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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
        <publisher-loc>S&#227;o Paulo, SP, Brazil</publisher-loc>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">TbGSVqZSpZB4cCXCFN4FXkp</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2013003000004</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v1">S0066-782X(13)10100400004</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5935/abc.20130184</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigos Originais</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>O carvedilol potencializa o efeito antioxidante das vitaminas E e C na cardiopatia chag&#225;sica cr&#244;nica</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Budni</surname>
            <given-names>Patr&#237;cia</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Pedrosa</surname>
            <given-names>Roberto Coury</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff03"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Dalmarco</surname>
            <given-names>Eduardo Monguilhott</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Dalmarco</surname>
            <given-names>Juliana Bastos</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Frode</surname>
            <given-names>T&#226;nia S&#237;lvia</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Wilhelm Filho</surname>
            <given-names>Danilo</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff01">
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Florian&#243;polis</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">Santa Catarina</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina</institution>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff02">
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="state">Rio de Janeiro</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro</institution>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff03">
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Rio de Janeiro</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">Rio de Janeiro</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro</institution>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
      </aff>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>10</month>
        <year>2013</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>101</volume>
      <issue>4</issue>
      <fpage>304</fpage>
      <lpage>310</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>03</day>
          <month>01</month>
          <year>2013</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>30</day>
          <month>04</month>
          <year>2013</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>07</day>
          <month>01</month>
          <year>2013</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <p>FUNDAMENTO: A doen&#231;a de Chagas continua a ser uma importante doen&#231;a end&#234;mica no pa&#237;s, sendo o acometimento card&#237;aco a sua manifesta&#231;&#227;o mais grave. OBJETIVO: Verificar se o uso concomitante de carvedilol potencializar&#225; o efeito antioxidante das vitaminas E e C na atenua&#231;&#227;o do estresse oxidativo sist&#234;mico na cardiopatia chag&#225;sica cr&#244;nica. M&#201;TODOS: Foram estudados 42 pacientes com cardiopatia chag&#225;sica, agrupados de acordo com a classifica&#231;&#227;o modificada de Los Andes, em quatro grupos: 10 pacientes no grupo IA (eletrocardiograma e ecocardiograma normais: sem envolvimento do cora&#231;&#227;o), 20 pacientes do grupo IB (eletrocardiograma normal e ecocardiograma anormal: ligeiro envolvimento card&#237;aco), oito pacientes no grupo II (eletrocardiograma e ecocardiograma anormais, sem insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca: moderado envolvimento card&#237;aco) e quatro pacientes no grupo III (eletrocardiograma e ecocardiograma anormais com insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca: grave envolvimento card&#237;aco). Os marcadores de estresse oxidativo foram medidos no sangue, antes e ap&#243;s um per&#237;odo de seis meses de tratamento com carvedilol e ap&#243;s seis meses de terapia combinada com vitaminas E e C. Os marcadores foram: atividades da super&#243;xido dismutase, catalase, glutationa peroxidase, glutationa S-transferase e redutase, mieloperoxidase e adenosina deaminase, e os n&#237;veis de glutationa reduzida, de esp&#233;cies reativas do &#225;cido tiobarbit&#250;rico, prote&#237;na carbonilada, vitamina E e &#243;xido n&#237;trico. RESULTADOS: Ap&#243;s o tratamento com carvedilol, todos os grupos apresentaram diminui&#231;&#245;es significativas dos n&#237;veis de prote&#237;na carbonilada e glutationa reduzida, enquanto os n&#237;veis de &#243;xido n&#237;trico e atividade da adenosina aumentaram significativamente apenas no grupo menos acometido (IA). Al&#233;m disso, a maioria das enzimas antioxidantes mostrou atividades diminu&#237;das nos grupos menos acometidos (IA e IB). Com a adi&#231;&#227;o das vitaminas ao carvedilol houve diminui&#231;&#227;o dos danos em prote&#237;nas, nos n&#237;veis de glutationa e na maior parte da atividade das enzimas antioxidantes. CONCLUS&#213;ES: A queda dos n&#237;veis de estresse oxidativo, verificada pelos marcadores testados, foi mais acentuada quando da associa&#231;&#227;o do f&#225;rmaco carvedilol com as vitaminas antioxidantes. Os dados sugerem que tanto o carvedilol isoladamente como sua associa&#231;&#227;o com as vitaminas foram eficazes em atenuar o dano oxidativo sist&#234;mico em pacientes com CC, especialmente aqueles menos acometidos, sugerindo a possibilidade de sinergismo entre esses compostos.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt" kwd-group-type="author-generated">
        <kwd>Cardiomiopatia Chag&#225;sica</kwd>
        <kwd>Antagonistas Adren&#233;rgicos Beta</kwd>
        <kwd>Antioxidantes</kwd>
        <kwd>Vitamina E</kwd>
        <kwd>Vitamina C</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="pub">
        <day>06</day>
        <month>09</month>
        <year>2013</year>
      </pub-date>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <p>
      <bold>O carvedilol potencializa o efeito antioxidante das vitaminas E e C na cardiopatia chag&#225;sica cr&#244;nica </bold>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Patr&#237;cia Budni<sup>I</sup>; Roberto Coury Pedrosa<sup>II,III</sup>; Eduardo Monguilhott Dalmarco<sup>I</sup>; Juliana Bastos Dalmarco<sup>I</sup>; T&#226;nia S&#237;lvia Frode<sup>I</sup>; Danilo Wilhelm Filho<sup>I</sup></bold>
    </p>
    <p><sup>I</sup>Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Florian&#243;polis, SC </p>
    <p><sup>II</sup>Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro </p>
    <p><sup>III</sup>Hospital Universit&#225;rio Clementino Fraga Filho, Rio de Janeiro, RJ - Brasil</p>
    <p>
      <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="enda">Correspond&#234;ncia</xref>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>RESUMO</bold>
    </p>
    <p><bold>FUNDAMENTO:</bold> A doen&#231;a de Chagas continua a ser uma importante doen&#231;a end&#234;mica no pa&#237;s, sendo o acometimento card&#237;aco a sua manifesta&#231;&#227;o mais grave. </p>
    <p><bold>OBJETIVO:</bold> Verificar se o uso concomitante de carvedilol potencializar&#225; o efeito antioxidante das vitaminas E e C na atenua&#231;&#227;o do estresse oxidativo sist&#234;mico na cardiopatia chag&#225;sica cr&#244;nica. </p>
    <p><bold>M&#201;TODOS:</bold> Foram estudados 42 pacientes com cardiopatia chag&#225;sica, agrupados de acordo com a classifica&#231;&#227;o modificada de Los Andes, em quatro grupos: 10 pacientes no grupo IA (eletrocardiograma e ecocardiograma normais: sem envolvimento do cora&#231;&#227;o), 20 pacientes do grupo IB (eletrocardiograma normal e ecocardiograma anormal: ligeiro envolvimento card&#237;aco), oito pacientes no grupo II (eletrocardiograma e ecocardiograma anormais, sem insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca: moderado envolvimento card&#237;aco) e quatro pacientes no grupo III (eletrocardiograma e ecocardiograma anormais com insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca: grave envolvimento card&#237;aco). Os marcadores de estresse oxidativo foram medidos no sangue, antes e ap&#243;s um per&#237;odo de seis meses de tratamento com carvedilol e ap&#243;s seis meses de terapia combinada com vitaminas E e C. Os marcadores foram: atividades da super&#243;xido dismutase, catalase, glutationa peroxidase, glutationa S-transferase e redutase, mieloperoxidase e adenosina deaminase, e os n&#237;veis de glutationa reduzida, de esp&#233;cies reativas do &#225;cido tiobarbit&#250;rico, prote&#237;na carbonilada, vitamina E e &#243;xido n&#237;trico. </p>
    <p><bold>RESULTADOS:</bold> Ap&#243;s o tratamento com carvedilol, todos os grupos apresentaram diminui&#231;&#245;es significativas dos n&#237;veis de prote&#237;na carbonilada e glutationa reduzida, enquanto os n&#237;veis de &#243;xido n&#237;trico e atividade da adenosina aumentaram significativamente apenas no grupo menos acometido (IA). Al&#233;m disso, a maioria das enzimas antioxidantes mostrou atividades diminu&#237;das nos grupos menos acometidos (IA e IB). Com a adi&#231;&#227;o das vitaminas ao carvedilol houve diminui&#231;&#227;o dos danos em prote&#237;nas, nos n&#237;veis de glutationa e na maior parte da atividade das enzimas antioxidantes. </p>
    <p><bold>CONCLUS&#213;ES:</bold> A queda dos n&#237;veis de estresse oxidativo, verificada pelos marcadores testados, foi mais acentuada quando da associa&#231;&#227;o do f&#225;rmaco carvedilol com as vitaminas antioxidantes. Os dados sugerem que tanto o carvedilol isoladamente como sua associa&#231;&#227;o com as vitaminas foram eficazes em atenuar o dano oxidativo sist&#234;mico em pacientes com CC, especialmente aqueles menos acometidos, sugerindo a possibilidade de sinergismo entre esses compostos. </p>
    <p><bold>Palavras-chave:</bold> Cardiomiopatia Chag&#225;sica / terapia; Antagonistas Adren&#233;rgicos Beta; Antioxidantes; Vitamina E; Vitamina C.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</bold>
    </p>
    <p>O acometimento card&#237;aco &#233; a manifesta&#231;&#227;o mais grave e frequente da doen&#231;a de Chagas na fase cr&#244;nica em &#225;reas end&#234;micas, sendo a principal causa de morte em pacientes com idade entre 30-50 anos<sup>1</sup>.</p>
    <p>A patog&#234;nese da cardiopatia chag&#225;sica cr&#244;nica (CCC) ainda n&#227;o est&#225; totalmente compreendida, em parte porque a progress&#227;o da doen&#231;a depende de uma complexa intera&#231;&#227;o parasito-hospedeiro. Alguns mecanismos t&#234;m sido propostos para explicar a patog&#234;nese da CCC, entre eles a hip&#243;tese de uma resposta imunoinflamat&#243;ria amplificada, entre outros processos, pela gera&#231;&#227;o de esp&#233;cies reativas de oxig&#234;nio (ERO) na presen&#231;a do parasita ou seu ant&#237;geno<sup>2,3</sup>.</p>
    <p>Estrat&#233;gias de tratamento tradicional para insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca, como betabloqueadores, mostraram importante melhora na sobrevida e progress&#227;o da insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca (IC), no entanto ainda s&#227;o escassas as estrat&#233;gias que focam especificamente a CCC<sup>4,5</sup>.</p>
    <p>O carvedilol &#233; uma combina&#231;&#227;o de bloqueadores adren&#233;rgicos beta-1 e alfa-1 aprovados para o tratamento de insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca e disfun&#231;&#227;o ventricular esquerda. Grande n&#250;mero de evid&#234;ncias experimentais e cl&#237;nicas sugere que, al&#233;m de seu bloqueio adren&#233;rgico, o f&#225;rmaco tamb&#233;m possui potente atividade antioxidante<sup>6</sup>.</p>
    <p>Temos mostrado recentemente que um aumento do estresse oxidativo est&#225; associado com a progress&#227;o da doen&#231;a de Chagas<sup>7</sup> e que o uso de interven&#231;&#227;o antioxidante foi eficaz em atenuar o mesmo, com potencial de influenciar o curso da doen&#231;a<sup>8,9</sup>. Tamb&#233;m, recentemente, nosso grupo mostrou que a administra&#231;&#227;o de carvedilol foi eficaz em atenuar o insulto oxidativo nos diferentes est&#225;gios da doen&#231;a, um efeito que pode ser particularmente importante na CCC<sup>10</sup>.</p>
    <p>O objetivo principal deste estudo foi investigar se o carvedilol potencializaria o efeito antioxidante das vitaminas E e C, j&#225; demonstrado em estudos pr&#233;vios em nosso laborat&#243;rio, nos biomarcadores de estresse oxidativo e inflamat&#243;rios presentes no sangue de pacientes com CCC.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>M&#233;todos</bold>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Delineamento do estudo</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Trata-se de um estudo de interven&#231;&#227;o terap&#234;utica (RBR-95, JNQP), prospectivo, de amostra pertencente a uma coorte aberta, constitu&#237;da de pacientes acompanhados no Servi&#231;o de Cardiologia do Hospital Universit&#225;rio Clementino Fraga Filho (HUCFF-UFRJ).</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Sele&#231;&#227;o dos pacientes</bold>
    </p>
    <p>A amostra do estudo foi composta de pacientes que tivessem seguido o fluxograma de atendimento do ambulat&#243;rio de doen&#231;a de Chagas do HUCFF-UFRJ, de forma espont&#226;nea. Somente foram inclu&#237;dos pacientes chag&#225;sicos cr&#244;nicos com idade entre 21-70 anos, que mantiveram os mesmos h&#225;bitos alimentares, sem outras doen&#231;as associadas e que estavam afastados da zona end&#234;mica h&#225; mais de 20 anos. Pacientes com hipertens&#227;o arterial, doen&#231;a pulmonar obstrutiva cr&#244;nica, cardiomiopatia de qualquer outra origem que n&#227;o chag&#225;sica, doen&#231;a card&#237;aca valvar, disfun&#231;&#227;o da tireoide, consumo excessivo de tabaco/&#225;lcool, disfun&#231;&#245;es imunol&#243;gicas conhecidas, anormalidades nos eletr&#243;litos s&#233;ricos (pot&#225;ssio e c&#225;lcio) ou doen&#231;a sist&#234;mica foram exclu&#237;dos do estudo. O projeto do estudo foi aprovado pela Comiss&#227;o de &#201;tica em Pesquisa do HUCFF-UFRJ (parecer CEP n.&#186; 053/07). Todos os pacientes receberam informa&#231;&#245;es sobre o estudo e assinaram o termo de consentimento informado, livre e esclarecido. </p>
    <p>Os pacientes foram acompanhados pela mesma equipe de m&#233;dicos. Visitas m&#233;dicas foram agendadas no ambulat&#243;rio regularmente, com intervalo m&#233;dio de quatro meses e, quando necess&#225;rio, submetidos a avalia&#231;&#227;o laboratorial. Todos os pacientes encontravam-se clinicamente est&#225;veis por pelo menos tr&#234;s meses no momento em que a amostra de sangue para este estudo foi coletada. A dieta dos pacientes foi pobre quanto a antioxidantes nutricionais mais importantes e, portanto, a ingest&#227;o de vitaminas C e E foi considerada negligenci&#225;vel. Medica&#231;&#245;es que alteravam o equil&#237;brio hidroeletrolitico foram interrompidas por 48 horas antes das an&#225;lises laboratoriais e cl&#237;nicas, e n&#227;o houve intercorr&#234;ncias cl&#237;nicas durante esse per&#237;odo.</p>
    <p>Os pacientes foram agrupados de acordo com a classifica&#231;&#227;o modificada de Los Andes<sup>11</sup>, em quatro grupos: 10 pacientes no grupo IA (eletrocardiograma e ecocardiograma normais: sem envolvimento do cora&#231;&#227;o), 20 pacientes do grupo IB (eletrocardiograma normal e ecocardiograma anormal: ligeiro envolvimento card&#237;aco), oito pacientes no grupo II (eletrocardiograma e ecocardiograma anormais, sem insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca: moderado envolvimento card&#237;aco) e quatro pacientes no grupo III (eletrocardiograma e ecocardiograma anormais com insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca: grave envolvimento card&#237;aco).</p>
    <p>Os biomarcadores de estresse oxidativo foram medidos antes e ap&#243;s seis meses de tratamento isolado com carvedilol (divididos em tr&#234;s doses de 12,5 mg ao dia, compreendendo dose final di&#225;ria de 37,5 mg) e antes e ap&#243;s seis meses de sua associa&#231;&#227;o com vitaminas E (800 UI) e C (500 mg), em dose &#250;nica di&#225;ria. Entre a etapa do uso isolado do carvedilol e a terapia combinada houve um per&#237;odo de seis meses sem nenhum f&#225;rmaco.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Diagn&#243;stico sorol&#243;gico da doen&#231;a de Chagas</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Realizado em todos os pacientes atrav&#233;s da pesquisa de anticorpos anti-<italic>T. cruzi</italic>, utilizando dois m&#233;todos. A dilui&#231;&#227;o considerada rea&#231;&#227;o sorol&#243;gica positiva foi a estabelecida pelo laborat&#243;rio do centro de refer&#234;ncia de Manguinhos-Fiocruz/RJ.</p>
    <p>O paciente soropositivo foi aquele com dois testes sorol&#243;gicos positivos, em duas coletas diferentes. No caso de d&#250;vida entre os m&#233;todos, as amostras de soro foram retestadas pelo m&#233;todo de imunofluoresc&#234;ncia e, persistindo a discrep&#226;ncia, foi considerado o resultado desse m&#233;todo. O sangue foi coletado sempre pela mesma pessoa, no mesmo dia da semana, na parte da manh&#227; e em jejum.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>F&#225;rmacos e reagentes</bold>
    </p>
    <p>O f&#225;rmaco carvedilol, (RS)-1-(9H-carbazol-4-iloxi)-3-[2-(2-etoxifenoxil) etilamino] propan-2-ol, e as vitaminas E (E-Tabs) e C (Energil C) foram gentilmente cedidos por laborat&#243;rio farmac&#234;utico do estado de S&#227;o Paulo (Brasil) do grupo EMS Sigma Farma.</p>
    <p>Os reagentes referentes &#224;s an&#225;lises de biomarcadores de estresse oxidativo foram adquiridos da Sigma Chemical Co. (St. Louis, EUA).</p>
    <p>
      <bold>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</bold>
    </p>
    <p>As compara&#231;&#245;es estat&#237;sticas dos marcadores de estresse oxidativo e inflamat&#243;rias dentro dos diferentes grupos foram realizadas segundo an&#225;lise de vari&#226;ncia (ANOVA), a um fator, complementada pelo teste de Tukey-Kramer. Os dados foram analisados pelo m&#233;todo dos modelos lineares generalizados para medidas repetidas. Para todas as an&#225;lises foi utilizado o <italic>software</italic> SPSS vers&#227;o 11.5.0, adquirido sob licen&#231;a pela Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina em 6/9/2002. O n&#237;vel de signific&#226;ncia m&#237;nimo adotado foi de 5%.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Resultados</bold>
    </p>
    <p>A avalia&#231;&#227;o radiol&#243;gica mostrou que o &#237;ndice cardiotor&#225;cico aumentou com o grau de comprometimento card&#237;aco (p = 0,0001) e considerada cardiomegalia quando os valores foram maiores do que 0,50. O ecocardiograma mostrou fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o nos pacientes do grupo III significativamente menor do que nos demais grupos (p = 0,0001). O di&#226;metro diast&#243;lico final do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo foi corrigido para a &#225;rea corporal, e valores acima de 32 mm/m<sup>2</sup> foram considerados anormais. Com base nesse crit&#233;rio, 12 pacientes apresentaram dilata&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo. O comprometimento mioc&#225;rdio &#224; direita, expresso pela hipertens&#227;o pulmonar, esteve presente nos pacientes dos grupos II e III (<xref ref-type="table" rid="aop_5366tab01">Tabela 1</xref>).</p>
    <p content-type="asset">
      <table-wrap id="aop_5366tab01">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-101-04-0304-30184-gt01.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    </p>
    <p>Ao analisar o perfil dos diferentes grupos, observou-se que os pacientes do grupo IA mostraram n&#237;veis de GSH significativamente diminu&#237;dos, tanto ap&#243;s o tratamento com carvedilol (0,18 &#144;&#177; 0,12 &#181;mol ml<sup>-1</sup>) como ap&#243;s a sua combina&#231;&#227;o com as vitaminas antioxidantes (0,14 &#144;&#177; 0,10 &#181;mol ml<sup>-1</sup>), em compara&#231;&#227;o com indiv&#237;duos n&#227;o tratados (0,31 &#144;&#177; 0,17 &#181;mol ml<sup>-1</sup>). Os n&#237;veis de TBARS e da vitamina E mantiveram-se inalterados quando comparados com o tratamento isolado do carvedilol, mas, ap&#243;s a adi&#231;&#227;o de vitaminas, os n&#237;veis plasm&#225;ticos de TBARS diminu&#237;ram significativamente em compara&#231;&#227;o com os pacientes n&#227;o tratados (13,11 &#144;&#177; 9,98 nmol ml<sup>-1</sup> - 6,10 3,02 nmol ml<sup>-1</sup>), enquanto os n&#237;veis plasm&#225;ticos de vitamina E aumentaram em rela&#231;&#227;o ao tratamento isolado com carvedilol (12,44 &#144;&#177; 2,85 &#181;mol L<sup>-1</sup> - 16,18 &#144;&#177; 3,45 &#181;mol L<sup>-1</sup>) - <xref ref-type="table" rid="aop_5366tab02">Tabela 2</xref>. No entanto, o conte&#250;do de prote&#237;na carbonil (PC) mostrou diminui&#231;&#227;o significativa em pacientes tratados com carvedilol (0,04 &#144;&#177; 0,01 nmol mg<sup>-1</sup>) e tratados com vitaminas (0,09 &#144;&#177; 0,03 nmol mg<sup>-1</sup>), em compara&#231;&#227;o aos pacientes n&#227;o tratados (0,15 &#144;&#177; 0,07 nmol mg<sup>-1</sup>). Quando comparamos, dentro do mesmo grupo IA, a atividade de enzimas antioxidantes como SOD, GST e GPx, elas mostraram diminui&#231;&#227;o significativa em rela&#231;&#227;o aos pacientes n&#227;o tratados em ambos os tratamentos, enquanto a atividade da CAT foi maior no in&#237;cio com carvedilol e ap&#243;s manteve-se inalterada com a adi&#231;&#227;o das vitaminas. A atividade da GR manteve-se inalterada com a terapia com carvedilol (5,02 &#144;&#177; 0,71 &#181;mol min<sup>-1 </sup>ml<sup>-1 </sup>- 4,78 &#144;&#177; 1,26 &#181;mol min<sup>-1 </sup>ml<sup>-1</sup>, respectivamente) e diminuiu significativamente com a adi&#231;&#227;o das vitaminas (3,89 &#144;&#177; 0,71 &#181;mol min<sup>-1 </sup>ml<sup>-1</sup>) -<xref ref-type="table" rid="aop_5366tab03">Tabela 3</xref>. Sobre os marcadores inflamat&#243;rios, ap&#243;s a terapia com carvedilol houve aumento significativo nos n&#237;veis de &#243;xido n&#237;trico (NO) em compara&#231;&#227;o aos pacientes n&#227;o tratados (10,93 &#144;&#177; 3,19 &#181;M e 17,96 &#144;&#177; 3,24 &#181;M, respectivamente) seguido por diminui&#231;&#227;o ap&#243;s a adi&#231;&#227;o de vitaminas (9,09 &#144;&#177; 1,00 &#181;M). Aumento significativo da atividade da ADA foi detectado em ambas as interven&#231;&#245;es (10,03 &#144;&#177; 1,28 Ul<sup>-1</sup>, 17,17 &#144;&#177; 2,49 Ul<sup>-1 </sup>e 17,58 &#144;&#177; 2,21 UI<sup>-1</sup>), enquanto a atividade da MPO permaneceu inalterada (<xref ref-type="table" rid="aop_5366tab02">Tabela 2</xref>).</p>
    <p content-type="asset">
      <table-wrap id="aop_5366tab02">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-101-04-0304-30184-gt02.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    </p>
    <p content-type="asset">
      <table-wrap id="aop_5366tab03">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-101-04-0304-30184-gt03.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    </p>
    <p>Os pacientes do grupo IB tratados com carvedilol e a adi&#231;&#227;o de vitaminas mostraram resposta muito semelhante em rela&#231;&#227;o aos pacientes do grupo IA. N&#237;veis de GSH (0,16 &#144;&#177; 0,13 &#181;mol ml<sup>-1</sup> - 0,11 &#144;&#177; 0,09 &#181;mol ml<sup>-1</sup>, respectivamente) tamb&#233;m foram significativamente menores quando comparados com pacientes n&#227;o tratados (0,22 &#144;&#177; 0,17 &#181;mol ml<sup>-1</sup>) em ambas as interven&#231;&#245;es, enquanto os n&#237;veis de TBARS e vitamina E mantiveram-se inalterados quando comparados com o tratamento isolado com carvedilol; entretanto, com a adi&#231;&#227;o das vitaminas, os n&#237;veis de TBARS diminu&#237;ram significativamente em compara&#231;&#227;o com os n&#227;o tratados (10,02 &#144;&#177; 6,18 nmol ml<sup>-1</sup> - 6,52 &#144;&#177; 2,92 nmol ml<sup>-1</sup>, respectivamente), enquanto os n&#237;veis de vitamina E aumentaram em rela&#231;&#227;o ao carvedilol (15,70 &#144;&#177; 4,68 &#181;mol L<sup>-1</sup> - 22,02 &#144;&#177; 11,0 &#181;mol L<sup>1</sup>, respectivamente; <xref ref-type="table" rid="aop_5366tab02">Tabela 2</xref>). Al&#233;m disso, como encontrado nos pacientes do grupo IA, os conte&#250;dos de PC tamb&#233;m diminu&#237;ram significativamente em pacientes tratados somente com carvedilol (0,05 &#144;&#177; 0,02 nmol mg<sup>-1</sup>) e com a combina&#231;&#227;o das vitaminas (0,09 &#144;&#177; 0,08 nmol mg<sup>-1</sup>) comparados aos pacientes n&#227;o tratados (0,6 &#144;&#177; 0,19 nmol mg<sup>-1</sup>). O perfil da atividade das enzimas antioxidantes nesse grupo tamb&#233;m foi muito semelhante ao do grupo IA, enquanto os marcadores inflamat&#243;rios permaneceram inalterados, exceto a atividade da MPO, que aumentou significativamente em rela&#231;&#227;o aos tratados com carvedilol adicionado &#224; terapia das vitaminas antioxidantes (420,70 &#144;&#177; 27,88 &#181;M - 531,54 &#144;&#177; 25,84 &#181;M, respectivamente) - <xref ref-type="table" rid="aop_5366tab02">Tabela 2</xref>.</p>
    <p>Nos pacientes do grupo II, o comportamento dos par&#226;metros aqui analisados foram tamb&#233;m muito semelhantes aos encontrados nos pacientes menos acometidos (grupos IA e IB) - <xref ref-type="table" rid="aop_5366tab02">Tabela 2</xref>. Os n&#237;veis de GSH foram significativamente menores comparando os tratados com carvedilol e a combina&#231;&#227;o com as vitaminas em rela&#231;&#227;o aos indiv&#237;duos n&#227;o tratados (0,18 &#144;&#177; 0,11 - 0,16 &#144;&#177; 0,06 e 0,29 &#144;&#177; 0,10 &#181;mol ml<sup>-1</sup>, respectivamente), enquanto n&#227;o se verificou qualquer diferen&#231;a significativa nos n&#237;veis de TBARS e aumento significativo nos n&#237;veis de vitamina E, quando comparados ao tratamento da combina&#231;&#227;o com as vitaminas (29,40 &#144;&#177; 15,08 &#181;mol L<sup>-1</sup>) e os n&#227;o tratados (19,64 &#144;&#177; 9,25 &#181;mol L<sup>-1</sup>). Os valores de PC foram outra vez significativamente diminu&#237;dos ap&#243;s a terapia com carvedilol (0,05 &#144;&#177; 0,01 nmol mg<sup>-1</sup>) e tamb&#233;m ap&#243;s a combina&#231;&#227;o com as vitaminas (0,10 &#144;&#177; 0,03 nmol mg<sup>-1</sup>), comparativamente aos indiv&#237;duos n&#227;o tratados (0,17 &#144;&#177; 0,07 nmol mg<sup>-1</sup>). Ap&#243;s o tratamento com carvedilol e a combina&#231;&#227;o de vitaminas, os marcadores inflamat&#243;rios permaneceram inalterados, exceto a MPO, a qual aumentou significativamente (707,42 &#144;&#177; 104,83 &#181;M) em compara&#231;&#227;o aos valores dos pacientes n&#227;o tratados (409,54 &#144;&#177; 80,95 &#181;M) e os tratados com carvedilol (352,13 &#144;&#177; 50,3 &#181;M) -<xref ref-type="table" rid="aop_5366tab02">Tabela 2</xref>. As atividades de SOD e GST mostraram diminui&#231;&#245;es significativas em ambos os tratamentos, enquanto as atividades de CAT, GR e GPx n&#227;o foram significativamente diferentes em compara&#231;&#227;o com pacientes n&#227;o tratados (<xref ref-type="table" rid="aop_5366tab03">Tabela 3</xref>).</p>
    <p>Como encontrado nos outros grupos, os n&#237;veis de GSH dos pacientes classificados como grupo III diminu&#237;ram significativamente quando comparados aos pacientes tratados com carvedilol (0,16 &#144;&#177; 0,09 &#181;mol ml<sup>-1</sup>), a combina&#231;&#227;o com as vitaminas (0,18 &#144;&#177; 0,10 &#181;mol ml<sup>-1</sup>) e os n&#227;o tratados (0,38 &#144;&#177; 0,15 &#181;mol ml<sup>-1</sup>) -<xref ref-type="table" rid="aop_5366tab02">Tabela 2</xref>. Tamb&#233;m, de forma semelhante aos valores encontrados nos grupos IA, IB e II, n&#227;o foram observadas diferen&#231;as significativas nos n&#237;veis de TBARS no tratamento com carvedilol e ap&#243;s adicionadas as vitaminas. Houve aumento dos n&#237;veis de vitamina E em pacientes tratados com vitaminas, quando comparados com pacientes n&#227;o tratados (11,72 &#144;&#177; 3,40 &#181;mol ml<sup>-1</sup> - 20,76 &#144;&#177; 3,38 &#181;mol ml<sup>-1</sup>), enquanto os conte&#250;dos de PC novamente apresentaram valores diminu&#237;dos, tanto em pacientes tratados com carvedilol (0,05 &#144;&#177; 0,01 nmol mg<sup>-1</sup>) como na combina&#231;&#227;o das vitaminas (0,09 &#144;&#177; 0,12 nmol mg<sup>-1</sup>), quando comparados aos n&#227;o tratados (0,15 &#144;&#177; 0,06 nmol mg<sup>-1</sup>) - <xref ref-type="table" rid="aop_5366tab02">Tabela 2</xref>. As atividades de CAT, GR, GST e GPx n&#227;o foram significativamente diferentes em rela&#231;&#227;o ao tratamento aplicado, no entanto a atividade da SOD foi novamente diminu&#237;da entre os indiv&#237;duos tratados com carvedilol (69,20 &#144;&#177; 6,54 ml<sup>-1</sup>) e com a combina&#231;&#227;o das vitaminas (68,91 &#144;&#177; 5,01 ml<sup>-1</sup>) quando comparados aos n&#227;o tratados (145,44 &#144;&#177; 44,12 USOD ml<sup>-1</sup>). Da mesma forma que os resultados obtidos em outros grupos, os marcadores inflamat&#243;rios permaneceram inalterados ap&#243;s o tratamento com carvedilol e a combina&#231;&#227;o com as vitaminas (<xref ref-type="table" rid="aop_5366tab02">Tabela 2</xref>).</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Discuss&#227;o</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Neste estudo, previamente &#224; terapia antioxidante, os pacientes mostraram dano oxidativo aumentado nos lip&#237;dios e prote&#237;nas em compara&#231;&#227;o com o per&#237;odo p&#243;s-tratamento. Tamb&#233;m se observou aumento generalizado nas atividades da maioria das enzimas antioxidantes previamente ao tratamento.</p>
    <p>Em modelo animal de infec&#231;&#227;o por <italic>Trypanosoma cruzi</italic>, foi detectado aumento da modifica&#231;&#227;o oxidativa de prote&#237;nas celulares<sup>12,13</sup> e tamb&#233;m n&#237;veis aumentados de malondialde&#237;do (MDA, produto majorit&#225;rio da lipoperoxida&#231;&#227;o), resultados que coincidem com os do presente trabalho. Os primeiros estudos com o carvedilol revelaram que esse f&#225;rmaco &#233; muito mais potente em inibir a produ&#231;&#227;o de radicais hidroxila (<sup>&#149;</sup>OH) quando comparado a outros beta-bloqueadores, sendo capaz de inibir a peroxida&#231;&#227;o lip&#237;dica<sup>14</sup>. Observamos diminui&#231;&#227;o significativa no marcador de dano &#224;s prote&#237;nas em todos os grupos com CCC e tamb&#233;m diminui&#231;&#227;o nos n&#237;veis de TBARS, o que poderia ser atribu&#237;do &#224;s potentes propriedades antioxidantes do carvedilol<sup>11</sup>. Em outro estudo similar, o carvedilol tamb&#233;m impediu a peroxida&#231;&#227;o lip&#237;dica nas membranas das c&#233;lulas do mioc&#225;rdio, iniciada por radicais de oxig&#234;nio gerados por sistemas qu&#237;micos, enzim&#225;ticos ou celulares, tanto <italic>in vitro</italic> como <italic>in vivo</italic><sup>15</sup>.</p>
    <p>O processo inflamat&#243;rio que caracteriza a doen&#231;a de Chagas &#233; mais pronunciado na fase aguda e parece se correlacionar com a gravidade da insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca<sup>16</sup>. Neste estudo observou-se que o tratamento com carvedilol manteve a maioria dos marcadores inflamat&#243;rios inalterados (NO, ADA e MPO), sugerindo um efeito adicional desse f&#225;rmaco sobre o processo inflamat&#243;rio. A atividade anti-inflamat&#243;ria do carvedilol tem sido mostrada em estudos com a redu&#231;&#227;o da prote&#237;na C reativa, da prote&#237;na amiloide e da prote&#237;na quimiot&#225;tica de mon&#243;citos<sup>17</sup>. Esse efeito poderia estar relacionado &#224; sua capacidade antioxidante em diminuir a gera&#231;&#227;o de EROs e &#224; capacidade de impedir a infiltra&#231;&#227;o de c&#233;lulas inflamat&#243;rias no mioc&#225;rdio<sup>18,19</sup>. Os aumentos de ADA e NO foram verificados apenas em pacientes pertencentes ao grupo IA, classificados como o grupo menos severamente afetado da CCC. Achados histopatol&#243;gicos em pessoas com doen&#231;a card&#237;aca mostraram aumento de c&#233;lulas mononucleares com produ&#231;&#227;o de TNF-&#945; por macr&#243;fagos ativados e linf&#243;citos T<sup>20</sup>. Esse resultado poderia justificar esse aumento de ADA, que &#233; uma enzima liberada por c&#233;lulas mononucleares. O aumento dos n&#237;veis de NO nesse grupo de pacientes poderia indicar uma resposta contra a infec&#231;&#227;o por <italic>T. cruzi</italic>, uma vez que esses pacientes apresentam um grau de comprometimento menor, comparativamente aos demais grupos. Com a adi&#231;&#227;o das vitaminas antioxidantes &#224; terapia com o carvedilol, &#233; poss&#237;vel sugerir uma associa&#231;&#227;o sin&#233;rgica na combina&#231;&#227;o dos tr&#234;s antioxidantes n&#227;o enzim&#225;ticos. Essa sinergia poderia estar refletida na diminui&#231;&#227;o acentuada dos marcadores de danos, tanto lip&#237;dicos como proteicos, em compara&#231;&#227;o com pacientes n&#227;o tratados.</p>
    <p>Foi observado aumento significativo nos n&#237;veis plasm&#225;ticos de vitamina E em todos os grupos, indicando que a vitamina E foi adequadamente absorvida pelos pacientes. Esses resultados est&#227;o de acordo com um estudo realizado por Bhogade e cols.<sup>21</sup>, em que, ap&#243;s a suplementa&#231;&#227;o com vitamina E, houve aumento em seus n&#237;veis plasm&#225;ticos, com a concomitante diminui&#231;&#227;o dos n&#237;veis de MDA.</p>
    <p>A atividade da maioria das enzimas antioxidantes diminuiu significativamente ou permaneceu inalterada, o que poderia ser explicado pelo sinergismo entre os tr&#234;s antioxidantes usados na preven&#231;&#227;o da agress&#227;o oxidativa.</p>
    <p>O marcador inflamat&#243;rio NO diminuiu somente no grupo IA ap&#243;s adi&#231;&#227;o das vitaminas ao carvedilol, um efeito que poderia ser atribu&#237;do &#224; capacidade da vitamina E em prevenir a toxicidade do NO via forma&#231;&#227;o de peroxinitrito<sup>22</sup>.</p>
    <p>O aumento da atividade da MPO verificado no grupo II ap&#243;s adi&#231;&#227;o de vitaminas ao carvedilol poderia ser justificado pela rela&#231;&#227;o que essa enzima possui com a progress&#227;o e a gravidade da doen&#231;a card&#237;aca. Lobbes e cols.<sup>23</sup> mostraram que os n&#237;veis s&#233;ricos aumentados de MPO foram significativamente associados a doen&#231;a arterial coronariana em pacientes com infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio, em compara&#231;&#227;o com controles saud&#225;veis. Bellotti e cols.<sup>24</sup> procuraram investigar a presen&#231;a de parasitos no cora&#231;&#227;o de chag&#225;sicos cr&#244;nicos, encontrando-os com frequ&#234;ncia e relacionando-os com a gravidade do processo inflamat&#243;rio mioc&#225;rdico, assim fortalecendo a ideia do importante papel do parasito na fisiopatologia da fase cr&#244;nica<sup>25</sup>.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Conclus&#227;o</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Com os resultados deste estudo, &#233; poss&#237;vel concluir que tanto o tratamento isolado com o carvedilol como a associa&#231;&#227;o com as vitaminas antioxidantes foram eficazes na atenua&#231;&#227;o do estresse oxidativo sist&#234;mico no sangue de pacientes com cardiopatia chag&#225;sica cr&#244;nica (CCC), evidenciado pela diminui&#231;&#227;o dos n&#237;veis de TBARS e PC, e pela diminui&#231;&#227;o da maioria das atividades de enzimas antioxidantes. A combina&#231;&#227;o de carvedilol e vitaminas E e C indica a possibilidade de sinergismo entre os tr&#234;s antioxidantes n&#227;o enzim&#225;ticos na atenua&#231;&#227;o do dano oxidativo associado com a CCC. Fica claro que a queda dos n&#237;veis de estresse oxidativo, verificada pelos marcadores testados, foi mais acentuada quando da associa&#231;&#227;o do f&#225;rmaco com as vitaminas antioxidantes. Por outro lado, tanto o uso do carvedilol isoladamente como a sua combina&#231;&#227;o com as vitaminas antioxidantes foram aparentemente incapazes de conter a evolu&#231;&#227;o do processo inflamat&#243;rio, indicado pelo aumento da ADA e MPO nos dois momentos de interven&#231;&#227;o.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Contribui&#231;&#227;o dos autores</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa: Budni P, Pedrosa RC, Wilhelm Filho D; Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados, An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados e Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual: Budni P, Pedrosa RC, Dalmarco EM, Dalmarco JB, Frode TS, Wilhelm Filho D; An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica e Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito: Budni P, Wilhelm Filho D.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Potencial Conflito de Interesses</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Declaro n&#227;o haver conflito de interesses pertinentes.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Fontes de Financiamento</bold>
    </p>
    <p>O presente estudo n&#227;o teve fontes de financiamento externas.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Vincula&#231;&#227;o Acad&#234;mica</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Este artigo &#233; parte de tese de Doutorado de Patr&#237;cia Budni pela Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina - UFSC.</p>
    <p>
      <fn id="enda" fn-type="corresp">
        <label>
          <bold>Correspond&#234;ncia:</bold>
        </label>
        <p> Patricia Budni </p>
        <p> Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Centro de Ci&#234;ncias Biol&#243;gicas, Cidade Universit&#225;ria, Trindade </p>
        <p> CEP 80040-900, Florian&#243;polis, SC - Brasil </p>
        <p> E-mail: </p>
        <p>
          <email xlink:href="budnip@gmail.com">budnip@gmail.com</email>
        </p>
      </fn>
    </p>
    <p>Artigo recebido em 03/01/13; revisado em 07/01/13; aceito em 30/04/13.</p>
  </body>
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              <given-names>AW</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Lima Passos</surname>
              <given-names>V</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Braat</surname>
              <given-names>SH</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B24">
        <mixed-citation>24. Bellotti G, Bocchi EA, Moraes AV, Higuchi ML, Barbero-Marcial, Sosa E, et al. In vivo detection of Trypanosoma cruzi antigns in hearts of patients with chronic Chagas' heart disease. Am Heart J. 1996;131(2):301-7.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>In vivo detection of Trypanosoma cruzi antigns in hearts of patients with chronic Chagas' heart disease</article-title>
          <source>Am Heart J</source>
          <date>
            <year>1996</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>301</fpage>
          <lpage>7</lpage>
          <issue>2</issue>
          <volume>131</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Bellotti</surname>
              <given-names>G</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Bocchi</surname>
              <given-names>EA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Moraes</surname>
              <given-names>AV</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Higuchi</surname>
              <given-names>ML</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Barbero-Marcial</surname>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Sosa</surname>
              <given-names>E</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
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      <ref id="B25">
        <mixed-citation>25. da Cunha AB. A doen&#231;a de Chagas e o envolvimento do sistema nervoso aut&#243;nomo. Rev Port Cardiol. 2003;22(6):813-24.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>A doen&#231;a de Chagas e o envolvimento do sistema nervoso aut&#243;nomo</article-title>
          <source>Rev Port Cardiol</source>
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            <year>2003</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>813</fpage>
          <lpage>24</lpage>
          <issue>6</issue>
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              <surname>da Cunha</surname>
              <given-names>AB</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
    </ref-list>
  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Articles</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title xml:lang="en">Carvedilol enhances the antioxidant effect of vitamins E and C in chronic chagas heart disease</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <abstract xml:lang="en">
        <p>BACKGROUND: Chagas disease is still an important endemic disease in Brazil, and the cardiac involvement is its more severe manifestation. OBJECTIVE: To verify whether the concomitant use of carvedilol will enhance the antioxidant effect of vitamins E and C in reducing the systemic oxidative stress in chronic Chagas heart disease. METHODS: A total of 42 patients with Chagas heart disease were studied. They were divided into four groups according to the modified Los Andes classification: 10 patients in group IA (normal electrocardiogram and echocardiogram; no cardiac involvement); 20 patients in group IB (normal electrocardiogram and abnormal echocardiogram; mild cardiac involvement); eight patients in group II (abnormal electrocardiogram and echocardiogram; no heart failure; moderate cardiac involvement); and four patients in group III (abnormal electrocardiogram and echocardiogram with heart failure; severe cardiac involvement). Blood levels of markers of oxidative stress were determined before and after a six-month period of treatment with carvedilol, and six months after combined therapy of carvedilol with vitamins E and C. The markers analyzed were as follows: activities of superoxide dismutase, catalase, glutathione peroxidase, glutathione S-transferase and reductase, myeloperoxidade and adenosine deaminase; and the levels of reduced glutathione, thiobarbituric-acid reactive substances, protein carbonyls, vitamin E, and nitric oxide. RESULTS: After treatment with carvedilol, all groups showed significant decrease in protein carbonyls and reduced glutathione levels, whereas nitric oxide levels and adenosine activity increased significantly only in the less severely affected group (IA). In addition, the activity of most of the antioxidant enzymes was decreased in the less severely affected groups (IA and IB). By combining the vitamins with carvedilol, a reduction in protein damage, in glutathione levels, and in the activity of most of the antioxidant enzymes were observed. CONCLUSIONS: The decrease in oxidative stress levels observed by means of the markers tested was more significant when carvedilol was used in combination with the antioxidant vitamins. The findings suggest that both carvedilol alone and in combination with the vitamins were effective in attenuating the systemic oxidative stress in patients with Chagas heart disease, especially those less severely affected, thus suggesting the possibility of synergism between these compounds.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>Chagas, Cardiomyopathy</kwd>
        <kwd>Adrenergic Beta-Antagonists</kwd>
        <kwd>Antioxidants</kwd>
        <kwd>Vitamin E</kwd>
        <kwd>Vitamin C</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p>
        <fn id="end-body2">
          <label>
            <bold>Carvedilol enhances the antioxidant effect of vitamins E and C in chronic chagas heart disease</bold>
          </label>
          <p>
            <bold>Patr&#237;cia Budni<sup>I</sup>; Roberto Coury Pedrosa<sup>II,III</sup>; Eduardo Monguilhott Dalmarco<sup>I</sup>; Juliana Bastos Dalmarco<sup>I</sup>; T&#226;nia S&#237;lvia Frode<sup>I</sup>; Danilo Wilhelm Filho<sup>I</sup></bold>
          </p>
        </fn>
      </p>
      <p><sup>I</sup>Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Florian&#243;polis, SC</p>
      <p><sup>II</sup>Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro</p>
      <p><sup>III</sup>Hospital Universit&#225;rio Clementino Fraga Filho, Rio de Janeiro, RJ - Brazil</p>
      <p>Mailing address</p>
      <p>
        <bold>ABSTRACT</bold>
      </p>
      <p><bold>BACKGROUND:</bold> Chagas disease is still an important endemic disease in Brazil, and the cardiac involvement is its more severe manifestation.</p>
      <p><bold>OBJECTIVE:</bold> To verify whether the concomitant use of carvedilol will enhance the antioxidant effect of vitamins E and C in reducing the systemic oxidative stress in chronic Chagas heart disease.</p>
      <p><bold>METHODS:</bold> A total of 42 patients with Chagas heart disease were studied. They were divided into four groups according to the modified Los Andes classification: 10 patients in group IA (normal electrocardiogram and echocardiogram; no cardiac involvement); 20 patients in group IB (normal electrocardiogram and abnormal echocardiogram; mild cardiac involvement); eight patients in group II (abnormal electrocardiogram and echocardiogram; no heart failure; moderate cardiac involvement); and four patients in group III (abnormal electrocardiogram and echocardiogram with heart failure; severe cardiac involvement). Blood levels of markers of oxidative stress were determined before and after a six-month period of treatment with carvedilol, and six months after combined therapy of carvedilol with vitamins E and C. The markers analyzed were as follows: activities of superoxide dismutase, catalase, glutathione peroxidase, glutathione S-transferase and reductase, myeloperoxidade and adenosine deaminase; and the levels of reduced glutathione, thiobarbituric-acid reactive substances, protein carbonyls, vitamin E, and nitric oxide.</p>
      <p><bold>RESULTS:</bold> After treatment with carvedilol, all groups showed significant decrease in protein carbonyls and reduced glutathione levels, whereas nitric oxide levels and adenosine activity increased significantly only in the less severely affected group (IA). In addition, the activity of most of the antioxidant enzymes was decreased in the less severely affected groups (IA and IB). By combining the vitamins with carvedilol, a reduction in protein damage, in glutathione levels, and in the activity of most of the antioxidant enzymes were observed.</p>
      <p><bold>CONCLUSIONS:</bold> The decrease in oxidative stress levels observed by means of the markers tested was more significant when carvedilol was used in combination with the antioxidant vitamins. The findings suggest that both carvedilol alone and in combination with the vitamins were effective in attenuating the systemic oxidative stress in patients with Chagas heart disease, especially those less severely affected, thus suggesting the possibility of synergism between these compounds. </p>
      <p><bold>Keywords:</bold> Chagas, Cardiomyopathy / therapy; Adrenergic Beta-Antagonists; Antioxidants; Vitamin E; Vitamin C.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Introduction</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Cardiac involvement is the most severe and common manifestation in the chronic phase of Chagas disease in endemic areas, and is the main death cause in patients aged between 30-50 years<sup>1</sup>.</p>
      <p>The pathogenesis of chronic Chagas heart disease (CCHD) is not yet fully understood, partly because the disease progression depends on a complex parasite-host interaction. Some mechanisms have been proposed to explain the pathogenesis of CCHD, one of which is the hypothesis of an amplified immune-inflammatory response, among other processes, resulting from the generation of oxygen-reactive species (ORS) in the presence of the parasite or its antigen<sup>2,3</sup>.</p>
      <p>Conventional treatment strategies for heart failure, such as betablockers, have shown a significant improvement in survival and progression of heart failure (HF). However, strategies focusing specifically on CCHD are still scarce<sup>4,5</sup>.</p>
      <p>Carvedilol is a combination of beta-1 with alpha-1 adrenergic blockers approved for the treatment of heart failure and left ventricular dysfunction. Many experimental and clinical evidences suggest that, in addition to its adrenergic blockade, the drug also has a potent antioxidant activity<sup>6</sup>.</p>
      <p>We have recently shown that increased oxidative stress is associated with the progression of Chagas disease<sup>7</sup>, and that the use of antioxidants was effective in reducing it, thus potentially being able to influence the course of the disease<sup>8,9</sup>. Our group has also recently shown that the administration of carvedilol was effective in attenuating oxidative stress in the different stages of the disease, an effect that may be particularly important in CCHD<sup>10</sup>.</p>
      <p>The main objective of this study was to investigate whether carvedilol would enhance the antioxidant effect of vitamins E and C, previously demonstrated in studies conducted in our laboratory, by means of biomarkers of inflammatory and oxidative stress in the blood of patients with CCHD.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Methods</bold>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Study design</bold>
      </p>
      <p>This is a prospective therapeutic intervention study (RBR-95, JNQP) of a sample from an open cohort comprised of patients followed up in the Service of Cardiology of Clementino Fraga Filho University Hospital (HUCFF-UFRJ).</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Patient selection</bold>
      </p>
      <p>The study sample was comprised of patients who had spontaneously followed the treatment flowchart of the HUCFF-UFRJ Chagas disease outpatient clinic. Only patients with chronic Chagas disease aged between 21-70 years, who had maintained their nutritional habits, had no associated diseases, and had been away from endemic zones for more than 20 years were included in the study. Patients with arterial hypertension, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, cardiomyopathy of an etiology other than Chagas disease, heart valve disease, thyroid dysfunction, excessive tobacco/alcohol intake, known immune diseases, abnormal serum electrolyte levels (potassium and calcium), or systemic disease were excluded from the study. The study project was approved by the HUCFF-UFRJ Research Ethics Committee (CEP resolution no. 053/07). All patients received information about the study and gave written informed consent.</p>
      <p>The patients were followed up by the same team of physicians. Medical visits were scheduled regularly on an outpatient basis at mean intervals of four months and, when necessary, the patients underwent laboratory tests. All patients had been clinically stable for at least three months when their blood sample was collected for the present study. The patients' diet was poor in major nutritional antioxidants and, therefore, the intake of vitamins C and E was considered negligible. Medications that interfered with the fluid and electrolyte balance were discontinued for 48 hours prior to the laboratory and clinical tests, and no clinical events were recorded during this period.</p>
      <p>The patients were divided into four groups according to the modified Los Andes classification<sup>11</sup>: 10 patients in group IA (normal electrocardiogram and echocardiogram; no cardiac involvement); 20 patients in group IB (normal electrocardiogram and abnormal echocardiogram; mild cardiac involvement); eight patients in group II (abnormal electrocardiogram and echocardiogram; no heart failure; moderate cardiac involvement); and four patients in group III (abnormal electrocardiogram and echocardiogram with heart failure; severe cardiac involvement).</p>
      <p>The levels of biomarkers of oxidative stress were determined prior to and six months after treatment with carvedilol alone (at a dose of 12.5mg TID, in a total daily dose of 37.5 mg) and prior to and after six months of the combination of carvedilol with vitamins E (800IU) and C (500mg) in a single daily dose. Between the phases of carvedilol used alone and in combination with the vitamins, there was an interval of six months with no medication.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Serological diagnosis of Chagas disease</bold>
      </p>
      <p>The serological diagnosis of Chagas disease was made in all patients by means of anti-<italic>T. cruzi</italic> antibody detection using two methods. The dilution considered as a positive serological reaction was that established by the laboratory of the Manguinhos-Fiocruz/RJ reference center.</p>
      <p>Patients were considered as testing positive when they showed two positive serological tests in two samples collected separately. In case of doubtful results of the two methods, the serum samples were retested using the immunofluorescence method; if discrepancy persisted, the result of immunofluorescence prevailed. Blood samples were always collected by the same person, on the same day of the week, in the morning, and with the patients fasted.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Medications and reagents</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Carvedilol, (RS)-1-(9H-carbazol-4-yloxy)-3-[2-(2-ethoxyphenoxyl) ethylamine] propan-2-ol, and vitamins E (E-Tabs) and E (Energil C) were kindly supplied by a pharmaceutical industry from the State of S&#227;o Paulo (Brazil), of the EMS Sigma Farma group.</p>
      <p>The reagents used for the analyses of oxidative stress biomarkers were obtained from Sigma Chemical Co. (St. Louis, USA).</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Statistical analysis</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Statistical comparisons of inflammatory and oxidative stress markers within the different groups were made using the one-factor analysis of variance (ANOVA) complemented by the Tukey-Kramer test. Data were analyzed using the generalized linear models for repeated measures. The SPSS version 11.5.0 acquired under license by Federal University of Santa Catarina in 9/6/2002 was used for all analyses. The level of significance was set at 5%.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Results</bold>
      </p>
      <p>The radiological assessment showed that the cardiothoracic index increased with the degree of cardiac involvement (p = 0.0001) and was considered as cardiomegaly when values were greater than 0.50. Echocardiography showed ejection fraction values significantly lower in group III patients than in patients of the other groups (p = 0.0001). The left ventricular end-diastolic diameter was corrected for body surface, and values above 32 mm/m<sup>2</sup> were considered abnormal. Based on this criterion, 12 patients showed left ventricular dilatation. Right myocardial impairment, as expressed by pulmonary hypertension, was observed in groups II and III patients (<xref ref-type="table" rid="en_aop_5366tab01-body2">Table 1</xref>).</p>
      <p content-type="asset">
        <table-wrap id="en_aop_5366tab01-body2">
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-101-04-0304-30184-gt01-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      </p>
      <p>The analysis of the profile of the different groups showed that group IA patients had significantly decreased GSH levels, both after treatment with carvedilol (0.18 &#144;&#177; 0.12 &#181;mol ml<sup>-1</sup>) and after treatment with carvedilol combined with the antioxidant vitamins (0.14 &#144;&#177; 0.10 &#181;mol ml<sup>-1</sup>), in comparison with untreated individuals (0.31 &#144;&#177; 0.17 &#181;mol ml<sup>-1</sup>).</p>
      <p>TBARS and vitamin E levels remained unchanged when compared to the treatment with carvedilol alone. However, after combination with vitamins, plasma TBARS levels significantly decreased in comparison to those of untreated patients (13.11 &#144;&#177; 9.98 nmol ml<sup>-1</sup> - 6.10 &#144;&#177; 3.02 nmol ml<sup>-1</sup>), whereas plasma vitamin E levels increased in relation to the treatment with carvedilol alone (12.44 &#144;&#177; 2.85 &#181;mol L<sup>-1</sup> - 16.18 &#144;&#177; 3.45 &#181;mol L<sup>-1</sup>) (<xref ref-type="table" rid="en_aop_5366tab02-body2">Table 2</xref>). However, the protein carbonyls (PC) level was significantly decreased in patients treated with carvedilol (0.04 &#144;&#177; 0.01 nmol mg<sup>-1</sup>) and vitamins (0.09 &#144;&#177; 0.03 nmol mg<sup>-1</sup>), in comparison to that of untreated patients (0.15 &#144;&#177; 0.07 nmol mg<sup>-1</sup>). When we compared the activity of the antioxidant enzymes SOD, GST and GPx within group IA, we observed a significant reduction in relation to untreated patients in both treatment regimens, whereas CAT activity was initially higher with carvedilol and then remained unchanged with the combination with vitamins. GR activity remained unchanged with treatment with carvedilol (5.02 &#144;&#177; 0.71 &#181;mol min<sup>-1 </sup>ml<sup>-1 </sup>- 4.78 &#144;&#177; 1.26 &#181;mol min<sup>-1 </sup>ml<sup>-1</sup>, respectively) and decreased significantly with the combination with vitamins (3.89 &#144;&#177; 0.71 &#181;mol min<sup>-1 </sup>ml<sup>-1</sup>) (<xref ref-type="table" rid="en_aop_5366tab03-body2">Table 3</xref>). As for the inflammatory markers, after treatment with carvedilol there was a significant increase in nitric oxide (NO) levels in comparison to those of untreated patients (10.93 &#144;&#177; 3.19 &#181;M and 17.96 &#144;&#177; 3.24 &#181;M, respectively) followed by a decrease after the combination with vitamins (9.09 &#144;&#177; 1.00 &#181;M). A significant increase in ADA activity was observed after both interventions (10.03 &#144;&#177; 1.28 Ul<sup>-1</sup>, 17.17 &#144;&#177; 2.49 Ul<sup>-1 </sup>and 17.58 &#144;&#177; 2.21 UI<sup>-1</sup>), whereas MPO activity remained unchanged (<xref ref-type="table" rid="en_aop_5366tab02-body2">Table 2</xref>).</p>
      <p content-type="asset">
        <table-wrap id="en_aop_5366tab02-body2">
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-101-04-0304-30184-gt02-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      </p>
      <p content-type="asset">
        <table-wrap id="en_aop_5366tab03-body2">
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-101-04-0304-30184-gt03-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      </p>
      <p>Group IB patients treated with carvedilol plus vitamins showed a very similar response to that of group IA patients. GSH levels (0.16 &#144;&#177; 0.13 &#181;mol ml<sup>-1</sup> - 0.11 &#144;&#177; 0.09 &#181;mol ml<sup>-1</sup>, respectively) were also significantly lower when compared to those of untreated patients (0.22 &#144;&#177; 0.17 &#181;mol ml<sup>-1</sup>) in both interventions, whereas TBARS and vitamin E levels remained unchanged when compared to those of patients receiving treatment with carvedilol alone. However, in the combination with vitamins, TBARS levels decreased significantly in comparison to those of untreated patients (10.02 &#144;&#177; 6.18 nmol ml<sup>-1</sup> - 6.52 &#144;&#177; 2.92 nmol ml<sup>-1</sup>, respectively), whereas vitamin E levels increased in relation to those of carvedilol (15.70 &#144;&#177; 4.68 &#181;mol L<sup>-1</sup> - 22.02 &#144;&#177; 11.0 &#181;mol L<sup>1</sup>, respectively; <xref ref-type="table" rid="en_aop_5366tab02-body2">Table 2</xref>). In addition, like in group IA patients, CP levels significantly decreased in patients treated with carvedilol alone (0.05 &#144;&#177; 0.02 nmol mg<sup>-1</sup>) and with carvedilol plus the combination of vitamins (0.09 &#144;&#177; 0.08 nmol mg<sup>-1</sup>) when compared to those of untreated patients (0.6 &#144;&#177; 0.19 nmol mg<sup>-1</sup>). The profile of the antioxidant enzymes activity in this group was also very similar to that of group IA, whereas the inflammatory markers remained unchanged, except for the MPO activity, which increased significantly in relation to patients treated with carvedilol combined with antioxidant vitamins (420.70 &#144;&#177; 27.88 &#181;M - 531.54 &#144;&#177; 25.84 &#181;M, respectively) (<xref ref-type="table" rid="en_aop_5366tab02-body2">Table 2</xref>).</p>
      <p>In group II patients, the behavior of the parameters analyzed was also very similar to that found in the less severely affected patients (groups IA and IB) (<xref ref-type="table" rid="en_aop_5366tab02-body2">Table 2</xref>). GSH levels were significantly lower when patients treated with carvedilol and with carvedilol plus vitamins were compared to those of untreated individuals (0.18 &#144;&#177; 0.11 - 0.16 &#144;&#177; 0.06 and 0.29 &#144;&#177; 0.10 &#181;mol ml<sup>-1</sup>, respectively), whereas no significant difference in TBARS levels and a significant increase in vitamin E levels were found when compared to those of patients receiving the combined treatment with vitamins (29.40 &#144;&#177; 15.08 &#181;mol L<sup>-1</sup>) and those of untreated patients (19.64 &#144;&#177; 9.25 &#181;mol L<sup>-1</sup>). Again, PC values were significantly lower after treatment with carvedilol alone (0.05 &#144;&#177; 0.01 nmol mg<sup>-1</sup>) as well as after the combination with vitamins (0.10 &#144;&#177; 0.03 nmol mg<sup>-1</sup>), in comparison to those of untreated individuals (0.17 0.07 nmol mg<sup>-1</sup>). After treatment with carvedilol combined with vitamins, the levels of inflammatory markers remained unchanged, except for MPO, which significantly increased (707.42 &#144;&#177; 104.83 &#181;M) in comparison to values of untreated patients (409.54 &#144;&#177; 80.95 &#181;M) and of those treated with carvedilol alone (352.13 &#144;&#177; 50.3 &#181;M) (<xref ref-type="table" rid="en_aop_5366tab02-body2">Table 2</xref>). SOD and GST activities decreased significantly with both treatments, whereas CAT, CR and GPx activities were not significantly different in comparison to those of untreated patients (<xref ref-type="table" rid="en_aop_5366tab03-body2">Table 3</xref>).</p>
      <p> Similar to what was found in the other groups, GSH levels of patients classified as group III decreased significantly when compared to those of patients treated with carvedilol alone (0.16 &#144;&#177; 0.09 &#181;mol ml<sup>-1</sup>), with the combination carvedilol plus vitamins (0.18 0.10 &#181;mol ml<sup>-1</sup>) and untreated patients (0.38 &#144;&#177; 0.15 &#181;mol ml<sup>-1</sup>) (<xref ref-type="table" rid="en_aop_5366tab02-body2">Table 2</xref>). Also, same as for the values found in groups IA, IB and II, no significant differences were observed in TBARS levels of patients treated with carvedilol alone and after combination with vitamins. Vitamin E levels increased in patients treated with vitamins when compared to those of untreated patients (11.72 &#144;&#177; 3.40 &#181;mol ml<sup>-1</sup> - 20.76 3.38 &#181;mol ml<sup>-1</sup>), whereas CP values were decreased, both in patients treated with carvedilol alone (0.05 &#144;&#177; 0.01 nmol mg<sup>-1</sup>) and in those treated with the combination of carvedilol plus vitamins (0.09 &#144;&#177; 0.12 nmol mg<sup>-1</sup>), when compared to those of untreated patients (0.15 &#144;&#177; 0.06 nmol mg<sup>-1</sup>) (<xref ref-type="table" rid="en_aop_5366tab02-body2">Table 2</xref>). CAT, GR, GST and GPx activities were not significantly different in relation to the therapy used. However, SOD activity was decreased in individuals treated with carvedilol alone (69.20 &#144;&#177; 6.54 ml<sup>-1</sup>) and with the combination carvedilol plus vitamins (68.91 &#144;&#177; 5.01 ml<sup>-1</sup>) when compared to that of untreated individuals (145.44 44.12 USOD ml<sup>-1</sup>). Same as for the results obtained in other groups, the levels of inflammatory markers remained unchanged after treatment with carvedilol alone and in combination with the vitamins (<xref ref-type="table" rid="en_aop_5366tab02-body2">Table 2</xref>).</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Discussion</bold>
      </p>
      <p>In the present study, the patients showed increased oxidative damage in lipids and proteins prior to the antioxidant therapy in comparison to that in the post-treatment period. A generalized increase in the activity of most of the antioxidant enzymes was also observed prior to treatment.</p>
      <p>In an animal model of infection by <italic>Trypanosoma cruzi</italic>, increased oxidative modification of cell proteins<sup>12,13</sup> was detected, as well as increased levels of malondialdehyde (MDA, a major product of lipid peroxidation), findings that corroborate those of the present study. The first studies with carvedilol showed that this drug is much more potent in inhibiting the production of hydroxyl radicals (OH) in comparison to other betablockers, and that it is able to inhibit lipid peroxidation<sup>14</sup>. We observed a significant decrease in levels of the marker of protein damage in all groups with CCHD as well as a decrease in TBARS levels, which could be attributed to the potent antioxidant properties of carvedilol<sup>11</sup>. In another similar study, carvedilol also prevented lipid peroxidation in the myocardial cell membranes, initiated by oxygen radicals generated by chemical, enzymatic or cell systems, both in vitro and in vivo<sup>15</sup>.</p>
      <p>The inflammatory process that characterizes Chagas disease is more pronounced in the acute phase and seems to be correlated with the severity of the heart disease<sup>16</sup>. In this study, we observed that the levels of most of the inflammatory markers (NO, ADA and MPO) remained unchanged with the treatment with carvedilol, thus suggesting an additional effect of this drug on the inflammatory process. The anti-inflammatory activity of carvedilol has been demonstrated in studies by means of the reduction of C-reactive protein, amyloid protein, and monocyte chemotactic protein<sup>17</sup>. This effect could be related to its antioxidant ability to decrease ROS generation and impair inflammatory cells infiltration in the myocardium<sup>18,19</sup>. Increased ADA and NO levels were observed only in group IA patients, classified as the group less severely affected by CCHD. Histopathological findings in individuals with heart disease have shown an increase in mononuclear cells with TNF-&#945; production by activated macrophages and T lymphocytes<sup>20</sup>. This finding could justify the increase in ADA, which is an enzyme released by mononuclear cells. Increased NO levels in this group of patients could indicate a response against infection by <italic>T. cruzi</italic>, since these patients are less severely affected in comparison to those of the other groups. By combining the antioxidant vitamins with the treatment with carvedilol, it is possible to suggest a synergistic association of this combination of the three non-enzymatic antioxidants. This synergy could be reflected in the significant reduction in the levels of most of both the lipid and protein markers of damage, in comparison to those of untreated patients.</p>
      <p>A significant increase in vitamin E plasma levels was observed in all groups, thus indicating that vitamin E was properly absorbed by the patients. These results corroborate those of Bhogade et al<sup>21</sup> in which, after supplementation with vitamin E, there was elevation of its plasma levels, with a concomitant decrease in MDA levels.</p>
      <p>The activity of most of the antioxidant enzymes decreased significantly or remained unchanged, and this could be explained by synergy between the three antioxidants used in the prevention of the oxidative damage.</p>
      <p>The levels of the inflammatory marker NO decreased only in group IA after combination of carvedilol with the vitamins, an effect that could be attributed to the ability of vitamin E to prevent NO toxicity via peroxynitrite formation<sup>22</sup>.</p>
      <p>The increased MPO activity observed in group II after combination of vitamins with carvedilol could be justified by the relationship that this enzyme has with the progression and severity of the heart disease. Lobbes et al<sup>23</sup> showed that increased serum MPO levels were significantly associated with coronary artery disease in patients with acute myocardial infarction in comparison with those of healthy controls. Bellotti et al<sup>24</sup> sought to investigate the presence of parasites in the hearts of chronic Chagas disease patients, and frequently found them. The authors correlated this finding with the severity of the myocardial inflammatory process, thus supporting the perception of the important role of the parasites in the pathophysiology of the chronic phase<sup>25</sup>.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Conclusion</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Based on the findings of this study, we can conclude that both the treatment with carvedilol alone and in combination with antioxidant vitamins were effective in attenuating the systemic oxidative stress in the blood of patients with chronic Chagas heart disease (CCHD), as evidenced by the reduction in TBARS and PC levels, and the reduction in the activity of most of the antioxidant enzymes. The combination of carvedilol with vitamins E and C indicates the possibility of synergism between these three nonenzymatic antioxidants in reducing the oxidative damage associated with CCHD. It is clear that the reduction in the oxidative stress levels, as verified by means of the markers tested, was more significant when carvedilol was combined with the antioxidant vitamins. On the other hand, the use of both carvedilol alone and in combination with the antioxidant vitamins were apparently unable to halt the progression of the inflammatory process, as indicated by the increase in ADA and MPO levels in the two intervention moments.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Author contributions</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Conception and design of the research: Budni P, Pedrosa RC, Wilhelm Filho D; Acquisition of data, Analysis and interpretation of the data and Critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content: Budni P, Pedrosa RC, Dalmarco EM, Dalmarco JB, Frode TS, Wilhelm Filho D; Statistical analysis and Writing of the manuscript: Budni P, Wilhelm Filho D.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Potential Conflict of Interest</bold>
      </p>
      <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Sources of Funding</bold>
      </p>
      <p>There were no external funding sources for this study.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Study Association</bold>
      </p>
      <p>This article is part of the thesis of doctoral submitted by Patr&#237;cia Budni, from Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina - UFSC.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>References</bold>
      </p>
    </body>
  </sub-article>
</article>
