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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
        <publisher-loc>S&#227;o Paulo, SP, Brazil</publisher-loc>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">HT8FmLyywqk6wBmk8LZM3jm</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2013003000007</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v1">S0066-782X(13)10100400007</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5935/abc.20130165</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigos Originais</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Estudantes de medicina ensinam ressuscita&#231;&#227;o cardiopulmonar a alunos do fundamental</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Ribeiro</surname>
            <given-names>Lucas Gaspar</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Germano</surname>
            <given-names>Rafael</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Menezes</surname>
            <given-names>Pedro Lugarinho</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Schmidt</surname>
            <given-names>Andr&#233;</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Pazin-Filho</surname>
            <given-names>Ant&#244;nio</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff01">
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Ribeir&#227;o Preto</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeir&#227;o Preto </institution>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
      </aff>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>10</month>
        <year>2013</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>101</volume>
      <issue>4</issue>
      <fpage>328</fpage>
      <lpage>335</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>17</day>
          <month>11</month>
          <year>2012</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>23</day>
          <month>04</month>
          <year>2013</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>03</day>
          <month>12</month>
          <year>2012</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <p>FUNDAMENTO: Doen&#231;as do sistema circulat&#243;rio s&#227;o a causa mais comum de &#243;bitos no Brasil. Devido ao fato de a popula&#231;&#227;o geral ser normalmente a primeira a identificar problemas relacionados ao sistema circulat&#243;rio, &#233; importante que ela seja treinada. No entanto, o treinamento &#233; um desafio por causa do n&#250;mero de pessoas a serem treinadas e da manuten&#231;&#227;o do treinamento. OBJETIVOS: Avaliar a entrega do programa de treinamento de ressuscita&#231;&#227;o cardiopulmonar (RCP) ministrada por estudantes de medicina e avaliar o conhecimento pr&#233;vio de RCP, al&#233;m de reten&#231;&#227;o imediata e tardia de treinamento em RCP entre alunos do fundamental. M&#201;TODOS: Foram selecionadas duas escolas p&#250;blicas e duas escolas privadas. O treinamento de RCP consistiu em uma v&#237;deo-aula seguida de pr&#225;tica com bonecos, sob a supervis&#227;o de estudantes de medicina. Question&#225;rios de m&#250;ltipla escolha foram fornecidos previamente, logo em seguida e 6 meses ap&#243;s o treinamento de RCP. As perguntas estavam relacionadas ao conhecimento geral, &#224; sequ&#234;ncia de procedimentos e ao m&#233;todo de administra&#231;&#227;o de cada componente (ventila&#231;&#227;o, compress&#227;o tor&#225;cica, e desfibrila&#231;&#227;o autom&#225;tica externa). Os instrutores realizaram uma discuss&#227;o em grupo ap&#243;s as sess&#245;es para identificar os poss&#237;veis problemas encontrados. RESULTADOS: No total, 147 alunos conclu&#237;ram o monitoramento de 6 meses. Os alunos de escola p&#250;blica tinham menos conhecimento pr&#233;vio, mas a diferen&#231;a desapareceu logo ap&#243;s o treinamento. Ap&#243;s o per&#237;odo de 6 meses de monitoramento, esses alunos de escola p&#250;blica demonstraram menor reten&#231;&#227;o. O principal problema encontrado foi ensinar a ressuscita&#231;&#227;o boca-a-boca. CONCLUS&#213;ES: O m&#233;todo usado por estudantes de medicina para ensinar alunos do fundamental foi baseado na t&#233;cnica do "ver e praticar". Este m&#233;todo foi eficaz na reten&#231;&#227;o imediata e tardia do conhecimento adquirido. A maior reten&#231;&#227;o de conhecimento entre os alunos de escola privada pode refletir fatores culturais.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt" kwd-group-type="author-generated">
        <kwd>Ressuscita&#231;&#227;o Cardiopulmonar</kwd>
        <kwd>Estudantes de Medicina</kwd>
        <kwd>Ensino Fundamental e M&#233;dio</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="pub">
        <day>14</day>
        <month>08</month>
        <year>2013</year>
      </pub-date>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <p>
      <bold>Estudantes de medicina ensinam ressuscita&#231;&#227;o cardiopulmonar a alunos do fundamental</bold>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Lucas Gaspar Ribeiro; Rafael Germano; Pedro Lugarinho Menezes; Andr&#233; Schmidt; Ant&#244;nio Pazin-Filho</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeir&#227;o Preto - Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo - FMRP/USP, Ribeir&#227;o Preto, SP - Brasil</p>
    <p>
      <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="enda">Correspond&#234;ncia</xref>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>RESUMO</bold>
    </p>
    <p><bold>FUNDAMENTO:</bold> Doen&#231;as do sistema circulat&#243;rio s&#227;o a causa mais comum de &#243;bitos no Brasil. Devido ao fato de a popula&#231;&#227;o geral ser normalmente a primeira a identificar problemas relacionados ao sistema circulat&#243;rio, &#233; importante que ela seja treinada. No entanto, o treinamento &#233; um desafio por causa do n&#250;mero de pessoas a serem treinadas e da manuten&#231;&#227;o do treinamento. </p>
    <p><bold>OBJETIVOS:</bold> Avaliar a entrega do programa de treinamento de ressuscita&#231;&#227;o cardiopulmonar (RCP) ministrada por estudantes de medicina e avaliar o conhecimento pr&#233;vio de RCP, al&#233;m de reten&#231;&#227;o imediata e tardia de treinamento em RCP entre alunos do fundamental. </p>
    <p><bold> M&#201;TODOS:</bold> Foram selecionadas duas escolas p&#250;blicas e duas escolas privadas. O treinamento de RCP consistiu em uma v&#237;deo-aula seguida de pr&#225;tica com bonecos, sob a supervis&#227;o de estudantes de medicina. Question&#225;rios de m&#250;ltipla escolha foram fornecidos previamente, logo em seguida e 6 meses ap&#243;s o treinamento de RCP. As perguntas estavam relacionadas ao conhecimento geral, &#224; sequ&#234;ncia de procedimentos e ao m&#233;todo de administra&#231;&#227;o de cada componente (ventila&#231;&#227;o, compress&#227;o tor&#225;cica, e desfibrila&#231;&#227;o autom&#225;tica externa). Os instrutores realizaram uma discuss&#227;o em grupo ap&#243;s as sess&#245;es para identificar os poss&#237;veis problemas encontrados. </p>
    <p><bold>RESULTADOS:</bold> No total, 147 alunos conclu&#237;ram o monitoramento de 6 meses. Os alunos de escola p&#250;blica tinham menos conhecimento pr&#233;vio, mas a diferen&#231;a desapareceu logo ap&#243;s o treinamento. Ap&#243;s o per&#237;odo de 6 meses de monitoramento, esses alunos de escola p&#250;blica demonstraram menor reten&#231;&#227;o. O principal problema encontrado foi ensinar a ressuscita&#231;&#227;o boca-a-boca. </p>
    <p><bold>CONCLUS&#213;ES:</bold> O m&#233;todo usado por estudantes de medicina para ensinar alunos do fundamental foi baseado na t&#233;cnica do "ver e praticar". Este m&#233;todo foi eficaz na reten&#231;&#227;o imediata e tardia do conhecimento adquirido. A maior reten&#231;&#227;o de conhecimento entre os alunos de escola privada pode refletir fatores culturais.</p>
    <p><bold>Palavras-chave:</bold> Ressuscita&#231;&#227;o Cardiopulmonar / educa&#231;&#227;o; Estudantes de Medicina; Ensino Fundamental e M&#233;dio.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Doen&#231;as do sistema circulat&#243;rio s&#227;o a causa mais comum de &#243;bitos no Brasil, representando aproximadamente 29% de todos os &#243;bitos. Aproximadamente 50% destes casos inclui a morte repentina devido &#224; fibrila&#231;&#227;o ventricular como uma complica&#231;&#227;o do infarto do mioc&#225;rdio. Por ser uma manifesta&#231;&#227;o pr&#233;-hospitalar, a melhor educa&#231;&#227;o da popula&#231;&#227;o geral poderia reduzir a mortalidade ao ajudar as pessoas a identificar a situa&#231;&#227;o e prestar os primeiros socorros<sup>1</sup>.</p>
    <p>Diversos m&#233;todos de capacita&#231;&#227;o da popula&#231;&#227;o geral incluem treinamento em massa; autoaprendizagem atrav&#233;s de programas dispon&#237;veis comercialmente; bem como treinamento de indiv&#237;duos que ocupam posi&#231;&#245;es estrat&#233;gias no que diz respeito &#224; orienta&#231;&#227;o e ao atendimento da popula&#231;&#227;o (seguran&#231;as, bombeiros, policiais), aqueles que trabalham em locais de maior incid&#234;ncia de eventos (academias), aqueles que trabalham em locais de dif&#237;cil acesso (avi&#245;es) e parentes de indiv&#237;duos em situa&#231;&#227;o de risco. A educa&#231;&#227;o foi recentemente direcionada a escolas de ensino fundamental, pois permite o acesso precoce &#224; informa&#231;&#227;o, possibilitando a exposi&#231;&#227;o repetida durante o ano escolar e a subsequente transmiss&#227;o de conhecimento aos parentes dos alunos<sup>2,3</sup>.</p>
    <p>Independente da popula&#231;&#227;o-alvo, a metodologia de ensino aplicada foi a principal preocupa&#231;&#227;o. Ao contr&#225;rio dos profissionais de sa&#250;de, o interesse no t&#243;pico e o tempo que pode ser dedicado ao treinamento s&#227;o limitados. Al&#233;m disso, o fato de que muitos indiv&#237;duos instru&#237;dos nunca ter&#227;o contato com uma situa&#231;&#227;o real afetar&#225; a reten&#231;&#227;o de conhecimento. A fim de contornar esses problemas, houve um aumento no uso de v&#237;deo-aulas, com pr&#225;tica em bonecos, tamb&#233;m conhecido como a t&#233;cnica "ver e praticar". Uma das vantagens desta t&#233;cnica &#233; a independ&#234;ncia parcial ou total referente aos instrutores, pessoas dif&#237;ceis de recrutar para o grande segmento da popula&#231;&#227;o a ser capacitada. Prop&#244;s-se que os estudantes de medicina atuassem como instrutores, mas eles precisavam ser adequadamente capacitados e supervisionados por profissionais qualificados atrav&#233;s do conceito de uma "&#225;rvore de treinamento"<sup>4</sup>.</p>
    <p>O objetivo deste estudo era testar um kit dispon&#237;vel comercialmente para ensinar a ressuscita&#231;&#227;o cardiopulmonar (RCP), com a supervis&#227;o de estudantes de medicina em escolas de fundamental no Brasil (alunos de 13-15 anos) e determinar a efic&#225;cia em termos de reten&#231;&#227;o imediata e tardia (6 meses).</p>
    <p>
      <bold>M&#233;todos</bold>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Popula&#231;&#227;o de Estudo</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Alunos de 13 a 15 anos foram selecionados de escolas de fundamental; duas delas eram p&#250;blicas (n&#237;vel socioecon&#244;mico baixo) e duas eram privadas (n&#237;vel socioecon&#244;mico alto). As classes eram de 21-46 alunos e eles foram convidados a participar voluntariamente. O termo de consentimento livre e esclarecido foi obtido dos alunos e de seus pais. Os diretores de cada uma dessas escolas aprovou o projeto antes de qualquer aluno ser abordado. O projeto foi aprovado pelo Comit&#234; de &#201;tica em Pesquisa do Hospital da Universidade de Ribeir&#227;o Preto, S&#227;o Paulo, FMRP-USP (CAE - 0078.0.004.000-09).</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Material Did&#225;tico</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Um kit dispon&#237;vel comercialmente intitulado como "Fam&#237;lia &amp; Amigos. RCP a qualquer Hora. Programa de autoaprendizagem" elaborado pela Associa&#231;&#227;o Americana de Cardiologia (AHA) foi usado. O kit continha uma apresenta&#231;&#227;o de v&#237;deo em portugu&#234;s e um boneco infl&#225;vel para praticar a ventila&#231;&#227;o e a compress&#227;o tor&#225;cica<sup>1</sup>. M&#225;scaras individuais foram fornecidas para a pr&#225;tica de ventila&#231;&#227;o artificial.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Instrutores</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Tr&#234;s estudantes de medicina da Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeir&#227;o Preto (FMRP) foram capacitados para atuarem como instrutores pelo professor respons&#225;vel pelo curso de Emerg&#234;ncias Cl&#237;nicas, acreditado pela Associa&#231;&#227;o Americana de Cardiologia<sup>5</sup>. Os alunos participaram de todas as atividades pr&#225;ticas e o conte&#250;do transmitido foi testado em um estudo piloto.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Instrumento para An&#225;lise</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Um question&#225;rio de 25 perguntas de m&#250;ltipla escolha foi usado. Cada pergunta tinha 4 poss&#237;veis respostas, das quais somente uma era a correta (vide anexo). O question&#225;rio foi baseado no conte&#250;do apresentado durante o v&#237;deo da AHA e avaliou os seguintes dom&#237;nios: conhecimento geral em 7 perguntas; a sequ&#234;ncia dos procedimentos em 7 perguntas; e o m&#233;todo correto de administra&#231;&#227;o de cada componente em 11 perguntas. A &#250;ltima se&#231;&#227;o foi subdividida conforme segue: 4 perguntas referentes &#224; ventila&#231;&#227;o, 3 referentes &#224; compress&#227;o tor&#225;cica e 4 referentes ao uso de um Desfibrilador Externo Autom&#225;tico (DEA). O question&#225;rio foi fornecido a um grupo piloto e a estudantes de medicina volunt&#225;rios que conclu&#237;ram o primeiro curso de primeiros socorros. Ap&#243;s o desenvolvimento subsequente, duas vers&#245;es do question&#225;rio final foram preparadas, diferenciando somente a ordem das perguntas. O primeiro question&#225;rio (Vers&#227;o 1) foi entregue antes e 6 meses ap&#243;s o treinamento, e o segundo question&#225;rio (Vers&#227;o 2) foi entregue logo ap&#243;s o treinamento.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Interven&#231;&#227;o</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Cada aula durou em m&#233;dia 120 min. No in&#237;cio de cada aula, os alunos conclu&#237;ram a Vers&#227;o 1 do question&#225;rio. Depois do teste, os alunos foram divididos em grupos de treinamento com 1 boneco para cada 2 alunos. Em seguida, o v&#237;deo foi exibido com pausas pr&#233;-determinadas para a pr&#225;tica separada de habilidades individuais (ventila&#231;&#227;o e compress&#227;o tor&#225;cica) e para permitir a pr&#225;tica coordenada (2 ventila&#231;&#245;es para cada 30 compress&#245;es tor&#225;cicas). A sequ&#234;ncia completa do atendimento foi apresentada desde o reconhecimento de parada card&#237;aca at&#233; a implementa&#231;&#227;o coordenada de assist&#234;ncia, ventila&#231;&#227;o e compress&#227;o tor&#225;cica. Por fim, o uso de DEA foi demonstrado.</p>
    <p>Durante os exerc&#237;cios pr&#225;ticos, os instrutores ajudaram os alunos, corrigiram t&#233;cnicas incorretas e procuraram responder &#224;s duvidas que surgiam. Os instrutores intervinham somente na exist&#234;ncia de um problema ou se os alunos pediam ajuda. Os alunos eram continuamente observados e encorajados a resolver os problemas sozinhos, de forma que os instrutores somente intervinham em caso de erro ou se o problema n&#227;o era resolvido. Ap&#243;s as sess&#245;es pr&#225;ticas, a Vers&#227;o 2 do question&#225;rio era conclu&#237;da. Seis meses ap&#243;s a conclus&#227;o do treinamento, os alunos passavam por um teste novamente, usando a Vers&#227;o 1 do question&#225;rio.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>An&#225;lise Qualitativa</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Ap&#243;s a interven&#231;&#227;o, o grupo de pesquisa organizou sess&#245;es de discuss&#227;o em um grupo focal de acordo com uma metodologia estabelecida previamente. As probabilidades e os problemas detectados foram isolados por avalia&#231;&#227;o de conte&#250;do<sup>6</sup>.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>An&#225;lise Estat&#237;stica</bold>
    </p>
    <p>A an&#225;lise estat&#237;stica foi realizada com o uso do software Stata 10. As vari&#225;veis categ&#243;ricas foram relatadas como uma porcentagem usando o teste de Fisher. As vari&#225;veis quantitativas foram relatadas como m&#233;dia &#177; DP e as medidas de tend&#234;ncia central foram analisadas pelo teste <italic>t</italic> de Student. Os resultados da an&#225;lise qualitativa foram descritivos.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Resultados</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Um total de 387 alunos recebeu o treinamento, dos quais 202 foram considerados para an&#225;lise de forma correspondente &#224; primeira sess&#227;o em cada escola. Quatro escolas receberam as aulas; duas p&#250;blicas (p&#250;blica 1 e 2) e duas privadas (privada 1 e 2). A composi&#231;&#227;o foi estruturada da seguinte forma: p&#250;blica 1 incluiu 24 alunos (11,88%); p&#250;blica 2 incluiu 57 alunos (28,22%); privada 1 incluiu 89 alunos (44,06%); e a privada 2 incluiu 32 alunos (15,84%). N&#227;o foram observadas diferen&#231;as estatisticamente significativas entre os dois grupos de escolas p&#250;blicas ou os dois grupos de escolas privadas. Portanto, os indiv&#237;duos foram divididos em dois grupos principais: P&#250;blica (81 alunos; 47,6% homens) e Privada (121 alunos; 52,4% homens).</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Reten&#231;&#227;o Imediata</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Os dados foram relatados de forma quantitativa na <xref ref-type="table" rid="aop_5275tab01">Tabela 1</xref> como valores absolutos (m&#233;dia &#177; DP para respostas corretas antes e ap&#243;s o treinamento e aumento absoluto no desempenho) e valores relativos (porcentagem de respostas corretas em rela&#231;&#227;o ao teste inicial). Os dados foram relatados de modo estratificado de acordo com o dom&#237;nio do conte&#250;do e institui&#231;&#227;o. No question&#225;rio do pr&#233;-teste, uma diferen&#231;a foi observada somente entre as escolas p&#250;blicas e privadas nos dom&#237;nios de conhecimento geral. Essa diferen&#231;a n&#227;o foi observada ap&#243;s a interven&#231;&#227;o do treinamento.</p>
    <p content-type="asset">
      <table-wrap id="aop_5275tab01">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-101-04-0328-30165-gt01.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Reten&#231;&#227;o ap&#243;s 6 meses</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Aos 6 meses, 53 alunos foram exclu&#237;dos devido a perda de acompanhamento: 26% e 26,5% de escolas p&#250;blicas e privadas, respectivamente. Portanto, 149 dos 202 alunos (73,7%) foram inclu&#237;dos nesta parte do estudo (60 de escolas p&#250;blicas; 89 de escolas privadas). Os resultados foram relatados na <xref ref-type="table" rid="aop_5275tab02">Tabela 2</xref> como a porcentagem de respostas corretas ap&#243;s 6 meses. Houve maior reten&#231;&#227;o nos alunos de escolas privadas, principalmente em termos de determina&#231;&#227;o correta da sequ&#234;ncia de a&#231;&#245;es t&#233;cnicas e de ventila&#231;&#227;o.</p>
    <p content-type="asset">
      <table-wrap id="aop_5275tab02">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-101-04-0328-30165-gt02.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>An&#225;lise Qualitativa</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Os resultados est&#227;o exibidos nas <xref ref-type="table" rid="aop_5275tab03">Tabelas 3</xref> e <xref ref-type="table" rid="aop_5275tab04">4</xref>.</p>
    <p content-type="asset">
      <table-wrap id="aop_5275tab03">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-101-04-0328-30165-gt03.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    </p>
    <p content-type="asset">
      <table-wrap id="aop_5275tab04">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-101-04-0328-30165-gt04.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Discuss&#227;o</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Este estudo demonstrou a efic&#225;cia de um kit de treinamento dispon&#237;vel comercialmente (com o uso de v&#237;deo e boneco) para a reten&#231;&#227;o imediata e tardia de conhecimento. Inicialmente foi observado conhecimento superior no grupo de escola privada antes do curso, no entanto, o n&#237;vel de conhecimento foi igualado imediatamente ap&#243;s o curso. Entretanto, o dom&#237;nio referente &#224; sequ&#234;ncia correta de a&#231;&#245;es e t&#233;cnica de ventila&#231;&#227;o, reten&#231;&#227;o tardia foi melhor em alunos de escolas privadas.</p>
    <p>A educa&#231;&#227;o da popula&#231;&#227;o geral &#233; uma meta importante, considerando que a parada card&#237;aca &#233; um fen&#244;meno que ocorre predominantemente na comunidade. Diversos estudos demonstraram a efic&#225;cia da interven&#231;&#227;o precoce, mas o desafio encontrado ao educar a popula&#231;&#227;o &#233; significativo com rela&#231;&#227;o ao n&#250;mero de pessoas a serem treinadas, a efic&#225;cia do treinamento e os n&#237;veis de reten&#231;&#227;o do conhecimento transmitido<sup>7</sup>. A op&#231;&#227;o &#233; usar kits de autoaprendizagem dispon&#237;veis comercialmente e que s&#227;o comumente eficazes, mas podem n&#227;o atingir o objetivo devido aos baixos n&#237;veis de compreens&#227;o pela popula&#231;&#227;o geral. Particularmente no Brasil, o formato do pr&#243;prio v&#237;deo pode ser um fator limitante devido &#224; cultura local. Por exemplo, os dados fornecidos pelo distribuidor do kit usado nesse estudo mostrou que 3,5 milh&#245;es de unidades foram vendidas nos Estados Unidos em 2011, enquanto no Brasil foram vendidas somente 250 unidades. Isso pode estar relacionado a importantes aspectos culturais da sociedade brasileira que precisam ser considerados ao planejar um futuro treinamento. Portanto, este estudo foi realizado para explorar a influ&#234;ncia de aspectos socioecon&#244;micos e culturais usando escolas p&#250;blicas e privadas.</p>
    <p>Os n&#237;veis de conhecimento pr&#233;vio foram diferentes entre os alunos de escolas p&#250;blicas e privadas, com 8,74 e 9,65 respostas corretas, respectivamente. Essa diferen&#231;a pode ser atribu&#237;da ao envolvimento em escotismo, a pais que atuam como profissionais de sa&#250;de e &#224; disponibilidade de acesso &#224; internet e televis&#227;o conforme reportado aos instrutores pelos alunos de escola privada. No entanto, essas diferen&#231;as de hist&#243;rico n&#227;o limitaram a efic&#225;cia do m&#233;todo. Embora a modifica&#231;&#227;o de h&#225;bitos parentais seja importante, ser&#225; necess&#225;rio avaliar essas diferen&#231;as em estudos posteriores.</p>
    <p>Alunos do ensino fundamental podem ser instru&#237;dos quanto a ressuscita&#231;&#227;o a partir dos 11 anos de idade. A partir dessa idade, eles ter&#227;o alcan&#231;ado certo n&#237;vel de maturidade para compreender a import&#226;ncia do t&#243;pico e ter&#227;o a for&#231;a necess&#225;ria para executar as compress&#245;es tor&#225;cicas em adultos<sup>8,9</sup>. Os aspectos vantajosos do treinamento desta popula&#231;&#227;o s&#227;o a possibilidade de sess&#245;es de treinamento regulares, que podem ser inclu&#237;das no curr&#237;culo escolar, e a poss&#237;vel transfer&#234;ncia de conhecimento a parentes. Pr&#233;-adolescentes podem influenciar os pais e motivar mudan&#231;as comportamentais. O ensino do RCP encoraja a discuss&#227;o sobre os fatores de risco de parada card&#237;aca e como isso pode ser evitado, resultando no questionamento de h&#225;bitos parentais<sup>2</sup>.</p>
    <p>Os estudantes de medicina podem ser colaboradores importantes para o estabelecimento da "&#225;rvore de treinamento" de RCP<sup>4</sup>. O envolvimento deles no ensino pode ser ben&#233;fico para a redu&#231;&#227;o de ansiedade gerada por anos de aprendizagem b&#225;sica que &#233; normalmente distante da realidade cl&#237;nica. Isso tamb&#233;m leva ao questionamento da efic&#225;cia dos m&#233;todos de ensino, bem como a aprecia&#231;&#227;o do custo, dedica&#231;&#227;o e trabalho necess&#225;rio para o desenvolvimento de uma atividade de ensino<sup>10</sup>. Da mesma forma, considerar profissionais de sa&#250;de geralmente mostra o baixo desempenho com suporte b&#225;sico de vida, o envolvimento em atividades de ensino aumenta o tempo dedicado ao t&#243;pico e pode melhorar a aprendizagem; portanto, esta estrat&#233;gia pode ser ben&#233;fica para os pr&#243;prios alunos<sup>11</sup>. Al&#233;m disso, os estudantes de medicina s&#227;o aparentemente identificados como modelos para os alunos do fundamental. Em contrapartida, instrutores j&#225; formados em medicina podem ser menos eficazes nessa fun&#231;&#227;o devido &#224; maior diferen&#231;a de idade.</p>
    <p>A reten&#231;&#227;o de conhecimento em cursos de suporte b&#225;sico de vida &#233; dif&#237;cil de avaliar. Isso se deve &#224; ampla variedade de fatores como diferen&#231;as entre popula&#231;&#245;es, a natureza do conte&#250;do ensinado, a pr&#243;pria avalia&#231;&#227;o e o atraso entre o curso e a an&#225;lise<sup>12-14</sup>. Em geral, os n&#237;veis de reten&#231;&#227;o na popula&#231;&#227;o adulta geral s&#227;o baixos, aproximadamente 50%-60%, com a possibilidade de atingir n&#237;veis mais altos para segmentos espec&#237;ficos do conte&#250;do<sup>12</sup>. Cursos que incluem treinamento pr&#225;tico tendem a mostrar melhor reten&#231;&#227;o<sup>13</sup>. Al&#233;m disso, n&#227;o parece haver uma diferen&#231;a significativa nos n&#237;veis de reten&#231;&#227;o entre crian&#231;as e adultos<sup>14</sup>. Quando a an&#225;lise inclui m&#233;todos de avalia&#231;&#227;o mais precisos, como o volume do ar fornecido atrav&#233;s da respira&#231;&#227;o boca-a-boca, os n&#237;veis de reten&#231;&#227;o s&#227;o mais baixos<sup>12,15</sup>. Somente os estudos que incluem popula&#231;&#245;es que recebem treinamento intensivo e frequente demonstram um melhor desempenho de forma consistente<sup>12-15</sup>, embora a compreens&#227;o de cursos de retreinamento seja baixo na popula&#231;&#227;o adulta em geral<sup>14</sup>. As adapta&#231;&#245;es de m&#233;todos de treinamento que j&#225; est&#227;o dispon&#237;veis n&#227;o parecem ser eficazes<sup>16</sup>. Considerando os dados como um todo, podemos concluir que a reten&#231;&#227;o de conhecimento &#233; geralmente baixa e deteriora com o tempo, independentemente da avalia&#231;&#227;o realizada ou da popula&#231;&#227;o-alvo. No entanto, a literatura tamb&#233;m sugere que a reten&#231;&#227;o de conhecimento seja favorecida por cursos peri&#243;dicos que envolvem o treinamento pr&#225;tico.</p>
    <p>A causa da menor reten&#231;&#227;o de conhecimento em escolas p&#250;blicas pode ser devido a fatores socioecon&#244;micos. Os alunos com maior poder aquisitivo podem ser expostos a situa&#231;&#245;es que os fa&#231;am lembrar o conhecimento adquirido. No entanto, a diferen&#231;a ocorreu principalmente em quest&#245;es referentes &#224; sequ&#234;ncia de a&#231;&#245;es e t&#233;cnicas de respira&#231;&#227;o, que envolvem maior complexidade. As modifica&#231;&#245;es propostas pelas diretrizes de 2010 da AHA provavelmente ter&#227;o algum impacto neste contexto<sup>17</sup>.</p>
    <p>O ensino de RCP em escolas &#233; uma estrat&#233;gia interessante. Esta &#233; uma popula&#231;&#227;o com maior taxa de compreens&#227;o que pode passar pelo treinamento mais vezes frequentemente e possui capacidade de aprendizagem e de reten&#231;&#227;o compar&#225;veis &#224;s de adultos. O presente estudo corrobora relat&#243;rios anteriores, incluindo diferen&#231;as de reten&#231;&#227;o entre os dom&#237;nios de conte&#250;do. Uma estrat&#233;gia semelhante envolvendo o conhecimento de traumas demonstrou efeitos positivos<sup>18</sup>. No entanto, como em outros estudos, esta investiga&#231;&#227;o n&#227;o recomenda um intervalo de treinamento ideal, pois avaliamos somente um intervalo de 6 meses. Cursos posteriores dever&#227;o determinar um intervalo apropriado para o retreinamento.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Limita&#231;&#245;es</bold>
    </p>
    <p>O conhecimento foi avaliado somente atrav&#233;s de um question&#225;rio simples. Embora saibamos que a reten&#231;&#227;o de conhecimento seja universalmente baixa, essa perda &#233; mais percept&#237;vel ao utilizar m&#233;todos de avalia&#231;&#227;o que envolvem desempenho; portanto, os dados obtidos podem n&#227;o refletir as diferen&#231;as de forma exata. O principal objetivo do treinamento neste estudo era a educa&#231;&#227;o mais abrangente da popula&#231;&#227;o geral sobre a administra&#231;&#227;o correta da parada card&#237;aca fora do hospital. No entanto, a dissemina&#231;&#227;o e aquisi&#231;&#227;o de conceitos b&#225;sicos deve ser fornecida antes que uma parada card&#237;aca possa ocorrer. Em rela&#231;&#227;o a isso, a avalia&#231;&#227;o usada permite uma compara&#231;&#227;o da reten&#231;&#227;o de conhecimento em dois momentos e &#233; suficiente para a avalia&#231;&#227;o inicial. Devido &#224; proposta de treinamento peri&#243;dico, a complexidade do treinamento poderia aumentar progressivamente, o que poderia causar um impacto no desempenho subsequente na avalia&#231;&#227;o<sup>19</sup>.</p>
    <p>A metodologia aplicada &#233; associada com dificuldades inerentes, e essas foram encontradas com rela&#231;&#227;o ao m&#233;todo, &#224; popula&#231;&#227;o em estudo e &#224; continuidade do projeto. Primeiro, este m&#233;todo requer equipamento audiovisual, al&#233;m de espa&#231;o f&#237;sico que acomode 20 pessoas. Dessa forma, as escolas devem ter ao menos uma sala adequada. Claramente, as escolas particulares diferem muito em termos de disponibilidade de recursos audiovisuais. Portanto, as aulas dependeram da disponibilidade de salas adequadas e da capacidade da escola em fornecer equipamentos audiovisuais, o que foi mais dif&#237;cil em escolas p&#250;blicas. Um meio de contornar essa limita&#231;&#227;o seria o aumento do n&#250;mero de materiais e instrutores dispon&#237;vel usando t&#233;cnicas de treinamento em massa.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Conclus&#227;o</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Este estudo demonstrou que o treinamento de RCP fornecido por estudantes de medicina usando um kit de treinamento dispon&#237;vel comercialmente (com o uso de v&#237;deo e boneco) foi eficaz para a reten&#231;&#227;o imediata e tardia de conhecimento. A maior reten&#231;&#227;o de conhecimento em escolas privadas pode estar associada a fatores culturais.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Agradecimentos</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Primeiramente, gostar&#237;amos de agradecer as quatro escolas participantes: Col&#233;gio Marista, Col&#233;gio Oswaldo Cruz, E.E. Dom Alberto Jos&#233; Gon&#231;alves, e E.E. Alberto Santos Dumont. Cada escola nos acolheu e forneceu a oportunidade de realizar a pesquisa com seus alunos. Agradecemos ao Centro de Treinamento em Suporte de Vida (FAEPA) que forneceu o material necess&#225;rio para as aulas. Agradecemos tamb&#233;m a Funda&#231;&#227;o de Amparo &#224; Pesquisa do Estado de S&#227;o Paulo (FAPESP), Conselho Nacional de Desempenho Tecnol&#243;gico (CNPq/PBIC) e o Projeto Aprender com Cultura e Extens&#227;o - USP que permitiu a realiza&#231;&#227;o do projeto com tr&#234;s de seus instrutores.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Contribui&#231;&#227;o dos autores</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa, Obten&#231;&#227;o de financiamento, Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito e Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual: Ribeiro LG, Germano R, Menezes PL, Schmidt A, Pazin-Filho A; Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados e An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados: Ribeiro LG, Germano R, Menezes PL, Pazin-Filho A; An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica: Ribeiro LG, Schmidt A, Pazin-Filho A.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Potencial Conflito de Interesses</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Declaro n&#227;o haver conflito de interesses pertinentes.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Fontes de Financiamento</bold>
    </p>
    <p>O presente estudo foi financiado pela FAPESP, PIBIC (CNPq), Aprender com cultura e extens&#227;o, Centro de treinamento em suporte a vida e FAEPA.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Vincula&#231;&#227;o Acad&#234;mica</bold>
    </p>
    <p>N&#227;o h&#225; vincula&#231;&#227;o deste estudo a programas de p&#243;s-gradua&#231;&#227;o.</p>
    <p>
      <fn id="enda" fn-type="corresp">
        <label>
          <bold>Correspond&#234;ncia:</bold>
        </label>
        <p> Lucas Gaspar Ribeiro </p>
        <p> Rua Comandante Marcondes Salgado, 866, Apto 502, Centro </p>
        <p> CEP 14010-150, Ribeir&#227;o Preto, SP - Brasil </p>
        <p> E-mail: </p>
        <p><email xlink:href="lucas_gaspar@terra.com.br">lucas_gaspar@terra.com.br</email>, </p>
        <p>
          <email xlink:href="lucasgasparribeiro@gmail.com">lucasgasparribeiro@gmail.com</email>
        </p>
      </fn>
    </p>
    <p>Artigo recebido em 17/11/12; revisado em 03/12/12; aceito em 23/04/13;</p>
    <p>
      <xref ref-type="undefined" rid="aop_5275ane01">Clique para ampliar</xref>
    </p>
    <p content-type="asset">
      <undefined id="aop_5275ane01">
        <inline-graphic xlink:href="https://minio.scielo.br/documentstore/1678-4170/HT8FmLyywqk6wBmk8LZM3jm/27748a3d9a65f965ef4ad9f1586c8fb295cd9be2.jpg"/>
      </undefined>
    </p>
  </body>
  <back>
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  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Articles</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title xml:lang="en">Medical students teaching cardiopulmonary resuscitation to middle school Brazilian students</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <abstract xml:lang="en">
        <p>BACKGROUND: Diseases of the circulatory system are the most common cause of death in Brazil. Because the general population is often the first to identify problems related to the circulatory system, it is important that they are trained. However, training is challenging owing to the number of persons to be trained and the maintenance of training. OBJECTIVES: To assess the delivery of a medical-student led cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) training program and to assess prior knowledge of CPR as well as immediate and delayed retention of CPR training among middle school students. METHODS: Two public and two private schools were selected. CPR training consisted of a video class followed by practice on manikins that was supervised by medical students. Multiple choice questionnaires were provided before, immediately after, and at 6 months after CPR training. The questions were related to general knowledge, the sequence of procedures, and the method to administer each component (ventilation, chest compression, and automated external defibrillation). The instructors met in a focus group after the sessions to identify the potential problems faced. RESULTS: In total, 147 students completed the 6-month follow-up. The public school students had a lower prior knowledge, but this difference disappeared immediately after training. After the 6-month follow-up period, these public school students demonstrated lower retention. The main problem faced was teaching mouth-to-mouth resuscitation. CONCLUSIONS: The method used by medical students to teach middle school students was based on the see-and-practice technique. This method was effective in achieving both immediate and late retention of acquired knowledge. The greater retention of knowledge among private school students may reflect cultural factors.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation</kwd>
        <kwd>Students, Medical</kwd>
        <kwd>Education, Primary and Secondary</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p>
        <fn id="end-body2">
          <label>
            <bold>Medical students teaching cardiopulmonary resuscitation to middle school Brazilian students</bold>
          </label>
          <p>
            <bold>Lucas Gaspar Ribeiro; Rafael Germano; Pedro Lugarinho Menezes; Andr&#233; Schmidt; Ant&#244;nio Pazin-Filho</bold>
          </p>
        </fn>
      </p>
      <p>Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeir&#227;o Preto - Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo - FMRP/USP, Ribeir&#227;o Preto, SP - Brazil</p>
      <p>Mailing Address</p>
      <p>
        <bold>ABSTRACT</bold>
      </p>
      <p><bold>BACKGROUND:</bold> Diseases of the circulatory system are the most common cause of death in Brazil. Because the general population is often the first to identify problems related to the circulatory system, it is important that they are trained. However, training is challenging owing to the number of persons to be trained and the maintenance of training.</p>
      <p><bold>OBJECTIVES:</bold> To assess the delivery of a medical-student led cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) training program and to assess prior knowledge of CPR as well as immediate and delayed retention of CPR training among middle school students.</p>
      <p><bold>METHODS:</bold> Two public and two private schools were selected. CPR training consisted of a video class followed by practice on manikins that was supervised by medical students. Multiple choice questionnaires were provided before, immediately after, and at 6 months after CPR training. The questions were related to general knowledge, the sequence of procedures, and the method to administer each component (ventilation, chest compression, and automated external defibrillation). The instructors met in a focus group after the sessions to identify the potential problems faced.</p>
      <p><bold>RESULTS:</bold> In total, 147 students completed the 6-month follow-up. The public school students had a lower prior knowledge, but this difference disappeared immediately after training. After the 6-month follow-up period, these public school students demonstrated lower retention. The main problem faced was teaching mouth-to-mouth resuscitation.</p>
      <p><bold>CONCLUSIONS:</bold> The method used by medical students to teach middle school students was based on the see-and-practice technique. This method was effective in achieving both immediate and late retention of acquired knowledge. The greater retention of knowledge among private school students may reflect cultural factors.</p>
      <p><bold>Keywords:</bold> Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation / education; Students, Medical; Education, Primary and Secondary.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Introduction</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Diseases of the circulatory system are the most common cause of death in Brazil, accounting for approximately 29% of all deaths. Approximately 50% of these cases involve sudden death due to ventricular fibrillation as a complication of acute myocardial infarction. Because this is a pre-hospital manifestation, improved education of the general population could potentially reduce mortality by helping people identify the situation and provide appropriate first aid<sup>1</sup>.</p>
      <p>Various methods of habilitating the general population include mass training; self-learning through commercially available programs; as well as training of individuals occupying strategic positions with respect to the guidance and care of the population (security guards, firemen, policemen), those working at sites of a higher incidence of events (gyms), those working at places difficult to access (planes), and relatives of at-risk individuals. Education has recently been directed at primary schools because this permits early access to information, with the possibility of repeated exposure during the school year and subsequent transmission of knowledge to the relatives of pupils<sup>2,3</sup>.</p>
      <p>Regardless of the population section targeted, the teaching methodology employed has been the main concern. In contrast with health professionals, the interest in the topic and the time that can be devoted to training are limited. Furthermore, because many instructed individuals will never be confronted with a real-life situation, knowledge retention is a problem. To circumvent these problems, there has been an increased use of video-based teaching, with practice on manikins, also known as the watch-and-practice technique. One of the advantages of this technique is the partial or total independence regarding instructors, persons difficult to recruit for the large segment of the population to be habilitated. It has been proposed that medical students can function as instructors, but they should be appropriately trained and supervised by qualified professionals through the concept of a "training tree"<sup>4</sup>.</p>
      <p>The objective of the present study was to test a commercially available kit for teaching cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR), supervised by medical students in Brazilian middle schools (13-15-year-old students) and to determine its efficacy in terms of both immediate and late (6 months) retention.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Methods</bold>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Study Population</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Students aged 13 to 15 years were selected from four middle schools; two were public (low socioeconomic level) and two were private (high socioeconomic level). Students were taught in classes of 25-46 and were invited to voluntarily participate. Informed signed consent was obtained from both the students and their parents. The directors of each of these schools approved the project prior to any student being approached. The project was approved by the Research Ethics Committee of the University Hospital of Ribeir&#227;o Preto, S&#227;o Paulo, FMRP-USP (CAE - 0078.0.004.000-09).</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Teaching Material</bold>
      </p>
      <p>A commercially available kit termed "Family &amp; Friends. CPR Any Time. Self-Learning Program" produced by the American Heart Association (AHA) was used. The kit contained a video presentation in Portuguese and an inflatable manikin for practicing ventilation and chest compression<sup>1</sup>. Individual face masks were provided for the practice of artificial ventilation.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Instructors</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Three medical students from the Faculty of Medicine of Ribeir&#227;o Preto (FMRP) were trained to be instructors by the professor in charge of the Clinical Emergencies course accredited by the American Heart Association<sup>5</sup>. The students participated in all the practical activities, and the content taught was tested in a pilot study.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Instrument for Analysis</bold>
      </p>
      <p>A questionnaire comprising 25 multiple choice questions was used. Each question had 4 possible responses, of which only one was correct (see enclosure). The questionnaire was based on the content presented during the AHA video and assessed the following domains: general knowledge in 7 questions; the sequence of procedures in 7 questions; and the correct method of administering each component in 11 questions. The latter section was further broken down as follows: 4 questions concerned ventilation, 3 concerned chest compression, and 4 concerned the use of an automated external defibrillator (AED). The questionnaire was given to a pilot group and to volunteer medical students who had undertaken the first aid course. After further development, two versions of the final questionnaire were prepared that differed only in the order of the questions. The first questionnaire (Version 1) was provided both before and at 6 months after training, and the second questionnaire (Version 2) was provided immediately after training.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Intervention</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Each teaching session lasted an average of 120 min. At the beginning of each class, the students completed Version 1 of the questionnaire. After the test, the students were divided into training groups with 1 manikin per 2 students. The video was then shown with predetermined pauses for the separate practice of individual skills (ventilation and chest compression) and to allow coordinated practice (2 ventilations for every 30 chest compressions). The full sequence of care was then presented from the recognition of cardiac arrest to the coordinated implementation of aid, ventilation, and chest compression. Finally, the use of AED was demonstrated.</p>
      <p>During practical exercises the instructors assisted the students, corrected improper techniques, and sought to resolve any queries that arose. The instructors intervened only if a problem presented itself or if the students requested their help. The students were continuously observed and were encouraged to resolve problems between themselves, with the instructors only intervening when this was incorrect or if the problem remained unresolved. After the practical sessions, Version 2 of the questionnaire was completed. Six months after the completion of training, the students were tested again with Version 1 of the questionnaire.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Qualitative Analysis</bold>
      </p>
      <p>After intervention, the research group held discussion sessions in a focus group according to a previously established methodology. The potentialities and problems detected were isolated by content evaluation<sup>6</sup>.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Statistical Analysis</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Statistical analysis was performed using the Stata 10 software. The categorical variables have been reported as a percentage using the Fisher test. Quantitative variables have been reported as mean &#177; SD, and central tendency measures were analyzed by the Student t-test. The results of qualitative analysis were descriptive.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Results</bold>
      </p>
      <p>A total of 387 students were trained, of which 202 were considered for analysis by corresponding to the first session in each school. Four schools received classes; two were public (public 1 and 2), and two were private (private 1 and 2). The composition was as follows: public 1 included 24 students (11.88%); public 2 included 57 students (28.22%); private 1 included 89 students (44.06%); and private 2 included 32 students (15.84%). No statistically significant differences were detected between either the two public school groups or the two private school groups. Therefore, the subjects were pooled into two main groups: Public (81 students; 47.6% males) and Private (121 students; 52.4% males).</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Immediate Retention</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Data have been reported quantitatively in <xref ref-type="table" rid="en_aop_5275tab01-body2">Table 1</xref> as absolute values (mean &#177; SD for correct responses before and after training and absolute increase in performance) and relative values (percent of correct responses in relation to the initial test). Data have been reported in a stratified manner according to content domain and institution. In the pre-test questionnaire, a difference was observed only between the public and private schools in the general knowledge domains. This difference was lost after the training intervention.</p>
      <p content-type="asset">
        <table-wrap id="en_aop_5275tab01-body2">
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-101-04-0328-30165-gt01-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Retention after 6 Months</bold>
      </p>
      <p>At 6 months, 53 students were lost to follow-up: 26% and 26.5% from the public and private schools, respectively. Therefore, 149 of the 202 students (73.7%) were included in this part of the study (60 from public schools; 89 from private schools). The results have been reported in <xref ref-type="table" rid="en_aop_5275tab02-body2">Table 2</xref> as the percent of correct response after 6 months. There was greater retention in the students from private schools, particularly in terms of the correct determination of the sequence of technical and ventilation actions.</p>
      <p content-type="asset">
        <table-wrap id="en_aop_5275tab02-body2">
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-101-04-0328-30165-gt02-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Qualitative Analysis</bold>
      </p>
      <p>The results are presented in <xref ref-type="table" rid="en_aop_5275tab03-body2">Tables 3</xref> and <xref ref-type="table" rid="en_aop_5275tab04-body2">4</xref>.</p>
      <p content-type="asset">
        <table-wrap id="en_aop_5275tab03-body2">
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-101-04-0328-30165-gt03-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      </p>
      <p content-type="asset">
        <table-wrap id="en_aop_5275tab04-body2">
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-101-04-0328-30165-gt04-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Discussion</bold>
      </p>
      <p>This study has demonstrated the effectiveness of a commercially available training kit (using a video and manikin) in the immediate and late retention of knowledge. Superior knowledge was initially found in the private school group prior to the course, but this immediately equalized following the course. Further, in the domain relating to the correct sequence of actions and ventilation technique, late retention was better in the private school students.</p>
      <p>The education of the general population is an important goal, considering that cardiac arrest is a phenomenon that predominantly occurs in the community. Several studies have demonstrated the efficacy of early intervention, but the challenge presented in educating the population is enormous with regard to the number of people to be trained, the efficacy of training, and the retention levels of transmitted knowledge<sup>7</sup>. One option is to utilize commercially available self-learning kits that are often effective but may not achieve their objective because of low levels of uptake of knowledge by the general population. In Brazil in particular, the video format itself may be a limiting factor due to local culture. For example, data provided by the distributor of the kit used in the present study show that 3.5 million units were sold in the United States in 2011 as opposed to only 250 in Brazil. This may be related to important cultural aspects of the Brazilian society that need to be considered while planning future training. Therefore, this study was undertaken to explore the influence of socioeconomic and cultural aspects using public and private schools.</p>
      <p>Prior levels of knowledge differed between the public and private school students, with 8.74 and 9.65 correct responses, respectively. This difference may be attributed to the involvement in scouting, to having parents who are health professionals, and to having access to the internet and television as informally reported to the instructors by the private school students. However, these background differences did not limit the efficacy of the method. Although the modification of parental habits is an important outcome, it will be necessary to further assess these differences in later studies.</p>
      <p>Primary school students can be educated about resuscitation from 11 years of age. By this age, they will have achieved a certain level of maturity to understand the importance of the topic and will have the necessary strength to be perform chest compressions on adults<sup>8,9</sup>. Advantageous aspects of training in this population are the possibility of regular training sessions that can be included in the school curriculum and the potential transfer of knowledge to relatives. Children in the pre-teen age range can influence their parents and motivate behavioral changes. The teaching of CPR encourages the discussion of the risk factors for cardiac arrest as well as how this can be avoided, resulting in the questioning of parental habits<sup>2</sup>.</p>
      <p>Medical students can be valuable collaborators in establishing the "training tree" of CPR<sup>4</sup>. Their involvement in teaching may be beneficial in reducing the anxiety generated by years of basic learning that is often distant from clinical reality. It also leads to questioning the efficacy of teaching methods as well as an improved appreciation of the cost, dedication, and work necessary for the development of a teaching activity<sup>10</sup>. Similarly, considering health professionals often show poor performance with basic life support, the involvement in teaching activities increases the time devoted to the topic and may improve learning; therefore, this strategy may be beneficial to the students themselves<sup>11</sup>. In addition, medical students appeared to be identified as role models by middle school students. In contrast, senior instructors may be less effective in this role because of the greater age difference.</p>
      <p>The retention of knowledge from basic life support courses is difficult to assess. This is because of a myriad of factors such as differences between populations, the nature of the content taught, the assessment itself, and the delay between the course and analysis<sup>12-14</sup>. In general, retention levels in the general adult population are low, approximately 50%-60%, with the possibility of reaching higher levels for specific segments of content<sup>12</sup>. Courses that include practical training tend to show improved retention<sup>13</sup>. Furthermore, there does not appear to be a significant difference in retention levels between children and adults<sup>14</sup>. When the analysis includes more accurate methods of assessment, such as the volume of air supplied by mouth-to-mouth respiration, the retention levels are lower<sup>12,15</sup>. Only studies that include populations receiving intensive and frequent training demonstrate consistently better performance<sup>12-15</sup>, although the uptake of re-training courses is low in the general adult population<sup>14</sup>. Adaptations to the training methods that are already available do not seem to be effective<sup>16</sup>. Considering the data as a whole, we can conclude that knowledge retention is generally low and deteriorates with time regardless of either the assessment performed or the target population. However, the literature also suggests that knowledge retention is favored by periodic courses that involve practical training.</p>
      <p>The cause of lower knowledge retention in the public schools may be socioeconomic factors. Students with higher acquisitive power may be exposed to situations that cause them to remember the knowledge acquired. However, the difference mainly occurred in questions regarding the sequence of actions and breathing techniques, which involve greater complexity. The modifications proposed by the 2010 guidelines of AHA will probably have an impact on this context<sup>17</sup>.</p>
      <p>Teaching of CPR in schools is an interesting strategy. This is a population with a higher uptake rate that can be frequently re-trained and that has comparable learning and retention abilities to those of adults. The present study supports previous reports, including differences in retention between content domains. A similar strategy involving knowledge of trauma has demonstrated positive effects<sup>18</sup>. However, similar to other studies, the present investigation cannot recommend an optimal training interval as only a 6-month interval was measured. Future courses will be necessary to determine an appropriate interval for re-training.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Limitations</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Knowledge was only assessed through a simple questionnaire. Although knowledge retention is known to be universally low, this loss is more marked when using assessment methods that involve performance; therefore, the data obtained may not provide a true reflection of the differences. The main goal of the training in this study was the wider education of the general population on the correct management of out-of-hospital cardiac arrest. However, the dissemination and acquisition of basic concepts must be provided before cardiac arrest can occur. With respect to this, the evaluation used permits a comparison of knowledge retention at two points in time and is sufficient for the initial assessment. Because periodic training is proposed, the complexity of training could be progressively increased, which may have an impact on subsequent performance at assessment<sup>19</sup>.</p>
      <p>The methodology employed is associated with inherent difficulties, and these were encountered with regard to the method, the population under study, and the continuity of the project. First, this method requires audiovisual equipment as well as a physical space that can accommodate 20 persons. Thus, the schools must have at least one suitable room. It was notable that private schools differed greatly in terms of the availability of audiovisual resources. Therefore, classes were dependent upon the availability of suitable rooms, and the ability of the school to provide audiovisual equipment, which was more difficult in public schools. A way of circumventing this limitation would be the expansion of the material and instructors available using mass training techniques.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Conclusion</bold>
      </p>
      <p>This study has demonstrated that CPR training provided by medical students using a commercially available training kit (with a video and manikin) was effective in both the immediate and late retention of knowledge. Greater knowledge retention in private schools may have been associated with cultural factors.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Acknowledgments</bold>
      </p>
      <p>First, we would like to thank the four participating schools: Col&#233;gio Marista, Col&#233;gio Oswaldo Cruz, E.E. Dom Alberto Jos&#233; Gon&#231;alves, and E.E. Alberto Santos Dumont. Each school welcomed us and provided the opportunity to conduct research with their students. We are grateful to the Training Center for Life Support (FAEPA) that provided the material necessary for the classes. We also thank Funda&#231;&#227;o de Amparo &#224; Pesquisa do Estado de S&#227;o Paulo (FAPESP), Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Tecnol&#243;gico (CNPq/PBIC), and the Project Learning with Culture and Extension-USP that permitted the execution of the project with their three instructors.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Author contributions</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Conception and design of the research, Obtaining funding, Writing of the manuscript and Critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content: Ribeiro LG, Germano R, Menezes PL, Schmidt A, Pazin-Filho A; Acquisition of data and Analysis and interpretation of the data: Ribeiro LG, Germano R, Menezes PL, Pazin-Filho A; Statistical analysis: Ribeiro LG, Schmidt A, Pazin-Filho A.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Potential Conflict of Interest</bold>
      </p>
      <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Sources of Funding</bold>
      </p>
      <p>This study was funded by FAPESP, PIBIC (CNPq), Aprender com cultura e extens&#227;o, Centro de treinamento em suporte a vida e FAEPA.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Study Association</bold>
      </p>
      <p>This study is not associated with any post-graduation program.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>References</bold>
      </p>
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        </fn>
      </p>
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