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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
        <publisher-loc>S&#227;o Paulo, SP, Brazil</publisher-loc>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">qz8kkjCrcw5S54LxDdYTmtf</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2013002900018</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v1">S0066-782X(13)10100300018</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5935/abc.20130171</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Relato de Caso</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Tratamento percut&#226;neo de angina refrat&#225;ria secund&#225;ria a estenose de art&#233;ria subcl&#225;via esquerda em paciente revascularizado</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Osterne</surname>
            <given-names>Ernesto Misael Cintra</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Osterne</surname>
            <given-names>Evandro Cesar Vidal</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Motta</surname>
            <given-names>Vicente Paulo</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Motta</surname>
            <given-names>Paulo Antonio Marra da</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Salame</surname>
            <given-names>Cecilio Kassem</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Osterne</surname>
            <given-names>Thomas Edson Cintra</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff03"/>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff01">
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state"/>
        </addr-line>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Hospital Anchieta</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o de Taguatinga </institution>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff02">
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state"/>
        </addr-line>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Hospital Anchieta</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Carddio </institution>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff03">
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Benem&#233;rita Sociedade de Benefic&#234;ncia Portuguesa de S&#227;o Paulo</institution>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
      </aff>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>09</month>
        <year>2013</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>101</volume>
      <issue>3</issue>
      <fpage>e58</fpage>
      <lpage>60</lpage>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="pub">
        <day>20</day>
        <month>09</month>
        <year>2013</year>
      </pub-date>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <p>
      <bold>RELATO DE CASO</bold>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Tratamento percut&#226;neo de angina refrat&#225;ria secund&#225;ria a estenose de art&#233;ria subcl&#225;via esquerda em paciente revascularizado</bold>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Ernesto Misael Cintra Osterne<sup>I</sup>; Evandro Cesar Vidal Osterne<sup>I</sup>; Vicente Paulo Motta<sup>1</sup>; Paulo Antonio Marra da Motta<sup>I</sup>; Cecilio Kassem Salame<sup>II</sup>; Thomas Edson Cintra Osterne<sup>III</sup></bold>
    </p>
    <p><sup>I</sup>Hospital Anchieta - Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o de Taguatinga, S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brasil </p>
    <p><sup>II</sup>Hospital Anchieta - Carddio, S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brasil </p>
    <p><sup>III</sup>Hospital da Benefic&#234;ncia Portuguesa de S&#227;o Paulo, S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brasil</p>
    <p>
      <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="enda">Correspond&#234;ncia</xref>
    </p>
    <p><bold>Palavras-chave:</bold> S&#237;ndrome de Roubo Subcl&#225;vio, Revasculariza&#231;&#227;o Mioc&#225;rdica, Angioplastia Coron&#225;ria com Bal&#227;o.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Dor precordial anginosa em geral est&#225; relacionada &#224; insufici&#234;ncia coronariana ateroscler&#243;tica, e sua apresenta&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica difere em fun&#231;&#227;o dos aspectos anatomopatol&#243;gicos das les&#245;es.</p>
    <p>Estenose de Art&#233;ria Subcl&#225;via Esquerda (EAS) como causa de angina <italic>pectoris</italic> (AP) &#233; citada quase sempre em pacientes com hist&#243;ria de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o do mioc&#225;rdio por Art&#233;ria Mam&#225;ria Interna Esquerda (AME) envolvida no processo de estenose de subcl&#225;via<sup>1</sup>. Muitas vezes esse diagn&#243;stico pode passar despercebido principalmente quando os pacientes s&#227;o assintom&#225;ticos e com altera&#231;&#227;o isqu&#234;mica em exame cintilogr&#225;fico. A estenose de subcl&#225;via pode tamb&#233;m estar associada a sintomas neurol&#243;gicos em virtude da revers&#227;o do fluxo por meio da art&#233;ria vertebral devido &#224; hipotens&#227;o subcl&#225;via.</p>
    <p>Descreve-se caso de paciente revascularizado com AME para Art&#233;ria Descendente Anterior (ADA), n&#227;o envolvida na estenose de subcl&#225;via e dor anginosa t&#237;pica em crescendo relacionada a esfor&#231;os f&#237;sicos com os membros superiores ou com envolvimento predominante dos mesmos. A corre&#231;&#227;o percut&#226;nea por stent da suboclus&#227;o ostial e subtotal de Art&#233;ria Subcl&#225;via Esquerda (ASE) tornou o paciente assintom&#225;tico.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Relato do caso</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Paciente do sexo masculino, 72 anos, taxista, diab&#233;tico do tipo 2, ex-tabagista e com antecedentes de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o cir&#250;rgica do mioc&#225;rdio h&#225; 4 anos. Assintom&#225;tico at&#233; quatro meses atr&#225;s. A partir da&#237;, dor anginosa aos esfor&#231;os que se precipitava ou acentuava quando utilizava os membros superiores, associada a cansa&#231;o f&#225;cil no bra&#231;o esquerdo. A dor anginosa adquiriu caracter&#237;sticas de instabilidade com o passar do tempo, sendo encaminhado para coronariografia de emerg&#234;ncia com quadro de angina em repouso.</p>
    <p>A inje&#231;&#227;o seletiva de contraste na coron&#225;ria esquerda opacificava a Art&#233;ria Subcl&#225;via Esquerda por meio de fluxo retr&#243;grado de contraste pela Art&#233;ria Mam&#225;ria ipsilateral, bem como fluxo lento com discreta opacifica&#231;&#227;o distal do ramo Descendente Anterior ap&#243;s a anastomose.</p>
    <p>A inje&#231;&#227;o de contraste no ter&#231;o proximal da subcl&#225;via esquerda ou em aorta transversa mostrou les&#227;o subtotal e ulcerada do &#243;stio da ASE com discreto fluxo atrav&#233;s da mesma. (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="a18fig01">Figura 1</xref>). Chamou aten&#231;&#227;o a aus&#234;ncia de opacifica&#231;&#227;o da Art&#233;ria Mam&#225;ria Interna Esquerda.</p>
    <p content-type="asset">
      <fig id="a18fig01">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-101-03-0e58-30171-gf01.jpg"/></fig>
    </p>
    <p>Ap&#243;s implante de stent no &#243;stio da ASE, restabeleceu-se o fluxo de contraste bem como a anatomia do segmento (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="a18fig02">Figura 2</xref>). Observou-se agora o fluxo normal de contraste pela Art&#233;ria Mam&#225;ria Interna Esquerda, opacificando completamente o leito distal da Art&#233;ria Descendente Anterior. Uma nova inje&#231;&#227;o de contraste no tronco de coron&#225;ria esquerda nativo mostrou a aus&#234;ncia de fluxo retr&#243;grado atrav&#233;s da AME no sentido da ASE.</p>
    <p content-type="asset">
      <fig id="a18fig02">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-101-03-0e58-30171-gf02.jpg"/></fig>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Discuss&#227;o</bold>
    </p>
    <p>A EAS &#233; relativamente frequente e, de maneira geral, doen&#231;a de natureza ateroscler&#243;tica sendo mais incidente em diab&#233;ticos, fumantes e nos acometidos de doen&#231;a arterial perif&#233;rica. A correla&#231;&#227;o de acidente vascular cerebral e doen&#231;a arterial coronariana com EAS tem recebido pouca aten&#231;&#227;o<sup>2</sup>. No entanto, Reivichi e cols.<sup>3</sup> relataram, em 1961, dois pacientes com sinais cl&#237;nicos de insufici&#234;ncia vascular cerebral associada &#224; revers&#227;o do fluxo atrav&#233;s da art&#233;ria vertebral, secundariamente &#224; obstru&#231;&#227;o subcl&#225;via. O termo s&#237;ndrome do roubo da subcl&#225;via foi introduzido por Fisher, em 1962, tendo sido posteriormente alguns casos relatados na literatura<sup>4</sup>, em virtude da pouca incid&#234;ncia desta na popula&#231;&#227;o geral. Outro aspecto anat&#244;mico que tamb&#233;m caracteriza uma s&#237;ndrome de roubo de fluxo nestes pacientes ocorre quando ramos intercostais de grande import&#226;ncia e que se originam da art&#233;ria mam&#225;ria esquerda e n&#227;o sofrem ligadura durante o ato cir&#250;rgico de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o do mioc&#225;rdio.</p>
    <p>Os sintomas de EAS nos bra&#231;os s&#227;o a claudica&#231;&#227;o, referida pelo paciente, cianose digital e nos casos mais graves, necrose distal por embolia. As manifesta&#231;&#245;es mais chamativas, embora raras, no entanto, s&#227;o as cerebrais e card&#237;acas. Os sintomas neurol&#243;gicos em geral configuram s&#237;ndrome vertebrobasilar e a manifesta&#231;&#227;o mais comum &#233; a vertigem. Os sintomas de isquemia mioc&#225;rdica citados, em geral, se manifestam em pacientes revascularizados quando h&#225; envolvimento da art&#233;ria mam&#225;ria interna no processo de EAS. No nosso caso, muito embora sem envolvimento da art&#233;ria mam&#225;ria na EAS, o fluxo coronariano distal na art&#233;ria descendente anterior suprido pela art&#233;ria mam&#225;ria ficava comprometido em fun&#231;&#227;o do desvio do fluxo sangu&#237;neo para a art&#233;ria subcl&#225;via esquerda<sup>5,6</sup>. Assim sendo, o aumento do consumo de oxig&#234;nio determinado por esfor&#231;os no membro superior esquerdo estimulava o fluxo retr&#243;grado pela mam&#225;ria, reduzindo a perfus&#227;o distal da art&#233;ria descendente anterior. Da&#237; a concomit&#226;ncia de angina e claudica&#231;&#227;o do bra&#231;o esquerdo.</p>
    <p>Em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; EAS, a medida indireta da press&#227;o arterial em ambos os bra&#231;os tem import&#226;ncia fundamental, sendo procedimento imprescind&#237;vel para a suspeita cl&#237;nica. A diferen&#231;a de press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica entre os membros superiores acima de 15 mmhg apresenta boa correla&#231;&#227;o com a positividade da angiografia, padr&#227;o ouro para o diagn&#243;stico de EAS. Isso &#233; real, muito embora a sensibilidade seja bastante inferior &#224; especificidade. Tal fato se atribui em geral aos casos de acometimento bilateral ou estenose n&#227;o significativa unilateral<sup>5-7</sup>. Como a maioria dos pacientes com EAS &#233; assintom&#225;tica, a mensura&#231;&#227;o da press&#227;o arterial com manguito em apenas um bra&#231;o poder&#225; determinar medida incorreta da press&#227;o arterial n&#227;o controlando uma poss&#237;vel hipertens&#227;o arterial e deixando de fazer suspeita diagn&#243;stica importante. No presente caso o achado de diferen&#231;a press&#243;rica s&#243; foi constatado ap&#243;s o diagn&#243;stico angiogr&#225;fico dado a urg&#234;ncia do caso.</p>
    <p>O nosso paciente &#233; taxista, 72 anos, e foi encaminhado para coronariografia de emerg&#234;ncia com quadro cl&#237;nico de angina em repouso de dif&#237;cil controle.</p>
    <p>Como fatores de risco para EAS apresentava diabetes mellitus tipo II em uso de insulina, hist&#243;ria de tabagismo durante 50 anos e dislipidemia. H&#225; quatro anos foi submetido &#224; revasculariza&#231;&#227;o cir&#250;rgica do mioc&#225;rdio com implante de duas pontes de safena e anastomose da Art&#233;ria Mam&#225;ria Interna Esquerda para a Art&#233;ria Descendente Anterior no ter&#231;o m&#233;dio. Evolu&#237;a assintom&#225;tico at&#233; quatro meses atr&#225;s, embora com controle cl&#237;nico irregular.</p>
    <p>Na hist&#243;ria cl&#237;nica chamava a aten&#231;&#227;o o desencadeamento ou agravamento da dor anginosa precordial com esfor&#231;os envolvendo os membros superiores principalmente o esquerdo. Este &#250;ltimo tamb&#233;m cansava com facilidade.</p>
    <p>A inje&#231;&#227;o seletiva de contraste no Tronco de Coron&#225;ria Esquerda evidenciou a opacifica&#231;&#227;o da Art&#233;ria Subcl&#225;via Esquerda feita retrogradamente pela Art&#233;ria Mam&#225;ria Interna Esquerda, com redu&#231;&#227;o do fluxo distal para a Art&#233;ria Descendente Anterior. N&#227;o se observava o "aspecto de competi&#231;&#227;o de fluxo" comum entre AME e ADA proximal.</p>
    <p>A inje&#231;&#227;o de contraste no ter&#231;o proximal da ASE e aorta transversa demonstrou suboclus&#227;o ostial desse ramo sem quase nenhum fluxo atrav&#233;s do mesmo. Destacou-se a aus&#234;ncia de opacifica&#231;&#227;o da AME atribu&#237;do &#224; invers&#227;o de fluxo.</p>
    <p>O paciente foi submetido de imediato &#224; angioplastia por bal&#227;o, seguida de implante de stent (6,0 x 12 mm Palmaz Genesis - Cordis, USA) no segmento estenosado com sucesso e sem intercorr&#234;ncias.</p>
    <p>No seguimento imediato e de oito semanas, permanece assintom&#225;tico mesmo quando submetido a esfor&#231;os envolvendo os membros superiores que se apresentam agora com medidas press&#243;ricas equalizadas.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Contribui&#231;&#227;o dos autores</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa, Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados, An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados e Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito: Osterne EMC, Osterne ECV, Motta VP, Motta PAM, Salame CK, Osterne TEC; An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica, Obten&#231;&#227;o de financiamento e Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual: Osterne EMC, Osterne ECV, Osterne TEC.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Potencial Conflito de Interesses</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Declaro n&#227;o haver conflito de interesses pertinentes.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Fontes de Financiamento</bold>
    </p>
    <p>O presente estudo n&#227;o teve fontes de financiamento externas.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Vincula&#231;&#227;o Acad&#234;mica</bold>
    </p>
    <p>N&#227;o h&#225; vincula&#231;&#227;o deste estudo a programas de p&#243;s-gradua&#231;&#227;o.</p>
    <p>
      <fn id="enda" fn-type="corresp">
        <label>
          <bold>Correspond&#234;ncia:</bold>
        </label>
        <p> Ernesto Misael Cintra Osterne </p>
        <p> SMBD, conjunto 11, lote 1, casa B &#150; Lago Sul </p>
        <p> CEP 71680-110, Bras&#237;lia, DF &#150; Brasil </p>
        <p> E-mail: </p>
        <p><email xlink:href="ernestoosterne@yahoo.com.br">ernestoosterne@yahoo.com.br</email>, </p>
        <p>
          <email xlink:href="osterneernesto@gmail.com">osterneernesto@gmail.com</email>
        </p>
      </fn>
    </p>
    <p>Artigo recebido em 9/7/12; revisado em 14/8/12; aceito em 8/3/13.</p>
  </body>
  <back>
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  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Case Report</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title xml:lang="en">Percutaneous treatment of refractory angina secondary to left subclavian artery stenosis in patients after coronary artery bypass grafting</article-title>
      </title-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p>
        <bold>CASE REPORT</bold>
      </p>
      <p>
        <fn id="end-body2">
          <label>
            <bold>Percutaneous treatment of refractory angina secondary to left subclavian artery stenosis in patients after coronary artery bypass grafting</bold>
          </label>
          <p>
            <bold>Ernesto Misael Cintra Osterne<sup>I</sup>; Evandro Cesar Vidal Osterne<sup>I</sup>; Vicente Paulo Motta<sup>I</sup>; Paulo Antonio Marra da Motta<sup>I</sup>; Cecilio Kassem Salame<sup>II</sup>; Thomas Edson Cintra Osterne<sup>III</sup></bold>
          </p>
        </fn>
      </p>
      <p><sup>I</sup>Hospital Anchieta - Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o de Taguatinga, S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brazil</p>
      <p><sup>II</sup>Hospital Anchieta - Carddio, S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brazil</p>
      <p><sup>III</sup>Hospital da Benefic&#234;ncia Portuguesa de S&#227;o Paulo, S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brazil</p>
      <p>Mailing Address</p>
      <p><bold>Keywords:</bold> Subclavian Steal Syndrome; Myocardial Revascularization; Angioplasty, Balloon, Coronary.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Introduction</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Anginal chest pain is usually related to atherosclerotic coronary artery disease and its clinical presentation differs depending on the pathological aspects of the lesions.</p>
      <p>Left subclavian artery stenosis (SAS) as a cause of angina pectoris (AP) is often reported in patients with a history of coronary artery bypass grafting through left internal mammary artery (LMA) involved in the process of subclavian stenosis<sup>1</sup>. Very often, this diagnosis may be overlooked especially when patients are asymptomatic and present ischemic abnormalities on scintigraphy. Subclavian stenosis may also be associated with neurological symptoms by virtue of reversal of the flow through the vertebral artery due to subclavian hypotension.</p>
      <p>This is the case of a patient who underwent coronary artery bypass grafting with LMA for anterior descending artery (ADA) not involved in the subclavian stenosis and typical growing anginal pain related to physical exertion with the upper limbs or predominant involvement of the limbs. Stent-assisted percutaneous correction of the ostial and subtotal subocclusion of the left subclavian artery (LSA) made the patient asymptomatic.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Case Report</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Male patient, 72 years old, taxi driver, type 2 diabetes, former smoker with a history of coronary artery bypass surgery four years before. The patient was asymptomatic four months before. Then, anginal pain on exertion that rushed or worsened when the patient used the upper limbs associated with frequent tiredness in the left arm. The anginal pain acquired characteristics of instability over time, and the patient was sent to an emergent coronary angiography with angina at rest.</p>
      <p>The selective injection of contrast into the left coronary artery opacified the left subclavian artery via retrograde flow of contrast through the ipsilateral mammary artery and slow flow with slight distal opacification of the anterior descending branch after anastomosis.</p>
      <p>The injection of contrast in the proximal third of the left subclavian artery or in the transverse aorta showed ulcerated and subtotal lesion of the LSA ostium with slight flow (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="en_a18fig01-body2">Figure 1</xref>). The absence of opacification of the left internal mammary artery was a source of concern.</p>
      <p content-type="asset">
        <fig id="en_a18fig01-body2">
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-101-03-0e58-30171-gf01-en.jpg"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p>After stenting in the LSA ostium, the flow of contrast was restored, as well as the anatomy of the segment (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="en_a18fig02-body2">Figure 2</xref>). Normal flow of contrast through the left internal mammary artery was observed, completely opacifying the distal bed of the anterior descending artery. A new injection of contrast into the native left coronary trunk showed the absence of retrograde flow through the LMA towards the LSA.</p>
      <p content-type="asset">
        <fig id="en_a18fig02-body2">
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-101-03-0e58-30171-gf02-en.jpg"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Discussion</bold>
      </p>
      <p>SAS is relatively frequent and, in general, it is an atherosclerotic condition that is more common in diabetics, smokers and in those suffering from peripheral arterial disease. The correlation of cerebral vascular accident and coronary artery disease with SAS has received little attention<sup>2</sup>. However, Reivichi et al<sup>3</sup> reported, in 1961, two patients with clinical signs of cerebrovascular insufficiency associated with reversal of flow through the vertebral artery, secondary to subclavian obstruction. The term "subclavian steal syndrome" was introduced by Fisher in 1962. Since then, a few cases have been reported in the literature<sup>4</sup>, because of its low incidence in the general population. Another anatomic aspect that also characterizes a flow steal syndrome in these patients occurs when the intercostal branches of great importance originate from the left mammary artery and do not suffer ligation during the coronary artery bypass surgery.</p>
      <p>Symptoms of SAS in the arms are claudication, reported by the patient, digital cyanosis and, in severe cases, distal necrosis by embolism. However, the most striking but rare symptoms are those affecting the brain and heart. Neurological symptoms in general characterize vertebrobasilar syndrome and the most common condition is vertigo. Symptoms of myocardial ischemia are generally found in patients that underwent coronary artery bypass grafting when there is involvement of the internal mammary artery in the SAS process. In our case, although no involvement of the mammary artery was observed in the SAS, the distal coronary flow in the left anterior descending artery supplied by the mammary artery was impaired due to diversion of blood flow to the left subclavian artery<sup>5,6</sup>. Thus, the increase in oxygen consumption determined by exertion in the left upper limb stimulated retrograde flow through the mammary artery, thus reducing distal perfusion of the left anterior descending artery. Hence the concomitant angina and claudication of the left arm.</p>
      <p>Regarding the SAS, the indirect measurement of blood pressure in both arms is paramount and essential for the clinical suspicion. The difference in systolic blood pressure between the upper limbs above 15 mmHg correlates well with positive angiography, the gold standard for diagnosing SAS. This is true even though the sensitivity is quite lower than specificity. This fact is generally attributed to cases of bilateral involvement or non-significant unilateral stenosis<sup>5-7</sup>. Since most patients with SAS are asymptomatic, the measurement of blood pressure with cuff on one arm only may incorrectly determine blood pressure, not controlling a potential hypertension and failing to raise an important diagnostic suspicion. In this case, the finding of blood pressure difference was only found after angiographic diagnosis given the urgency of the case.</p>
      <p>Our patient is a taxi driver, age 72, and was referred for emergency coronary angiography with clinical picture of persistent angina at rest.</p>
      <p>As risk factors for SAS, the patient presented type II diabetes mellitus using insulin, history of smoking for 50 years and dyslipidemia. Four years before, he had underwent coronary artery bypass surgery with placement of two bypass grafts and anastomosis of the left internal mammary artery to the anterior descending artery in the middle third. Four months before, the patient was asymptomatic, although with an irregular clinical control.</p>
      <p>In his clinical history, there was onset or worsening of anginal chest pain at exertion involving the upper limbs, mainly the left ones. His left upper limbs were easily fatigued.</p>
      <p>The selective injection of contrast into the left coronary trunk showed opacification of the left subclavian artery retrogradely through the left internal mammary artery with reduced distal flow to the anterior descending artery. There was no common "flow competition aspect" between the LMA and the proximal ADA.</p>
      <p>The injection of contrast into the proximal third of the LSA and the transverse aorta revealed ostial subocclusion of that branch with almost no flow through it. No LMA opacification was attributed to the reverse flow.</p>
      <p>The patient was immediately referred to successful and uneventful balloon angioplasty followed by stenting (6.0 x 12 mm Palmaz Genesis - Cordis, USA) in the stenosed segment.</p>
      <p>During immediate eight-week follow-up, the patient remained asymptomatic even when subjected to exertion involving the upper limbs, which are now with equalized blood pressure.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Author contributions</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Conception and design of the research, Acquisition of data, Analysis and interpretation of the data, Writing of the manuscript: Osterne EMC, Osterne ECV, Motta VP, Motta PAM, Salame CK, Osterne TEC; Statistical analysis, Obtaining funding and Critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content: Osterne EMC, Osterne ECV, Osterne TEC.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Potential Conflict of Interest</bold>
      </p>
      <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Sources of Funding</bold>
      </p>
      <p>There were no external funding sources for this study.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Study Association</bold>
      </p>
      <p>This study is not associated with any post-graduation program.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>References</bold>
      </p>
    </body>
  </sub-article>
</article>
