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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
        <publisher-loc>S&#227;o Paulo, SP, Brazil</publisher-loc>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">rYN7gkzyq6tQbZk9gQkQ49t</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2013003000008</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v1">S0066-782X(13)10100400008</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5935/abc.20130168</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigos Originais</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Hipertens&#227;o arterial pulmonar: uso do realce tardio mioc&#225;rdico pela resson&#226;ncia magn&#233;tica card&#237;aca na avalia&#231;&#227;o de risco</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Bessa</surname>
            <given-names>Luiz Gustavo Pignataro</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Junqueira</surname>
            <given-names>Fl&#225;via Pegado</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Bandeira</surname>
            <given-names>Marcelo Luiz da Silva</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Garcia</surname>
            <given-names>Marcelo Iorio</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Xavier</surname>
            <given-names>S&#233;rgio Salles</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Lavall</surname>
            <given-names>Guilherme</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Torres</surname>
            <given-names>Diego</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Waetge</surname>
            <given-names>Daniel</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff01">
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Ilha do Fund&#227;o</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">Rio de Janeiro</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro</institution>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
      </aff>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>10</month>
        <year>2013</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>101</volume>
      <issue>4</issue>
      <fpage>336</fpage>
      <lpage>343</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>27</day>
          <month>11</month>
          <year>2012</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>07</day>
          <month>06</month>
          <year>2013</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>03</day>
          <month>05</month>
          <year>2013</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <p>FUNDAMENTO: A hipertens&#227;o arterial pulmonar &#233; uma doen&#231;a grave e progressiva. O maior desafio cl&#237;nico &#233; seu diagn&#243;stico precoce. OBJETIVO: Avaliar a presen&#231;a e a extens&#227;o do realce tardio mioc&#225;rdico pela resson&#226;ncia magn&#233;tica card&#237;aca bem como verificar se o percentual da massa de fibrose mioc&#225;rdica &#233; indicador de gravidade. M&#201;TODOS: Estudo transversal com 30 pacientes com hipertens&#227;o arterial pulmonar dos grupos I e IV, submetidos &#224;s avalia&#231;&#245;es cl&#237;nica, funcional e hemodin&#226;mica, e &#224; resson&#226;ncia magn&#233;tica card&#237;aca. RESULTADOS: A m&#233;dia de idade dos pacientes foi de 52 anos, com predom&#237;nio do g&#234;nero feminino (77%). Dentre os pacientes, 53% apresentavam insufici&#234;ncia ventricular direita ao diagn&#243;stico, e 90% encontravam-se em classe funcional II/III. A m&#233;dia do teste de caminhada de 6 minutos foi de 395 m. No estudo hemodin&#226;mico com o cateterismo direito, a m&#233;dia da press&#227;o arterial pulmonar foi de 53,3 mmHg, do &#237;ndice card&#237;aco de 2,1 L/min.m&#178;, e a mediana da press&#227;o atrial direita foi de 13,5 mmHg. Realce tardio do mioc&#225;rdio pela resson&#226;ncia magn&#233;tica card&#237;aca foi encontrado em 28 pacientes. A mediana da massa de fibrose foi 9,9 g e do percentual da massa de fibrose de 6,17%. A presen&#231;a de classe funcional IV, insufici&#234;ncia ventricular direita ao diagn&#243;stico, teste de caminhada de 6 minutos &lt; 300 metros e press&#227;o atrial direita &gt; 15 mmHg, com &#237;ndice card&#237;aco &lt; 2,0 L/min.m&#178;, teve associa&#231;&#227;o significativa com maior percentual de fibrose mioc&#225;rdica. CONCLUS&#195;O: O percentual da massa de fibrose mioc&#225;rdica mostra-se um marcador n&#227;o invasivo com perspectivas promissoras na identifica&#231;&#227;o do paciente portador de hipertens&#227;o pulmonar com fatores de alto risco.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt" kwd-group-type="author-generated">
        <kwd>Hipertens&#227;o Pulmonar</kwd>
        <kwd>Medi&#231;&#227;o de Risco</kwd>
        <kwd>Fibrose Endomioc&#225;rdica</kwd>
        <kwd>Imagem por Resson&#226;ncia Magn&#233;tica</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="pub">
        <day>27</day>
        <month>08</month>
        <year>2013</year>
      </pub-date>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <p>
      <bold>Hipertens&#227;o arterial pulmonar: uso do realce tardio mioc&#225;rdico pela resson&#226;ncia magn&#233;tica card&#237;aca na avalia&#231;&#227;o de risco</bold>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Luiz Gustavo Pignataro Bessa; Fl&#225;via Pegado Junqueira; Marcelo Luiz da Silva Bandeira; Marcelo Iorio Garcia; S&#233;rgio Salles Xavier; Guilherme Lavall; Diego Torres; Daniel Waetge</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Hospital Universit&#225;rio Clementino Fraga Filho, Ilha do Fund&#227;o, RJ - Brasil</p>
    <p>
      <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="end">Correspond&#234;ncia</xref>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>RESUMO</bold>
    </p>
    <p><bold>FUNDAMENTO:</bold> A hipertens&#227;o arterial pulmonar &#233; uma doen&#231;a grave e progressiva. O maior desafio cl&#237;nico &#233; seu diagn&#243;stico precoce. </p>
    <p><bold>OBJETIVO:</bold> Avaliar a presen&#231;a e a extens&#227;o do realce tardio mioc&#225;rdico pela resson&#226;ncia magn&#233;tica card&#237;aca bem como verificar se o percentual da massa de fibrose mioc&#225;rdica &#233; indicador de gravidade. </p>
    <p><bold>M&#201;TODOS:</bold> Estudo transversal com 30 pacientes com hipertens&#227;o arterial pulmonar dos grupos I e IV, submetidos &#224;s avalia&#231;&#245;es cl&#237;nica, funcional e hemodin&#226;mica, e &#224; resson&#226;ncia magn&#233;tica card&#237;aca. </p>
    <p><bold>RESULTADOS:</bold> A m&#233;dia de idade dos pacientes foi de 52 anos, com predom&#237;nio do g&#234;nero feminino (77%). Dentre os pacientes, 53% apresentavam insufici&#234;ncia ventricular direita ao diagn&#243;stico, e 90% encontravam-se em classe funcional II/III. A m&#233;dia do teste de caminhada de 6 minutos foi de 395 m. No estudo hemodin&#226;mico com o cateterismo direito, a m&#233;dia da press&#227;o arterial pulmonar foi de 53,3 mmHg, do &#237;ndice card&#237;aco de 2,1 L/min.m<sup>2</sup>, e a mediana da press&#227;o atrial direita foi de 13,5 mmHg. Realce tardio do mioc&#225;rdio pela resson&#226;ncia magn&#233;tica card&#237;aca foi encontrado em 28 pacientes. A mediana da massa de fibrose foi 9,9 g e do percentual da massa de fibrose de 6,17%. A presen&#231;a de classe funcional IV, insufici&#234;ncia ventricular direita ao diagn&#243;stico, teste de caminhada de 6 minutos &lt; 300 metros e press&#227;o atrial direita <underline>&gt;</underline> 15 mmHg, com &#237;ndice card&#237;aco &lt; 2,0 L/min.m<sup>2</sup>, teve associa&#231;&#227;o significativa com maior percentual de fibrose mioc&#225;rdica. </p>
    <p><bold>CONCLUS&#195;O:</bold> O percentual da massa de fibrose mioc&#225;rdica mostra-se um marcador n&#227;o invasivo com perspectivas promissoras na identifica&#231;&#227;o do paciente portador de hipertens&#227;o pulmonar com fatores de alto risco.</p>
    <p><bold>Palavras-chave:</bold> Hipertens&#227;o Pulmonar / diagn&#243;stico; Medi&#231;&#227;o de Risco; Fibrose Endomioc&#225;rdica; Imagem por Resson&#226;ncia Magn&#233;tica.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</bold>
    </p>
    <p>A Hipertens&#227;o Pulmonar (HP) &#233; uma s&#237;ndrome que resulta de uma variedade de condi&#231;&#245;es que afetam a circula&#231;&#227;o pulmonar. Causas de HP que acometem o leito arterial da circula&#231;&#227;o pulmonar incluem a Hipertens&#227;o Arterial Pulmonar (HAP) e a Hipertens&#227;o Pulmonar Tromboemb&#243;lica Cr&#244;nica (HPTEC), conhecidas como grupo I e IV da atual classifica&#231;&#227;o de HP (Dana Point, 2008)<sup>1</sup>.</p>
    <p>Define-se como HAP uma Press&#227;o Arterial Pulmonar M&#233;dia (PAPm) &gt; 25 mmHg em repouso, em uma situa&#231;&#227;o de Press&#227;o em Cunha da Art&#233;ria Pulmonar (PCAP) <underline>&lt;</underline> 15 mmHg, com Resist&#234;ncia Vascular Pulmonar (RVP) &gt; 3 unidades Wood<sup>2</sup>. Essa condi&#231;&#227;o t&#234;m progn&#243;stico ruim, com mortalidade de aproximadamente 15% em 1 ano para aqueles tratados com terapia moderna<sup>3</sup>. A Insufici&#234;ncia Ventricular Direita (IVD) &#233; a principal causa de morbimortalidade<sup>4</sup>.</p>
    <p>Esfor&#231;os s&#227;o feitos para o diagn&#243;stico precoce. Recentemente, foram revisados fatores progn&#243;sticos que t&#234;m impacto na sobrevida<sup>5</sup>. A mortalidade &#233; maior para os pacientes com Classe Funcional (CF) III e IV<sup>6</sup>. A progress&#227;o r&#225;pida dos sintomas, assim como sinais de IVD no diagn&#243;stico, aponta um pior progn&#243;stico. O desempenho no Teste de Caminhada de 6 Minutos (TC6M) &#233; preditor independente de sobrevida<sup>7</sup>. Presen&#231;a de derrame peric&#225;rdico, aumento do &#225;trio direito e sinais de disfun&#231;&#227;o ventricular direita pelo menos moderada no ecocardiograma transtor&#225;cico s&#227;o preditores consistentes de mortalidade<sup>8</sup>. Pacientes com aumento da Press&#227;o Atrial Direita (PAD) e diminui&#231;&#227;o do &#205;ndice Card&#237;aco (IC) tiveram risco aumentado de morte<sup>9</sup>.</p>
    <p>Estudo envolvendo 64 pacientes constatou que imagens de Resson&#226;ncia Magn&#233;tica Card&#237;aca (RMC) revelando fun&#231;&#227;o deficiente do Ventr&#237;culo Direito (VD) - volume sist&#243;lico <underline>&lt;</underline> 25 mL/m<sup>2</sup>, volume diast&#243;lico final do VD <underline>&gt;</underline> 84 mL / m<sup>2</sup> e volume diast&#243;lico final do Ventr&#237;culo Esquerdo (VE) <underline>&lt;</underline> 40 mL/m<sup>2</sup> - s&#227;o preditores independentes de mortalidade e insucesso terap&#234;utico<sup>10</sup>.</p>
    <p>O Realce Tardio do Mioc&#225;rdio (RTM) obtido pela RMC &#233; um achado comum nos pacientes portadores de HAP. Estudos mostram sua rela&#231;&#227;o com redu&#231;&#227;o da fun&#231;&#227;o ventricular direita e anormalidades da hemodin&#226;mica da circula&#231;&#227;o pulmonar<sup>11</sup>.</p>
    <p>O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a presen&#231;a e extens&#227;o do RTM pela RMC e verificar se o percentual da massa de fibrose &#233; indicador de gravidade na HAP.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>M&#233;todos</bold>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Desenho de estudo e sele&#231;&#227;o de pacientes</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Estudo transversal de pacientes do ambulat&#243;rio de HAP do Hospital Universit&#225;rio Clementino Fraga Filho (HUCFF), submetidos &#224; RMC entre maio de 2010 a abril de 2012.</p>
    <p>Foram selecionados e inclu&#237;dos no estudo 30 pacientes maiores de 18 anos, independentes de g&#234;nero, classe, grupo social ou ra&#231;a, acompanhados no ambulat&#243;rio de HP do HUCFF e portadores de HAP dos grupos I e IV, que foram submetidos &#224; avalia&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica e hemodin&#226;mica para in&#237;cio de tratamento espec&#237;fico.</p>
    <p>Esses pacientes realizaram todos os exames do protocolo de avalia&#231;&#227;o de HP: laborat&#243;rio espec&#237;fico, raio X de t&#243;rax, prova de fun&#231;&#227;o respirat&#243;ria, cintilografia ventila&#231;&#227;o/perfus&#227;o (V/P), angiotomografia de t&#243;rax, Cateterismo Direito (CD) e TC6M.</p>
    <p>Com intervalo de no m&#225;ximo 72 horas do CD, esses pacientes foram submetidos &#224; RMC, com protocolo espec&#237;fico para HP.</p>
    <p>Foram exclu&#237;dos do estudo os pacientes claustrof&#243;bicos ou que possu&#237;am algum implante ferromagn&#233;tico (marca-passo, pr&#243;teses ortop&#233;dicas etc.), portadores de insufici&#234;ncia renal com <italic>clearance</italic> de creatinina &lt; 30 mL/minuto e com contraindica&#231;&#227;o para realiza&#231;&#227;o do CD devido ao risco acentuado de sangramento por discrasia sangu&#237;nea grave (TAP &lt; 60%, PTT rel &gt; 2,0 e plaquetas &lt; 50.000 cel/mm<sup>3</sup>).</p>
    <p>Todos os pacientes que participaram do estudo receberam consentimento informado, e o estudo foi aprovado pelo Comit&#234; de &#201;tica e Pesquisa do HUCFF.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Avalia&#231;&#227;o hemodin&#226;mica pelo CD</bold>
    </p>
    <p>O CD foi realizado no laborat&#243;rio de hemodin&#226;mica do HUCFF por cardiologista intervencionista do grupo de HP, pela passagem de um cateter de Swan-Ganz atrav&#233;s da veia jugular interna (modelo 131F7, Edwards Baxter, Irvine, CA, USA).</p>
    <p>O cateter foi posicionado na zona III de West. A constata&#231;&#227;o de sua posi&#231;&#227;o adequada foi realizada por meio da escopia e comparando-se a varia&#231;&#227;o da Press&#227;o da Art&#233;ria Pulmonar Diast&#243;lica (PAPd) em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; varia&#231;&#227;o da Press&#227;o de Oclus&#227;o da Art&#233;ria Pulmonar (POAP) com o ciclo respirat&#243;rio.</p>
    <p>A monitoriza&#231;&#227;o das press&#245;es, do D&#233;bito Card&#237;aco (DC) e do tra&#231;ado eletrocardiogr&#225;fico foi realizada com o aparelho Hewlett-Packard modelo M1176-A (Hewlett-Packard, Walthan, MA, EUA).</p>
    <p>Ap&#243;s calibra&#231;&#227;o adequada do monitor, foram obtidos, de forma direta, os dados de PAD, Press&#245;es da Art&#233;ria Pulmonar Sist&#243;lica (PAPs), PAPd, PAPm, POAP e Frequ&#234;ncia Card&#237;aca (FC). Foram coletadas amostras de sangue, do l&#250;men distal do cateter de Swan-Ganz, para an&#225;lise da Satura&#231;&#227;o Venosa Mista de Oxig&#234;nio (SVMO<sub>2</sub>).</p>
    <p>A mensura&#231;&#227;o do DC foi realizada pela t&#233;cnica de termodilui&#231;&#227;o. Foram feitas medidas com inje&#231;&#227;o de 10 mL de soro fisiol&#243;gico, &#224; temperatura ambiente, em qualquer fase do ciclo respirat&#243;rio, at&#233; que fossem obtidas tr&#234;s mensura&#231;&#245;es com varia&#231;&#227;o &lt; 10%. A m&#233;dia desses valores, ent&#227;o, era usada no estudo.</p>
    <p>Com o resultado do DC, calculava-se a RVP.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Avalia&#231;&#227;o hemodin&#226;mica pela RMC</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Os exames foram realizados por um radiologista com 10 anos de experi&#234;ncia, em um aparelho de resson&#226;ncia magn&#233;tica de 1,5-T (Magneton Avanto da Siemens, Erlangen, Alemanha), operando com um gradiente de potencia m&#225;xima de 45 mTm-1 e taxa de slew de 200 Tm-1s-1, usando seis canais anteriores e seis canais posteriores para aquisi&#231;&#227;o de dados. Os pacientes foram solicitados a fazer expira&#231;&#227;o m&#225;xima e manter-se em apneia durante as sequ&#234;ncias. Foi utilizada a sequ&#234;ncia de cine-resson&#226;ncia TRUE FISP (<italic>free steady-state precession</italic>), utilizando-se o <italic>software</italic> ARGUS, para avalia&#231;&#227;o da fun&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca e c&#225;lculo dos &#237;ndice de fun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica direita e esquerda (fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o pelo m&#233;todo de Simpson volum&#233;trico), volumes diast&#243;lico e sist&#243;lico finais, volume ejetivo, d&#233;bito card&#237;aco e massa ventricular nos planos de curto eixo e eixo horizontal dos ventr&#237;culos, com t&#233;cnica de aquisi&#231;&#227;o paralela (TR: 200 ms; FOV: 400 mm; matrix: 128 x 88; <italic>flip angle</italic>: 15&#186; <italic>slice thickness</italic>: 6 mm). Al&#233;m disso, 10 minutos ap&#243;s a administra&#231;&#227;o de 0,2 mmoL/kg<sup>-1</sup> de gadodiamide (Dotaren TM, Gerbet, France), e depois da solicita&#231;&#227;o para inspira&#231;&#227;o m&#225;xima e apneia, foi utilizada a sequ&#234;ncia PSIR (<italic>phase-sensitive inversion recovery</italic> - TR: 700 ms; TE: 4,18 ms; TI: 300 ms; FOV: 340 mm; matrix: 156 x 256; <italic>flip angle</italic> 25&#186; <italic>slice thickness</italic>: 8 mm), utilizando-se a mesma posi&#231;&#227;o e n&#250;mero de cortes da sequ&#234;ncia cine TRUE FISP para avalia&#231;&#227;o do realce tardio mioc&#225;rdico.</p>
    <p>O volume de fibrose foi calculado manualmente por meio do contorno das &#225;reas mioc&#225;rdicas hiperintensas obtidas com a RMC ap&#243;s administra&#231;&#227;o do gadol&#237;nio, no eixo curto do cora&#231;&#227;o, em cada corte realizado (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="aop_5288fig01">Figura 1</xref>). A massa foi obtida pela multiplica&#231;&#227;o do volume total de fibrose por 1,05 (densidade mioc&#225;rdica).</p>
    <p content-type="asset">
      <fig id="aop_5288fig01">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-101-04-0336-30168-gf01.jpg"/></fig>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Avalia&#231;&#227;o funcional</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Todos os pacientes foram avaliados pela equipe de fisioterapia do HUCFF com a realiza&#231;&#227;o do TC6M, que foi realizado seguindo as recomenda&#231;&#245;es da <italic>American Thoracic Society</italic><sup>12</sup>. Nesse teste, o paciente &#233; orientado a caminhar o mais r&#225;pido poss&#237;vel, durante 6 minutos, em uma pista plana de 30 m, sendo registrada a dist&#226;ncia obtida em metros. Durante o teste, o paciente poderia diminuir a intensidade, parar e descansar se necess&#225;rio, sem, no entanto, interromper a contagem do tempo. N&#227;o foi permitida corrida ou marcha a meio-trote.</p>
    <p>A CF foi avaliada de acordo com a classifica&#231;&#227;o da Organiza&#231;&#227;o Mundial da Sa&#250;de (OMS). Definiu-se a presen&#231;a de sinais cl&#237;nicos de IVD: turg&#234;ncia jugular, aumento do VD pela palpa&#231;&#227;o, hepatomegalia, ascite e edema de membros inferiores.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</bold>
    </p>
    <p>As vari&#225;veis demogr&#225;ficas, cl&#237;nicas, funcionais e hemodin&#226;micas da RMC e do CD foram testadas para verificar o tipo de distribui&#231;&#227;o por meio de histogramas e do teste de Shapiro-Wilk. As vari&#225;veis que apresentaram distribui&#231;&#227;o normal foram expressas em m&#233;dia &#177; desvio padr&#227;o ou em mediana, com valores m&#237;nimo e m&#225;ximo no caso de distribui&#231;&#227;o n&#227;o normal.</p>
    <p>Foram avaliadas a presen&#231;a e a extens&#227;o do RTM nos pacientes portadores de HAP submetidos &#224; RMC, e foi calculado o percentual de fibrose mioc&#225;rdica, a partir dos dados da massa de fibrose e das massas ventriculares.</p>
    <p>Verificou-se a associa&#231;&#227;o do percentual de fibrose mioc&#225;rdico a par&#226;metros cl&#237;nicos (sinais de IVD), funcionais (CF e TC6M) e hemodin&#226;micos, pelo teste de Mann-Whitney, realizando uma tentativa de identificar os pacientes de "alto risco" segundo a curva ROC, um ponto &#243;timo (<italic>cuttoff</italic>) do percentual de fibrose.</p>
    <p>A vari&#225;vel CF foi categorizada em CF IV ("alto risco") e CF II / III ("baixo risco"). A vari&#225;vel TC6M foi categorizada em dist&#226;ncia percorrida &lt; 300 m ("alto risco") e dist&#226;ncia percorrida &gt; 300 m ("baixo risco"). A vari&#225;vel hemodin&#226;mica foi categorizada em pacientes apresentando, no estudo hemodin&#226;mico invasivo: PAD <underline>&gt;</underline> 15 mmHg e IC &lt; 2,0 L/min.m<sup>2</sup> ("alto risco") e PAD &lt; 15 mmHg e IC <underline>&gt;</underline> 2,0 L/min.m<sup>2</sup> ("baixo risco").</p>
    <p>Foram randomizados 15 exames de RMC, que foram examinados pelo mesmo radiologista e por um outro radiologista com experi&#234;ncia em exames cardiovasculares, em ocasi&#245;es diferentes. Os examinadores eram cegos em rela&#231;&#227;o aos par&#226;metros de avalia&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica, funcional e hemodin&#226;mica. O Coeficiente de Correla&#231;&#227;o Intraclasses (CCI) foi aplicado para avaliar a reprodutibilidade intra e interobservadores na pesquisa do RTM e c&#225;lculo do percentual de fibrose mioc&#225;rdica.</p>
    <p>A an&#225;lise estat&#237;stica foi processada pelo programa <italic>Statistica Package for the Social Science</italic> (SPSS) 20.0 para MAC.</p>
    <p>O crit&#233;rio de determina&#231;&#227;o de signific&#226;ncia foi o n&#237;vel de 5%.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Resultados</bold>
    </p>
    <p>A popula&#231;&#227;o do estudo foi composta por 30 pacientes, dos quais 44% eram portadores de HAP idiop&#225;tica. O restante dos pacientes pertenciam ao Grupo I da Classifica&#231;&#227;o de Dana Point, sendo compostos por colagenose (5 pacientes), hipertens&#227;o portopulmonar (3 pacientes), esquistossomose (1 paciente) e HIV (1 paciente). Os outros 7 pacientes s&#227;o portadores de HPTEC.</p>
    <p>Em rela&#231;&#227;o aos dados demogr&#225;ficos e funcionais (<xref ref-type="table" rid="aop_5288tab01">Tabela 1</xref>), os pacientes apresentavam idade m&#233;dia de 52 anos e a maioria era do g&#234;nero feminino (23%). A mediana do tempo de in&#237;cio de sintomas ao diagn&#243;stico foi de 18 meses. Dentre eles, 53% tinham sinais de IVD ao exame cl&#237;nico no diagn&#243;stico e a maior parte apresentava-se em CF II ou III (90%). A m&#233;dia do TC6M foi de 395 m entre os pacientes.</p>
    <p content-type="asset">
      <table-wrap id="aop_5288tab01">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-101-04-0336-30168-gt01.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    </p>
    <p>Na <xref ref-type="table" rid="aop_5288tab02">Tabela 2</xref> est&#227;o dispostos os dados morfol&#243;gicos e funcionais obtidos com a RMC. Observa-se que o di&#226;metro m&#233;dio do VD foi de 76 mm e da art&#233;ria pulmonar de 38,5 mm, e o &#237;ndice de massa do VD m&#233;dio foi de 46,4 g / m<sup>2</sup> - todos estes par&#226;metros indicativos de aumento da resist&#234;ncia ao fluxo sangu&#237;neo e sobrecarga do VD. O Derrame Peric&#225;rdico (DP) foi detectado em nove pacientes (30%). A fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do VD m&#233;dia obtida pela RMC foi de 31,8%, assim como a m&#233;dia do IC do VE de 2,1 L/min.m<sup>2</sup>, o que pressup&#245;e que a maior parte dos pacientes apresentava disfun&#231;&#227;o ventricular direita ao diagn&#243;stico.</p>
    <p content-type="asset">
      <table-wrap id="aop_5288tab02">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-101-04-0336-30168-gt02.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    </p>
    <p>Na <xref ref-type="table" rid="aop_5288tab03">Tabela 3</xref> est&#227;o dispostos os dados hemodin&#226;micos obtidos com o CD. Observamos que a PAPm foi de 53,3 mmHg, o &#237;ndice de RVP (IRVP) de 22,2 Unidades Woods (UW) e a mediana da PAD de 13,5 mmHg. O IC m&#233;dio foi de 2,1 L/min.m<sup>2</sup>, exatamente igual ao obtido com &#224; RMC.</p>
    <p content-type="asset">
      <table-wrap id="aop_5288tab03">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-101-04-0336-30168-gt03.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    </p>
    <p>RTM esteve presente em 28 pacientes (93%), distribu&#237;dos no septo anterior e inferior, e nas &#225;reas de inser&#231;&#227;o da parede livre do VD. A mediana da massa de fibrose foi de 9,9 g e do percentual de fibrose mioc&#225;rdica de 6,17% (<xref ref-type="table" rid="aop_5288tab02">Tabela 2</xref>).</p>
    <p>Fatores de alto risco, como CF IV, IVD ao diagn&#243;stico, TC6M &lt; 300 m, PAD <underline>&gt;</underline> 15 mmHg e IC &lt; 2,0 L/min.m<sup>2</sup> tiveram associa&#231;&#227;o significativa com maior percentual de fibrose (<xref ref-type="table" rid="aop_5288tab04">Tabela 4</xref>).</p>
    <p content-type="asset">
      <table-wrap id="aop_5288tab04">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-101-04-0336-30168-gt04.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    </p>
    <p>Pela an&#225;lise da curva ROC (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="aop_5288gra01">Gr&#225;fico 1</xref>), observou-se que um percentual de fibrose mioc&#225;rdica &gt; 5,99% &#233; capaz de identificar o paciente com IVD (ou seja, alto risco) com Sensibilidade (S) de 82%, Especificidade (E) de 92%, Valor Preditivo Positivo (VPP) de 99% e Negativo (VPN) de 28%.</p>
    <p content-type="asset">
      <fig id="aop_5288gra01">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-101-04-0336-30168-gf02.jpg"/></fig>
    </p>
    <p>Um percentual de fibrose mioc&#225;rdica &gt; 6,67 % &#233; capaz de identificar o paciente com CF mais avan&#231;ada (CF IV, ou seja, alto risco) com S de 98%, E de 75%, VPP de 98% e VPN de 73%.</p>
    <p>Um percentual de fibrose mioc&#225;rdica &gt; 6,49% &#233; capaz de identificar o paciente com uma capacidade funcional de exerc&#237;cio no TC6M &lt; 300 m (ou seja, alto risco), com S de 71%, E de 83%, VPP de 98% e VPN de 18%.</p>
    <p>Percentual de fibrose mioc&#225;rdica &gt; 5,99% &#233; capaz de identificar o paciente com PAD <underline>&gt;</underline> 15 mmHg e IC &lt; 2,0 L / min . m<sup>2</sup> no CD (ou seja, alto risco), com S de 84%, E de 81 %, VPP de 97% e VPN de 18%.</p>
    <p>O CCI intraobservador para massa de fibrose mioc&#225;rdica foi de 0,984 (IC95% = 0,953-0,995) e interobservador de 0,966 (IC95% = 0,900-0,989).</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Discuss&#227;o</bold>
    </p>
    <p>A disfun&#231;&#227;o ventricular direita &#233; a principal causa de morbimortalidade no paciente com HAP<sup>4</sup>. V&#225;rios estudos s&#227;o desenvolvidos com o objetivo de se encontrarem marcadores cl&#237;nicos e hemodin&#226;micos que possam ser usados no diagn&#243;stico e seguimento. Dessa forma, consegue-se caracterizar o paciente de maior risco, que dever&#225; sofrer interven&#231;&#245;es terap&#234;uticas com car&#225;ter mais precoce.</p>
    <p>A RMC &#233; o m&#233;todo padr&#227;o-ouro para avalia&#231;&#227;o da fun&#231;&#227;o, do volume e da massa ventricular direita<sup>13</sup>, que podem ser quantificados com excelente variabilidade intra e interobservador<sup>14</sup> e boa reprodutibilidade interestudo<sup>15</sup>.</p>
    <p>O RTM foi inicialmente descrito em &#225;reas acin&#233;tica do VE ap&#243;s administra&#231;&#227;o de contraste &#224; base de gadol&#237;nio em pacientes submetidos a RMC com hist&#243;rico de infarto pr&#233;vio e cicatriz de fibrose<sup>16,17</sup>. Descri&#231;&#245;es <italic>a posteriori</italic> demonstraram a presen&#231;a de RTM em pacientes com miocardiopatia hipertr&#243;fica e miocardiopatias de dep&#243;sito ou inflamat&#243;ria (miocardite viral), cada qual com um padr&#227;o caracter&#237;stico de extens&#227;o<sup>18-22</sup>.</p>
    <p>O RTM pode ser explicado pela habilidade do gadol&#237;nio se distribuir diferentemente entre o tecido normal e doente. A "lavagem" do contraste &#233; menor no tecido mioc&#225;rdico doente, criando uma diferen&#231;a de sinal &gt; 1.080% nas imagens de RMC. Consequentemente, &#225;reas de tecido mioc&#225;rdico doente podem ser identificadas precisamente com alta acur&#225;cia e reprodutibilidade<sup>23,24</sup>.</p>
    <p>Embora existam numerosos estudos de RTM avaliados pela RMC em condi&#231;&#245;es que afetam o VE, somente tr&#234;s de maior import&#226;ncia avaliaram esse achado nos pacientes portadores de HAP<sup>11,25,26</sup>.</p>
    <p>No estudo de McCann e cols.<sup>25 </sup>foi observada a presen&#231;a de RTM nas &#225;reas de inser&#231;&#227;o do septo interventricular no VD em todos os 15 pacientes com HAP de seu estudo. A m&#233;dia da massa de fibrose foi de 3,1 &#177; 1,9 g e n&#227;o houve correla&#231;&#227;o positiva com nenhuma vari&#225;vel cl&#237;nica ou hemodin&#226;mica - somente correla&#231;&#227;o inversa com a disfun&#231;&#227;o ventricular direita mensurada pela RMC. Blyth e cols.<sup>11</sup> observaram a presen&#231;a de RTM em 23 de 25 pacientes estudados, com as mesmas caracter&#237;sticas de extens&#227;o. A m&#233;dia da massa de fibrose foi de 3,3 g e houve correla&#231;&#227;o positiva com v&#225;rias vari&#225;veis hemodin&#226;micas, sobretudo nos pacientes que apresentavam desvio paradoxal do septo interventricular. Junqueira e cols.<sup>26</sup> demonstraram a presen&#231;a de RTM em 65% dos pacientes estudados e somente encontraram correla&#231;&#227;o positiva com a dura&#231;&#227;o da doen&#231;a &#224; &#233;poca do diagn&#243;stico.</p>
    <p>V&#225;rias especula&#231;&#245;es existem sobre o mecanismo fisiopatol&#243;gico envolvido no RTM em pacientes com HAP. No estudo de MacCann e cols.<sup>25</sup>, dois pacientes que faleceram foram submetidos &#224; aut&#243;psia e a fibrose estava presente nos pontos de inser&#231;&#227;o do septo interventricular no VD, sugerindo que este era o mecanismo do RTM nesses pacientes. Especula-se que a fibrose mioc&#225;rdica &#233; resultante do aumento da p&#243;s-carga do VD. A hipertrofia e a dilata&#231;&#227;o cavit&#225;ria direita encontradas nesses pacientes levam a um estresse mec&#226;nico nesses pontos, com consequente hip&#243;xia e isquemia<sup>27,28</sup>.</p>
    <p>Neste estudo, RTM esteve presente em 28 dos 30 pacientes estudados. A mediana da massa de fibrose foi de 9,9 g (0-20,2 g). Devido ao fato de haver grande varia&#231;&#227;o da massa ventricular na depend&#234;ncia de idade, g&#234;nero, &#237;ndice de massa corporal e de comorbidades bastante prevalentes em nosso meio, como a hipertens&#227;o arterial sist&#234;mica, optou-se por calcular o percentual de fibrose mioc&#225;rdica, cuja a mediana foi de 6,17%.</p>
    <p>Diferente de outros estudos, o percentual de fibrose mioc&#225;rdica conseguiu identificar pacientes portadores de HP com fatores de alto risco, baseados na avalia&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica (presen&#231;a de sinais de IVD), funcional (CF IV e TC6M &lt; 300 m) ou hemodin&#226;mica (PAD <underline>&gt;</underline> 15 mmHg e IC &lt; 2,0 L/min.m<sup>2</sup>).</p>
    <p>Este estudo teve algumas limita&#231;&#245;es. Ele foi realizado com um n&#250;mero relativamente pequeno de pacientes, que, em parte, &#233; refletido pela baixa preval&#234;ncia da HAP na popula&#231;&#227;o geral. Nenhum dos pacientes foi submetido a cineangiocoronariografia para descartar doen&#231;a isqu&#234;mica card&#237;aca, que &#233; uma importante causa de RTM. Contudo, o padr&#227;o de RTM observado nesses pacientes n&#227;o &#233; caracter&#237;stico de dano mioc&#225;rdico isqu&#234;mico.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Conclus&#227;o</bold>
    </p>
    <p>O RTM &#233; encontrado em grande parte dos pacientes com HAP, e o percentual de fibrose mioc&#225;rdica avaliado pela RMC se mostrou um bom par&#226;metro n&#227;o invasivo para avalia&#231;&#227;o de gravidade neste grupo de 30 pacientes estudados.</p>
    <p>Esses resultados s&#227;o interessantes, j&#225; que o grande desafio cl&#237;nico, na avalia&#231;&#227;o da HP, &#233; a identifica&#231;&#227;o dos pacientes que necessitam ser submetidos a interven&#231;&#245;es mais precoces, devido ao potencial de gravidade da doen&#231;a. Estudos longitudinais e com maior n&#250;mero de pacientes necessitam ser realizados para avaliar o real papel progn&#243;stico desse par&#226;metro na avalia&#231;&#227;o do paciente com HAP.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Contribui&#231;&#227;o dos autores</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa: Bessa LGP, Junqueira FP, Garcia MI, Xavier SS, Waetge D; Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados: Bessa LGP, Junqueira FP, Bandeira MLS, Lavall G, Torres D, Waetge D; An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados: Bessa LGP, Bandeira MLS, Garcia MI, Xavier SS; An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica e Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito: Bessa LGP; Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual: Bessa LGP, Junqueira FP, Bandeira MLS, Garcia MI, Xavier SS, Lavall G, Torres D.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Potencial Conflito de Interesses</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Declaro n&#227;o haver conflito de interesses pertinentes.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Fontes de Financiamento</bold>
    </p>
    <p>O presente estudo n&#227;o teve fontes de financiamento externas.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Vincula&#231;&#227;o Acad&#234;mica</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Este artigo &#233; parte de disserta&#231;&#227;o de Mestrado de Luiz Gustavo Pignataro Bessa pela Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro.</p>
    <p>
      <fn id="end" fn-type="corresp">
        <label>
          <bold>Correspond&#234;ncia:</bold>
        </label>
        <p> Luiz Gustavo Pignataro Bessa </p>
        <p> Rua Divino Salvador, 261, Piedade </p>
        <p> CEP 20756-210, Rio de Janeiro, RJ - Brasil </p>
        <p> E-mail: </p>
        <p><email xlink:href="lgpignataro@ig.com.br">lgpignataro@ig.com.br</email>, </p>
        <p>
          <email xlink:href="lgpignataro@iff.fiocruz.br">lgpignataro@iff.fiocruz.br</email>
        </p>
      </fn>
    </p>
    <p>Artigo recebido em 27/11/12; revisado em 03/05/13; aceito em 07/06/13.</p>
  </body>
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  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Articles</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title xml:lang="en">Pulmonary arterial hypertension: use of delayed contrast-enhanced cardiovascular magnetic resonance in risk assessment</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <abstract xml:lang="en">
        <p>BACKGROUND: Pulmonary arterial hypertension is a severe and progressive disease. Its early diagnosis is the greatest clinical challenge. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the presence and extension of the delayed myocardial contrast-enhanced cardiovascular magnetic resonance, as well as to verify if the percentage of the myocardial fibrosis mass is a severity predictor. METHODS: Cross-sectional study with 30 patients with pulmonary arterial hypertension of groups I and IV, subjected to clinical, functional and hemodynamic evaluation, and to cardiac magnetic resonance. RESULTS: The mean age of patients was 52 years old, with female predominance (77%). Among the patients, 53% had right ventricular failure at diagnosis, and 90% were in functional class II/III. The mean of the 6-minute walk test was 395m. In hemodynamic study with right catheterism, the mean average pulmonary arterial pressure was 53.3mmHg, of the cardiac index of 2.1L/ min.m&#178;, and median right atrial pressure was 13.5 mmHg. Delayed myocardial contrast-enhanced cardiovascular magnetic resonance was found in 28 patients. The mean fibrosis mass was 9.9 g and the median percentage of fibrosis mass was 6.17%. The presence of functional class IV, right ventricular failure at diagnosis, 6-minute walk test &lt; 300 meters and right atrial pressure &gt; 15mmHg, with cardiac index &lt; 2.0L/ min.m&#178;, there was a relevant association with the increased percentage of myocardial fibrosis. CONCLUSION: The percentage of the myocardial fibrosis mass indicates a non-invasive marker with promising perspectives in identifying patients with high risk factors for pulmonary hypertension.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>Hypertension, Pulmonary</kwd>
        <kwd>Risk Assessment</kwd>
        <kwd>Endomyocardial Fibrosis</kwd>
        <kwd>Magnetic Resonance Imaging</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p>
        <fn id="enda-body2">
          <label>
            <bold>Pulmonary arterial hypertension: use of delayed contrast-enhanced cardiovascular magnetic resonance in risk assessment</bold>
          </label>
          <p>
            <bold>Luiz Gustavo Pignataro Bessa; Fl&#225;via Pegado Junqueira; Marcelo Luiz da Silva Bandeira; Marcelo Iorio Garcia; S&#233;rgio Salles Xavier; Guilherme Lavall; Diego Torres; Daniel Waetge</bold>
          </p>
        </fn>
      </p>
      <p>Hospital Universit&#225;rio Clementino Fraga Filho, Ilha do Fund&#227;o, RJ - Brasil</p>
      <p>Mailing Address</p>
      <p>
        <bold>ABSTRACT</bold>
      </p>
      <p><bold>BACKGROUND:</bold> Pulmonary arterial hypertension is a severe and progressive disease. Its early diagnosis is the greatest clinical challenge.</p>
      <p><bold>OBJECTIVE:</bold> To evaluate the presence and extension of the delayed myocardial contrast-enhanced cardiovascular magnetic resonance, as well as to verify if the percentage of the myocardial fibrosis mass is a severity predictor.</p>
      <p><bold>METHODS:</bold> Cross-sectional study with 30 patients with pulmonary arterial hypertension of groups I and IV, subjected to clinical, functional and hemodynamic evaluation, and to cardiac magnetic resonance.</p>
      <p><bold>RESULTS:</bold> The mean age of patients was 52 years old, with female predominance (77%). Among the patients, 53% had right ventricular failure at diagnosis, and 90% were in functional class II/III. The mean of the 6-minute walk test was 395m. In hemodynamic study with right catheterism, the mean average pulmonary arterial pressure was 53.3mmHg, of the cardiac index of 2.1L/ min.m<sup>2</sup>, and median right atrial pressure was 13.5 mmHg. Delayed myocardial contrast-enhanced cardiovascular magnetic resonance was found in 28 patients. The mean fibrosis mass was 9.9 g and the median percentage of fibrosis mass was 6.17%. The presence of functional class IV, right ventricular failure at diagnosis, 6-minute walk test &lt; 300 meters and right atrial pressure <underline>&gt;</underline> 15mmHg, with cardiac index &lt; 2.0L/ min.m<sup>2</sup>, there was a relevant association with the increased percentage of myocardial fibrosis.</p>
      <p><bold>CONCLUSION:</bold> The percentage of the myocardial fibrosis mass indicates a non-invasive marker with promising perspectives in identifying patients with high risk factors for pulmonary hypertension.</p>
      <p><bold>Keywords:</bold> Hypertension, Pulmonary / diagnosis; Risk Assessment; Endomyocardial Fibrosis; Magnetic Resonance Imaging.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Introduction</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Pulmonary Hypertension (PH) is a syndrome caused by different conditions affecting pulmonary circulation. The causes of PH that involve the pulmonary arterial bed include Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension (PAH) and Chronic Thromboembolic Pulmonary Hypertension (CTPH), known as group I and IV of the current PH classification (Dana Point, 2008)<sup>1</sup>.</p>
      <p>PAH is defined as a Mean Pulmonary Arterial Pressure (mPAP) &gt; 25mmHg at rest, in a situation of Pulmonary Artery Wedge Pressure (PAWP) <underline>&lt;</underline> 15mmHg, with Pulmonary Vascular Resistance (PVR) &gt; 3 units Wood<sup>2</sup>. This condition has a poor prognosis, with mortality of approximately 15% in 1 year for those treated with modern therapy<sup> 3</sup>. Right Ventricular Failure (RVF) is the main cause of death<sup>4</sup>.</p>
      <p>Efforts are made in order to obtain an early diagnosis. Recently, prognostic factors that have an impact on survival were reviewed<sup>5</sup>. Mortality is higher for patients with Functional Class (FC) III and IV<sup>6</sup>. The rapid progression of symptoms, as well as signs of RVF at diagnosis, indicates a worse prognosis. The result of the 6-Minute Walk Test (6MWT) is an independent predictor of survival<sup>7</sup>. The presence of pericardial effusion, increased right atrium and signs of right ventricular failure, at least moderate, on transthoracic echocardiogram are consistent predictors of mortality<sup>8</sup>. Patients with increased Right Atrial Pressure (RAP) and decreased Cardiac Index (CI) had a higher death risk<sup>9</sup>.</p>
      <p>Study including 64 patients stated that Cardiac Magnetic Resonance (CMR) imaging revealing an impaired function of Right Ventricle (RV) - systolic volume <underline>&lt;</underline> 25mL/m<sup>2</sup>, end-diastolic volume of RV <underline>&gt;</underline> 84mL/m<sup>2</sup> and end-diastolic volume of Left Ventricle (LV) <underline>&lt;</underline> 40mL/m<sup>2</sup> - are independent predictors of mortality and therapeutic failure<sup>10</sup>.</p>
      <p>The Delayed Myocardial Enhancement (DME) obtained by CMR is a common finding in patients with PAH. Studies have shown its relation with right ventricular function and abnormalities in hemodynamics of pulmonary circulation<sup>11</sup>.</p>
      <p>The objective of this study was to evaluate the presence and extension of DME by CMR and verify if the percentage of fibrosis mass is an indicator of severity in PAH.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Methods</bold>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Study design and patients screening</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Cross-sectional study of patients in PAH outpatient clinic at the Clementino Fraga Filho University Hospital (CFFUH), who underwent CMR between May 2010 and April 2012.</p>
      <p>This study selected and included 30 patients over 18 years old, irrespective of gender, class, social group or ethnicity, followed-up at the outpatient clinic of PH and CFFUH, and patients with PAH from groups I and IV, who underwent clinical evaluation and hemodynamics for starting a specific treatment. </p>
      <p>These patients underwent all exams in the PH evaluation protocol: specific laboratory, chest X-ray, pulmonary function test, ventilation/perfusion (V/P) scintigraphy, chest angiotomography, Right Catheterization (RC) and 6MWT.</p>
      <p>Considering an interval of up to 72 hours from RC, these patients were subjected to CMR, with a protocol specific for PH.</p>
      <p>Patients with claustrophobia or any type of ferromagnetic implants (pacemaker, orthopedic prosthesis, etc.), patients who have renal dysfunction with creatinine clearance &lt; 30 mL / minute and contraindication for RC due to increased risk of bleeding as a result of severe blood dyscrasia (PTA &lt; 60%, PTT rel &gt; 2.0 and platelets &lt; 50,000cel/mm<sup>3</sup>).</p>
      <p>All patients who participated in this study received an informed consent, and the study was approved by the Research Ethics Committee of CFFUH.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Hemodynamic evaluation by RC</bold>
      </p>
      <p>RC was carried out in CFFUH hemodynamic laboratory by an interventional cardiologist from the PH group, inserting a Swan-Ganz catheter through the internal jugular vein (model 131F7, Edwards Baxter, Irvine, CA, USA).</p>
      <p>The catheter was positioned in West zone III. Confirmation of its proper position was performed by scan and comparison of the variation of Diastolic Pulmonary Artery Pressure (dPAP) in relation to that of the Pulmonary Artery Occlusion Pressure (PAOP) with respiratory cycle.</p>
      <p>Monitoring of pressure, CO (Cardiac Output), and of electrocardiographic tracing was performed with Hewllet-Packard device, model M1176-A (Hewlett-Packard, Walthan, MA, EUA).</p>
      <p>After the proper monitor calibration, we directly obtained data from RAP, Systolic Pulmonary Artery Pressures (sPAP), dPAP, mPAP, PAOP and Cardiac Frequency (CF). Blood samples were collected, from the distal lumen of Swan-Ganz catheter, for analyzing the Mixed Venous Oxygen Saturation (MVO<sub>2</sub>S).</p>
      <p>CO measurement was performed by thermodilution technique. Measurements with 10mL physiological saline injection were carried out, at ambient temperature, in any phase of the respiratory cycle, until we obtained three measurements with &lt;10% variation. The mean value was then used in the study.</p>
      <p>Using the CO result, we calculated PVR.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Hemodynamic evaluation by CMR</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Exams were performed by a radiologist with 10 years of experience, using a 1.5-T magnetic resonance device (Siemens Magneton Avanto, Erlangen, Germany), operating at 45mTm-1 maximum power gradient and 200Tm-1s-1 slew rate, using six anterior canals and six posterior canals for data collection. Patients were requested to exhale at maximum and hold their breath during sequences. TRUE FISP (free steady-state precession) cine resonance sequence was used with ARGUS software, in order to evaluate cardiac function and calculate right and left systolic function indexes (ejection fraction through Simpson's volumetric method), end-diastolic and systolic volumes, ejective volume, cardiac output, and ventricular mass in short axis and horizontal axis of ventricles, with parallel acquisition technique (TR: 200ms; FOV: 400mm; matrix: 128 x 88; flip angle: 15&amp;&#186;; slice thickness: 6mm). Moreover, 10 minutes after administrating 0.2mmoL/kg<sup>-1</sup> gadodiamide (Dotaren TM, Gerbet, France), and after requesting the patient to take a deep breath and hold it, PSIR (phase-sensitive inversion recovery - TR: 700ms; TE: 4.18ms; TI: 300ms; FOV: 340mm; matrix: 156 x 256; flip angle 25&amp;&#186;; slice thickness: 8mm) sequence, using same position and number of cuts from TRUE FISP cine sequence for evaluation of delayed myocardial enhancement.</p>
      <p>Fibrosis volume was manually calculated based on the outline of hypertensive myocardial areas obtained with CMR after administrating gadolinium, in the short axis of the heart, in each cut (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="en_aop_5288fig01-body2">Figure 1</xref>). Mass was obtained by multiplying total fibrosis volume by 1.05 (myocardial density).</p>
      <p content-type="asset">
        <fig id="en_aop_5288fig01-body2">
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-101-04-0336-30168-gf01-en.jpg"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Functional evaluation</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Each patient was evaluated by CFFUH physiotherapy team with 6MWT performed in accordance with American Thoracic Society<sup>12</sup> guidelines. In this test, the patient is requested to walk as fast as possible for 6 minutes, on a 30 m flat surface, and the distance is registered in meters. In this test, the patient may reduce the intensity, stop and rest, if necessary, without interrupting the timing process. Running or jogging was not allowed. </p>
      <p>FC was evaluated according to World Health Organization (WHO). RVF clinical signs were defined as: jugular turgency, increased RV at palpation, hepatomegaly, ascite and edema on lower limbs.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Statistical analysis</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Demographic, clinical, functional and hemodynamic variables of CMR and RC were tested in order to verify the type of distribution through histograms and Shapiro-Wilk test. Variables that showed normal distribution were expressed in mean &#177; standard or median deviation, with minimum and maximum values in case of abnormal distribution.</p>
      <p>Presence and extension of DME were evaluated in patients with PAH subjected to CMR, and the percentage of myocardial fibrosis was calculated based on data regarding fibrosis mass and ventricular masses.</p>
      <p>The relation between the percentage of myocardial fibrosis to clinical (signs of RVF), functional (CF and 6MWT) and hemodynamic parameters, through Mann-Whitney test, performing an attempt to identify "high risk" patients according to ROC curve, an optimal point (cutoff) of fibrosis percentage.</p>
      <p>FC variable was categorized in FC IV ("high risk") and FC II/III ("low risk"). 6MWT variable was categorized in distance walked &lt;300m ("high risk") and distance walked &gt;300m ("low risk"). Hemodynamic variable was categorized in patients who had, at invasive hemodynamic study: RAP <underline>&gt;</underline> 15mmHg and CI &lt; 2.0L/min.m<sup>2</sup> ("high risk") and RAP &lt; 15mmHg and CI <underline>&gt;</underline> 2.0L/min.m<sup>2</sup> ("low risk").</p>
      <p>Fifteen exams of CMR were randomized, then examined by the same radiologist and another radiologist with experience in cardiovascular medicine, in different occasions. Examiners were blinded in relation to clinical, functional and hemodynamical evaluation parameters. Intraclass Correlation Coefficient (ICC) was applied to evaluate the intra and interobserver reproducibility in DME research and calculation of myocardial fibrosis percentage.</p>
      <p>Statistical analysis was processed by the program Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) 20.0 for MAC.</p>
      <p>The criterion for significance determination was the level of 5%.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Results</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Study population was composed of 30 patients, of which 44% had idiopathic PAH. The remaining patients were from Group I of Dana Point Classification, being composed of collagenosis (5 patients), portopulmonary hypertension (3 patients), schistosomiasis (1 patient) and HIV (1 patient). Other 7 patients have CTEPH.</p>
      <p>In relation to demographic and functional data (<xref ref-type="table" rid="en_aop_5288tab01-body2">Table 1</xref>), patients had a mean age of 52 years and most of them were female (23%). The median onset period for symptoms at diagnosis was 18 months. Among them, 53% had signs of RVF at clinical exam during the diagnosis and most of them had CF II or III (90%). The mean 6MWT was 395m among the patients.</p>
      <p content-type="asset">
        <table-wrap id="en_aop_5288tab01-body2">
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-101-04-0336-30168-gt01-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      </p>
      <p>On <xref ref-type="table" rid="en_aop_5288tab02-body2">Table 2</xref> is shown the morphological and functional data obtained from CMR. It is noted that the mean diameter of RV was 76mm and of pulmonary artery was 38.5mm, and the mean mass index of RV was 46.4g/m<sup>2</sup> - all parameters indicate increased resistance to blood flow and overload of RV. Pericardial effusion (PE) was detected in nine patients (30%). The mean ejection fraction of RV obtained in CMR was 31.8%, as well as the mean of LV CI of 2.1L/min.m<sup>2</sup>, which presupposes that most patients had right ventricular dysfunction at diagnosis.</p>
      <p content-type="asset">
        <table-wrap id="en_aop_5288tab02-body2">
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-101-04-0336-30168-gt02-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      </p>
      <p>On <xref ref-type="table" rid="en_aop_5288tab03-body2">Table 3</xref> is the shown hemodynamic data obtained with RC. We noticed that mPAP was 53.3mmHg, PVR index (PVRI) of 22.2 Woods Units (WU) and the RAP median was of 13.5mmHg. The mean CI was 2.1L/min.m<sup>2</sup>, exactly the same as that obtained with CMR.</p>
      <p content-type="asset">
        <table-wrap id="en_aop_5288tab03-body2">
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-101-04-0336-30168-gt03-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      </p>
      <p>DME was present in 28 patients (93%), distributed in the anterior and inferior septal, and insertion areas of RV free-wall. The mean fibrosis mass was 9.9g and the myocardial fibrosis percentage was 6.17% (<xref ref-type="table" rid="en_aop_5288tab02-body2">Table 2</xref>).</p>
      <p>High risk factors, such as FC IV, RVF at diagnosis, 6MWT &lt; 300 m, RAP <underline>&gt;</underline> 15 mmHg and CI &lt; 2.0 L/min.m<sup>2</sup> had significant association with higher fibrosis percentage (<xref ref-type="table" rid="en_aop_5288tab04-body2">Table 4</xref>).</p>
      <p content-type="asset">
        <table-wrap id="en_aop_5288tab04-body2">
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-101-04-0336-30168-gt04-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      </p>
      <p>Based on ROC curve analysis (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="en_aop_5288gra01-body2">Graph 1</xref>), it was observed that a percentage of myocardial fibrosis &gt; 5.99% is capable of identifying patients with RVF (i.e., high risk) with 82% Sensitivity (S), 92% Specificity (E), 99% Positive Predictive Value (PPV) and 28% Negative Predictive Value (NPV).</p>
      <p content-type="asset">
        <fig id="en_aop_5288gra01-body2">
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-101-04-0336-30168-gf02-en.jpg"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p>A percentage of myocardial fibrosis &gt; 6.67% is capable of identifying the patient with a more advanced FC (FC IV, i.e., high risk) with 98% S, 75% E, 98% PPV and 73% NPV.</p>
      <p>A percentage of myocardial fibrosis &gt; 6.49% is capable of identifying patients with a functional capacity of exercise at 6MWT &lt; 300m (i.e., high risk), with 71% S, 83% E, 98% PPV and 18% NPV.</p>
      <p>Percentage of myocardial fibrosis &gt; 5.99% is capable of identifying patients with PAD <underline>&gt;</underline> 15mmHg and IC &lt; 2.0 L / min.m<sup>2</sup> on RC (i.e., high risk), with 84% S, 81% E, 97% PPV and 18% NPV.</p>
      <p>Intraobserver ICC for myocardial fibrosis mass was 0.984 (CI95% = 0.953-0.995) and interobserver of 0.966 (CI95% = 0.900-0.989).</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Discussion</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Right ventricular dysfunction is the main cause of morbimortality in patients with PAH<sup>4</sup>. Several studies are developed to find clinical and hemodynamical markers that could be used in diagnosis and follow-up. Thus, it is possible to characterize a high risk patient, who will be subjected to early therapeutic interventions.</p>
      <p>CMR is the gold standard for evaluating function, volume and mass of the right ventricle<sup>13</sup>, which can be qualified with excellent intra and interobserver<sup>14</sup> variability and good interstudy reproducibility<sup>15</sup>.</p>
      <p>DME was initially described in dysfunctioning areas of LV after gadolinium-based contrast agent administration in patients undergoing CMR with previous infarction history and fibrosis scarring<sup>16,17</sup>. Descriptions <italic>a posteriori</italic> have shown the presence of DME in patients with hypertrophic myocardiopathy and myocardiopathies with deposits or inflammatory (viral myocarditis), each one with a characteristic extension pattern<sup>18-22</sup>.</p>
      <p>DME can be explained by the gadolinium capacity of having a different pattern distribution in healthy and unhealthy tissues. Contrast "removal" is more difficult in the unhealthy tissue, creating a signal difference &gt; 1.080% in DME images. Consequently, areas of the unhealthy myocardial tissue can be precisely identified, with high accuracy and reproducibility<sup>23,24</sup>.</p>
      <p>Even though there are several studies of DME evaluated by CMR in conditions that affect the LV, only three of major importance evaluated this finding in patients with PAH<sup>11,25,26</sup>.</p>
      <p>In McCann et al<sup>25 </sup>study, the presence of DMC was noticed in insertion areas of the RV interventricular septum in all 15 patients with PAH. The mean fibrosis mass was 3.1 &#177; 1.9g and there was no positive correlation with any clinical or hemodynamical variable - only an inverse correlation with right ventricular dysfunction measured by CMR. Blyth et al<sup>11</sup> noticed the presence of DME on 23 of 25 study patients, of 3.3g and there was a positive correlation with several hemodynamic variables, primarily patients with paradoxical interventricular septum deviation. Junqueira et al<sup>26</sup> demonstrated the presence of DME in 65% of study patients and only found a positive correlation with the duration of the disease at diagnosis.</p>
      <p>Several speculations exist on the physiopathological mechanism related to DME in patients with PAH. In MacCann et al<sup>25</sup> study, two patients who died were subjected to autopsy, and fibrosis was present in the right ventricular insertion point, suggesting that this was the DME mechanism selected for these patients. It is speculated that myocardial fibrosis results from an increased right ventricle afterload. The hypertrophy and right cavity dilatation found in these patients led to a mechanical stress in these points, with subsequent hypoxia and ischemia<sup>27,28</sup>.</p>
      <p>In this study, DME was present in 28 of the 30 study patients. The median fibrosis mass was 9.9g (0-20.2g). Due to a large variation of the ventricular mass related to age, gender, body mass index and comorbities very prevalent in our environment, such as systemic arterial hypertension, we chose to calculate the percentage of myocardial fibrosis, which mean was 6.17%.</p>
      <p>Apart from other studies, the percentage of myocardial fibrosis has been able to identify patients with PH with high risk factors, based on clinical (signs of RVF), functional (FC IV and 6MWT &lt; 300m) or hemodynamic (RAP <underline>&gt;</underline> 15mmHg and CI &lt; 2.0L/min.m<sup>2</sup>) evaluation.</p>
      <p>This study had a few limitations. It was carried out with a relatively small number of patients, which, particularly, is reflected by the low prevalence of PAH in the general population. No patient was subjected to cine angiocoronariography to discard an ischemic heart disease, which is an important cause of DME. However, the DME pattern noticed in these patients is not a characteristic of myocardial ischemic injury.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Conclusion</bold>
      </p>
      <p>DME is present in most patients with PAH, and the percentage of myocardial fibrosis evaluated by CMR has shown a good non-invasive parameter for severity evaluation in this group with 30 study patients.</p>
      <p>These results are interesting, since the greatest clinical challenge, in PH evaluation, is to identify patients who need early interventions, due to the potential for high severity of the disease. Longitudinal studies and with larger number of patients need to be performed in order to assess the real prognostic role of this evaluation parameter for patients with PAH.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Author contributions</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Conception and design of the research: Bessa LGP, Junqueira FP, Garcia MI, Xavier SS, Waetge D; Acquisition of data: Bessa LGP, Junqueira FP, Bandeira MLS, Lavall G, Torres D, Waetge D; Analysis and interpretation of the data: Bessa LGP, Bandeira MLS, Garcia MI, Xavier SS; Statistical analysis and Writing of the manuscript: Bessa LGP; Critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content: Bessa LGP, Junqueira FP, Bandeira MLS, Garcia MI, Xavier SS, Lavall G, Torres D.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Potential Conflict of Interest</bold>
      </p>
      <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Sources of Funding</bold>
      </p>
      <p>There were no external funding sources for this study.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Study Association</bold>
      </p>
      <p>This article is part of the thesis of master submitted by Luiz Gustavo Pignataro Bessa, from Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>References</bold>
      </p>
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