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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
        <publisher-loc>S&#227;o Paulo, SP, Brazil</publisher-loc>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">Mm8nXSDYXvzys4p6MtXFZxw</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2013002900019</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v1">S0066-782X(13)10100300019</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5935/abc.20130172</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Ponto de Vista</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>A gravidade da febre reum&#225;tica aguda em crian&#231;as do Estado de Pernambuco, Brasil</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Saraiva</surname>
            <given-names>Lurildo Ribeiro</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Santos</surname>
            <given-names>Cleusa Lapa</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Ventura</surname>
            <given-names>Cristina</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Sobral</surname>
            <given-names>Maria Auxiliadora</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Barbosa</surname>
            <given-names>Breno</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Parente</surname>
            <given-names>Giordano Bruno</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Moraes</surname>
            <given-names>Fernando</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff01">
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Recife</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">Pernambuco</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Instituto Materno Infantil de Pernambuco</institution>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff02">
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Recife</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">Pernambuco</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal de Pernambuco</institution>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
      </aff>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>09</month>
        <year>2013</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>101</volume>
      <issue>3</issue>
      <fpage>e61</fpage>
      <lpage>64</lpage>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="pub">
        <day>20</day>
        <month>09</month>
        <year>2013</year>
      </pub-date>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <p>
      <bold>PONTO DE VISTA</bold>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>A gravidade da febre reum&#225;tica aguda em crian&#231;as do Estado de Pernambuco, Brasil</bold>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Lurildo Ribeiro Saraiva<sup>II</sup>; Cleusa Lapa Santos<sup>I</sup>; Cristina Ventura<sup>I</sup>; Maria Auxiliadora Sobral<sup>I</sup>; Breno Barbosa<sup>II</sup>; Giordano Bruno Parente<sup>I,II</sup>; Fernando Moraes<sup>I</sup></bold>
    </p>
    <p><sup>I</sup>Instituto Materno-Infantil de Pernambuco Fernando Figueira - IMIP, Recife, PE - Brasil </p>
    <p><sup>II</sup>Disciplina de Cardiologia da Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Recife, PE - Brasil</p>
    <p>
      <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="enda">Correspond&#234;ncia</xref>
    </p>
    <p><bold>Palavras-chave:</bold> Febre Reum&#225;tica; Cardiopatia Reum&#225;tica; Insufici&#234;ncia Card&#237;aca; Doen&#231;as das Valvas Card&#237;acas; Condi&#231;&#245;es Sociais; Pobreza.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Em trabalho anatomopatol&#243;gico de 1970, Lira e cols.<sup>1</sup> mostraram a gravidade da Doen&#231;a Reum&#225;tica Aguda (DRA) em Pernambuco, descrevendo 43% dos 52 casos estudados vistos na inf&#226;ncia e real&#231;ando a relev&#226;ncia da cardiomegalia e o elevado &#237;ndice de pericardite adesiva. Esse estudo contrariava a ideia de que a DRA era uma condi&#231;&#227;o inerente a regi&#245;es de clima frio. Apesar de serem descritos em quase todas as regi&#245;es do mundo a redu&#231;&#227;o da incid&#234;ncia e o aumento da preval&#234;ncia da doen&#231;a em face da aplica&#231;&#227;o do ecoDopplecardiograma no estudo de popula&#231;&#245;es<sup>2</sup>, no nosso meio, mesmo observado paralelismo com essa constata&#231;&#227;o universal, surgem ainda formas de DRA graves, exigindo o manuseio cir&#250;rgico precoce de les&#245;es orovalvares em menores, com risco cir&#250;rgico elevado.</p>
    <p>Que raz&#245;es presidem a perman&#234;ncia em Pernambuco de formas graves de mol&#233;stia quase extinta nos pa&#237;ses desenvolvidos? A an&#225;lise do quadro cl&#237;nico de 13 crian&#231;as com apresenta&#231;&#227;o grave da doen&#231;a, estudadas mais detalhadamente, vistas em per&#237;odo curto de tempo - 18 meses - em um &#250;nico hospital do Recife, oriundas de um universo de 54, revelando, assim, preval&#234;ncia elevada, deve responder, em parte, essa quest&#227;o.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Caracter&#237;sticas cl&#237;nicas de uma amostra de 13 pacientes</bold>
    </p>
    <p>No per&#237;odo de janeiro de 2011 a junho de 2012, de um total de 54 crian&#231;as reum&#225;ticas agudas com cardite, com diagn&#243;stico baseado nos Crit&#233;rios de Jones modificados, atendidas no IMIP, 13 delas foram internadas com quadro grave, correspondendo a 24,2% dessa s&#233;rie, com DRA ativa. Em trabalho recente de hospital de Auckland, na Nova Zel&#226;ndia<sup>3</sup>, em per&#237;odo de 12 anos, foram descritos 44 pacientes, o que mostra a representatividade da amostra, obtida em breve intervalo de 18 meses.</p>
    <p>A <xref ref-type="table" rid="a19tab01">tabela 1</xref> exp&#245;e dados cl&#237;nicos e laboratoriais que nos chamaram a aten&#231;&#227;o. Na an&#225;lise podemos observar que:</p>
    <p content-type="asset">
      <table-wrap id="a19tab01">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-101-03-0e61-30172-gt01.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    </p>
    <p>a) O quadro de cardite reum&#225;tica foi precedido de amigdalite em menos da metade dos casos, havendo febre e artrite em quase 70% deles;</p>
    <p>b) Insufici&#234;ncia Card&#237;aca Congestiva (ICC), incluindo Edema Agudo Pulmonar (EAP), ocorreu em 100% dos doentes, com Insufici&#234;ncia Mitral (IM) diagnosticada nos mesmos 100%, acompanhada de Insufici&#234;ncia A&#243;rtica (IAo) em cerca de 1/3 dos casos - na g&#234;nese da IM teve relev&#226;ncia a ruptura de cordoalhas tend&#237;neas da valva mitral em &#188; da s&#233;rie. Apesar da ICC, a Fra&#231;&#227;o de Eje&#231;&#227;o do Ventr&#237;culo Esquerdo (FEVE) se manteve normal ou exacerbada, exceto em 2 pacientes com IM com ruptura de cordoalhas e IAo - a FEVE normal est&#225; de acordo com a literatura, um dado que vem em desfavor de um "fator mioc&#225;rdico" na g&#234;nese da ICC, que seria decorrente, sobretudo, do acometimento valvar<sup>4</sup>;</p>
    <p>c) Registrou-se apenas um caso de coreia (caso 2 - 7,7% );</p>
    <p>d) Houve cardiomegalia importante, com &#205;ndice Cardiotor&#225;cico (ICT) m&#233;dio de 57,7%, atingindo at&#233; o alto valor de 71,7%;</p>
    <p>e) Detectaram-se, em tr&#234;s ocasi&#245;es, valores muito acentuados para o n&#250;mero de leuc&#243;citos no sangue perif&#233;rico, como tamb&#233;m, em quatro vezes, elevado teor dos n&#237;veis de Antiestreptolisina O (AEO), contrariando o que est&#225; assentado por D&#233;court<sup>5</sup>, que reconhece aumento discreto dessas vari&#225;veis, depondo por acentuada agressividade bacteriana e estimula&#231;&#227;o antig&#234;nica duradoura;</p>
    <p>f) O valor do QTc - poss&#237;vel indicador de gravidade na DRA<sup>5 </sup>- se mostrou alongado em tr&#234;s enfermos (casos 4, 6 e 8 - 23,0%), conforme os valores de D&#233;court. Sobre o ECG, vimos em uma paciente com "anasarca" (!) - condi&#231;&#227;o antiga, descrita por Bouillaud, na Fran&#231;a, no ano de 1836, em um homem de 30 anos<sup>6</sup> - complexos "QRS fragmentados", em extrass&#237;stoles originadas no ventr&#237;culo direito, sinal indicador de possibilidade de morte s&#250;bita<sup>7</sup>, bem como a presen&#231;a de "ondas U invertidas" em precordiais esquerdas, surgidas em pouco tempo, indicando gravidade da sobrecarga ventricular, quase sempre presente nos enfermos (o bloqueio AV de primeiro grau foi visto em duas ocasi&#245;es - 15,3%);</p>
    <p>g) Dos 13 pacientes, 10 (76,9%) foram submetidos ao implante de biopr&#243;teses em valvas mutiladas pelo reumatismo.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Caracter&#237;sticas socioecon&#244;micas e nutricionais da amostra</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Est&#227;o expostos na <xref ref-type="table" rid="a19tab02">tabela 2</xref> os achados mais significativos.</p>
    <p content-type="asset">
      <table-wrap id="a19tab02">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-101-03-0e61-30172-gt02.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    </p>
    <p>Assim,</p>
    <p>a) Com m&#233;dia et&#225;ria de 8,5 &#177; 3,2 anos, e ligeira predomin&#226;ncia masculina, procediam elas de todas as regi&#245;es do Estado de Pernambuco. Tal m&#233;dia et&#225;ria est&#225; aqu&#233;m do n&#250;mero considerado mais frequente que &#233; o de 10 anos<sup>8</sup>;</p>
    <p>b) Aglomera&#231;&#227;o (<italic>crowding</italic>), um dos principais fatores atuantes na g&#234;nese da DRA, distanciou-se dos altos valores australianos<sup>9</sup> - 6,9/7,5 pessoas por dormit&#243;rio - obtendo-se m&#233;dia de 1,5 pessoa/c&#244;modo, pouco significativa. Mas podemos registrar 2 enfermos favelados em Recife (casos 9 e 11), residindo em "casas" de t&#225;bua/papel&#227;o, em um "pequeno v&#227;o", que comporta sala, dormit&#243;rio e cozinha;</p>
    <p>c) A renda familiar <italic>per capita</italic> revelou fam&#237;lias carentes (m&#233;dia de R$ 138,20), duas delas em condi&#231;&#227;o de mis&#233;ria, segundo o governo federal (casos 2 e 4);</p>
    <p>d) O estudo nutricional mostrou que os enfermos apresentavam estatura adequada, mas a an&#225;lise do &#205;ndice de Massa Corporal (IMC) permitiu ver que 6delas tinham "magreza" (IMC -2 scores z), em uma &#250;nica vez de car&#225;ter "acentuado" (caso 10, IMC -3 scores z), por perda recente de peso - a esse prop&#243;sito, em Pernambuco, pesquisa recente sobre o comportamento da estatura de nossas crian&#231;as verificou que houve acr&#233;scimo dessa vari&#225;vel, no per&#237;odo 1945-2006, depondo por melhores condi&#231;&#245;es de alimenta&#231;&#227;o nos anos iniciais de vida, vez que a estatura &#233; o par&#226;metro ecol&#243;gico mais fiel a que o fator genot&#237;pico do crescimento se expresse livremente nessa etapa da vida<sup>10</sup>.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Caracter&#237;sticas peculiares a doentes procedentes do meio rural</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Tr&#234;s enfermos procedentes do sert&#227;o (4, 8 e 10 ) residiam em casas modestas, isoladas, em pequenas comunidades, distantes de aglomerados urbanos, sem o reconhecimento m&#233;dico do que &#233; "dor de garganta": desconhecendo os familiares o que &#233; febre reum&#225;tica, subitamente os menores t&#234;m express&#227;o dram&#225;tica do quadro cl&#237;nico, contrariando os fatores epidemiol&#243;gicos da doen&#231;a, sobretudo os eventos necess&#225;rios ao surgimento de cepas estreptoc&#243;cicas virulentas<sup>5,8</sup>, para o que se faz necess&#225;ria a passagem de aeross&#243;is do micro-organismo "boca a boca", sob situa&#231;&#227;o de aglomera&#231;&#227;o.O diagn&#243;stico tardio da estreptoccocia provavelmente induz a bact&#233;ria a estimular incessantemente o sistema imunit&#225;rio.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Conclus&#245;es</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Em Pernambuco, ainda surgem formas graves de DRA, semelhantes &#224;s que foram descritas por Lira e cols.<sup>1 </sup>h&#225; 42 anos, n&#227;o se podendo falar em "bols&#245;es de mis&#233;ria", pois s&#227;o procedentes de todas as regi&#245;es do Estado. Pobreza, baixa renda <italic>per capita</italic>, m&#225; habita&#231;&#227;o<sup>8</sup> e, sobretudo, a falta de diagn&#243;stico da faringite estreptoc&#243;cica s&#227;o fatores envolvidos. A express&#227;o cl&#237;nica maior &#233; a de cardite com ICC, onde se salientam a insufici&#234;ncia mitral, com ruptura de cordoalhas tend&#237;neas, cardiomegalia, pericardite adesiva, pneumonite e aspectos eletrocardiogr&#225;ficos incomuns. H&#225;, assim, em todo o Estado, situa&#231;&#227;o social desfavor&#225;vel que induz o aparecimento de cepas estreptocc&#243;cicas agressivas, talvez ricas em Prote&#237;na M<sup>5</sup>. A preven&#231;&#227;o primordial decorreria de melhor habita&#231;&#227;o e higiene<sup>8</sup>.</p>
    <p>No nosso grupo, Santos atenta a um fato instigante: a despropor&#231;&#227;o entre o pequeno n&#250;mero de crian&#231;as com diagn&#243;stico de DRA e o grande n&#250;mero de adultos portadores de valvopatia reum&#225;tica, respons&#225;veis por 40% das cirurgias card&#237;acas do pa&#237;s, como se entre os dois extremos, grande contingente de enfermos n&#227;o tivesse a mol&#233;stia reconhecida: haveria aqui relev&#226;ncia para a cardite subcl&#237;nica? Assim, os casos diagnosticados entre 5 e 14 anos poderiam incluir-se na express&#227;o "a ponta de um <italic>iceberg</italic>", apenas.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Contribui&#231;&#227;o dos autores</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa: Saraiva LR; Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados: Ventura C, Sobral MA, Barbosa B, Moraes F; An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados: Saraiva LR, Santos CL; An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica: Parente GB; Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual: Santos CL; Realiza&#231;&#227;o das cirurgias: Moraes F.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Potencial Conflito de Interesses</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Declaro n&#227;o haver conflito de interesses pertinentes.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Fontes de Financiamento</bold>
    </p>
    <p>O presente estudo n&#227;o teve fontes de financiamento externas.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Vincula&#231;&#227;o Acad&#234;mica</bold>
    </p>
    <p>N&#227;o h&#225; vincula&#231;&#227;o deste estudo a programas de p&#243;s-gradua&#231;&#227;o.</p>
    <p>
      <fn id="enda" fn-type="corresp">
        <label>
          <bold>Correspond&#234;ncia:</bold>
        </label>
        <p> Lurildo Ribeiro Saraiva </p>
        <p> Estrada do Arraial, 2405/704, Tamarineira </p>
        <p> CEP 52051-380, Recife, PE - Brasil </p>
        <p> E-mail: </p>
        <p><email xlink:href="lurildo@cardiol.br">lurildo@cardiol.br</email>, </p>
        <p>
          <email xlink:href="lurildocleano@hotmail.com">lurildocleano@hotmail.com</email>
        </p>
      </fn>
    </p>
    <p>Artigo recebido em 11/01/13; revisado em 15/01/13; aceito em 23/04/13.</p>
  </body>
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  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Point View</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title xml:lang="en">On the gravity of the acute rheumatic fever in children from Pernambuco, Brazil</article-title>
      </title-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p>
        <bold>VIEWPOINT</bold>
      </p>
      <p>
        <fn id="end-body2">
          <label>
            <bold>On the gravity of the acute rheumatic fever in children from Pernambuco, Brazil</bold>
          </label>
          <p>
            <bold>Lurildo Ribeiro Saraiva<sup>II</sup>; Cleusa Lapa Santos<sup>I</sup>; Cristina Ventura<sup>I</sup>; Maria Auxiliadora Sobral<sup>I</sup>; Breno Barbosa<sup>I</sup>; Giordano Bruno Parente<sup>I,II</sup>; Fernando Moraes<sup>I</sup></bold>
          </p>
        </fn>
      </p>
      <p><sup>I</sup>Instituto Materno-Infantil de Pernambuco Fernando Figueira - IMIP, Recife, PE - Brazil</p>
      <p><sup>II</sup>Disciplina de Cardiologia da Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Recife, PE - Brazil</p>
      <p>Mailing Address</p>
      <p><bold>Keywords:</bold> Rheumatic Fever; Rheumatic Heart Disease; Heart Failure; Heart Valve Diseases; Social Conditions; Poverty.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Introduction</bold>
      </p>
      <p>In an anatomopathological study dated 1970, Lira et al<sup>1</sup> showed the severity of Acute Rheumatic Disease (ARD) in Pernambuco, describing 43% of the 52 cases studied in childhood and highlighting the importance of cardiomegaly and the high level of adhesive pericarditis. This study contradicted the idea that the ARD was a condition inherent in cold climates. Although in almost all regions of the world the reduced incidence and increased prevalence of the disease vis-&#224;-vis the application of Doppler echocardiogram are described in the study of populations<sup>2</sup>, in our field, despite parallels with this universal finding, severe forms of ARD arise, requiring early surgical management of heart valve lesions in children with high surgical risk.</p>
      <p>Why Pernambuco still presents such severe forms of a disease nearly extinct in developed countries? The analysis of the clinical condition of 13 severely ill children, studied in detail for a short period - 18 months - at a single hospital in Recife, out of 54 children, thus revealing high prevalence, should partly answer this question.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Clinical characteristics of a sample of 13 patients</bold>
      </p>
      <p>From January 2011 to June 2012, 54 children with acute rheumatic heart disease, with diagnosis based on the modified Jones criteria, assisted at the IMIP, 13 of which were hospitalized with a severe clinical picture, accounting for 24.2% of this series, with active ARD. In a recent hospital study conducted in Auckland, New Zealand<sup>3</sup>, over a 12-year period, 44 patients were described, which shows the representativeness of the sample, obtained in a short period of 18 months.</p>
      <p><xref ref-type="table" rid="en_a19tab01-body2">Table 1</xref> shows clinical and laboratory data that caught our attention. In the analysis, we can see that:</p>
      <p content-type="asset">
        <table-wrap id="en_a19tab01-body2">
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-101-03-0e61-30172-gt01-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      </p>
      <p>a) The picture of rheumatic heart disease was preceded by tonsillitis in at least half of the cases, with fever and arthritis in nearly 70% of them;</p>
      <p>b) Congestive Heart Failure (CHF), including Acute Pulmonary Edema (APE), occurred in 100% of patients with Mitral Insufficiency (MI) diagnosed in the same 100%, accompanied by Aortic Regurgitation (AR) in about one third of the cases - in the genesis of IM, the rupture of the mitral valve chordae tendineae in &#188; of the series was relevant. Despite the CHF, the left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) remained normal or exaggerated, except in 2 patients with MI with ruptured chordae tendineae and AR - normal LVEF is consistent with the literature, a fact that comes in disfavor of a "myocardial factor" in the genesis of the CHF, which would be due primarily to the valvular involvement<sup>4</sup>;</p>
      <p>c) Only one case of chorea (case 2 - 7.7%) was observed;</p>
      <p>d) There was severe cardiomegaly with average cardiothoracic index (CTI) of 57.7%, reaching as much as 71.7%;</p>
      <p>e) On three occasions, very high values were found for the number of leukocytes in peripheral blood, and, on four occasions, there were high levels of Anti-streptolysin O (ASO), contradicting what is put by D&#233;court<sup>5</sup>, who recognizes a slight increase in these variables, arguing marked bacterial aggressiveness and long-lasting antigenic stimulation;</p>
      <p>f) The QTc value - a potential indicator of severity in ARD<sup>5</sup> - proved to be increased in three patients (cases 4, 6 and 8 - 23.0%), according to D&#233;court values. On the ECG, we saw in a patient with "extreme generalized edema" (!) - an old condition described by Bouillaud, in France, in 1836, in a 30-year-old man<sup>6</sup> - "fragmented QRS complex", in extrasystoles originating from the right ventricle, suggestive of the possibility of sudden death<sup>7</sup>, as well as the presence of "inverted U waves" in the left precordial leads, emerged shortly, indicating severity of ventricular overload, almost always present in sick patients (first-degree AV block was seen on two occasions - 15.3%);</p>
      <p>g) Of the 13 patients, 10 (76.9%) underwent implantation of bioprosthetic valves in valves mutilated by rheumatism.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Nutritional and socioeconomic characteristics of the sample</bold>
      </p>
      <p><xref ref-type="table" rid="en_a19tab02-body2">Table 2</xref> presents the most significant findings.</p>
      <p content-type="asset">
        <table-wrap id="en_a19tab02-body2">
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-101-03-0e61-30172-gt02-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      </p>
      <p>Thus,</p>
      <p>a) With a mean age of 8.5 &#177; 3.2 years, and a slight male predominance, they came from all regions of the state of Pernambuco. This average age is below the number that is considered most frequent: 10 years<sup>8</sup>;</p>
      <p>b) Crowding, one of the main factors in the genesis of ARD, was far from the high values found in Australia<sup>9</sup> - 6.9/7.5 persons per bedroom - resulting in an average of 1.5 person/room, which is little significant. But we had 2 patients living in the slums of Recife (cases 9 and 11), residing in "houses" made of wood/cardboard in a "small interspace", which includes a living room, a bedroom and a kitchen;</p>
      <p>c) The per capita income revealed underprivileged families (average of R$ 138.20), two of which in a condition of poverty, according to the federal government (cases 2 and 4);</p>
      <p>d) The nutritional study showed that the patients had adequate height, but the analysis of body mass index (BMI) revealed that 6 of them were "skinny" (BMI -2 z scores), in a severe way (case 10, BMI -3 z scores) due to recent weight loss. For this purpose, in Pernambuco, recent research on the behavior of the height of our children found that there was an increase in this variable from 1945 to 2006, revealing better feeding conditions in the early years of life, since the height is the most faithful ecological parameter that allows the genotypic growth factor to express freely in this stage of life<sup>10</sup>.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Characteristics peculiar to patients coming from rural areas</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Three patients coming from rural areas (4, 8 and 10) lived in modest isolated homes, in small communities far from urban areas, failing to recognize basic clinical symptoms, such as "sore throat": since the family members are unaware of rheumatic fever, children suddenly present dramatic expressions of clinical conditions, contrasting with the epidemiological factors of the disease, especially the events necessary for the emergence of streptococcal strains<sup>5,8</sup>, which requires the application of aerosols of the micro-organism "from mouth to mouth," under a situation of overcrowding. Late diagnosis of streptococcus probably induces the bacteria to constantly stimulate the immune system.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Conclusions</bold>
      </p>
      <p>In Pernambuco, there are still severe forms of ARD, similar to those described by Lira et al<sup>1</sup> 42 years ago. However, we cannot speak of "poverty clusters," since they come from all regions of the state. Poverty, low per capita income, poor housing<sup>8</sup>, and especially lack of diagnosis of streptococcal pharyngitis are the factors involved. The main clinical expression is carditis with CHF, which include mitral regurgitation with ruptured chordae tendineae, cardiomegaly, adhesive pericarditis, pneumonitis and unusual electrocardiographic aspects. Therefore, the state of Pernambuco presents an unfavorable social situation that induces the appearance of aggressive streptococcus strains, perhaps rich in M protein<sup>5</sup>. Primary prevention would result from better housing and hygiene<sup>8</sup>.</p>
      <p> In our group, Santos calls attention to an intriguing fact: the disproportion between the small number of children diagnosed with ARD and the large number of adults with rheumatic valve disease, accounting for 40% of cardiac surgeries in Brazil, as if between these two extremes, a large number of patients did not have the disease recognized: would subclinical carditis be relevant here? Therefore, cases diagnosed between 5 and 14 years could be included in the expression "the tip of an iceberg" only.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Author contributions</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Conception and design of the research: Saraiva LR; Acquisition of data: Ventura C, Sobral MA, Barbosa B, Moraes F; Analysis and interpretation of the data: Saraiva LR, Santos CL; Statistical analysis: Parente GB; Critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content: Santos CL; Realization of surgery: Moraes F</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Potential Conflict of Interest</bold>
      </p>
      <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Sources of Funding</bold>
      </p>
      <p>There were no external funding sources for this study.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Study Association</bold>
      </p>
      <p>This study is not associated with any post-graduation program.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>References</bold>
      </p>
    </body>
  </sub-article>
</article>
