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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
        <publisher-loc>S&#227;o Paulo, SP, Brazil</publisher-loc>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">XhNkmWX3TSWzHyTV6RSwXYm</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2013003000003</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v1">S0066-782X(13)10100400003</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5935/abc.20130183</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigos Originais</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Influ&#234;ncia da les&#227;o carot&#237;dea no p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica e sua evolu&#231;&#227;o tardia</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Revelo</surname>
            <given-names>Maria Sol Calero</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Oliveira</surname>
            <given-names>Daniel Pio de</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Arantes</surname>
            <given-names>Fl&#225;via Bittar Britto</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Batista</surname>
            <given-names>Camila Camar&#231;o</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Fran&#231;a</surname>
            <given-names>Jo&#227;o Italo Dias</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Friolani</surname>
            <given-names>Silmara Cristina</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Assef</surname>
            <given-names>Jorge Eduardo</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Barbosa</surname>
            <given-names>Jos&#233; Eduardo Martins</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Petisco</surname>
            <given-names>Ana Claudia</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Farsky</surname>
            <given-names>Pedro Silvio</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff01">
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Instituto Dante Pazzanese de Cardiologia</institution>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
      </aff>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>10</month>
        <year>2013</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>101</volume>
      <issue>4</issue>
      <fpage>297</fpage>
      <lpage>303</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>07</day>
          <month>12</month>
          <year>2012</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>07</day>
          <month>06</month>
          <year>2013</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>22</day>
          <month>05</month>
          <year>2013</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <p>FUNDAMENTO: Cerca de 30% dos AVE perioperat&#243;rios da cirurgia de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o do mioc&#225;rdio (CRM) s&#227;o decorrentes de les&#245;es carot&#237;deas, sem redu&#231;&#227;o de risco confirmada por interven&#231;&#227;o perioperat&#243;ria. OBJETIVOS: Avaliar o impacto da doen&#231;a carot&#237;dea e a interven&#231;&#227;o perioperat&#243;ria nos pacientes submetidos &#224; CRM. M&#201;TODOS: Estudo retrospectivo observacional, avaliando 1.169 pacientes com idade &gt; 65 anos submetidos &#224; CRM entre janeiro de 2006 e dezembro de 2010, acompanhados, em m&#233;dia, por 49 meses. Todos foram submetidos &#224; ultrassonografia de car&#243;tidas pr&#233;via &#224; CRM. Definiu-se doen&#231;a carot&#237;dea quando les&#227;o &gt; 50%. O desfecho prim&#225;rio foi composto pela incid&#234;ncia de AVE, acidente isqu&#234;mico transit&#243;rio (AIT) e &#243;bito por AVE. RESULTADOS: A preval&#234;ncia da doen&#231;a carot&#237;dea foi de 19,9% dos pacientes. A incid&#234;ncia do desfecho prim&#225;rio entre portadores e n&#227;o portadores foi de 6,5% e 3,7%, respectivamente (p = 0,0018). Nos primeiros 30 dias, ocorreram 18,2% dos eventos. Relacionaram-se a doen&#231;a carot&#237;dea: disfun&#231;&#227;o renal (OR 2,03, IC95% 1,34-3,07; p &lt; 0,01), doen&#231;a arterial perif&#233;rica (OR 1,80, IC95% 1,22-2,65; p &lt; 0,01) e infarto do mioc&#225;rdio pr&#233;vio (OR 0,47, IC95% 0,35-0,65; p &lt; 0,01). Quanto ao desfecho prim&#225;rio, foram associados AIT pr&#233;vio (OR 5,66, IC95% 1,67-6,35; p &lt; 0,01) e disfun&#231;&#227;o renal (OR 3,28, IC95% 1,67-6,45; p &lt; 0,01). Nos pacientes com les&#227;o &gt; 70%, a interven&#231;&#227;o carot&#237;dea perioperat&#243;ria apresentou incid&#234;ncia de 17% no desfecho prim&#225;rio contra 4,3% na conduta conservadora (p = 0,056) sem diferen&#231;a entre abordagens percut&#226;nea e cir&#250;rgica (p = 0,516). CONCLUS&#195;O: A doen&#231;a carot&#237;dea aumenta o risco para AVE, AIT ou morte por AVE na CRM. Entretanto, a interven&#231;&#227;o carot&#237;dea n&#227;o foi relacionada &#224; redu&#231;&#227;o do desfecho prim&#225;rio.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt" kwd-group-type="author-generated">
        <kwd>Estenose das Car&#243;tidas</kwd>
        <kwd>Revasculariza&#231;&#227;o Mioc&#225;rdica</kwd>
        <kwd>Assist&#234;ncia Perioperat&#243;ria</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="pub">
        <day>06</day>
        <month>09</month>
        <year>2013</year>
      </pub-date>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <p>
      <bold>Influ&#234;ncia da les&#227;o carot&#237;dea no p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica e sua evolu&#231;&#227;o tardia</bold>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Maria Sol Calero Revelo; Daniel Pio de Oliveira; Fl&#225;via Bittar Britto Arantes; Camila Camar&#231;o Batista; Jo&#227;o Italo Dias Fran&#231;a; Silmara Cristina Friolani; Jorge Eduardo Assef; Jos&#233; Eduardo Martins Barbosa; Ana Claudia Petisco; Pedro Silvio Farsky</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Instituto Dante Pazzanese de Cardiologia, S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brasil</p>
    <p>
      <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="enda">Correspond&#234;ncia</xref>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>RESUMO</bold>
    </p>
    <p><bold>FUNDAMENTO:</bold> Cerca de 30% dos AVE perioperat&#243;rios da cirurgia de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o do mioc&#225;rdio (CRM) s&#227;o decorrentes de les&#245;es carot&#237;deas, sem redu&#231;&#227;o de risco confirmada por interven&#231;&#227;o perioperat&#243;ria. </p>
    <p><bold>OBJETIVOS:</bold> Avaliar o impacto da doen&#231;a carot&#237;dea e a interven&#231;&#227;o perioperat&#243;ria nos pacientes submetidos &#224; CRM. </p>
    <p><bold>M&#201;TODOS:</bold> Estudo retrospectivo observacional, avaliando 1.169 pacientes com idade <underline>&gt;</underline> 65 anos submetidos &#224; CRM entre janeiro de 2006 e dezembro de 2010, acompanhados, em m&#233;dia, por 49 meses. Todos foram submetidos &#224; ultrassonografia de car&#243;tidas pr&#233;via &#224; CRM. Definiu-se doen&#231;a carot&#237;dea quando les&#227;o <underline>&gt;</underline> 50%. O desfecho prim&#225;rio foi composto pela incid&#234;ncia de AVE, acidente isqu&#234;mico transit&#243;rio (AIT) e &#243;bito por AVE. </p>
    <p><bold>RESULTADOS:</bold> A preval&#234;ncia da doen&#231;a carot&#237;dea foi de 19,9% dos pacientes. A incid&#234;ncia do desfecho prim&#225;rio entre portadores e n&#227;o portadores foi de 6,5% e 3,7%, respectivamente (p = 0,0018). Nos primeiros 30 dias, ocorreram 18,2% dos eventos. Relacionaram-se a doen&#231;a carot&#237;dea: disfun&#231;&#227;o renal (OR 2,03, IC95% 1,34-3,07; p &lt; 0,01), doen&#231;a arterial perif&#233;rica (OR 1,80, IC95% 1,22-2,65; p &lt; 0,01) e infarto do mioc&#225;rdio pr&#233;vio (OR 0,47, IC95% 0,35-0,65; p &lt; 0,01). Quanto ao desfecho prim&#225;rio, foram associados AIT pr&#233;vio (OR 5,66, IC95% 1,67-6,35; p &lt; 0,01) e disfun&#231;&#227;o renal (OR 3,28, IC95% 1,67-6,45; p &lt; 0,01). Nos pacientes com les&#227;o <underline>&gt;</underline> 70%, a interven&#231;&#227;o carot&#237;dea perioperat&#243;ria apresentou incid&#234;ncia de 17% no desfecho prim&#225;rio contra 4,3% na conduta conservadora (p = 0,056) sem diferen&#231;a entre abordagens percut&#226;nea e cir&#250;rgica (p = 0,516). </p>
    <p><bold>CONCLUS&#195;O:</bold> A doen&#231;a carot&#237;dea aumenta o risco para AVE, AIT ou morte por AVE na CRM. Entretanto, a interven&#231;&#227;o carot&#237;dea n&#227;o foi relacionada &#224; redu&#231;&#227;o do desfecho prim&#225;rio. </p>
    <p><bold>Palavras-chave:</bold> Estenose das Car&#243;tidas / complica&#231;&#245;es; Revasculariza&#231;&#227;o Mioc&#225;rdica; Assist&#234;ncia Perioperat&#243;ria.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</bold>
    </p>
    <p>O acidente vascular encef&#225;lico (AVE) &#233; um dos riscos inerentes &#224; cirurgia de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica (CRM), o que eleva a taxa de mortalidade a 19% e tem consider&#225;vel impacto social e funcional<sup>1</sup>.</p>
    <p>Cerca de 30% dos AVE perioperat&#243;rios s&#227;o decorrentes de les&#245;es nas car&#243;tidas, sendo maior o risco desse evento quanto mais importante for o grau de obstru&#231;&#227;o do vaso e quando ambas as car&#243;tidas s&#227;o acometidas<sup>2</sup>.</p>
    <p>As recomenda&#231;&#245;es atuais quanto ao manejo da doen&#231;a carot&#237;dea (DC) no contexto da CRM s&#227;o conflitantes. As diretrizes brasileiras de cirurgia de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica, valvopatias e aorta recomendam que pacientes com acidente isqu&#234;mico transit&#243;rio (AIT), amaurose, doen&#231;a obstrutiva perif&#233;rica e idade acima de 60 anos realizem ultrassonografia Doppler e arteriografia. No caso de les&#227;o de car&#243;tida, em caso de paciente sintom&#225;tico com les&#227;o acima de 60% e angina inst&#225;vel, les&#227;o de tronco e multiarterial, recomenda-se cirurgia simult&#226;nea; em caso de angina est&#225;vel, cirurgia simult&#226;nea ou estagiada. Se o paciente for assintom&#225;tico e tiver les&#227;o abaixo de 60%, recomenda-se CRM<sup>3</sup>. No entanto, de acordo com a <italic>American College of Cardiology,</italic> nos pacientes com indica&#231;&#227;o de CRM e passado de AVE ou AIT, com estenose carot&#237;dea significativa, &#233; razo&#225;vel considerar a revasculariza&#231;&#227;o da car&#243;tida em conjunto com a CRM. J&#225; nos pacientes sem hist&#243;ria de AVE ou AIT, considera-se a interven&#231;&#227;o se houver les&#227;o carot&#237;dea importante bilateral ou estenose grave unilateral com oclus&#227;o contralateral<sup>4</sup>.</p>
    <p>O presente estudo foi desenhado para avaliar a preval&#234;ncia de les&#227;o carot&#237;dea significativa, sua associa&#231;&#227;o com eventos cerebrovasculares maiores (AVE, AIT, &#243;bito) e as caracter&#237;sticas cl&#237;nicas, demogr&#225;ficas e angiogr&#225;ficas dos portadores, considerando popula&#231;&#227;o com idade acima de 65 anos submetida &#224; CRM.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>M&#233;todos</bold>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Popula&#231;&#227;o do estudo</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Realizou-se estudo retrospectivo observacional no qual foram avaliados os dados obtidos de prontu&#225;rios de pacientes com idade maior ou igual a 65 anos consecutivamente submetidos &#224; CRM, entre janeiro de 2006 e dezembro de 2010, e prospectivamente acompanhados por um per&#237;odo de 49 meses. Uma an&#225;lise retrospectiva dos dados demogr&#225;ficos e cl&#237;nicos e dos desfechos foi ent&#227;o realizada. </p>
    <p>O estudo foi aprovado pelo comit&#234; de &#233;tica local, sendo realizado com recursos pr&#243;prios do setor. </p>
    <p>Dos pacientes submetidos &#224; CRM no per&#237;odo, cerca de 44% apresentavam idade igual ou superior a 65 anos e, destes, 92,7% (1.169) foram submetidos a investiga&#231;&#227;o pr&#233;-operat&#243;ria para doen&#231;a carot&#237;dea. Dentre as causas pelas quais os pacientes n&#227;o realizaram a ultrassonografia Doppler de car&#243;tidas estavam doen&#231;a coronariana inst&#225;vel e CRM de urg&#234;ncia.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Avalia&#231;&#227;o da doen&#231;a carot&#237;dea</bold>
    </p>
    <p>A defini&#231;&#227;o de doen&#231;a carot&#237;dea foi baseada na velocidade sist&#243;lica de pico na art&#233;ria car&#243;tida interna pela avalia&#231;&#227;o da ultrassonografia Doppler e classificada conforme o grau das les&#245;es: aus&#234;ncia ou discreta estenose (&lt; 50%), estenose moderada (50-69%), estenose grave (70-99%) e oclus&#227;o (100%)<sup>5</sup>. Neste estudo, foram definidas como doen&#231;a carot&#237;dea significativa e grave aquelas com grau de estenose <underline>&gt;</underline> 50% e <underline>&gt;</underline> 70%, respectivamente, consideradas na presen&#231;a de doen&#231;a unilateral ou bilateral.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Procedimentos cir&#250;rgicos, indica&#231;&#227;o e t&#233;cnica empregada</bold>
    </p>
    <p>A indica&#231;&#227;o da CRM seguiu as diretrizes de cirurgia de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o do mioc&#225;rdio<sup>3</sup>. O procedimento cir&#250;rgico foi realizado por meio de esternotomia mediana, com utiliza&#231;&#227;o de bisturi el&#233;trico e abertura do peric&#225;rdio com incis&#227;o em "T" invertido. Foi utilizada a art&#233;ria tor&#225;cica interna na quase totalidade dos casos associada ao emprego da veia safena magna quando necess&#225;rio.</p>
    <p>O procedimento cir&#250;rgico deu-se com aux&#237;lio de circula&#231;&#227;o extracorp&#243;rea em 97,4% dos casos. A circula&#231;&#227;o extracorp&#243;rea foi realizada com oxigenador de membrana; o preenchimento do mesmo foi feito com solu&#231;&#227;o fisiol&#243;gica. </p>
    <p>A prote&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica foi feita com clampeamento intermitente da aorta (pin&#231;amento an&#243;xico), com clampeamentos n&#227;o superiores a 15 minutos e intervalo de dois minutos entre os clampeamentos.</p>
    <p>A decis&#227;o do procedimento carot&#237;deo associado &#224; CRM foi da equipe m&#233;dica. Nos casos em que se optou por implante percut&#226;neo de endopr&#243;tese, foi associado &#224; prescri&#231;&#227;o do &#225;cido acetilsalic&#237;lico o uso de clopidogrel, 75 mg, ao dia por 30 dias.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Cirurgia combinada</bold>
    </p>
    <p>A cirurgia combinada foi indicada na presen&#231;a de doen&#231;a carot&#237;dea sintom&#225;tica associada a doen&#231;a coron&#225;ria inst&#225;vel ou cr&#237;tica. No entanto, as op&#231;&#245;es terap&#234;uticas foram individualizadas caso a caso e decididas por uma equipe multidisciplinar.</p>
    <p>Antes do procedimento de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica foi realizada uma incis&#227;o no pesco&#231;o. A art&#233;ria car&#243;tida abordada teve sua placa removida. Um <italic>patch</italic> poderia ser utilizado no fechamento da art&#233;ria. Ap&#243;s o t&#233;rmino da revasculariza&#231;&#227;o e uso de protamina, foi realizada a sutura da pele e subcut&#226;neo. Todos os pacientes foram submetidos aos procedimentos cir&#250;rgicos em uso de aspirina. </p>
    <p>
      <bold>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Para compara&#231;&#245;es de vari&#225;veis categ&#243;ricas, foi utilizado o teste exato de Fisher e, para vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas, o teste <italic>t</italic> de Student. Foram considerados estatisticamente significativos valores de p &lt; 0,05. Foi realizada a an&#225;lise univariada para avalia&#231;&#227;o da rela&#231;&#227;o entre os fatores de risco e o grau de doen&#231;a carot&#237;dea. As vari&#225;veis que apresentaram nos modelos univariados valores de p <underline>&lt;</underline> 0,1 foram analisadas atrav&#233;s de regress&#227;o multivariada. </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Objetivos</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Foram definidos como desfechos prim&#225;rios associados &#224; doen&#231;a carot&#237;dea a incid&#234;ncia do evento composto AVE, AIT e &#243;bito por AVE, sendo definido AVE como o d&#233;ficit cliniconeurol&#243;gico persistente ap&#243;s 24 horas de sua instala&#231;&#227;o, confirmado ou n&#227;o por exame de imagem, e AIT como o d&#233;ficit revertido em at&#233; 24 horas ap&#243;s a instala&#231;&#227;o. Desfecho secund&#225;rio foi definido como a mortalidade geral.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Resultados</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Foram avaliados 1.169 pacientes, nos quais foi encontrada preval&#234;ncia de doen&#231;a carot&#237;dea significativa (les&#227;o do vaso <underline>&gt;</underline> 50%) de 19,9%. Foi observada ainda les&#227;o grave (les&#227;o do vaso <underline>&gt;</underline> 70%) em 8,6% dos pacientes, sendo que 2% apresentavam oclus&#227;o total em pelo menos um vaso (<xref ref-type="table" rid="aop_5323tab01">Tabela 1</xref>).</p>
    <p content-type="asset">
      <table-wrap id="aop_5323tab01">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-101-04-0297-30183-gt01.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    </p>
    <p>A idade m&#233;dia dos pacientes do estudo foi de 71,6 anos (SD &#144;&#177; 4,9), variando de 65-95 anos. Entre aqueles com les&#227;o carot&#237;dea significativa, a idade m&#233;dia foi de 72,1 anos (SD &#144;&#177; 5,2) e, entre aqueles sem doen&#231;a significativa, 71,4 anos (SD &#144;&#177; 4,8) (p = 0,127). Para DC grave, a idade m&#233;dia foi de 73,1 anos (SD &#144;&#177; 5,4), enquanto para os pacientes sem DC grave foi de 71,4 anos (SD &#144;&#177; 4,8) (p = 0,002).</p>
    <p>Foram encontrados como fatores preditores de doen&#231;a carot&#237;dea significativa, na an&#225;lise univariada, hipertens&#227;o arterial sist&#234;mica (HAS), AIT pr&#233;vio, disfun&#231;&#227;o renal e doen&#231;a arterial perif&#233;rica (<xref ref-type="table" rid="aop_5323tab02">Tabela 2</xref>). A an&#225;lise multivariada mostrou os seguintes preditores: disfun&#231;&#227;o renal e vasculopatia perif&#233;rica (<xref ref-type="table" rid="aop_5323tab03">Tabela 3</xref>). Em ambas, o IAM foi observado como fator protetor.</p>
    <p content-type="asset">
      <table-wrap id="aop_5323tab02">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-101-04-0297-30183-gt02.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    </p>
    <p content-type="asset">
      <table-wrap id="aop_5323tab03">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-101-04-0297-30183-gt03.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    </p>
    <p>A incid&#234;ncia do desfecho prim&#225;rio foi de 3,7%, sendo 18,2% ocorridos nos primeiros 30 dias ap&#243;s a cirurgia. Do total de eventos, 3% foram observados no grupo sem les&#227;o carot&#237;dea e 6,5% no grupo com les&#227;o carot&#237;dea significativa (p = 0,0018). Somente AIT pr&#233;vio (OR 5,66, IC95% 1,67-6,35; p &lt; 0,01) e disfun&#231;&#227;o renal (OR 3,28, IC95% 1,67-6,45; p &lt; 0,01) foram definidos como fatores preditores para o desfecho prim&#225;rio pela an&#225;lise univariada (<xref ref-type="table" rid="aop_5323tab04">Tabela 4</xref>). A mortalidade geral ao final do seguimento foi de 11,1%, sendo que em 6,8% a causa b&#225;sica foi AVE.</p>
    <p content-type="asset">
      <table-wrap id="aop_5323tab04">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-101-04-0297-30183-gt04.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    </p>
    <p>Entre os pacientes com DC grave (les&#227;o <underline>&gt;</underline> 70% e &lt; 100%) avaliados por ultrassonografia Doppler e que foram submetidos a interven&#231;&#227;o para tratamento da mesma no per&#237;odo perioperat&#243;rio, a incid&#234;ncia do desfecho prim&#225;rio foi de 12,5%. J&#225; entre aqueles que, por decis&#227;o da equipe m&#233;dica, n&#227;o foram submetidos a procedimento algum, a incid&#234;ncia do desfecho prim&#225;rio foi de 3,4% (p = 0,24).</p>
    <p>Em rela&#231;&#227;o ao tipo de abordagem (percut&#226;nea <italic>versus</italic> cir&#250;rgica), quando comparados entre si, n&#227;o houve diferen&#231;a estat&#237;stica na incid&#234;ncia do desfecho prim&#225;rio (p = 0,516) (<xref ref-type="table" rid="aop_5323tab05">Tabela 5</xref>).</p>
    <p content-type="asset">
      <table-wrap id="aop_5323tab05">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-101-04-0297-30183-gt05.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    </p>
    <p>Nos primeiros 30 dias ap&#243;s a CRM, a incid&#234;ncia de eventos neurol&#243;gicos foi de 12% entre os pacientes submetidos a procedimentos contra 4,5% entre aqueles n&#227;o submetidos, com p = 0,28. Ap&#243;s 30 dias da CRM e at&#233; o fim do seguimento, a incid&#234;ncia de evento neurol&#243;gico foi de 0% no grupo sem procedimento e de 7% no grupo com procedimento, com p = 0,24. </p>
    <p>A sobrevida em 60 meses para os pacientes n&#227;o portadores de les&#227;o carot&#237;dea foi de 90,7% e, no grupo com doen&#231;a carot&#237;dea acima de 50%, foi de 83,5%, (HR = 1,9, IC95% 1,3-2,8), p = 0,001 (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="aop_5323fig01">Figura 1</xref>).</p>
    <p content-type="asset">
      <fig id="aop_5323fig01">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-101-04-0297-30183-gf01.jpg"/></fig>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Discuss&#227;o</bold>
    </p>
    <p>A incid&#234;ncia do desfecho prim&#225;rio nessa popula&#231;&#227;o foi de 3,7% e apresentou correla&#231;&#227;o com os dados da literatura, cujos valores situam-se entre 2-6%<sup>6,7</sup>. Estima-se que tais dados possam estar subestimados, uma vez que estudos apontam que dist&#250;rbios neurol&#243;gicos como del&#237;rio, agita&#231;&#227;o, perda de mem&#243;ria e perda de cogni&#231;&#227;o, no p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio de CRM, apresentam incid&#234;ncias de at&#233; 13,8%, sendo muitos deles relacionados a infartos cerebrais<sup>6</sup>.</p>
    <p>Dentro do desfecho prim&#225;rio, 18,2% dos eventos ocorreram nos primeiros 30 dias ap&#243;s a cirurgia. Embora 34,9% do total de AVE da popula&#231;&#227;o estudada tenham ocorrido no grupo sem doen&#231;a carot&#237;dea significativa, a presen&#231;a de doen&#231;a carot&#237;dea <underline>&gt;</underline> 50% agrega um OR = 2,2 (p = 0,0018) para o desfecho composto de AVE, AIT e morte por causas cardiovasculares. Na literatura, a rela&#231;&#227;o entre doen&#231;a carot&#237;dea e AVE p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio &#233; controversa. Embora seja relatado que o risco de AVE passa de 2% entre aqueles com DC n&#227;o significativa para 5% no grupo com DC significativa, chegando a 11% em caso de oclus&#227;o, a maior parte dos AVE perioperat&#243;rios n&#227;o tem rela&#231;&#227;o com doen&#231;a carot&#237;dea<sup>2</sup>. Em estudos pr&#233;vios com pacientes submetidos &#224; CRM, dentre os que tiveram AVE, apenas 23,7% possu&#237;am doen&#231;a carot&#237;dea significativa, sugerindo que causas alternativas estivessem relacionadas ao desenvolvimento do evento<sup>8</sup>.</p>
    <p>Admite-se que 50-79% dos AVE n&#227;o podem ser atribu&#237;dos &#224; DC isoladamente, havendo contribui&#231;&#227;o de fen&#244;menos emb&#243;licos secund&#225;rios &#224; circula&#231;&#227;o extracorp&#243;rea, arritmias no p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio, hipotens&#227;o, estado de hipofibrin&#243;lise e calcifica&#231;&#227;o a&#243;rtica como fatores etiol&#243;gicos<sup>6,9-11</sup>. Na literatura tamb&#233;m se identificam como fatores preditores de AVE perioperat&#243;rio: idade, sexo feminino, diabetes melito, HAS, vasculopatia perif&#233;rica, politransfus&#227;o e cirurgia de urg&#234;ncia<sup>12,13</sup>. Em nosso estudo, somente AIT pr&#233;vio e disfun&#231;&#227;o renal foram definidos como fatores preditores para o desfecho prim&#225;rio. </p>
    <p>Na atual coorte, a preval&#234;ncia de doen&#231;a carot&#237;dea significativa de 19,9% foi semelhante &#224; da literatura, cujos valores variam entre 4-18,7%<sup>14,15</sup>. A preval&#234;ncia de oclus&#227;o unilateral (2%) foi maior do que a da literatura (0,6%), embora n&#227;o tenha havido casos de oclus&#227;o bilateral, cuja preval&#234;ncia &#233; estimada em 0,04%. </p>
    <p>Quanto &#224; avalia&#231;&#227;o carot&#237;dea pr&#233;-operat&#243;ria na CRM, atualmente recomenda-se rastreamento com ultrassonografia Doppler dos pacientes com idade igual ou superior a 65 anos, al&#233;m daqueles portadores de estenose em tronco de coron&#225;ria esquerda, doen&#231;a arterial perif&#233;rica, tabagismo e antecedentes de AVE ou AIT, HAS, DM2<sup>3,4</sup>. No presente estudo, foram preditores de DC <underline>&gt;</underline> 50%, ap&#243;s an&#225;lise multivariada, os fatores: disfun&#231;&#227;o renal, doen&#231;a arterial perif&#233;rica e infarto do mioc&#225;rdio pr&#233;vio, este como fator protetor. Postula-se que a presen&#231;a de IAM pr&#233;vio como fator protetor possa ser explicado pela atual conduta de iniciar o tratamento com inibidores da enzima de convers&#227;o de angiotensina (IECA), bloqueadores dos receptores de angiotensina II (BRA) e estatinas, medica&#231;&#245;es que apresentam impacto na evolu&#231;&#227;o da doen&#231;a ateroscler&#243;tica<sup>16</sup>.</p>
    <p>Apesar de divergentes, diretrizes internacionais recomendam interven&#231;&#227;o nas estenoses carot&#237;deas sintom&#225;ticas acima de 70% e assintom&#225;ticas <underline>&gt;</underline> 80%<sup>4</sup>. Em nosso estudo, n&#227;o houve diferen&#231;a para o desfecho composto entre pacientes com DC <underline>&gt;</underline> 70% avaliada por ultrassonografia Doppler que realizaram ou n&#227;o interven&#231;&#227;o na doen&#231;a carot&#237;dea (p = 0,24). Al&#233;m disso, quando comparados entre si, n&#227;o houve diferen&#231;a estat&#237;stica na incid&#234;ncia do desfecho prim&#225;rio entre os diferentes tipos de abordagem (percut&#226;nea <italic>versus</italic> cir&#250;rgica - p = 0,516). Alguns trabalhos apontam que realizar a corre&#231;&#227;o da les&#227;o carot&#237;dea associada &#224; CRM pode tamb&#233;m provocar aumento do risco de AVE p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio e morte<sup>17,18</sup>.</p>
    <p>O tipo de interven&#231;&#227;o relacionada ao menor n&#250;mero de eventos neurol&#243;gicos e o melhor momento para a abordagem da DC permanecem controversos. Em nossos resultados, a diferen&#231;a entre esses fatores n&#227;o foi estatisticamente significativa.</p>
    <p>Na literatura, os trabalhos divergem. Em um estudo analisando pacientes portadores de doen&#231;a carot&#237;dea que se submeteram &#224; CRM, observou-se que a incid&#234;ncia de AVE p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio foi de 15,1% entre os pacientes submetidos &#224; CRM combinada com endarterectomia e de 20% nos que se submeteram &#224; angioplastia com stent previamente &#224; cirurgia. N&#227;o houve AVE p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio nos pacientes com DC <underline>&gt;</underline> 70% que n&#227;o se submeteram a procedimento de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o carot&#237;dea<sup>8</sup>. Levi e cols.<sup>19</sup> acompanharam 80 pacientes que realizaram endarterectomia combinada com CRM e encontraram taxa de eventos neurol&#243;gicos de 7,6% em 10 anos.</p>
    <p>No presente estudo, a incid&#234;ncia de AVE dentro do grupo submetido a endarterectomia pr&#233;via &#224; CRM foi de 6,7%. Van der Heyden e cols.<sup>20</sup> avaliaram a endarterectomia seguida de CRM em 356 pacientes neurologicamente assintom&#225;ticos, em um seguimento de 30 dias; a taxa de morte e de AVE foi de 4,8%.</p>
    <p>Ziada e cols.<sup>21</sup> compararam endarterectomia e angioplastia carot&#237;dea com stent, seguidas por cirurgia card&#237;aca. Houve menor propor&#231;&#227;o de AVE em 30 dias de seguimento no grupo que realizou angioplastia carot&#237;dea com stent. Por outro lado, uma metan&#225;lise de 11 estudos comparando endarterectomia de car&#243;tida e angioplastia carot&#237;dea com stent previamente &#224; CRM encontrou taxas semelhantes de AVE e de IAM<sup>22</sup>. Atualmente, a diretriz europeia de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica, publicada em 2011, recomenda a interven&#231;&#227;o carot&#237;dea nos pacientes sintom&#225;ticos quando a estenose for de 70-99%; o procedimento pode ser considerado em homens assintom&#225;ticos com estenose bilateral de 70-99% ou estenose de 70-99% associada a oclus&#227;o contralateral. A mesma diretriz afirma ser controversa a abordagem da DC na CRM e postula que a decis&#227;o de interven&#231;&#227;o e o tipo de procedimento a ser realizado (cirurgia ou angioplastia) devem ser individualizados ap&#243;s discuss&#227;o por equipe multidisciplinar, incluindo um neurologista<sup>23</sup>.</p>
    <p>Atualmente, os resultados conflitantes poderiam ser justificados pelo fato de que na literatura os trabalhos sobre esse tema s&#227;o baseados em estudos retrospectivos. As limita&#231;&#245;es do presente estudo se devem &#224; presen&#231;a de poss&#237;veis vari&#225;veis n&#227;o balanceadas na amostragem. Estudos randomizados s&#227;o necess&#225;rios para melhor avalia&#231;&#227;o do impacto da abordagem da DC no perioperat&#243;rio da CRM.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Limita&#231;&#245;es do estudo</bold>
    </p>
    <p>O presente estudo foi retrospectivo, com base na an&#225;lise de prontu&#225;rios. A op&#231;&#227;o pela estrat&#233;gia terap&#234;utica cl&#237;nica, estrat&#233;gia cir&#250;rgica ou implante de stent foi da equipe m&#233;dica respons&#225;vel pelo paciente, n&#227;o permitindo an&#225;lise comparativa dos resultados. </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Conclus&#227;o</bold>
    </p>
    <p>A doen&#231;a carot&#237;dea &#233; um importante marcador de eventos neurol&#243;gicos relacionados &#224; CRM. A presen&#231;a de les&#227;o carot&#237;dea significativa &#233; fator de risco para AVE, AIT ou morte por AVE em pacientes submetidos &#224; CRM. No entanto, a abordagem cir&#250;rgica da doen&#231;a carot&#237;dea n&#227;o foi significativamente relacionada ao desfecho prim&#225;rio.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Contribui&#231;&#227;o dos autores</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa: Batista CC, Petisco AC, Oliveira DP, Farsky OS, Arantes FBB, Assef JE, Barbosa JEM, Friolani SC, Revelo MSC; Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados: Batista CC, Petisco AC, Oliveira DP, Arantes FBB, Barbosa JEM, Revelo MSC; An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados: Batista CC, Petisco AC, Oliveira DP, Farsky OS, Arantes FBB, Fran&#231;a JID, Barbosa JEM, Friolani SC, Revelo MSC; An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica: Fran&#231;a JID, Revelo MSC; Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito: Batista CC, Oliveira DP, Farsky OS, Arantes FBB, Friolani SC, Revelo MSC; Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual: Batista CC, Petisco AC, Oliveira DP, Farsky OS, Arantes FBB, Assef JE, Friolani SC, Revelo MSC.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Potencial Conflito de Interesses</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Declaro n&#227;o haver conflito de interesses pertinentes.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Fontes de Financiamento</bold>
    </p>
    <p>O presente estudo n&#227;o teve fontes de financiamento externas.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Vincula&#231;&#227;o Acad&#234;mica</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Este artigo &#233; um trabalho de resid&#234;ncia m&#233;dica em Cardiologia de Maria Sol Calero Revelo pelo Instituto Dante Pazzanese.</p>
    <p>
      <fn id="enda" fn-type="corresp">
        <label>
          <bold>Correspond&#234;ncia:</bold>
        </label>
        <p> Pedro Silvio Farsky </p>
        <p> Av Dante Pazzanese 500 </p>
        <p> CEP 04012-180, Sao Paulo SP - Brasil </p>
        <p> E-mail: </p>
        <p>
          <email xlink:href="farskyp@uol.com.br">farskyp@uol.com.br</email>
        </p>
      </fn>
    </p>
    <p>Artigo recebido em 07/12/12; revisado em 22/05/13; aceito em 07/06/13.</p>
  </body>
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  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Articles</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title xml:lang="en">Influence of carotid injury in post-myocardial revascularization surgery and its late evolution</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <abstract xml:lang="en">
        <p>BACKGROUND: Approximately 30% of perioperative CVA of myocardial revascularization surgery (MRS) are a result of carotid injuries, without reduction of risk confirmed by perioperative intervention. OBJECTIVES: Evaluate the impact of carotid disease and perioperative intervention in patients subjected to MRS. METHODS: Observational, retrospective study, evaluating 1169 patients aged &gt; 69 years undergoing MRS from January, 2006 and December, 2010, monitored, on average, for 49 months. All patients were subjected to ultrasonography of carotids before MRS. It was defined as carotid disease when lesion &gt; 50%. The primary outcome was composed of CVA incidence, transitory ischemic accident (TIA) and death due CVA. RESULTS: Prevalence of carotid disease was of 19.9% of patients. The incidence of primary outcome between unhealthy and healthy patients was of 6.5% and 3.7%, respectively (p = 0.0018). In the first 30 days, there were 18.2% of events. Were related to carotid disease: renal dysfunction (OR 2.03, IC95% 1.34-3.07; p &lt; 0.01), peripheral arterial disease (OR 1.80, IC95% 1.22-2.65; p &lt; 0.01) and previous myocardial infarction (OR 0.47, IC95% 0.35-0.65; p &lt; 0.01). Regarding the primary outcome, were associated the previous TIA (OR 5.66, IC95% 1.67-6.35; p &lt; 0.01) and renal dysfunction (OR 3.28, IC95% 1.67-6.45; p &lt; 0.01). In patients with lesion &gt;70%, perioperative carotid intervention demonstrated an incidence of 16% in primary outcome compared to 4.3% in conservatory treatment (p = 0.056) with no difference between percutaneous and surgical approaches (p = 0.516). CONCLUSION: Carotid disease increases the risk of CVA, TIA or death due to CVA in MRS. However, the carotid intervention was not related to reduction of primary outcome.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>Carotid Stenosis</kwd>
        <kwd>Myocardial Revascularization</kwd>
        <kwd>Peri operative Care</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p>
        <fn id="end-body2">
          <label>
            <bold>Influence of carotid injury in post-myocardial revascularization surgery and its late evolution</bold>
          </label>
          <p>
            <bold>Maria Sol Calero Revelo; Daniel Pio de Oliveira; Fl&#225;via Bittar Britto Arantes; Camila Camar&#231;o Batista; Jo&#227;o Italo Dias Fran&#231;a; Silmara Cristina Friolani; Jorge Eduardo Assef; Jos&#233; Eduardo Martins Barbosa; Ana Claudia Petisco; Pedro Silvio Farsky</bold>
          </p>
        </fn>
      </p>
      <p>Instituto Dante Pazzanese de Cardiologia, S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brazil</p>
      <p>Mailing Address</p>
      <p>
        <bold>ABSTRACT</bold>
      </p>
      <p><bold>BACKGROUND:</bold> Approximately 30% of perioperative CVA of myocardial revascularization surgery (MRS) are a result of carotid injuries, without reduction of risk confirmed by perioperative intervention.</p>
      <p><bold>OBJECTIVES:</bold> Evaluate the impact of carotid disease and perioperative intervention in patients subjected to MRS.</p>
      <p><bold>METHODS:</bold> Observational, retrospective study, evaluating 1169 patients aged <underline>&gt;</underline> 69 years undergoing MRS from January, 2006 and December, 2010, monitored, on average, for 49 months. All patients were subjected to ultrasonography of carotids before MRS. It was defined as carotid disease when lesion <underline>&gt;</underline> 50%. The primary outcome was composed of CVA incidence, transitory ischemic accident (TIA) and death due CVA.</p>
      <p><bold>RESULTS:</bold> Prevalence of carotid disease was of 19.9% of patients. The incidence of primary outcome between unhealthy and healthy patients was of 6.5% and 3.7%, respectively (p = 0.0018). In the first 30 days, there were 18.2% of events. Were related to carotid disease: renal dysfunction (OR 2.03, IC95% 1.34-3.07; p &lt; 0.01), peripheral arterial disease (OR 1.80, IC95% 1.22-2.65; p &lt; 0.01) and previous myocardial infarction (OR 0.47, IC95% 0.35-0.65; p &lt; 0.01). Regarding the primary outcome, were associated the previous TIA (OR 5.66, IC95% 1.67-6.35; p &lt; 0.01) and renal dysfunction (OR 3.28, IC95% 1.67-6.45; p &lt; 0.01). In patients with lesion <underline>&gt;</underline>70%, perioperative carotid intervention demonstrated an incidence of 16% in primary outcome compared to 4.3% in conservatory treatment (p = 0.056) with no difference between percutaneous and surgical approaches (p = 0.516).</p>
      <p><bold>CONCLUSION:</bold> Carotid disease increases the risk of CVA, TIA or death due to CVA in MRS. However, the carotid intervention was not related to reduction of primary outcome. </p>
      <p><bold>Keywords:</bold> Carotid Stenosis / complications; Myocardial Revascularization; Peri operative Care.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Introduction</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Cerebrovascular accident (CVA) is one of the risks related to myocardial revascularization surgery (MRS), which leads to a death rate of 19% and it has a significant social and functional impact<sup>1</sup>.</p>
      <p>About 30% of perioperative CVA result from lesions in carotids, and the more significant the vessel obstruction level and when both carotids are injured, the greater is the risk of this event<sup>2</sup>.</p>
      <p>Current recommendations regarding the treatment of carotid disease (CD) in MRS context are contradictory. Brazilian guidelines on surgical treatment for myocardial revascularization, valvulopathies and aorta recommend that patients with transitory ischemic accident (TIA), amaurosis, peripheral obstructive disease and age above 60 years carry out Doppler ultrasonography and arteriography. In case of carotid injury, symptomatic patient with injury above 60% and unstable angina, stem and multiarterial injury, simultaneous surgery is recommended; in case of stable angina, simultaneous or staged surgery. If the patient is asymptomatic and has lesion below 60%, MRS is recommended<sup>3</sup>. However, according to the American College of Cardiology, in patients with indication for MRS and previous CVA or TIA, with significant carotid stenosis, it is reasonable to consider a carotid revascularization with MRS. But in patients with no history of CVA or TIA, intervention is considered if there are no significant bilateral carotid injuries or severe unilateral stenoses with contralateral occlusion<sup>4</sup>.</p>
      <p>This study was designed to evaluate the prevalence of significant carotid injury, its association with more relevant cerebrovascular events (CVA, TIA, death) and clinical, demographic and angiographic characteristics of patients, considering population above the age of 65 years, subjected to MRS.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Methods</bold>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Study population</bold>
      </p>
      <p>An observational, retrospective study was carried out, evaluating data obtained from medical charts of patients aged 65 or older, consecutively subjected to MRS, between January 2006 and December 2010, and prospectively followed-up for a period of 49 months. A retrospective analysis of outcomes and demographic and clinical data was then performed.</p>
      <p>The study was approved by the local ethics committee, which was carried out with resources from the sector itself. </p>
      <p>From all patients subjected to MRS within the period, approximately 44% were at the age of 65 or older and, of these patients, 92.7% (1,169) were subjected to pre-operative investigation for carotid disease. Among the reasons for which patients did not undergo Doppler ultrasonography of carotids, were unstable coronary disease and emergency MRS.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Evaluation of carotid disease</bold>
      </p>
      <p>The definition of carotid disease was based on peak systolic velocity in the internal carotid artery evaluated by Doppler ultrasonography and classified according to injury level: absent or mild stenosis (&lt; 50%), moderate stenosis (50-69%), severe stenosis (70-99%) and occlusion (100%)<sup>5</sup>. In this study, significant and severe carotid disease were those classified with stenosis of level <underline>&gt;</underline> 50% and <underline>&gt;</underline> 70%, respectively, considered in the presence of unilateral or bilateral disease.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Surgical procedures, indication and technique applied</bold>
      </p>
      <p>MRS indication followed the guidelines for myocardial revascularization surgery<sup>3</sup>. Surgical procedure was carried out using median sternotomy, using electrical scalpel and opening of pericardium with inverted 'T' incision. The internal thoracic artery was used in almost all cases associated with the greater saphenous vein when necessary.</p>
      <p>The surgical procedure was carried out with the aid of extracorporeal circulation in 97.4% of cases. Extracorporeal circulation was performed with membrane oxygenator; it was filled with saline. </p>
      <p>Myocardial protection was achieved with intermittent clamping of aorta (anoxic clamping), clamping with no longer than 15 minutes and a two-minute interval between the clamping.</p>
      <p>The decision for carotid procedure associated with MRS was made by the medical team. In cases where <italic>percutaneous</italic> implantation of endoprostheses was chosen, it was associated with acetylsalicylic acid the use of clopidogrel, 75mg, daily for 30 days.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Combined surgery</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Combined surgery was indicated in the presence of symptomatic carotid disease associated with unstable or critical coronary disease. However, therapeutic options were individualized, case by case, and decided by a multidisciplinary team.</p>
      <p>Before the myocardial revascularization procedure, a neck incision was performed. The carotid artery had its plate removed. A patch could be used to close the artery. After revascularization and use of protamine, skin and subcutaneous tissue were sutured. All patients underwent surgical procedures on aspirin. </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Statistical analysis</bold>
      </p>
      <p>For comparisons of categorical variables, Fisher's exact test was applied and, for continuous variables, Student t-test. Values of p &lt; 0.05 were considered statistically significant. A univariate analysis evaluating the relation between risk factors and level of carotid disease was performed. Variables that showed values of p <underline>&lt;</underline> 0.1 in univariate models were analyzed by multivariate regression.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Objectives</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Defined as primary outcome associated with carotid disease was the incidence of compound event CVA, TIA and death due to CVA, being CVA defined as clinical and <italic>persistent neurological deficit</italic> after 24 hours of its installation, confirmed or not by imaging test, and TIA as reverted deficit within 24 hours after installation. Secondary outcome was defined as all-cause mortality.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Results</bold>
      </p>
      <p>We evaluated 1,169 patients, in which we found prevalence of significant carotid disease (injury on vessel <underline>&gt;</underline> 50%) was of 19.9%. It was observed severe lesions (injury on vessel <underline>&gt;</underline> 70%) in 8.6% of patients, and 2% of these showed total occlusion in at least one vessel (<xref ref-type="table" rid="en_aop_5323tab01-body2">Table 1</xref>).</p>
      <p content-type="asset">
        <table-wrap id="en_aop_5323tab01-body2">
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      </p>
      <p>Mean age of study patients was of 71.6 years (SD &#144;&#177; 4.9), ranging from 65-95 years old. Among those with significant carotid injury, mean age was of 72.1 years old (SD &#144;&#177; 5.2) and, among those without significant disease, 71.4 years old (SD &#144;&#177; 4.8) (p = 0.127). For severe CD, mean age was of 73.1 years old (SD &#144;&#177; 5.4), while for patients without severe CD was of 71.4 years old (SD &#144;&#177; 4.8) (p = 0.002).</p>
      <p>We found as predictors of significant carotid disease, in univariate analysis, systemic arterial hypertension (SAH), previous TIA, renal dysfunction and peripheral arterial disease (<xref ref-type="table" rid="en_aop_5323tab02-body2">Table 2</xref>). Multivariate analysis showed the following predictors: renal dysfunction and peripheral vasculopathy (<xref ref-type="table" rid="en_aop_5323tab03-body2">Table 3</xref>). In both, AMI was observed as protective factor.</p>
      <p content-type="asset">
        <table-wrap id="en_aop_5323tab02-body2">
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-101-04-0297-30183-gt02-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      </p>
      <p content-type="asset">
        <table-wrap id="en_aop_5323tab03-body2">
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-101-04-0297-30183-gt03-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      </p>
      <p>The incidence of primary outcome was of 3.7%, with 18.2% having occurred in the first 30 days after surgery. From the total events, 3% were observed in the group without carotid injury and 6.5% in the group with significant carotid injury (p = 0.0018). Only previous TIA (OR 5.66, IC95% 1.67-6.35; p &lt; 0.01) and renal dysfunction (OR 3.28, IC95% 1.67-6.45; p &lt; 0.01) were defined as predictors for the primary outcome in univariate analysis (<xref ref-type="table" rid="en_aop_5323tab04-body2">Table 4</xref>). All-cause mortality at the end of the follow-up was of 11.1%, and in 6.8% the basic cause was CVA.</p>
      <p content-type="asset">
        <table-wrap id="en_aop_5323tab04-body2">
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-101-04-0297-30183-gt04-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      </p>
      <p>Among patients with severe CD (lesion <underline>&gt;</underline> 70% and &lt; 100%) and underwent an intervention for its treatment in the perioperative period, the incidence of primary outcome was of 12.5%. But among those who, as decided by the medical team, were not subjected to any procedure, the incidence of primary outcome was of 3.4% (p = 0.24).</p>
      <p>As for the type of approach (percutaneous versus surgical), when compared with each other, there was no statistical difference in the primary outcome incidence (p = 0.516) (<xref ref-type="table" rid="en_aop_5323tab05-body2">Table 5</xref>).</p>
      <p content-type="asset">
        <table-wrap id="en_aop_5323tab05-body2">
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-101-04-0297-30183-gt05-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      </p>
      <p>In the first 30 days after MRS, the incidence of neurological events was of 12% among patients who underwent procedures against 4.5% among those who were not subjected to procedures, with p = 0.28. After 30 days of MRS and until the end of the follow-up, the incidence of neurological event was of 0% in the group without procedure and 7% in the group with procedure, with p = 0.24.</p>
      <p>Survival in 60 months for patients without carotid injury was of 90.7% and, in the group with carotid disease above 50%, was of 83.5%, (HR = 1.9, IC95% 1.3-2.8), p = 0.001 (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="en_aop_5323fig01-body2">Figure 1</xref>).</p>
      <p content-type="asset">
        <fig id="en_aop_5323fig01-body2">
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-101-04-0297-30183-gf01-en.jpg"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Discussion</bold>
      </p>
      <p>The incidence of primary outcome in this population was 3.7% and correlated with data from the literature, which values range from 2-6%<sup>6,7</sup>. It is estimated that such data may be underestimated, once studies show that neurological disorders such as delirium, agitation, memory loss and cognition loss, in post-MRS, show incidences of up to 13.8%, with many related to cerebral infarction<sup>6</sup>.</p>
      <p>In the primary outcome, 18.2% of events occurred in the first 30 days after surgery. Even though 34.5 of total CVA of study population had occurred in the group without significant carotid disease, the presence of carotid disease <underline>&gt;</underline> 50% aggregates an OR = 2.2 (p = 0.0018) for compound outcome of CVA, TIA and death due to cardiovascular. In the literature, the relation between carotid disease and post-CVA is controversial. Even though it is related that the risk for CVA is higher than 2% among those with non-significant CD against 5% in the group with significant CD, reaching 11% in case of occlusion, most perioperative CVA are not related to carotid disease<sup>2</sup>. In previous studies with patients subjected to MRS, only 23.7% had significant carotid disease, suggesting that alternative causes were related to the development of the event<sup>8</sup>.</p>
      <p>It is recognized that 50-79% of CVA cannot be attributed to CD alone, with contribution of embolic events secondary to extracorporeal circulation, postoperative arrhythmias, hypotension, state of hypofibrinolysis and aortic calcification such as etiological factors<sup>6,9-11</sup>. In the literature are also identified as predictors of perioperative CVA: age, female gender, diabetes mellitus, SAH, peripheral vasculopathy, polytransfusion and emergency surgery<sup>12,13</sup>. In our study, only previous TIA and renal dysfunction were defined as predictors for the primary outcome. </p>
      <p>In the current cohort, the prevalence of significant carotid disease of 19.9% was similar to that from the literature, which values range between 4-18.7%<sup>14,15</sup>. The prevalence of unilateral occlusion (2%) was higher than that from the literature (0.06%), however there were no cases of bilateral occlusion, which prevalence is estimated at 0.04%. </p>
      <p>For preoperative carotid evaluation in MRS, we currently recommend screening with Doppler ultrasonography of patients aged 65 or older, in addition to those with stenosis of the left main coronary artery and previous CVA or TIA, SAH, DM2<sup>3,4</sup>. In this study, CD <underline>&gt;</underline>50% predictors, after multivariate analysis, were the factors: renal dysfunction, peripheral arterial disease and previous myocardial infarction, this as protective factor. It has been hypothesized that the presence of previous AMI as protective factor can be explained by the current conduct of initiating the treatment with inhibitors of angiotensin-converting enzymes (ACE), angiotensin II receptor blockers (ARB) and statins, medications that have impact on the evolution of atherosclerotic disease<sup>16</sup>.</p>
      <p>Despite divergent, international guidelines recommend intervention on symptomatic carotid stenoses above 70% and asymptomatic above <underline>&gt;</underline> 80%<sup>4</sup>. In our study, there was no difference in compound outcome between patients with CD<underline>&gt;</underline>70% evaluated by Doppler ultrasonography who underwent or not an intervention in carotid disease (p = 0.24). Moreover, when compared with each other, there was no statistical difference in the primary outcome incidence between the different approaches (percutaneous versus surgical - p = 0.516). Some studies indicate that performing the correction of carotid injury associated with MRS can also increase the risk of postoperative CVA and death<sup>17,18</sup>.</p>
      <p>The type of intervention related to the lower number of neurological events and the best moment for approaching CD remain controversial. In our results, the difference between these factors was not statistically significant.</p>
      <p>In the literature, studies are divergent. In one study analyzing patients with carotid disease which underwent MRS, it was observed that the incidence of postoperative CVA was of 15.1% among patients subjected to MRS combined with endarterectomy and of 20% in patients who underwent angioplasty with stent prior to surgery. There was no postoperative CVA in patients with CD <underline>&gt;</underline>70% who did not underwent a carotid revascularization procedure<sup>8</sup>. Levi et al<sup>19</sup> monitored 80 patients who underwent endarterectomy combined with MRS and found a neurological events rate of 7.6% in 10 years.</p>
      <p>In this study, the incidence of CVA in the group subjected to endarterectomy prior to MRS was of 6.7%. Van der Heyden et al<sup>20 </sup>evaluated endarterectomy followed by MRS in 356 patients neurologically asymptomatic, in a 30-day follow-up; rate of death and CVA was of 4.8%.</p>
      <p>Ziada et al<sup>21 </sup>compared endarterectomy and carotid angioplasty with stent, followed by heart surgery. There was a smaller proportion of CVA in a 30-day follow-up in the group which was subjected to carotid angioplasty with stent. On the other hand, a metanalysis of 11 studies comparing carotid endarterectomy and carotid angioplasty with stent prior to MRS found similar rates of CVA and AMI<sup>22</sup>. Currently, the European directive of myocardial revascularization, published in 2011, recommends the carotid intervention on symptomatic patients when stenosis 70-99%; the procedure can be considered for asymptomatic male patients with bilateral stenosis of 70-99% or stenosis of 70-99% associated with contralateral occlusion. The same directive claims the approach of CD in MRS is controversial and hypothesizes the decision to intervene and the type of procedure to be performed (surgery or angioplasty) must be individualized after discussion by a multidisciplinary team, including a neurologist<sup>23</sup>.</p>
      <p>Currently, conflicting results could be justified by the fact that in the literature, studies on this topic are based on retrospective studies. Limitations on this study are due to the presence of possible variables not balanced in the sampling. Randomized studies are necessary for a better assessment on the impact of CD approach in perioperative MRS.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Study limitations</bold>
      </p>
      <p>This is a retrospective study, based on the analysis of medical charts. The choice of clinic therapeutic strategy, surgery strategy or stenting was decided by the medical team responsible for the patient, which did not allow the comparative analysis of results. </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Conclusion</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Carotid disease is an important marker of neurological events related to MRS. The presence of significant carotid injury is a risk factor for CVA, TIA or death due to CVA in patients subjected to MRS. However, the surgical approach for carotid disease was not significantly related to the primary outcome.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Author contributions</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Conception and design of the research: Batista CC, Petisco AC, Oliveira DP, Farsky PS, Arantes FBB, Assef JE, Barbosa JEM, Friolani SC, Revelo MSC; Acquisition of data: Batista CC, Petisco AC, Oliveira DP, Arantes FBB, Barbosa JEM, Revelo MSC; Analysis and interpretation of the data: Batista CC, Petisco AC, Oliveira DP, Farsky PS, Arantes FBB, Fran&#231;a JID, Barbosa JEM, Friolani SC, Revelo MSC; Statistical analysis: Fran&#231;a JID, Revelo MSC; Writing of the manuscript: Batista CC, Oliveira DP, Farsky PS, Arantes FBB, Friolani SC, Revelo MSC; Critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content: Batista CC, Petisco AC, Oliveira DP, Farsky PS, Arantes FBB, Assef JE, Friolani SC, Revelo MSC.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Potential Conflict of Interest</bold>
      </p>
      <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Sources of Funding</bold>
      </p>
      <p>There were no external funding sources for this study.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Study Association</bold>
      </p>
      <p>This article is a study of medical cardiology residency by Maria Sol Calero Revelo, from Instituto Dante Pazzanese.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>References</bold>
      </p>
    </body>
  </sub-article>
</article>
