Os crit&#233;rios de exclus&#227;o foram baseados nos seguintes fatores que podem afetar a avalia&#231;&#227;o dos n&#237;veis plasm&#225;ticos de Big ET-1 e NO: idade &lt; 60 anos, diabetes melitus, dislipidemia, doen&#231;as card&#237;acas e pulmonares, tabagismo, hist&#243;rico de tabagismo, etilismo, uso de ventila&#231;&#227;o com press&#227;o positiva cont&#237;nua nas vias a&#233;reas, arritmia card&#237;aca e uso de medicamentos que possam interferir no sono (ansiol&#237;ticos, antidepressivos e neurol&#233;pticos). Pacientes que n&#227;o concordaram em participar tamb&#233;m foram exclu&#237;dos.</p>
    <p>Os volunt&#225;rios foram internados na Unidade de Pesquisa Cl&#237;nica do HCFMRP-USP. Na admiss&#227;o, o peso e a altura eram medidos utilizando-se uma balan&#231;a digital (Filizola) e o monitor de monitoriza&#231;&#227;o ambulatorial da press&#227;o arterial (MAPA) era instalado (SpaceLabs 90207, Redmond, EUA). O aparelho permanecia durante 24 horas, sendo divididas em per&#237;odo prov&#225;vel de vig&#237;lia (7:00 a 23:00 h) e per&#237;odo prov&#225;vel de sono (23:00 a 07:00 h). O aparelho foi programado para fazer leituras em intervalos de 15 minutos durante o per&#237;odo de vig&#237;lia e em intervalos de 20 minutos durante o per&#237;odo de sono. Al&#233;m disso, antes de cada coleta de sangue para dosagem da Big ET-1 e NO plasm&#225;tico, foram realizadas tr&#234;s medidas da PA com aparelho de coluna de merc&#250;rio (m&#233;todo auscultat&#243;rio), no membro superior contralateral ao utilizado para o manguito da MAPA, com o paciente na posi&#231;&#227;o sentada.</p>
    <p>Uma amostra de sangue arterial de 4,5 ml foi coletada &#224;s 19:00 h no dia da admiss&#227;o e &#224;s 7:00 h da manh&#227; seguinte para a determina&#231;&#227;o dos n&#237;veis de NO plasm&#225;tico (&#181;M). Cada amostra foi dividida em tr&#234;s al&#237;quotas, e 1,5 ml de sangue arterial foi armazenado em um tubo Eppendorf contendo 0,08 ml de heparina e centrifugado (Eppendorf AG, modelo 5418R) durante 10 min a 5000 rpm e uma temperatura padr&#227;o de 4&amp;&#186;C. O sobrenadante (300 &#181;l) de cada tubo Eppendorf foi removido e transferido para um novo tubo, que foi armazenado em um congelador a -70&amp;&#186;C para determina&#231;&#227;o posterior por quimioluminesc&#234;ncia (especificidade de 93,9%). Cada amostra de sangue arterial tamb&#233;m foi processada para determinar os n&#237;veis plasm&#225;ticos de Big ET-1 (pg/ml). A amostra coletada foi imediatamente dividida em tr&#234;s al&#237;quotas em tubos Eppendorf. Cada tubo continha 0,1 ml EDTA/1,5 ml de sangue e 0,1 ml aprotinina/1,5 ml de sangue em cada. Para atingir este valor, 0,39 mg de EDTA foi dilu&#237;da em 350 ml de solu&#231;&#227;o salina a 0,9% e 0,39 mg de aprotinina foi dilu&#237;da em 350 ml de solu&#231;&#227;o salina a 0,9%. A amostra foi ent&#227;o centrifugada no mesmo aparelho que o utilizado para a amostra utilizada para a quantifica&#231;&#227;o dos n&#237;veis de NO durante 15 minutos, mas a 1600 rpm e a uma temperatura de 0&amp;&#186;C. O sobrenadante (300 ml) de cada tubo Eppendorf foi removido e transferido para um novo tubo, que foi armazenado em um congelador a -70&amp;&#186;C para determina&#231;&#227;o posterior por ELISA (sensibilidade de 0,30 pg/ml e especificidade de 100%). A sensibilidade para este kit foi determinada de acordo com as orienta&#231;&#245;es da Comiss&#227;o Nacional de Normas Cl&#237;nicas de Laborat&#243;rio (NCCLS) em seus Protocolos de Avalia&#231;&#227;o. (National Committee for Clinical Laboratory Standards Evaluation Protocols, SC1, (1989) Villanova, PA, EUA: NCCLS).</p>
    <p>Oximetria de pulso (Dixtal, modelo DX 2022) foi registrada em todos os volunt&#225;rios das 21:00 h &#224;s 07:00 h. Um sensor de dedo colocado no dedo indicador contralateral ao bra&#231;o usado para medi&#231;&#227;o da PA usando o dispositivo de MAPA foi usado para determinar o n&#237;vel de satura&#231;&#227;o arterial de oxihemoglobina (satura&#231;&#227;o de O<sub>2</sub>).</p>
    <p>O estudo de polissonografia foi realizado no Laborat&#243;rio de Neurofisiologia Cl&#237;nica do HCFMRP-USP usando o pol&#237;grafo Biologic Sleepscan Vision PSG (NatusBiologic Systems, San Carlos, CA, EUA) para obter o IAH/h, tal como descrito anteriormente, o n&#250;mero total de epis&#243;dios de apneia e hipopneia (NAH) durante o sono, e o n&#250;mero de NDM.</p>
    <p>A m&#233;dia e o desvio-padr&#227;o foram calculados para os dados com uma distribui&#231;&#227;o normal (param&#233;trica), e a mediana foi calculada para dados n&#227;o-param&#233;tricos (aqueles sobre Big ET-1 e NO). O software SAS <sup>&#174;</sup> 9.0 foi usado para a an&#225;lise estat&#237;stica. O teste exato de Fisher foi usado para descrever as frequ&#234;ncias de acordo com o g&#234;nero. Para determinar poss&#237;veis correla&#231;&#245;es entre as vari&#225;veis, o coeficiente de correla&#231;&#227;o de Pearson foi calculado para dados param&#233;tricos e o coeficiente de correla&#231;&#227;o de Spearman foi calculado para os dados n&#227;o param&#233;tricos utilizando o software R. Na an&#225;lise de Big ET-1 e NO, a corre&#231;&#227;o foi feita para vari&#225;veis PA, IMC e NAH porque essas vari&#225;veis podem influenciar o resultado final (an&#225;lise de vari&#226;ncia univariada).</p>
    <p>O estudo foi submetido ao Comit&#234; de &#201;tica da Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeir&#227;o Preto e aprovado de acordo com o n&#250;mero de protocolo 14103. Todos os participantes receberam informa&#231;&#245;es detalhadas sobre os objetivos e procedimentos do estudo e assinaram um termo de consentimento em conformidade com a Resolu&#231;&#227;o 196/96 do Conselho Nacional da Sa&#250;de.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Resultados</bold>
    </p>
    <p>A <xref ref-type="table" rid="aop_5198tab01">Tabela 1</xref> apresenta as caracter&#237;sticas dos participantes obtidas na avalia&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica inicial. N&#227;o foi observada diferen&#231;a entre os grupos quanto &#224; distribui&#231;&#227;o de medicamentos anti-hipertensivos usados. Entre os grupos 1 e 2, o respectivo uso foi como segue: diur&#233;ticos, 68% e 66,6%; inibidores da enzima conversora da angiotensina ou antagonistas do receptor da angiotensina, 68% e 58,3%; antagonistas dos canais de c&#225;lcio, 20% e 25%, e beta-bloqueadores, 32% e 50%.</p>
    <p content-type="asset">
      <table-wrap id="aop_5198tab01">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-101-04-0344-30179-gt01.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    </p>
    <p>A <xref ref-type="table" rid="aop_5198tab02">Tabela 2</xref> apresenta os valores de press&#227;o arterial obtidos pelo m&#233;todo MAPA e auscultat&#243;rio; n&#227;o houve diferen&#231;as significativas entre os grupos (p &gt; 0,05). A redu&#231;&#227;o na PA durante o descenso da press&#227;o arterial durante o per&#237;odo de sono, em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; vig&#237;lia, foi de 8,2 &#177; 9,5 mmHg para a press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica (PAS) e 7,4 &#177; 6,1 mmHg para a press&#227;o arterial diast&#243;lica (PAD) no grupo 1 (porcentagem de queda: 6,6 &#177; 7,5% para PAS e 9,8 &#177; 8,2 para PAD); 6,4 &#177; 9,5 mmHg para a PAS e 5,8 &#177; 6,5 mmHg para a PAD no grupo 2 (porcentagem de queda: 4,6 &#177; 7,8% para PAS e 6,7 &#177; 8,5% para PAD).</p>
    <p content-type="asset">
      <table-wrap id="aop_5198tab02">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-101-04-0344-30179-gt02.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    </p>
    <p>Avalia&#231;&#227;o das medidas da PA obtidas para os volunt&#225;rios como um todo revelou uma boa correla&#231;&#227;o estat&#237;stica entre as medidas obtidas por ausculta e 24 h MAPA (PAS:. p &lt; 0,001, R = 0,68; PAD: p &lt; 0,001, R = 0,61).</p>
    <p>A <xref ref-type="table" rid="aop_5198tab03">Tabela 3</xref> apresenta os valores de NAH, IAH, e NDM, bem como a satura&#231;&#227;o de O<sub>2</sub> m&#233;dia e m&#237;nima registrados durante o per&#237;odo de sono (p &lt; 0,001).</p>
    <p content-type="asset">
      <table-wrap id="aop_5198tab03">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-101-04-0344-30179-gt03.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    </p>
    <p>N&#237;veis de NO plasm&#225;tico determinados &#224;s 19:00 h e 07:00 h (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="aop_5198fig01">Figura 1</xref>) n&#227;o diferiram entre os grupos (p &gt; 0,05). Entretanto, os n&#237;veis de Big ET-1 plasm&#225;ticos diferiram entre os grupos apenas &#224;s 7:00 h, quando aumentaram no grupo SAHOS ap&#243;s o sono (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="aop_5198fig02">Figura 2</xref>).</p>
    <p content-type="asset">
      <fig id="aop_5198fig01">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-101-04-0344-30179-gf01.jpg"/></fig>
    </p>
    <p content-type="asset">
      <fig id="aop_5198fig02">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-101-04-0344-30179-gf02.jpg"/></fig>
    </p>
    <p>Quando o grupo 1 e o grupo 2 foram analisados em conjunto, n&#227;o foram encontradas correla&#231;&#245;es entre a press&#227;o arterial e v&#225;rias vari&#225;veis, incluindo Big ET-1, NO, satura&#231;&#227;o de O<sub>2</sub>, IAH e NDM. No entanto, foi observada uma correla&#231;&#227;o entre o IMC e o n&#237;vel de satura&#231;&#227;o de O<sub>2</sub> m&#233;dia (r = -0,43, p = 0,008) e entre o IMC ea NDM (r = 0,51, p = 0,002) (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="aop_5198fig03">Figura 3</xref>).</p>
    <p content-type="asset">
      <fig id="aop_5198fig03">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-101-04-0344-30179-gf03.jpg"/></fig>
    </p>
    <p>Considerando-se apenas o grupo com SAHOS, verificamos correla&#231;&#245;es significativas entre PAS (m&#233;todo auscultat&#243;rio) e Big ET-1 (r = 0,42, p = 0,04); PAS (MAPA) 24 horas e satura&#231;&#227;o de O<sub>2</sub> m&#233;dia (r = -0,44 p = 0,03); e 24-h PAD e NDM (r = 0,50 p = 0,01). Os n&#237;veis de satura&#231;&#227;o de O<sub>2</sub> foram negativamente correlacionados com Big ET-1 (r = 0,41, p = 0,04).</p>
    <p>Considerando-se apenas o grupo sem SAHOS, observou-se que a PAS durante o sono obtida pela MAPA correlacionou-se com o NAH (r = 0,71 p = 0,01) e com o IAH (r = 0,67, p = 0,02). Correla&#231;&#227;o inversa foi observada entre o n&#237;vel de satura&#231;&#227;o de O<sub>2</sub> e o NDM (r = -0,61, p = 0,05) e o n&#237;vel de satura&#231;&#227;o O<sub>2</sub> e o IMC (r = -0,58, p = 0,05).</p>
    <p>Atualmente, as altera&#231;&#245;es do sono s&#227;o altamente prevalentes na popula&#231;&#227;o em geral, em especial os idosos. Estudos epidemiol&#243;gicos t&#234;m apontado que a eleva&#231;&#227;o da PA est&#225; associada a dist&#250;rbios do sono<sup>13,14</sup> devido ao alto IAH<sup>9</sup>, resultando em sonol&#234;ncia excessiva diurna e altera&#231;&#245;es cardiorrespirat&#243;rias<sup>14</sup>. Al&#233;m disso, Ip e cols.<sup>8</sup> indicaram que a eleva&#231;&#227;o da press&#227;o arterial ocorre no final de cada epis&#243;dio de apneia obstrutiva.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Discuss&#227;o</bold>
    </p>
    <p> Avaliando a PA com a MAPA, n&#227;o observamos diferen&#231;as entre a PAS e PAD nos indiv&#237;duos com e sem SAHOS, durante o per&#237;odo de 24 horas, incluindo per&#237;odos de sono e vig&#237;lia. Este achado difere do observado por Martinez Garcia e cols.<sup>9</sup>, que observaram maior PAS e PAD em pacientes com SAHOS, mas corrobora com Davies e cols.<sup>15</sup>, que n&#227;o encontraram diferen&#231;a na PAS de vig&#237;lia e 24h entre os grupos com e sem SAHOS, e tamb&#233;m com um estudo citado por Davies e cols.<sup> 15</sup>, o qual, comparando a PAS e PAD nos mesmos grupos, n&#227;o encontrou diferen&#231;as na PA durante o sono e a vig&#237;lia.</p>
    <p>Em nosso estudo, a redu&#231;&#227;o da PA durante o per&#237;odo de sono foi semelhante entre os grupos com e sem SAHOS, e ambos os grupos mostraram uma atenua&#231;&#227;o da queda da press&#227;o arterial, com valores &lt; 10%. &#201; importante ressaltar que ambos os grupos s&#227;o hipertensos controlados em uso cont&#237;nuo de medica&#231;&#245;es antihipertensivas, n&#227;o havendo diferen&#231;as entre o n&#250;mero de medicamentos em ambos os grupos.</p>
    <p>No entanto, o n&#250;mero pequeno de volunt&#225;rios pode ter limitado o poder para detectar diferen&#231;as na PA entre os grupos. </p>
    <p>O resultado da medi&#231;&#227;o convencional da PA realizada &#224;s 19:00 h e 07:00 h pela ausculta por um pesquisador treinado correlaciounou-se bem com a PA por MAPA 24 h. Isto sugere que, mediante a dispponibilidade das habilidades necess&#225;rias, a ausculta pode ser utilizada na pr&#225;tica cl&#237;nica quando MAPA n&#227;o est&#225; prontamente dispon&#237;vel, ou, por vezes, quando &#233; necess&#225;ria a reavalia&#231;&#227;o peri&#243;dica. No entanto, &#233; importante notar que MAPA &#233; o padr&#227;o ouro para avalia&#231;&#227;o de PA<sup>16</sup> e que a obten&#231;&#227;o de dados desta forma permitiu o estudo ser conduzido durante o sono e a vig&#237;lia. </p>
    <p>Um ponto importante a ser observado neste estudo foi a diferen&#231;a encontrada com rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; satura&#231;&#227;o de O<sub>2</sub> m&#237;nima e m&#233;dia durante o sono, onde o grupo com SAHOS, conforme j&#225; era esperado, apresentou hipoxemia significativa. Lima e cols.<sup>17</sup> observaram o mesmo efeito de hip&#243;xia em pacientes com apneia do sono comparado a indiv&#237;duos saud&#225;veis, e dados semelhantes foram obtidos por Peled e cols.<sup>12</sup>.</p>
    <p>Ao avaliarmos os eventos respirat&#243;rios atrav&#233;s da polissonografia, verificamos que em rela&#231;&#227;o ao NDM, NAH e IAH, existiam diferen&#231;as significativas entre os grupos, o que concorda com trabalhos publicados, j&#225; que s&#227;o dados relevantes na caracteriza&#231;&#227;o dos indiv&#237;duos. Estes achados est&#227;o de acordo com os relatados por Lima e cols.<sup>17</sup> e Ventura e cols.<sup>18</sup></p>
    <p>Est&#225; bem definida a import&#226;ncia cl&#237;nica do NO sobre os efeitos da press&#227;o arterial, uma vez que este poderoso vasodilatador influencia diretamente o t&#244;nus dos vasos sangu&#237;neos perif&#233;ricos e a sua inibi&#231;&#227;o gera HAS<sup>7</sup>. Sabe-se que a atividade basal de NO &#233; reduzida em pacientes hipertensos. Ip e cols.<sup>8</sup> afirmaram que NO endotelial tamb&#233;m pode desempenhar um papel importante na regula&#231;&#227;o da press&#227;o arterial em indiv&#237;duos com SAHOS<sup>19</sup>.</p>
    <p>Por&#233;m, h&#225; relatos na literatura que a defici&#234;ncia do NO em indiv&#237;duos portadores da HAS pode ser revertida atrav&#233;s da administra&#231;&#227;o de medicamentos antihipertensivos<sup>3,20</sup>. Um estudo realizado em camundongos hipertensos evidenciou que, ap&#243;s o uso de captopril, n&#227;o ocorreu inibi&#231;&#227;o da s&#237;ntese do NO e, consequentemente, houve regula&#231;&#227;o da PA. Outro medicamento antihipertensivo que ocasionou atenua&#231;&#227;o da PA e melhora da vasodilata&#231;&#227;o mediada pelo NO, foi a espironolactona <sup>20</sup></p>
    <p>Em nosso estudo, conforme relatado anteriormente, os n&#237;veis basais do NO n&#227;o diferiram entre os indiv&#237;duos hipertensos com e sem SAHOS. Um ponto a ser observado &#233; que ambos os grupos s&#227;o compostos por hipertensos controlados com medicamentos antihipertensivos, n&#227;o havendo diferen&#231;as entre os grupos com rela&#231;&#227;o aos n&#237;veis de PA. Baseado nestes dados pode-se supor que em casos de HAS controlada, a atividade do NO encontra-se equilibrada.</p>
    <p>Estudos realizados em idosos t&#234;m demonstrado um aumento nos n&#237;veis plasm&#225;ticos de ET-1 em compara&#231;&#227;o com indiv&#237;duos jovens<sup>4</sup>. Zamarron Sanz e cols.<sup>21</sup> confirmaram um aumento significativo nos n&#237;veis de ET-1 em indiv&#237;duos com SAHOS, em compara&#231;&#227;o com indiv&#237;duos saud&#225;veis. Jordan e cols.<sup>22</sup> encontraram uma eleva&#231;&#227;o da concentra&#231;&#227;o plasm&#225;tica da Big ET-1 no grupo com SAHOS sem tratamento cl&#237;nico ou cir&#250;rgico. No presente estudo, os n&#237;veis mais elevados de Big ET-1 foram observados em indiv&#237;duos com SAHOS ap&#243;s o sono &#224;s 7:00 h.</p>
    <p>De uma maneira geral, os n&#237;veis de ET-1 plasm&#225;tica tendem a ser baixos, contudo n&#227;o foi estabelecido um consenso a respeito de protocolos definitivos que permitam a determina&#231;&#227;o reprodut&#237;vel dos n&#237;veis da ET-1 e Big ET-1 em diferentes flu&#237;dos biol&#243;gicos. H&#225; muitas varia&#231;&#245;es em protocolos de extra&#231;&#227;o sobre os valores basais, variando entre 0,5 e 50 pg/ml, tornando-os, muitas vezes, dif&#237;ceis de comparar<sup>23</sup>. No presente estudo, as dosagens da Big ET-1 apresentaram grande variabilidade, mesmo utilizando t&#233;cnicas de processamento e armazenamento id&#234;nticas.</p>
    <p>Quando avaliamos as vari&#225;veis no grupo com SAHOS, encontramos correla&#231;&#245;es negativas entre a PAS e a m&#233;dia da satura&#231;&#227;o de O<sub>2</sub>, ou seja, &#224; medida que diminuiu a oxigena&#231;&#227;o arterial ocorreu uma eleva&#231;&#227;o da PAS. </p>
    <p>Al&#233;m disso, observamos que o aumento da concentra&#231;&#227;o da Big ET-1 estava correlacionado &#224; maior dessatura&#231;&#227;o e a PAS foi positivamente correlacionada com os n&#237;veis de Big ET-1; portanto, quanto maior a vasoconstri&#231;&#227;o causada pela Big ET-1, maior a PAS. Al&#233;m disso, observou-se uma correla&#231;&#227;o positiva entre NAH, IAH, e os n&#237;veis plasm&#225;ticos de Big ET-1, sugerindo um poss&#237;vel aumento da vasoconstri&#231;&#227;o associada com epis&#243;dios crescentes de NAH. Por menor que seja o n&#250;mero de despertares em indiv&#237;duos portadores da s&#237;ndrome, ocorrer&#225; um aumento do t&#244;nus simp&#225;tico com grande eleva&#231;&#227;o, n&#227;o somente da PA, como tamb&#233;m da frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca. Dependendo da intensidade da apneia do sono, este processo pode ocorrer centenas de vezes durante a noite<sup>24</sup>.</p>
    <p>Portanto, o NDM durante o sono contribui para a hiperatividade auton&#244;mica, sendo um dos mecanismos que explicam a HAS ocasionada a SAHOS<sup>25.</sup>. No presente estudo, foi observada uma correla&#231;&#227;o positiva entre a NDM e PAD (durante o sono, vig&#237;lia, e em 24 h da MAPA), com o aumento da PAD sendo relacionada com a maior fragmenta&#231;&#227;o do sono, durante o tempo total de sono. N&#227;o foi observada uma correla&#231;&#227;o significativa entre NDM e PAS (p &gt; 0,05). Martinez-Garcia e cols.<sup>9</sup> encontraram uma correla&#231;&#227;o mais significativa entre NDM e PAD (durante o sono e a vig&#237;lia). Em contrapartida, Logan e cols.<sup>26</sup> observaram uma maior correla&#231;&#227;o entre a fragmenta&#231;&#227;o do sono e PAS.</p>
    <p>Correlacionamos tamb&#233;m o IMC vs NDM e observamos que maior &#237;ndice de massa corp&#243;rea associou-se com o aumento do NDM, podendo-se supor que interfira na qualidade do sono dos indiv&#237;duos com apn&#233;ia do sono. De acordo com Ware, McBrayer e Scott<sup>27</sup> os eventos de apn&#233;ia s&#227;o altamente sens&#237;veis &#224;s mudan&#231;as do IMC, ou seja, quanto maior o peso, maior a probabilidade de aumentar a frequ&#234;ncia de apn&#233;ia. </p>
    <p>Conforme descrito anteriormente, a obesidade &#233; um importante fator patog&#234;nico da SAHOS<sup>14</sup>.</p>
    <p>Aproximadamente 70% dos indiv&#237;duos com diagn&#243;stico de apneia do sono s&#227;o considerados obesos de acordo com IMC, sendo este o &#250;nico fator de risco significativo que &#233; revers&#237;vel<sup>10</sup>.</p>
    <p>No presente estudo, observamos no grupo sem SAHOS que o aumento no NAH estava correlacionado com a eleva&#231;&#227;o da PA sist&#243;lica durante o sono. Grote e cols.<sup>28</sup> ao estudarem a influ&#234;ncia do IAH na press&#227;o arterial, observaram que a probabilidade de hipertens&#227;o n&#227;o controlada aumenta em 2% a cada aumento unit&#225;rio do IAH. </p>
    <p>No idoso, ocorre um aumento progressivo no n&#250;mero de microdespertares durante o sono, sendo uma caracter&#237;stica do envelhecimento devido uma redu&#231;&#227;o na a&#231;&#227;o da musculatura das vias a&#233;reas. Antczak e cols. <sup>29</sup> relataram que existem evid&#234;ncias de que a obesidade, mesmo na aus&#234;ncia de dist&#250;rbios respirat&#243;rios do sono, afeta negativamente a qualidade do sono, aumentando a sonol&#234;ncia diurna.</p>
    <p>Al&#233;m disso, estudos t&#234;m observado que pacientes obesos sem SAHOS apresentaram uma maior frequ&#234;ncia de despertares durante o sono, comparados a pacientes de peso normal<sup>30,31</sup>. Neste contexto, acredita-se que, independentemente de um indiv&#237;duo ter SAHOS ou n&#227;o, a obesidade &#233; um fator extremamente importante para a qualidade do sono. No presente estudo, os grupos n&#227;o diferiram em termos de preval&#234;ncia de obesidade.</p>
    <p>Al&#233;m disso, observou-se que a obesidade influencia negativamente os n&#237;veis de satura&#231;&#227;o de O<sub>2</sub>, com o aumento do IMC causando maior dessatura&#231;&#227;o. Ao correlacionar NDM com n&#237;veis de satura&#231;&#227;o de O<sub>2</sub>, observou-se um decl&#237;nio na satura&#231;&#227;o com a maior fragmenta&#231;&#227;o do sono.</p>
    <p>Em conclus&#227;o, idosos hipertensos com SAHOS apresentaram n&#237;veis mais elevados de Big-ET-1 ap&#243;s o sono, independentemente da press&#227;o arterial, uma vez que suas press&#245;es arteriais eram controladas e semelhantes &#224;s PAS dos pacientes idosos hipertensos sem SAHOS.Em pacientes com SAHOS, foi observada uma correla&#231;&#227;o entre Big ET-1 e PAS; Big ET-1 e NAH, e a satura&#231;&#227;o de O<sub>2</sub> e PAS. Em ambos os grupos, um IMC mais elevado foi correlacionado com maior dessatura&#231;&#227;o e NDM. Os n&#237;veis de ON n&#227;o diferiram entre os pacientes hipertensos com ou sem SAHOS. Vale ressaltar que ambos os grupos consistiram em pacientes hipertensos controlados com medicamentos anti-hipertensivos.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Contribui&#231;&#227;o dos autores</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa: Anunciato IF, Lima NKC; Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados: Anunciato IF, Lobo RR, Verri Jr. WA, Eckeli AL, &#201;vora PRB, Nobre F; An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados: Anunciato IF, Lobo RR, Eckeli AL, Lima NKC; An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica: Coelho EB, Lima NKC; Obten&#231;&#227;o de financiamento: Lima NKC; Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito: Anunciato IF, Moriguti JC, Ferriolli E, Lima NKC; Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual: Anunciato IF, Coelho EB, Verri Jr. WA, &#201;vora PRB, Nobre F, Moriguti JC, Ferriolli E, Lima NKC.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Potencial Conflito de Interesses</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Declaro n&#227;o haver conflito de interesses pertinentes.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Fontes de Financiamento</bold>
    </p>
    <p>O presente estudo foi financiado pela FAEPA.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Vincula&#231;&#227;o Acad&#234;mica</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Este artigo &#233; parte de disserta&#231;&#227;o de Mestrado de Iara Fel&#237;cio Anunciato pela Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeir&#227;o Preto - USP.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Refer&#234;ncias</bold>
    </p>
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    <p>
      <fn id="end" fn-type="corresp">
        <label>
          <bold> Correspond&#234;ncia: </bold>
        </label>
        <p> Iara Felicio Anunciato </p>
        <p> Rua Natalicia Frederico de Vicenti, 30, JD Maria Imaculada I </p>
        <p> CEP 14340-000, Brodowski, SP - Brasil </p>
        <p> E-mail: </p>
        <p><email xlink:href="iara.anunciato@yahoo.com.br">iara.anunciato@yahoo.com.br</email>, </p>
        <p>
          <email xlink:href="iara.anunciato@bol.com.br">iara.anunciato@bol.com.br</email>
        </p>
      </fn>
    </p>
    <p>Artigo recebido em 11/10/12; revisado em 29/11/12; aceito em 15/03/13.</p>
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  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Articles</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title xml:lang="en">Big endothelin-1 and nitric oxide in hypertensive elderly patients with and without obstructive sleep apnea-hypopnea syndrome</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <abstract xml:lang="en">
        <p>BACKGROUND: The role of oxidative stress in hypertensive elderly patients with obstructive sleep apnea-hypopnea syndrome (OSAHS) is unknown. OBJECTIVE: The purpose was to evaluate the levels of big endothelin-1 (Big ET-1) and nitric oxide (NO) in elderly hypertensive patients with and without moderate to severe OSAHS. METHODS: Volunteers were hospitalized for 24 h. We obtained the following data: body mass index (BMI); 24-ambulatory blood pressure monitoring; and current medication. Arterial blood was collected at 7pm and 7am for determining plasma NO and Big ET-1 levels. Pulse oximetry was performed during sleep. Pearson's or Spearman's correlation and univariate analysis of variance were used for statistical analysis. RESULTS: We studied 25 subjects with OSAHS (group 1) and 12 without OSAHS (group 2) aged 67.0 &#177; 6.5 years and 67.8&#177;6.8 years, respectively. No significant differences were observed between the groups in BMI; number of hours of sleep; 24-h systolic and diastolic BPs; awake BP, sleep BP and medications to control BP between groups. No differences were detected in plasma Big ET-1 and NO levels at 19:00 h, but plasma Big ET-1 levels at 7:00 h were higher in group 1 (p =0.03). In group 1, a negative correlation was also observed between the mean arterial oxyhemoglobin saturation level, 24-h systolic BP (p = 0.03, r = -0.44), and Big ET-1 (p = 0.04, r = -0.41). CONCLUSIONS: On comparing elderly hypertensive patients with and without OSAHS having similar BP and BMI, we observed higher Big ET-1 levels After sleep in the OSAHS group. NO levels did not differ between the hypertensive patients with or without OSAHS.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>Hypertension</kwd>
        <kwd>Aged</kwd>
        <kwd>Big endothelin-1</kwd>
        <kwd>Obstructive sleep apnea-hypopnea syndrome</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p>
        <bold>Big endothelin-1 and nitric oxide in hypertensive elderly patients with and without obstructive sleep apnea-hypopnea syndrome</bold>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Iara Felicio Anunciato; R&#244;mulo Rebou&#231;as Lobo; Eduardo Barbosa Coelho; Waldiceu Aparecido Verri Jr; Alan Luiz Eckeli; Paulo Roberto Barbosa &#201;vora; Fernando Nobre; J&#250;lio C&#233;sar Moriguti; Eduardo Ferriolli; Nereida Kilza da Costa Lima</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeir&#227;o Preto da Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo, Ribeir&#227;o Preto, SP - Brasil</p>
      <p>
        <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="end-body2">Mailing Address</xref>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>ABSTRACT</bold>
      </p>
      <p><bold>BACKGROUND:</bold> The role of oxidative stress in hypertensive elderly patients with obstructive sleep apnea-hypopnea syndrome (OSAHS) is unknown.</p>
      <p><bold>OBJECTIVE:</bold> The purpose was to evaluate the levels of big endothelin-1 (Big ET-1) and nitric oxide (NO) in elderly hypertensive patients with and without moderate to severe OSAHS.</p>
      <p><bold>METHODS:</bold> Volunteers were hospitalized for 24 h. We obtained the following data: body mass index (BMI); 24-ambulatory blood pressure monitoring; and current medication. Arterial blood was collected at 7pm and 7am for determining plasma NO and Big ET-1 levels. Pulse oximetry was performed during sleep. Pearson's or Spearman's correlation and univariate analysis of variance were used for statistical analysis.</p>
      <p><bold>RESULTS:</bold> We studied 25 subjects with OSAHS (group 1) and 12 without OSAHS (group 2) aged 67.0 &#177; 6.5 years and 67.8&#177;6.8 years, respectively. No significant differences were observed between the groups in BMI; number of hours of sleep; 24-h systolic and diastolic BPs; awake BP, sleep BP and medications to control BP between groups. No differences were detected in plasma Big ET-1 and NO levels at 19:00 h, but plasma Big ET-1 levels at 7:00 h were higher in group 1 (p =0.03). In group 1, a negative correlation was also observed between the mean arterial oxyhemoglobin saturation level, 24-h systolic BP (p = 0.03, r = -0.44), and Big ET-1 (p = 0.04, r = -0.41).</p>
      <p><bold>CONCLUSIONS:</bold> On comparing elderly hypertensive patients with and without OSAHS having similar BP and BMI, we observed higher Big ET-1 levels After sleep in the OSAHS group. NO levels did not differ between the hypertensive patients with or without OSAHS.</p>
      <p><bold>Keywords:</bold> Hypertension; Aged; Big endothelin-1; Obstructive sleep apnea-hypopnea syndrome.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Introduction</bold>
      </p>
      <p>The endothelium plays a fundamental role in the regulation of vascular tone and peripheral resistance through the synthesis of numerous vasoactive compounds, i.e., vasodilators such as nitric oxide (NO) and vasoconstrictors such as big endothelin-1 (Big ET-1), by endothelial cells<sup>1-3</sup>. Under pathological conditions such as systemic arterial hypertension, there is a disequilibrium of endothelium-derived factors with an attenuation of vasodilators and a predominance of vasoconstrictors<sup>4</sup>. The elimination rate of endothelin-1 (ET-1) is higher than that of its precursor Big ET-1. In addition, plasma Big ET-1 levels of humans, rabbits, and rats are higher than plasma ET-1 levels, with studies suggesting that the precursor is a more appropriate indicator for the quantification of release by endothelial cells<sup>5</sup>.</p>
      <p>NO has an important influence on the tone of peripheral blood vessels, and it is released in response to the shear stress produced by blood flow and by the activation of various of receptors<sup>6</sup>. Because NO is released continuously, systemic inhibition of its synthesis causes an elevation of blood pressure (BP). On this basis, oxidative stress plays an important role in hypertension pathogenesis<sup>7</sup>.</p>
      <p>Oxidative stress is also considered to be involved in the pathogenesis of arterial hypertension in obstructive sleep apnea-hypopnea syndrome (OSAHS)<sup>8</sup>. OSAHS is defined as a group of disorders characterized by periodic cessation of breathing, with consequent hypoxia, frequent awakenings, and sleep fragmentation during the night, triggering excessive daytime somnolence<sup>9</sup>. This syndrome is more prevalent among the elderly<sup>10</sup>. According to the apnea-hypopnea index (AHI/h), OSAHS is classified as mild (AHI/h, 5-15 events/h); moderate (AHI/h, 15- 30 events/h); and severe (AHI/h, &gt; 30 events/h)<sup> 11</sup>. Furthermore, mortality is significantly associated with high rates of respiratory changes [awakenings and microawakenings during sleep]; a body mass index (BMI) of &gt;30 kg/m<sup>2</sup>; and male sex<sup>12</sup>.</p>
      <p>Few studies have assessed endothelial function in OSAHS, and the role of oxidative stress in elderly hypertensive patients with OSAHS is unknown. The objective of the present study was to evaluate Big ET-1 and NO before and after sleep in elderly hypertensive patients with and without OSAHS.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Methods</bold>
      </p>
      <p>The hypertensive patients were selected from the outpatient services of the following centers of the Ribeirao Preto School of Medicine, S&#227;o Paulo University: the Hypertension Center of the Clinical Hospital; the Geriatric Clinic of the School Health Center; and the Center for Family Health -V. All hypertensive volunteers with moderate to severe OSAHS had previous diagnoses confirmed by polysomnography; control hypertensive subjects were also subjected to further examination to exclude OSAHS. The hypertensive patients diagnosed with moderate or severe OSAHS were diagnosed by the Laboratory of Clinical Neurophysiology (Clinical Hospital - Ribeirao Preto School of Medicine) and selected following the exclusion criteria described below. </p>
      <p>Exclusion criteria were based on the following factors that could affect the evaluation of plasma Big ET-1 and NO levels: age &lt;60 years, diabetes mellitus, dyslipidemia, heart and lung diseases, smoking, past history of smoking, drinking, use of continuous positive pressure airway ventilation, cardiac arrhythmia, and use of medications that might interfere with sleep (anxiolytics, antidepressants, and neuroleptics). Patients who did not consent to participate were also excluded.</p>
      <p>The volunteers were admitted to the Clinical Research Unit of HCFMRP-USP. Upon admission, weight and height were measured using a digital scale (Filizola), and the device for the ambulatory blood pressure monitoring (ABPM) was installed (SAPCELABS 90207, Redmond, USA. The ABPM device was left in place for 24 h, divided into a probable wakefulness period (7:00-23:00 h) and a probable sleep period (23:00-7:00 h). The device was programmed to take readings at 15 minute intervals during the probable wakefulness period and at 20 minute intervals during the probable sleep period. Before each blood collection for the determination of Big ET-1 and plasma NO, three BP measurements were made with the subject in the sitting position, using a mercury column device (auscultatory method) on the upper limb contralateral to that wearing the cuff for ABPM. </p>
      <p>A 4.5-ml arterial blood sample was collected at 19:00 h on the day of admission and 7:00 h the following morning for the determination of plasma NO levels (&#181;M). Each sample was divided into three aliquots, and 1.5 ml arterial blood was stored in an Eppendorf tube containing 0.08 ml heparin and centrifuged (Eppendorf AG, model 5418R) for 10 min at 5000 rpm and a standard temperature of 4&amp;&#186;C. The supernatant (300 &#181;l) of each Eppendorf tube was removed and transferred to a new tube, which was stored in a freezer at -70&amp;&#186;C for later determination by chemiluminescence (specificity of 93.9%). Each arterial blood sample was also processed for the determination of plasma Big ET-1 levels (pg/ml). The collected sample was immediately divided into three aliquots in Eppendorf tubes. Each tube contained 0.1 ml EDTA/1.5 ml blood and 0.1 ml aprotinin/1.5 ml blood each. To reach this value, 0.39 mg EDTA was diluted in 350 ml 0.9% saline solution and 0.39 mg aprotinin was diluted in 350 ml 0.9% saline solution. The sample was then centrifuged in the same apparatus as that used for the sample used for quantifying NO levels for 15 min but at 1600 rpm and a temperature of 0&amp;&#186;C. The supernatant (300 ml) of each Eppendorf tube was then removed, transferred to a new tube, and stored in a freezer at -70&amp;&#186;C for later determination by ELISA (sensitivity of 0.30 pg/ml and specificity of 100%). The sensitivity for this kit was determined using the guidelines provided by the National Committee for Clinical Laboratory Standards (NCCLS) Evaluation Protocols. (National Committee for Clinical Laboratory Standards Evaluation Protocols, SC1, (1989) Villanova, PA, USA: NCCLS).</p>
      <p>Pulse oximetry (DIXTAL, model DX 2022) was recorded from 7pm to 7am for all volunteers. A finger sensor placed on the index finger contralateral to the arm used for BP measurement by ABPM device was used in order to obtain the level of arterial oxyhemoglobin saturation (O2 Sat).</p>
      <p>The polysomnography study was performed in the Clinical Neurophysiology Laboratory of HCFMRP-USP using the Biologic Sleepscan Vision PSG Polygraph (NatusBiologic Systems, San Carlos, CA, USA) to obtain the AHI/h, as previously described, the total number of apnea and hypopnea (NAH) episodes during sleep, and the number of NAM.</p>
      <p>The mean and standard deviation was calculated for data with a normal distribution (parametric), and the median was calculated for non-parametric data (those regarding Big ET-1 and NO). The SAS<sup>&#174;</sup>9.0 software was used for these analyses. Fisher's exact test was used to describe the frequencies according to gender. To determine possible correlations between the variables, Pearson's correlation coefficient was calculated for parametric data and Spearman's correlation coefficient was calculated for non-parametric data using R software. For the study of Big ET-1 and NO, we corrected group comparison including BP, BMI and NAH in the analysis since these are factors that may influence the final result (univariate analysis of variance).The study was submitted to the Ribeirao Preto School of Medicine's Ethics Committee and approved in accordance with protocol number 14103. All participants received detailed information about the goals and procedures of the study, and they signed an informed consent form in compliance with Resolution 196/96 of the National Health Council.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Results</bold>
      </p>
      <p><xref ref-type="table" rid="en_aop_5198tab01-body2">Table 1</xref> shows the participant characteristics obtained at the initial clinical evaluation. No difference was observed between the groups regarding the distribution of antihypertensive medications used. Between group 1 and group 2, the respective use was as follows: diuretics, 68% and 66.6%; angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors or angiotensin receptor antagonists, 68% and 58.3%; calcium channel antagonists, 20% and 25%; and beta-blockers, 32% and 50%.</p>
      <p content-type="asset">
        <table-wrap id="en_aop_5198tab01-body2">
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-101-04-0344-30179-gt01-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      </p>
      <p><xref ref-type="table" rid="en_aop_5198tab02-body2">Table 2</xref> lists the BP values obtained by ABPM and by the auscultatory method.; no significant differences existed between the groups (p &gt; 0.05). The decrease in BP during the sleep period compared with that during the wakefulness period was as follows: 8.2 &#177; 9.5 mmHg for systolic BP (SBP) and 7.4 &#177; 6.1 mmHg for diastolic BP (DBP) in group 1 (percentage decrease: 6.6 &#177; 7.5% mmHg for SBP and 9.8 &#177; 8.2% for DBP); 6.4 &#177; 9.5 mmHg for SBP and 5.8 &#177; 6.5 mmHg for DBP in group 2 (percentage decrease: 4.6 &#177; 7.8% for SBP and 6.7 &#177; 8.5% mmHg for DBP).</p>
      <p content-type="asset">
        <table-wrap id="en_aop_5198tab02-body2">
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-101-04-0344-30179-gt02-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      </p>
      <p>Evaluation of the BP measurements obtained for the volunteers as a whole revealed a good statistical correlation between the measurements obtained by auscultation and 24-h ABPM (SBP: p &lt; 0.001, r = 0.68; DBP: p &lt; 0.001, r = 0.61).</p>
      <p><xref ref-type="table" rid="en_aop_5198tab03-body2">Table 3</xref> presents the values of NAH, AHI, and NAM, as well as the minimum and mean O<sub>2</sub> saturation levels recorded during the sleep period (p &lt; 0.001).</p>
      <p content-type="asset">
        <table-wrap id="en_aop_5198tab03-body2">
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-101-04-0344-30179-gt03-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      </p>
      <p>Plasma NO levels determined at 19:00 h and 7:00 h (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="en_aop_5198fig01-body2">Figure 1</xref>) did not differ between the groups (p &gt; 0.05). However, plasma Big ET-1 levels differed between the groups at 7am only, when it increased in the OSAHS group following sleep (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="en_aop_5198fig02-body2">Figure 2</xref>).</p>
      <p content-type="asset">
        <fig id="en_aop_5198fig01-body2">
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-101-04-0344-30179-gf01-en.jpg"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p content-type="asset">
        <fig id="en_aop_5198fig02-body2">
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-101-04-0344-30179-gf02-en.jpg"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p>When group 1 and group 2 were analyzed jointly, no correlations were found between BP and several variables, including Big ET-1, NO, O<sub>2</sub> saturation, AHI, and NAM. However, a correlation was observed between BMI and the mean O<sub>2</sub> saturation level (r = -0.43, p = 0.008) and between BMI and NAM (r = 0.51, p = 0.002) (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="en_aop_5198fig03-body2">Figure 3</xref>).</p>
      <p content-type="asset">
        <fig id="en_aop_5198fig03-body2">
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-101-04-0344-30179-gf03-en.jpg"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p>Considering only the group with OSAHS, we detected significant correlations between <italic>auscultatory</italic> SBP and Big ET-1 (r = 0.42, p = 0.04), 24-hour systolic ABPM and mean O<sub>2 </sub>Sat (r = - 0.44, p= 0.03), and 24-hour DBP and NAM (r = 0.50, p = 0.01).</p>
      <p>The O<sub>2</sub> saturation levels were negatively correlated with Big ET-1 (r = -0.41, p = 0.04).</p>
      <p>Considering only the group without OSAHS, we observed that sleep SBP recorded by ABPM was correlated with NAH (r = 0.71 p = 0.01) and AHI (r = 0.67, p = 0.02). Inverse correlation was observed between the O<sub>2</sub> saturation level and NAM (r = -0.61, p = 0.05) and the O<sub>2</sub> saturation level and BMI (r = -0.58, p = 0.05).</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Discussion</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Today, sleep changes are highly prevalent in the general population, in particular the elderly. Epidemiological studies have pointed out that BP elevation is associated with sleep disorders<sup>13,14</sup> due to the high AHI<sup>9</sup>, resulting in daytime hypersomnolence and cardiorespiratory changes<sup>14</sup>. Furthermore, Mary et al<sup>8</sup> stated that BP elevation occurs at the end of each episode of obstructive apnea.</p>
      <p>When evaluating BP by means of ABPM, we did not observe differences in systolic (S) BP or diastolic (D) BP between subjects with and without OSAHS during sleep, wakefulness and during a 24-hour period. This result differs from that reported by Martinez Garcia et al.<sup>9</sup> who observed higher SBP and DBP in patients with OSAHS, but agrees with the report of Davies et al.<sup>15</sup> who did not detect a difference in wakefulness or 24-hour SBP between groups with and without OSAHS, and also with an Oxford study cited by Davies et al.<sup>15</sup> which, when comparing SBP and DBP between the same groups, did not detect a difference during sleep or wakefulness. In our study, the BP decrease during the sleep period was the same between the groups with and without OSAHS, and both groups showed an attenuation of the decline in BP, with values &lt;10%. It is important to point out that the two groups studied were composed of controlled hypertensive subjects continuously taking antihypertensive medications, with no differences in the number of medications taken. However, the small number of volunteers may have limited the power for detecting differences in BP between the groups.</p>
      <p>The result of conventional BP measurement performed at 19:00 h and 7:00 h by auscultatory method by a trained investigator correlated well with the 24-h BP obtained by ABPM. This suggests that where skills exist, auscultatory method can be used in clinical practice when ABPM is not readily available, or at times when periodic reevaluation is necessary. However, it is important to note that ABPM is the gold standard for BP evaluation<sup>16</sup>, and that obtaining data in this manner allowed the study to take be conducted during sleep and wakefulness. </p>
      <p>An important result of the present study was the difference in minimum and mean O<sub>2</sub> saturation levels observed during sleep, with the OSAHS group showing significant hypoxemia, as expected. Lima et al<sup>17</sup> observed the same hypoxic effect in patients with sleep apnea compared to healthy individuals, and similar data were obtained by Peled et al<sup>12</sup>.</p>
      <p>When we evaluated the respiratory events by polysomnography we observed significant differences between groups regarding NAM, NAH and AHI, in agreement with published reports, since these are relevant data for the characterization of individuals. These data agree with those reported byr Lima et al.<sup>17</sup> and Ventura et al.<sup>18</sup>.</p>
      <p>The clinical importance of NO regarding BP has been well defined since this powerful vasodilator directly affects the tonus of peripheral blood vessels and its inhibition generates hypertension <sup>7</sup>. Basal NO activity is known to be reduced in hypertensive patients<sup>19</sup>. Ip et al<sup>8</sup> stated that endothelial NO can also play an important role in BP regulation in individuals with OSAHS. However, literature reports have shown that NO deficiency can be reversed in hypertensive individuals by the administration of antihypertensive medications<sup>3,20</sup>. A study on hypertensive mice demonstrated that, after the use of captopril, no inhibition of NO synthesis was observed, with consequent BP regulation. Another antihypertensive agent that results in BP attenuation and improved NO-mediated vasodilation, is spironolactone<sup>20</sup>. As already mentioned, basal NO levels in the present study did not differ between the hypertensive individuals with and without OSAHS. It should be pointed out that both groups consisted of hypertensive subjects controlled with antihypertensive medications <italic>with controlled BP</italic>. Based on these data, we can suggest that NO activity is equilibrated in cases of treated hypertension.</p>
      <p>Studies conducted on elderly persons have demonstrated an increase in plasma ET-1 levels compared with young individuals<sup>4</sup>. Zamarron-Sanz et al<sup>21</sup> confirmed a significant increase in ET-1 levels in individuals with OSAHS compared to healthy subjects. Jordan et al<sup>22</sup> detected increased plasma Big ET-1 levels in a group of patients with OSAHS not receiving clinical or surgical treatment. In the present study there was a higher Big ET-1 concentration in individuals with OSAHS at 7am, after the sleep period.</p>
      <p>In general, plasma ET-1 levels tend to be low and there is no consensus on a definitive protocol that would facilitate the reproducible determination of ET-1 or Big ET-1 levels in different biological fluids. There are many variations in the extraction protocols above basal values, ranging from 0.5 to 50 pg/ml, with comparison of the results obtained often being difficult<sup>23</sup>. In the present study, Big ET-1 determinations showed wide variability although identical processing and storage techniques were used.</p>
      <p>Evaluation of the variables in the OSAHS group revealed a negative correlation between SBP and O<sub>2</sub> saturation levels, i.e., SBP increased with decreasing arterial oxygenation. Moreover, increased Big ET-1 levels were correlated with higher O<sub>2</sub> saturation levels, and SBP was positively correlated with Big ET-1 levels; thus, the greater the vasoconstriction caused by Big ET-1, the higher the SBP. Further, we observed a positive correlation between NAH, AHI, and plasma Big ET-1 levels, suggesting a possible increase in vasoconstriction associated with increasing NAH episodes. No matter how small the number of awakenings among individuals with the syndrome, an increase in sympathetic tonus will occur, with a marked elevation not only of BP, but also of heart rate. Depending on the intensity of sleep apnea, this process may occur hundreds of times during the night<sup>24</sup>. Thus, NAM during sleep contributes to autonomic hyperactivity as one of the mechanisms that explains hypertension associated with OSAHS<sup>25</sup>. In the present study, a positive correlation was observed between NAM and DBP (during sleep, wakefulness, and on 24-h ABPM), with the increase in DBP being related to the greater sleep fragmentation during the total sleep time. We did not observe a significant correlation between NAM and SBP (p &gt; 0.05). </p>
      <p>Martinez-Garcia et al<sup>9</sup> found a more significant correlation between NAM and DBP (during sleep and wakefulness). In contrast, Logan et al<sup>26</sup> observed a greater correlation between sleep fragmentation and SBP.</p>
      <p>On comparing BMI with NAM, we observed that a higher BMI was correlated with an increase in NAM, suggesting that BMI may interfere with the sleep of individuals with OSAHS. According to Ware, McBrayer and Scott, apnea events are highly sensitive to changes in BMI, i.e., the greater the weight, the higher the probability of apneic events<sup>27</sup>. As described earlier, obesity is an established, important pathogenic factor for OSAHS<sup>14</sup>.</p>
      <p>Approximately 70% of individuals diagnosed with sleep apnea are considered to be obese according to their BMI, with this being the only significant risk factor that is reversible<sup>10</sup>. In the present group without OSAHS, an increased number of NAH and an increased AHI were correlated with SBP elevation. Grote et al<sup>28</sup> in studying the influence of AHI on BP, observed that the probability of uncontrolled hypertension increases by 2% with each unit increase in AHI.</p>
      <p>Antczak et al.<sup>29</sup> reported that there is evidence that obesity, even in the absence of respiratory sleep disorders, negatively affects the quality of sleep, increasing daytime somnolence. Furthermore, studies have observed that obese patients without OSAHS had a higher frequency of awakenings during sleep compared with patients of normal weight<sup>30,31</sup>. On this basis, we believe that, regardless of whether an individual has OSAHS or not, obesity is an extremely important factor regarding the quality of sleep. In the present study, groups did not differ in terms of the prevalence of obesity.</p>
      <p>In addition, we observed that obesity negatively influences O<sub>2</sub> saturation levels, with an increased BMI causing greater desaturation. When correlating NAM with O<sub>2</sub> saturation levels, we observed a decline in saturation with increasing sleep fragmentation.</p>
      <p>In conclusion, elderly hypertensive subjects with OSAHS presented a greater Big-ET-1 level after the sleep period regardless of BP, since their BP was controlled and similar to the SBP of hypertensive elderly subjects without OSAHS. In patients with OSAHS, a correlation was observed between Big ET-1 and SBP; Big ET-1 and NAH; and O<sub>2</sub> saturation and SBP. In both groups, a higher BMI was correlated with greater desaturation and NAM. NO levels did not differ between the hypertensive patients with or without OSAHS. It is noteworthy that both groups consisted of hypertensive patients controlled with antihypertensive medications.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Author contributions</bold>
      </p>
      <p> Conception and design of the research: Anunciato IF, Lima NKC; Acquisition of data: Anunciato IF, Lobo RR, Verri Jr. WA, Eckeli AL, &#201;vora PRB, Nobre F; Analysis and interpretation of the data: Anunciato IF, Lobo RR, Eckeli AL, Lima NKC; Statistical analysis: Coelho EB, Lima NKC; Obtaining funding: Lima NKC; Writing of the manuscript: Anunciato IF, Moriguti JC, Ferriolli E, Lima NKC; Critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content: Anunciato IF, Coelho EB, Verri Jr. WA, &#201;vora PRB, Nobre F, Moriguti JC, Ferriolli E, Lima NKC.;</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Potential Conflict of Interest</bold>
      </p>
      <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Sources of Funding</bold>
      </p>
      <p>This study was funded by FAEPA.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Study Association</bold>
      </p>
      <p>This article is part of the thesis of master submitted by Iara Fel&#237;cio Anunciato from Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeir&#227;o Preto - USP.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>References</bold>
      </p>
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      <p content-type="ref-to-delete">25. Bursztyn M, Ben-Dov IZ. Diabetes mellitus and 24-hour ambulatory blood pressure monitoring: broadening horizons of risk assessment. Hypertension. 2009;53(2):110-1. </p>
      <p content-type="ref-to-delete">26. Logan AG, Perlikowski SM, Mente A, Tisler A, Tkacova R, Niroumand M, et al. High prevalence of unrecognized sleep apnoea in drug resistant hypertension. J Hypertens. 2001;19(12):2271-7. </p>
      <p content-type="ref-to-delete">27. Ware JC, McBrayer RH, Scott JA. Influence of sex and age on duration and frequency of sleep apnea events. Sleep.2000;23(2):165-70. </p>
      <p content-type="ref-to-delete">28. Grote L, Hedner J, Peter JH. Sleep-related breathing disorder is an independent risk factor for uncontrolled hypertension. JHypertens. 2000;18(6):679-85. </p>
      <p content-type="ref-to-delete">29. Antczak J, Horn B, Richter A, Jernajczyk W, Bodenschatz R, W Schmidt EW. The influence of obesity on sleep quality in male sleep apnea patients before and during therapy. J Physiol Pharmacol.2008;59 Suppl 6:123-34. </p>
      <p content-type="ref-to-delete">30. Resta O, Foschino Barbaro MP, Bonfitto P, Giliberti T, Depalo A, Pannacciulli N, et al. Low sleep quality and daytime sleepiness in obese patients without obstructive sleep apnoea syndrome. J Intern Med. 2003;253(5):536-43. </p>
      <p>31. Vgontzas AN, Bixler EO, Tan TL, Kantner D, Martin LF, Kales A. Obesity without sleep apnea is associated with daytime sleepiness. Arch Intern Med. 1998;158(12):1333-7.      </p>
      <p>
        <fn id="end-body2" fn-type="corresp">
          <label>
            <bold> Mailing Address:</bold>
          </label>
          <p> Iara Felicio Anunciato </p>
          <p> Rua Natalicia Frederico de Vicenti, 30, JD Maria Imaculada I</p>
          <p> Postal Code 14340-000, Brodowski, SP - Brazil</p>
          <p> E-mail: </p>
          <p><email xlink:href="iara.anunciato@yahoo.com.br">iara.anunciato@yahoo.com.br</email>, </p>
          <p>
            <email xlink:href="iara.anunciato@bol.com.br">iara.anunciato@bol.com.br</email>
          </p>
        </fn>
      </p>
      <p>Manuscript received October 11, 2012; revised November 29, 2012; accepted March 15, 2013.</p>
    </body>
  </sub-article>
</article>
